# Alternates

Name:
RICE, WILD: Zizania, Zizaniopsis (SOUTHERN)


Name:
STAR-GRASS, WATER: Heranthera <Zosterella> dubia


Name:
PONDWEED: Naias (BUSHY), Potamogeton, Stuckenia (SAGO), Zanichellia (HORNED)


Name:
MILLET: Pennisetum (PEARL), Setaria italica (FOXTAIL)


Name:
MIMOSA: Albizia (TREE-), Desmanthus (PRAIRIE-), Mimosa


Name:
SAXIFRAGE: Boykinia (BROOK), Chrysosplenium (GOLDEN), Saxifraga


Name:
FOXGLOVE: Agalinis (LESSER), Aureolaria (YELLOW), Dasistoma (MULLEIN), Tomanthera (EAR-LEAF)


Name:
HYSSOP: Bacopa (WATER-), Gratiola (HEDGE-), Mecardonia (MARSH-)


Name:
TOADFLAX: Chaenorrhinum (LESSER), Linaria (YELLOW), Nuttalanthus (BLUE)


Name:
FESCUE: Festuca, Schedonorus, Vulpia (ANNUAL)


Name:
PRIMROSE: Calylophus & Oenothera (EVENING-), Ludwigia (WATER-)


Name:
SORREL: Oxalis (large-flowered species) (WOOD), Oxalis (small-flowered species) (FIELD)


Name:
POPPY: Eschscholtzia (CALIFORNIA), Papaver, Stylophorum (WOOD)


Name:
DANDELION: Krigia (LESSER), Pyrrhopappus (GREATER), Taraxacum


Name:
LOOSESTRIFE, PURPLE: Decodon (SHRUBBY), Lythrum


Name:
MALLOW: Anoda (BLUE), Callirhoe (POPPY-), Hibiscus (ROSE-), Malva, Malvastrum (GLADE-), Napaea (LOWLAND), Sida (PRICKLY), Sidasodes (RIVER)


Name:
ASTER: Aster (OLD-WORLD), Doellingeria & Eurybia (FLAT-TOPPED), Ionactis (STIFF-LEAVED), Oclemena (NODDING), Sericocarpus (WHITE-TOPPED), Symphyotrichum (NEW WORLD)


Name:
BEGGAR-TICKS: Bidens (species without showy flowers)


Name:
CLOVER: Dalea (PRAIRIE), Lespedeza (BUSH), Kummerowia (JAPENESE & KOREAN), Melilotus (SWEET-), Trifolium


Name:
HARLEQUIN: Adlumia (CLIMBING), Capnoides (ROCK), Corydalis


Name:
GENTIAN: Gentiana, Gentianella, Sabatia (ROSE-)


Name:
MIAMI-MIST: Phacelia (see also Ellisia and Nemophila)


Name:
MINT: Blephilia (WOOD-), Mentha, Mosla (JAPANESE), Perilla (COW-), Pycnanthemum (MEADOW-)


Name:
CAMPION: Silene stellata (species with inflated calyx)


Name:
SPINDLE: Euonymus atropurpurea, E. europea


Name:
CHICKWEED: Cerastium (MOUSE-EAR), Holosteum (JAGGED), Myosoton (WATER-), Stellaria


Name:
PINK: Dianthus, Lychnis, Petrorhagia, Silene


Name:
CATCHFLY: Silene (species with sticky hairs)


Name:
BALM: Collinsonia (HORSE-), Melissa (LEMON-), Monarda didyma (BEE-)


Name:
NETTLE: Boehmeria (FALSE-), Laportea (WOOD-), Urtica (STINGING)


Name:
GRAPE [VINE]: Ampelopsis (RACOON-), Vitis


Name:
VIRGINIA-CREEPER: Parthenocissus quinquefolia (or WOODBINE)


Name:
LILY, SPIDER-: Hymenocallis, Lycoris (RED)


Name:
Panicum: > Dichanthelium, Steinchisma, Urochloa


Name:
NEW YORK FERN: Thelypteris noveboracensis


Name:
SUMAC: Rhus, Toxicodendron vernix (POISON-)


Name:
PARSLEY: Aethusa (FOOL'S), Polytaenia (PRAIRIE)


Name:
HEMLOCK (herb): Cicuta (WATER-), Conium (POISON-)


Name:
PARSNIP: Heracleum (COW-), Pastinaca, Sium (WATER-), Thaspium (WOOD-), Torilis (HEDGE-)


Name:
PLUME GRASS: Erianthus, Miscanthus (ASIAN)


Name:
BEAN: Apios (POTATO-), Phaseolus, Rhynchosia (SNOUT-), Strophostyles (WOOLLY)


Name:
VETCH: Astragalus (MILK-), Coronilla (CROWN-), Vicia


Name:
PEA: Centrosema (BUTTERFLY), Chamaecrista (PARTRIDGE-), Clitoria (BUTTERFLY), Galactia (MILK-), Lathyrus (SWEET-), Orbexilum (SCURF-), Psoralidium (SCURF-), Vigna (BLACK-EYED or COW-)


Name:
TREFOIL: Desmodium (TICK-), Hylodesmumn (WOODLAND TICK-), Lotus (BIRD'S FOOT)


Name:
PEA-VINE: Amphicarpaea (COMMON), Dioclea (WOODY)


Name:
BUCKWHEAT: Eriogonum (WILD), Fagopyrum, Fallopia (CLIMBING)


Name:
KNOTWEED: Antenoron (WOOD), Persicaria, Reynoutria (GIANT)


Name:
ANEMONE: Anemone, Anemonella (RUE-), Enemion (SPREADING RUE-)


Name:
BUTTERCUP: Ranunculus (species with large yellow flowers)


Name:
CROWFOOT: Ranunculus (species with small/pale flowers)


Name:
RUE: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> (MEADOW-), Thalictrum <Heterogamia etc.> (WOOD-), Trautvetteria (TASSEL-)


Name:
BUCKTHORN: Frangula (GREATER), Rhamnus (LESSER)


Name:
STRAWBERRY: Duschesnea (FALSE), Fragaria, Waldsteinia (BARREN)


Name:
THISTLE: Carduus (PLUMELESS), Cirsium, Cnicus (BLESSED), Onopordum (SCOTCH)


Name:
ASTER, GOLDEN-: Chrysopsis, Heterotheca, Pityopsis (GRASS-LEAVED)


Name:
Gerardia: = Agalinis; > Aureolaria, Tomanthera


Name:
Eupatorium: > Ageratina, Conoclinium, Eutrochium, Fleischmannia


Name:
Polygonum: > Antenon, Fallopia, Persicaria, Reynoutria, Truellum


Name:
Arabis: > Boechera, Planodes, Turritis; @ Arabidopsis


Name:
Scirpus: > Bolboschoenus, Isolepis, Schoenoplectus, Scirpoides, Trichophora


Name:
PRIVET: Forestiera (NEW WORLD), Ligustrum (OLD WORLD)


Name:
GOLDENROD: Euthamia & Oligoneuron (FLAT-TOPPED), Solidago


Name:
LILY: Clintonia (BEAD-), Erythronium (TROUT-), Lilium


Name:
POGONIA: Cleistes (SPREADING), Isotria (WHORLED), Pogonia (ROSE)


Name:
WHEAT GRASS: Agropyron, Elymus smithii (CRESTED)


Name:
FOXTAIL: Alopecurus (EARLY), Setaria (LATE)


Name:
BLUESTEM: Andropogon geradii (BIG), Bothriochloa (CANE), Schizachyrium (LITTLE)


Name:
OAT GRASS: Arrhenatherum (TALL), Danthonia


Name:
PANIC GRASS: Dichanthelium (EARLY), Panicum (LATE)


Name:
WITCH GRASS: Digitaria cognata, Panicum capillare (and allies)


Name:
CLUB-MOSS: Lycopodiella (BOG), Lycopodium clavatum (RUNNING)


Name:
Lycopodium: > Dendrolycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Huperzia, Lycopodiella, Pseudolycopodiella, Spinulum


Name:
Aster: > Doellingeria, Eurybia, Ionactis, Oclemena, Sericocarpus, Symphyotrichum


Name:
Gnaphalium: > Filaginella, Gamochaeta, Pseudognaphalium


Name:
MARIGOLD: Bidens (species with showy flowers) (BUR-), Dyssodia (STINKING-)


Name:
CONEFLOWER: Echinacea (PURPLE), Ratibida (GRAY-HEADED), Rudbeckia


Name:
BONESET: Eupatorium <Uncasia>, Kuhnia (FALSE)


Name:
Rorippa: > Nasturtium, Neobeckia; @ Armoracia


Name:
Sida: > {S. hermaphrodita to be determined; aff. Sidasodes for now}


Name:
MIST-FLOWER: Conoclinium (BLUE), Fleischmannia (PINK)


Name:
CUCUMBER: Cucumis, Echinocystis (WILD), Melothria (CREEPING), Sicyos (BUR-)


Name:
LAUREL: Kalmia (MOUNTAIN-), Rhododendron maximum (GIANT)


Name:
DAISY: Astranthium (GLADE), Bellis (ENGLISH), Boltonia (DOLL'S), Leucanthemum (OXEYE)


Name:
ALEXANDERS: Angelica (PALE), Zizia (GOLDEN)


Name:
HOLLY: Ilex (especially evergreen species)


Name:
WINTERBERRY: Ilex (especially deciduous species)


Name:
GROMWELL: Buglossoides (CORN-), Lithospermum, Onosmodium (PRAIRIE)


Name:
COMFREY: Cynoglossum (WILD), Symphytum (GARDEN)


Name:
PUCCOON: Lithospermum (large orange flowered species)


Name:
MUSTARD: Alliaria (GARLIC), Brassica, Conringia (HARE'S EAR), Descurainia (TANSY-), Erucastrum (DOG-), Erysimum (TREACLE-), Sisymbrium (HEDGE-)


Name:
CRESS: Arabidopsis (MOUSE-EAR), Arabis (ROCK), Boechera (ROCK), Barbarea (WINTER), Cardamine (BITTER), Draba (WHITLOW-), Leavenworthia (GLADE), Nasturtium (WATER-), Rorippa (YELLOW), Thlaspi (PENNY)


Name:
ROCKET: Diplotaxis (WALL-), Hesperis (DAME'S), Iodanthus (PURPLE)


Name:
BULRUSH: Bolboschoenus (RIVER), Isolepis (KEELED), Schoenoplectus, Scirpoides (ROUNDHEADED), Scirpus, Trichophorum (BASHFUL)


Name:
SEDGE: Bulbostylis (HAIR-), Carex, Cymophyllus (FRASER'S), Cyperus (UMBRELLA-), Dulichium (THREE-WAY), Kyllinga (SPIKE-), Lipocarpha (HALFCHAFF)


Name:
HYACINTH: Camassia (WILD), Muscari (GRAPE-)


Name:
MELIC GRASS: Melica, Schizachne (PURPLE)


Name:
Monarda russeliana: see M. bradburiana and Monarda sp. nov. 1


Name:
Oenothera rhombipetala: see O. clelandii


Name:
Oxalis recurva: see O. florida and O. priceae


Name:
Panicum acuminatum: Dichanthelium acuminatum etc.


Name:
Panicum albomarginatum: see Dichanthelium tenue


Name:
Panicum boreale: see Dichanthelium bicknellii


Name:
Panicum implicatum: see Dichanthelium acuminatum


Name:
Panicum meridionale: see Dichanthelium acuminatum and D. columbianum


Name:
Panicum nitidum: see Dichanthelium microcarpon


Name:
Panicum oligosanthes: see Dichanthelium scribnerianum


Name:
Panicum ovale: see Dichanthelium villosissimum etc.


Name:
Panicum sabulorum: see Dichanthelium columbianum


Name:
Panicum stipitatum: P. rigidulum var. elongatum


Name:
Physalis pruinosa: see P. grisea and P. pubescens


Name:
Polygonum amphibium: Persicaria amphibia (see also P. coccinea)


Name:
Polygonum caespitosum: see Persicaria longisetum


Name:
Pseudognaphalium helleri: see P. microdenium


Name:
Pycnanthemum flexuosum: see P. tenuifolium


Name:
Quercus prinus: see Q. montana and Q. michauxii


Name:
Ranunculus aquatilis: see R. longirostris


Name:
Ranunculus trichophyllus: see R. longirostris


Name:
Rhynchospora globularis: see R. recognita


Name:
Rubus ostryifolius: see R. pensilvanicus


Name:
Rumex salicifolius: see R. triangulivalvis


Name:
Sagittaria engelmanniana: see S. australis and S. brevirostra


Name:
Sagittaria longirostra: see S. australis


Name:
Sagittaria montevidensis: see S. calycina


Name:
Scirpus americanus: see Schoenoplectus pungens


Name:
Scirpus smithii: see Schoenoplectus purshianus


Name:
Scirpus supinus: see Schoenoplectus hallii


Name:
Scirpus validus: see Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanum


Name:
Scleria reticularis: see S. muehlenbergii


Name:
Scutellaria galericulata: see S. epilobiifolia


Name:
Senecio plattensis: see Packera paupercula


Name:
Silene alba: see S. latifolia and S. nivea


Name:
Sisyrinchium mucronatum: see S. atlanticum


Name:
Solidago jacksonii: see Oligoneuron rigidum


Name:
Solidago randii: see S. arenicola and S. racemosa


Name:
Solidago simplex: see S. arenicola and S. racemosa


Name:
Sporobolus asper: S. compositus (see also S. drummondii)


Name:
Sporobolus ozarkanus: see S. vaginiflorus


Name:
Stachys nuttallii: see S. cordata and S. clingmanii


Name:
Tilia floridana: T. caroliniana (see also T. heterophylla)


Name:
Tragia urticifolia: see T. betonicifolia


Name:
Vaccinium constablaei: see V. corymbosum


Name:
Valerianella intermedia: see V. umbilicata


Name:
Valerianella patellaria: see V. umbilicata


Name:
Viola priceana: see V. papillionacea forma albiflora


Name:
Xanthium chinense: see X . strumarium var. glabratum


Name:
Xanthium globosum: see X . strumarium vaqr. glabratum


Name:
Xanthium italicum: see X . strumarium var. canadense


Name:
Xanthium pensylvanicum: see X . strumarium var. canadense


Name:
Agrostis alba: A. stolonifera and see A. gigantea


Name:
Amaranthus graecizans: see A. albus & A. blitoides


Name:
Andropogon saccharoides: see Bothriochloa lagurioides


Name:
Arenaria groenlandica: see Minuartia glabra


Name:
Aristolochia durior: see Isotrema macrophylla


Name:
Ascyrum hyperidoides: see H. hypericoides and H. stragalum


Name:
Aster kentuckiensis: see Symphyotrichum priceae


Name:
Aster pilosus: see Symphyotrichum pilosum and S. juniperinum


Name:
Aster sericeus: see Symphyotrichum pratense


Name:
Aster simplex: see Symphyotrichum lanceolatum


Name:
Aster vimineus: see Symphyotrichum racemosum


Name:
Convolvulus sepium: Calystegia sepium & C. fraterniflora


Name:
Crataegus berberifolia: see C. engelmannii


Name:
Crataegus flabellata: see C. macrosperma and C. iracunda


Name:
Crataegus pedicellata: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Crataegus pennsylvania: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Crataegus putnamiana: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Crotonopsis linearis: Croton michauxii (see C. wildenowii)


Name:
Cypripedium calceolus: see C. parviflorum and C. pubescens


Name:
Cystopteris fragilis: see C. protrusa; C. tennesseensis and C. tenuis


Name:
Dichanthelium boreale: see D. cf. bicknellii


Name:
Dioscorea oppositifolia: see D. polystachya


Name:
Dryopteris austriaca: see D. carthusiana and D. intermedia


Name:
Dryopteris spinulosa: see D. carthusiana and D. intermedia


Name:
Erigeron canadensis: Conyza canadensis; see also C. parva


Name:
Euphorbia heterophylla: see E. cyathophora


Name:
Gentiana quinquefolia: see Gentianella occidentalis


Name:
Gnaphalium helleri: see Pseudognaphalium micradenum


Name:
Habenaria blepharioglottis: see Platanthera integrilabia


Name:
Hedyotis nuttalliana: see Houstonia tenuifolia


Name:
Helianthus laetiflorus: see H. pauciflorus


Name:
Lactuca scariola: see L. serriola and L. sativa


Name:
Lobelia appendiculata: see L. gattingeri


Name:
Luzula campestris: see L. bulbosa, L, echinata and L. multiflora


Name:
Lycopodium complanatum: see Diphasiastrum digitatum


Name:
Lycopodium flabelliforme: see Diphasiastrum digitatum


Name:
Lycopodium obscurum: see Dendrolycopodium obscurum and D. hickeyi


Name:
Lycopodium selago: see Lycopodiella appressa


Name:
Silphium asteriscus: see S. glabrum and S. trifoliatum


Name:
Carex tonsa: see C. rugosperma and C. umbellata


Name:
Chenopodium leptophyllum: see C. pratericola


Name:
Chenopodium dessicatum: see C. pratericola


Name:
Cleome spinosa: see Tarenaya hassleriana


Name:
Polystichum falcatum: see Cyrtomium fortunei


Name:
Lespedeza frutescens: L. violacea (see also L. intermedia)


Name:
Lithospermum caroliniense: see L. croceum


Name:
Lonicera tatarica: see L. morrowii group


Name:
Lonicera xylosteum: see L. morrowii group


Name:
Ophioglossum vulgatum: see O. pusillum and O. pycnostichum


Name:
Oxalis filipes: O. florida (see also O. dillenii)


Name:
Chrysopsis nervosa: Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia


Name:
Platanthera blepharioglottis: see P. integrilabia


Name:
Potentilla monspeliensis: see P. norvegica


Name:
Solanum physalifolium: see S. sarrachoides


Name:
Solidago gracillima: see S. cf. austrina


Name:
Solidago spathulata: see S. arenicola and S. racemosa


Name:
Sparganium angustifolium: see S. emersum


Name:
Typha glauca: T. angustifolia x latifolia


Name:
Veronica glandifera: see V. anagallis-aquatica


Name:
Veronica connata: see V. anagallis-aquatica and V. catenata


Name:
Viola pratincola: see V. nephrophylla (see also V. papilionacea)


Name:
Wolffia punctata: W. brasiliensis (see also W. borealis)


Name:
BEEFSTEAK PLANT: Mosla (LESSER), Perilla


# Alternatesoriginal

Name:
RICE, WILD: Zizania, Zizaniopsis (SOUTHERN)


Name:
STAR-GRASS, WATER: Heranthera <Zosterella> dubia


Name:
PONDWEED: Naias (BUSHY), Potamogeton, Stuckenia (SAGO), Zanichellia (HORNED)


Name:
MILLET: Pennisetum (PEARL), Setaria italica (FOXTAIL)


Name:
MIMOSA: Albizia (TREE-), Desmanthus (PRAIRIE-), Mimosa


Name:
SAXIFRAGE: Boykinia (BROOK), Chrysosplenium (GOLDEN), Saxifraga


Name:
FOXGLOVE: Agalinis (LESSER), Aureolaria (YELLOW), Dasistoma (MULLEIN), Tomanthera (EAR-LEAF)


Name:
HYSSOP: Bacopa (WATER-), Gratiola (HEDGE-), Mecardonia (MARSH-)


Name:
TOADFLAX: Chaenorrhinum (LESSER), Linaria (YELLOW), Nuttalanthus (BLUE)


Name:
FESCUE: Festuca, Schedonorus, Vulpia (ANNUAL)


Name:
PRIMROSE: Calylophus & Oenothera (EVENING-), Ludwigia (WATER-)


Name:
SORREL: Oxalis {large-flowered spp.} (WOOD), Oxalis {small-flowered spp.} (FIELD)


Name:
POPPY: Eschscholtzia (CALIFORNIA), Papaver, Stylophorum (WOOD)


Name:
DANDELION: Krigia (LESSER), Pyrrhopappus (GREATER), Taraxacum


Name:
LOOSESTRIFE, PURPLE: Decodon (SHRUBBY), Lythrum


Name:
MALLOW: Anoda (BLUE), Callirhoe (POPPY-), Hibiscus (ROSE-), Malva, Malvastrum (GLADE-), Napaea (LOWLAND), Sida (PRICKLY), Sidasodes (RIVER)


Name:
ASTER: Aster (OLD-WORLD), Doellingeria & Eurybia (FLAT-TOPPED), Ionactis (STIFF-LEAVED), Oclemena (NODDING), Sericocarpus (WHITE-TOPPED), Symphyotrichum (NEW WORLD)


Name:
BEGGAR-TICKS: Bidens {without showy flowers}


Name:
CLOVER: Dalea (PRAIRIE), Lespedeza (BUSH), Kummerowia (JAPENESE & KOREAN), Melilotus (SWEET-), Trifolium


Name:
HARLEQUIN: Adlumia (CLIMBING), Capnoides (ROCK), Corydalis


Name:
GENTIAN: Gentiana, Gentianella, Sabatia (ROSE-)


Name:
MINT: Blephilia (WOOD-), Mentha, Mosla (JAPANESE), Perilla (COW-), Pycnanthemum (MEADOW-)


Name:
CAMPION: Silene stellata {species with inflated calyx}


Name:
SPINDLE: Euonymus atropurpurea, E. europea


Name:
CHICKWEED: Cerastium (MOUSE-EAR), Holosteum (JAGGED), Myosoton (WATER-), Stellaria


Name:
PINK: Dianthus, Lychnis, Petrorhagia, Silene


Name:
CATCHFLY: Silene {species with sticky hairs}


Name:
BALM: Collinsonia (HORSE-), Melissa (LEMON-), Monarda didyma (BEE-)


Name:
NETTLE: Boehmeria (FALSE-), Laportea (WOOD-), Urtica (STINGING)


Name:
GRAPE [VINE]: Ampelopsis (RACOON-), Vitis


Name:
VIRGINIA-CREEPER: Parthenocissus quinquefolia (or WOODBINE)


Name:
LILY, SPIDER-: Hymenocallis, Lycoris (RED)


Name:
NEW YORK FERN: Thelypteris noveboracensis


Name:
SUMAC: Rhus, Toxicodendron vernix (POISON-)


Name:
PARSLEY: Aethusa (FOOL'S), Polytaenia (PRAIRIE)


Name:
HEMLOCK (herb): Cicuta (WATER-), Conium (POISON-)


Name:
PARSNIP: Heracleum (COW-), Pastinaca, Sium (WATER-), Thaspium (WOOD-), Torilis (HEDGE-)


Name:
PLUME GRASS: Erianthus, Miscanthus (ASIAN)


Name:
BEAN: Apios (POTATO-), Phaseolus, Rhynchosia (SNOUT-), Strophostyles (WOOLLY)


Name:
VETCH: Astragalus (MILK-), Coronilla (CROWN-), Vicia


Name:
PEA: Centrosema (BUTTERFLY), Chamaecrista (PARTRIDGE-), Clitoria (BUTTERFLY), Galactia (MILK-), Lathyrus (SWEET-), Orbexilum (SCURF-), Psoralidium (SCURF-), Vigna (BLACK-EYED or COW-)


Name:
TREFOIL: Desmodium (TICK-), Lotus (BIRD'S FOOT)


Name:
PEA-VINE: Amphicarpaea (COMMON), Dioclea (WOODY)


Name:
BUCKWHEAT: Eriogonum (WILD), Fagopyrum, Fallopia (CLIMBING)


Name:
KNOTWEED: Antenoron (WOOD), Persicaria, Reynoutria (GIANT)


Name:
ANEMONE: Anemone, Anemonella (RUE-), Enemion (SPREADING RUE-)


Name:
BUTTERCUP: Ranunculus {species with large yellow flowers}


Name:
CROWFOOT: Ranunculus {species with small/pale flowers}


Name:
RUE: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> (MEADOW-), Thalictrum <Heterogamia etc.> (WOOD-), Trautvetteria (TASSEL-)


Name:
BUCKTHORN: Frangula (GREATER), Rhamnus (LESSER)


Name:
STRAWBERRY: Duschesnea (FALSE), Fragaria, Waldsteinia (BARREN)


Name:
THISTLE: Carduus (PLUMELESS), Cirsium, Cnicus (BLESSED), Onopordum (SCOTCH)


Name:
ASTER, GOLDEN-: Chrysopsis, Heterotheca, Pityopsis (GRASS-LEAVED)


Name:
Satureja: > Acinos, Calamintha, Clinopodium


Name:
Gerardia: = Agalinis; > Aureolaria, Tomanthera


Name:
Eupatorium: > Ageratina, Conoclinium, Eutrochium, Fleischmannia


Name:
Polygonum: > Ampelygonum, Antenoron, Fallopia, Persicaria, Reynoutria, Truellum


Name:
Arabis: > Boechera, Planodes, Turritis; @ Arabidopsis, Sibara


Name:
Scirpus: > Bolboschoenus, Isolepis, Schoenoplectus, Trichophora


Name:
PRIVET: Forestiera (NEW WORLD), Ligustrum (OLD WORLD)


Name:
GOLDENROD: Euthamia & Oligoneuron (FLAT-TOPPED), Solidago


Name:
LILY: Clintonia (BEAD-), Erythronium (TROUT-), Lilium


Name:
POGONIA: Cleistes (SPREADING), Isotria (WHORLED), Pogonia (ROSE)


Name:
WHEAT GRASS: Agropyron, Elymus smithii (CRESTED)


Name:
FOXTAIL: Alopecurus (EARLY), Setaria (LATE)


Name:
BLUESTEM: Andropogon geradii (BIG), Bothriochloa (CANE), Schizachyrium (LITTLE)


Name:
OAT GRASS: Arrhenatherum (TALL), Danthonia


Name:
PANIC GRASS: Dichanthelium (EARLY), Panicum (LATE)


Name:
WITCH GRASS: Digitaria cognata, Panicum capillare (and allies)


Name:
CLUB-MOSS: Lycopodiella (BOG), Lycopodium clavatum (RUNNING)


Name:
Lycopodium: > Dendrolycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Huperzia, Lycopodiella


Name:
Aster: > Doellingeria, Eurybia, Ionactis, Oclemena, Sericocarpus, Symphyostrichum


Name:
Gnaphalium: > Filaginella, Gamochaeta, Pseudognaphalium


Name:
MARIGOLD: Bidens {with showy flowers} (BUR-), Dyssodia (STINKING-)


Name:
CONEFLOWER: Echinacea (PURPLE), Ratibida (GRAY-HEADED), Rudbeckia


Name:
BONESET: Eupatorium <Uncasia>, Kuhnia (FALSE)


Name:
Sida: > {to be determined; aff. Sidasodes for now}


Name:
MIST-FLOWER: Conoclinium (BLUE), Fleischmannia (PINK)


Name:
CUCUMBER: Cucumis, Echinocystis (WILD), Melothria (CREEPING), Sicyos (BUR-)


Name:
LAUREL: Kalmia (MOUNTAIN-), Rhododendron maximum (GIANT)


Name:
DAISY: Astranthium (GLADE), Bellis (ENGLISH), Boltonia (DOLL'S), Leucanthemum (OXEYE)


Name:
ALEXANDERS: Angelica (PALE), Zizia (GOLDEN)


Name:
GROMWELL: Buglossoides (CORN-), Lithospermum, Onosmodium (PRAIRIE)


Name:
COMFREY: Cynoglossum (WILD), Symphytum (GARDEN)


Name:
PUCCOON: Lithospermum {large orange flowered}


Name:
MUSTARD: Alliaria (GARLIC), Brassica, Conringia (HARE'S EAR), Descurainia (TANSY-), Erucastrum (DOG-), Erysimum (TREACLE-), Sisymbrium (HEDGE-)


Name:
CRESS: Arabidopsis (MOUSE-EAR), Arabis (ROCK), Boechera (ROCK), Barbarea (WINTER), Cardamine (BITTER), Draba (WHITLOW-), Leavenworthia (GLADE), Nasturtium (WATER-), Rorippa (YELLOW), Thlaspi (PENNY)


Name:
ROCKET: Diplotaxis (WALL-), Hesperis (DAME'S), Iodanthus (PURPLE)


Name:
BULRUSH: Bolboschoenus (RIVER), Isolepis (KEELED), Schoenoplectus, Scirpoides (ROUNDHEADED), Scirpus, Trichophorum (BASHFUL)


Name:
SEDGE: Bulbostylis (HAIR-), Carex, Cymophyllus (FRASER'S), Cyperus (UMBRELLA-), Dulichium (THREE-WAY), Kyllinga (SPIKE-), Lipocarpha (HALFCHAFF)


Name:
HYACINTH: Camassia (WILD), Muscari (GRAPE-)


Name:
MELIC GRASS: Melica, Schizachne (PURPLE)


Name:
Monarda russeliana: see M. bradburiana & Monarda sp.


Name:
Monarda virgata: see Monarda sp. (aff. russeliana)


Name:
Oenothera rhombipetala: see O. clelandii


Name:
Panicum acuminatum: Dichanthelium acuminatum etc.


Name:
Panicum albomarginatum: see Dichanthelium tenue


Name:
Panicum boreale: see Dichanthelium bicknellii


Name:
Panicum implicatum: see Dichanthelium acuminatum


Name:
Panicum meridionale: see Dichanthelium acuminatum & D. columbianum


Name:
Panicum nitidum: see Dichanthelium microcarpon


Name:
Panicum oligosanthes: see Dichanthelium scribnerianum


Name:
Panicum ovale: see Dichanthelium villosissimum etc.


Name:
Panicum sabulorum: see Dichanthelium columbianum


Name:
Physalis pruinosa: see P. grisea and P. pubescens


Name:
Polygonum caespitosum: see Persicaria longisetum


Name:
Pseudognaphalium helleri: see P. microdenium


Name:
Pycnanthemum flexuosum: see P. tenuifolium


Name:
Quercus prinus: see Q. montana & Q. michauxii


Name:
Ranunculus aquatilis: see R. longirostris


Name:
Ranunculus trichophyllus: see R. longirostris


Name:
Rhus tospecies icodendron: Toxicodendron pubescens


Name:
Rhynchospora globularis: see R. recognita


Name:
Rubus ostryifolius: see R. pensilvanicus


Name:
Rumex salicifolius: see R. triangulivalvis


Name:
Sagittaria engelmanniana: see S. australis & S. brevirostra


Name:
Sagittaria longirostra: see S. australis


Name:
Sagittaria montevidensis: see S. calycina


Name:
Scirpus americanus: see Schoenoplectus pungens


Name:
Scirpus smithii: see Schoenoplectus purshianus


Name:
Scirpus supinus: see Schoenoplectus hallii


Name:
Scirpus validus: see Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanum


Name:
Scleria reticularis: see S. muehlenbergii


Name:
Scutellaria galericulata: see S. epilobiifolia


Name:
Sisyrinchium mucronatum: see S. atlanticum


Name:
Solidago jacksonii: see Oligoneuron rigidum


Name:
Solidago randii: see S. arenicola & S. racemosa


Name:
Solidago simplespecies : see S. racemosa & S. arenicola


Name:
Sporobolus ozarkanus: see S. vaginiflorus


Name:
Tragia urticifolia: see T. betonicifolia


Name:
Vaccinium constablaei: see V. corymbosum


Name:
Valerianella intermedia: see V. umbilicata


Name:
Valerianella patellaria: see V. umbilicata


Name:
Verbena species  hybrida: Glandularia x  hybrida


Name:
Xanthium pensylvanicum: see X . strumarium


Name:
Agrostis alba: A. stolonifera and see A. gigantea


Name:
Amaranthus graecizans: see A. albus & A. blitoides


Name:
Andropogon saccharoides: see Bothriochloa lagurioides


Name:
Arenaria groenlandica: see Minuartia glabra


Name:
Aristolochia durior: see Isotrema macrophylla


Name:
Ascyrum hyperidoides: see H. hypericoides & H. stragalum


Name:
Aster kentuckiensis: see Symphyotrichum priceae


Name:
Aster pilosus: see Symphyotrichum pilosum & S. juniperinum


Name:
Aster sericeus: see Symphyotrichum pratense


Name:
Aster simplex: see Symphyotrichum lanceolatum


Name:
Aster vimineus: see Symphyotrichum racemosum


Name:
Brachiaria tespecies ana: Urochloa texana


Name:
Chenopodium berlandieri: see C. buschianum


Name:
Convolvulus sepium: Calystegia sepium & C. fraterniflora


Name:
Crataegus berberifolia: see C. engelmannii


Name:
Crataegus flabellata: see C. macrosperma & C. iracunda


Name:
Crataegus pedicellata: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Crataegus pennsylvania: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Crataegus putnamiana: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Cypripedium calceolus: see C. parviflorum & C. pubescens


Name:
Cystopteris fragilis: see C. protrusa; C. tennesseensis; C. tenuis


Name:
Dichanthelium boreale: see D. cf. bicknellii


Name:
Dioscorea oppositifolia: see D. polystachya


Name:
Dryopteris austriaca: see D. carthusiana & D. intermedia


Name:
Dryopteris spinulosa: see D. carthusiana & D. intermedia


Name:
Equisetum kansanum: see E. species  ferrissii


Name:
Euphorbia heterophylla: see E. cyathophora


Name:
Gentiana quinquefolia: see Gentianella occidentalis


Name:
Gnaphalium helleri: see Pseudognaphalium micradenum


Name:
Habenaria blepharioglottis: see Platanthera integrilabia


Name:
Hedyotis nuttalliana: see Houstonia tenuifolia


Name:
Helenium nudiflorum: H. flespecies uosum


Name:
Helianthus laetiflorus: see H. pauciflorus


Name:
Lactuca scariola: see L. serriola & L. sativa


Name:
Lobelia appendiculata: see L. gattingeri


Name:
Ludwigia uruguayensis: L. hespecies apetala


Name:
Luzula campestris: see L. bulbosa, L, echinata & L. multiflora


Name:
Lycopodium complanatum: see Diphasiastrum digitatum


Name:
Lycopodium flabelliforme: see Diphasiastrum digitatum


Name:
Lycopodium obscurum: see Dendrolycopodium obscurum & D. hickeyi


Name:
Lycopodium selago: see Lycopodiella appressa


# Alternatesworking

Name:
RICE, WILD: Zizania, Zizaniopsis (SOUTHERN)


Name:
STAR-GRASS, WATER: Heranthera <Zosterella> dubia


Name:
PONDWEED: Naias (BUSHY), Potamogeton, Stuckenia (SAGO), Zanichellia (HORNED)


Name:
MILLET: Pennisetum (PEARL), Setaria italica (FOXTAIL)


Name:
MIMOSA: Albizia (TREE-), Desmanthus (PRAIRIE-), Mimosa


Name:
SAXIFRAGE: Boykinia (BROOK), Chrysosplenium (GOLDEN), Saxifraga


Name:
FOXGLOVE: Agalinis (LESSER), Aureolaria (YELLOW), Dasistoma (MULLEIN), Tomanthera (EAR-LEAF)


Name:
HYSSOP: Bacopa (WATER-), Gratiola (HEDGE-), Mecardonia (MARSH-)


Name:
TOADFLAX: Chaenorrhinum (LESSER), Linaria (YELLOW), Nuttalanthus (BLUE)


Name:
FESCUE: Festuca, Schedonorus, Vulpia (ANNUAL)


Name:
PRIMROSE: Calylophus & Oenothera (EVENING-), Ludwigia (WATER-)


Name:
SORREL: Oxalis {large-flowered spp.} (WOOD), Oxalis {small-flowered spp.} (FIELD)


Name:
POPPY: Eschscholtzia (CALIFORNIA), Papaver, Stylophorum (WOOD)


Name:
DANDELION: Krigia (LESSER), Pyrrhopappus (GREATER), Taraxacum


Name:
LOOSESTRIFE, PURPLE: Decodon (SHRUBBY), Lythrum


Name:
MALLOW: Anoda (BLUE), Callirhoe (POPPY-), Hibiscus (ROSE-), Malva, Malvastrum (GLADE-), Napaea (LOWLAND), Sida (PRICKLY), Sidasodes (RIVER)


Name:
ASTER: Aster (OLD-WORLD), Doellingeria & Eurybia (FLAT-TOPPED), Ionactis (STIFF-LEAVED), Oclemena (NODDING), Sericocarpus (WHITE-TOPPED), Symphyotrichum (NEW WORLD)


Name:
BEGGAR-TICKS: Bidens {without showy flowers}


Name:
CLOVER: Dalea (PRAIRIE), Lespedeza (BUSH), Kummerowia (JAPENESE & KOREAN), Melilotus (SWEET-), Trifolium


Name:
HARLEQUIN: Adlumia (CLIMBING), Capnoides (ROCK), Corydalis


Name:
GENTIAN: Gentiana, Gentianella, Sabatia (ROSE-)


Name:
MINT: Blephilia (WOOD-), Mentha, Mosla (JAPANESE), Perilla (COW-), Pycnanthemum (MEADOW-)


Name:
CAMPION: Silene stellata {species with inflated calyx}


Name:
SPINDLE: Euonymus atropurpurea, E. europea


Name:
CHICKWEED: Cerastium (MOUSE-EAR), Holosteum (JAGGED), Myosoton (WATER-), Stellaria


Name:
PINK: Dianthus, Lychnis, Petrorhagia, Silene


Name:
CATCHFLY: Silene {species with sticky hairs}


Name:
BALM: Collinsonia (HORSE-), Melissa (LEMON-), Monarda didyma (BEE-)


Name:
Crepis: > Youngia; ?@ Hieracium [see H. gronovii]


Name:
NETTLE: Boehmeria (FALSE-), Laportea (WOOD-), Urtica (STINGING)


Name:
GRAPE [VINE]: Ampelopsis (RACOON-), Vitis


Name:
VIRGINIA-CREEPER: Parthenocissus quinquefolia (or WOODBINE)


Name:
LILY, SPIDER-: Hymenocallis, Lycoris (RED)


Name:
Panicum: > Dichanthelium, Steinchisma, Urochloa


Name:
NEW YORK FERN: Thelypteris noveboracensis


Name:
SUMAC: Rhus, Toxicodendron vernix (POISON-)


Name:
PARSLEY: Aethusa (FOOL'S), Polytaenia (PRAIRIE)


Name:
HEMLOCK (herb): Cicuta (WATER-), Conium (POISON-)


Name:
PARSNIP: Heracleum (COW-), Pastinaca, Sium (WATER-), Thaspium (WOOD-), Torilis (HEDGE-)


Name:
PLUME GRASS: Erianthus, Miscanthus (ASIAN)


Name:
BEAN: Apios (POTATO-), Phaseolus, Rhynchosia (SNOUT-), Strophostyles (WOOLLY)


Name:
VETCH: Astragalus (MILK-), Coronilla (CROWN-), Vicia


Name:
PEA: Centrosema (BUTTERFLY), Chamaecrista (PARTRIDGE-), Clitoria (BUTTERFLY), Galactia (MILK-), Lathyrus (SWEET-), Orbexilum (SCURF-), Psoralidium (SCURF-), Vigna (BLACK-EYED or COW-)


Name:
TREFOIL: Desmodium (TICK-), Lotus (BIRD'S FOOT)


Name:
PEA-VINE: Amphicarpaea (COMMON), Dioclea (WOODY)


Name:
BUCKWHEAT: Eriogonum (WILD), Fagopyrum, Fallopia (CLIMBING)


Name:
KNOTWEED: Antenoron (WOOD), Persicaria, Reynoutria (GIANT)


Name:
ANEMONE: Anemone, Anemonella (RUE-), Enemion (SPREADING RUE-)


Name:
BUTTERCUP: Ranunculus {species with large yellow flowers}


Name:
CROWFOOT: Ranunculus {species with small/pale flowers}


Name:
RUE: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> (MEADOW-), Thalictrum <Heterogamia etc.> (WOOD-), Trautvetteria (TASSEL-)


Name:
BUCKTHORN: Frangula (GREATER), Rhamnus (LESSER)


Name:
STRAWBERRY: Duschesnea (FALSE), Fragaria, Waldsteinia (BARREN)


Name:
THISTLE: Carduus (PLUMELESS), Cirsium, Cnicus (BLESSED), Onopordum (SCOTCH)


Name:
ASTER, GOLDEN-: Chrysopsis, Heterotheca, Pityopsis (GRASS-LEAVED)


Name:
Gerardia: = Agalinis; > Aureolaria, Tomanthera


Name:
Eupatorium: > Ageratina, Conoclinium, Eutrochium, Fleischmannia


Name:
Polygonum: > Antenon, Fallopia, Persicaria, Reynoutria, Truellum


Name:
Arabis: > Boechera, Planodes, Turritis; @ Arabidopsis


Name:
Scirpus: > Bolboschoenus, Isolepis, Schoenoplectus, Scirpoides, Trichophora


Name:
PRIVET: Forestiera (NEW WORLD), Ligustrum (OLD WORLD)


Name:
GOLDENROD: Euthamia & Oligoneuron (FLAT-TOPPED), Solidago


Name:
LILY: Clintonia (BEAD-), Erythronium (TROUT-), Lilium


Name:
POGONIA: Cleistes (SPREADING), Isotria (WHORLED), Pogonia (ROSE)


Name:
WHEAT GRASS: Agropyron, Elymus smithii (CRESTED)


Name:
FOXTAIL: Alopecurus (EARLY), Setaria (LATE)


Name:
BLUESTEM: Andropogon geradii (BIG), Bothriochloa (CANE), Schizachyrium (LITTLE)


Name:
OAT GRASS: Arrhenatherum (TALL), Danthonia


Name:
PANIC GRASS: Dichanthelium (EARLY), Panicum (LATE)


Name:
WITCH GRASS: Digitaria cognata, Panicum capillare (and allies)


Name:
CLUB-MOSS: Lycopodiella (BOG), Lycopodium clavatum (RUNNING)


Name:
Lycopodium: > Dendrolycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Huperzia, Lycopodiella, Pseudolycopodiella, Spinulum


Name:
Aster: > Doellingeria, Eurybia, Ionactis, Oclemena, Sericocarpus, Symphyotrichum


Name:
Gnaphalium: > Filaginella, Gamochaeta, Pseudognaphalium


Name:
MARIGOLD: Bidens {with showy flowers} (BUR-), Dyssodia (STINKING-)


Name:
CONEFLOWER: Echinacea (PURPLE), Ratibida (GRAY-HEADED), Rudbeckia


Name:
BONESET: Eupatorium <Uncasia>, Kuhnia (FALSE)


Name:
Rorippa: > Nasturtium, Neobeckia; @ Armoracia


Name:
Sida: > {S. hermaphrodita to be determined; aff. Sidasodes for now}


Name:
MIST-FLOWER: Conoclinium (BLUE), Fleischmannia (PINK)


Name:
CUCUMBER: Cucumis, Echinocystis (WILD), Melothria (CREEPING), Sicyos (BUR-)


Name:
LAUREL: Kalmia (MOUNTAIN-), Rhododendron maximum (GIANT)


Name:
DAISY: Astranthium (GLADE), Bellis (ENGLISH), Boltonia (DOLL'S), Leucanthemum (OXEYE)


Name:
ALEXANDERS: Angelica (PALE), Zizia (GOLDEN)


Name:
GROMWELL: Buglossoides (CORN-), Lithospermum, Onosmodium (PRAIRIE)


Name:
COMFREY: Cynoglossum (WILD), Symphytum (GARDEN)


Name:
PUCCOON: Lithospermum {large orange flowered}


Name:
MUSTARD: Alliaria (GARLIC), Brassica, Conringia (HARE'S EAR), Descurainia (TANSY-), Erucastrum (DOG-), Erysimum (TREACLE-), Sisymbrium (HEDGE-)


Name:
CRESS: Arabidopsis (MOUSE-EAR), Arabis (ROCK), Boechera (ROCK), Barbarea (WINTER), Cardamine (BITTER), Draba (WHITLOW-), Leavenworthia (GLADE), Nasturtium (WATER-), Rorippa (YELLOW), Thlaspi (PENNY)


Name:
ROCKET: Diplotaxis (WALL-), Hesperis (DAME'S), Iodanthus (PURPLE)


Name:
BULRUSH: Bolboschoenus (RIVER), Isolepis (KEELED), Schoenoplectus, Scirpoides (ROUNDHEADED), Scirpus, Trichophorum (BASHFUL)


Name:
SEDGE: Bulbostylis (HAIR-), Carex, Cymophyllus (FRASER'S), Cyperus (UMBRELLA-), Dulichium (THREE-WAY), Kyllinga (SPIKE-), Lipocarpha (HALFCHAFF)


Name:
HYACINTH: Camassia (WILD), Muscari (GRAPE-)


Name:
MELIC GRASS: Melica, Schizachne (PURPLE)


Name:
Monarda russeliana: see M. bradburiana & Monarda sp.


Name:
Monarda virgata: see Monarda sp. (aff. russeliana)


Name:
Oenothera rhombipetala: see O. clelandii


Name:
Panicum acuminatum: Dichanthelium acuminatum etc.


Name:
Panicum albomarginatum: see Dichanthelium tenue


Name:
Panicum boreale: see Dichanthelium bicknellii


Name:
Panicum implicatum: see Dichanthelium acuminatum


Name:
Panicum meridionale: see Dichanthelium acuminatum & D. columbianum


Name:
Panicum nitidum: see Dichanthelium microcarpon


Name:
Panicum oligosanthes: see Dichanthelium scribnerianum


Name:
Panicum ovale: see Dichanthelium villosissimum etc.


Name:
Panicum sabulorum: see Dichanthelium columbianum


Name:
Physalis pruinosa: see P. grisea and P. pubescens


Name:
Polygonum caespitosum: see Persicaria longisetum


Name:
Pseudognaphalium helleri: see P. microdenium


Name:
Pycnanthemum flexuosum: see P. tenuifolium


Name:
Quercus prinus: see Q. montana & Q. michauxii


Name:
Ranunculus aquatilis: see R. longirostris


Name:
Ranunculus trichophyllus: see R. longirostris


Name:
Rhus tospecies icodendron: Toxicodendron pubescens


Name:
Rhynchospora globularis: see R. recognita


Name:
Rubus ostryifolius: see R. pensilvanicus


Name:
Rumex salicifolius: see R. triangulivalvis


Name:
Sagittaria engelmanniana: see S. australis & S. brevirostra


Name:
Sagittaria longirostra: see S. australis


Name:
Sagittaria montevidensis: see S. calycina


Name:
Scirpus americanus: see Schoenoplectus pungens


Name:
Scirpus smithii: see Schoenoplectus purshianus


Name:
Scirpus supinus: see Schoenoplectus hallii


Name:
Scirpus validus: see Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanum


Name:
Scleria reticularis: see S. muehlenbergii


Name:
Scutellaria galericulata: see S. epilobiifolia


Name:
Sisyrinchium mucronatum: see S. atlanticum


Name:
Solidago jacksonii: see Oligoneuron rigidum


Name:
Solidago randii: see S. arenicola & S. racemosa


Name:
Solidago simplex : see S. racemosa & S. arenicola


Name:
Sporobolus ozarkanus: see S. vaginiflorus


Name:
Tragia urticifolia: see T. betonicifolia


Name:
Vaccinium constablaei: see V. corymbosum


Name:
Valerianella intermedia: see V. umbilicata


Name:
Valerianella patellaria: see V. umbilicata


Name:
Xanthium pensylvanicum: see X . strumarium


Name:
Agrostis alba: A. stolonifera and see A. gigantea


Name:
Amaranthus graecizans: see A. albus & A. blitoides


Name:
Andropogon saccharoides: see Bothriochloa lagurioides


Name:
Arenaria groenlandica: see Minuartia glabra


Name:
Aristolochia durior: see Isotrema macrophylla


Name:
Ascyrum hyperidoides: see H. hypericoides & H. stragalum


Name:
Aster kentuckiensis: see Symphyotrichum priceae


Name:
Aster pilosus: see Symphyotrichum pilosum & S. juniperinum


Name:
Aster sericeus: see Symphyotrichum pratense


Name:
Aster simplex: see Symphyotrichum lanceolatum


Name:
Aster vimineus: see Symphyotrichum racemosum


Name:
Brachiaria tespecies ana: Urochloa texana


Name:
Chenopodium berlandieri: see C. buschianum


Name:
Convolvulus sepium: Calystegia sepium & C. fraterniflora


Name:
Crataegus berberifolia: see C. engelmannii


Name:
Crataegus flabellata: see C. macrosperma & C. iracunda


Name:
Crataegus pedicellata: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Crataegus pennsylvania: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Crataegus putnamiana: see C. aff. coccinea


Name:
Cypripedium calceolus: see C. parviflorum & C. pubescens


Name:
Cystopteris fragilis: see C. protrusa; C. tennesseensis; C. tenuis


Name:
Dichanthelium boreale: see D. cf. bicknellii


Name:
Dioscorea oppositifolia: see D. polystachya


Name:
Dryopteris austriaca: see D. carthusiana & D. intermedia


Name:
Dryopteris spinulosa: see D. carthusiana & D. intermedia


Name:
Equisetum kansanum: see E. species  ferrissii


Name:
Euphorbia heterophylla: see E. cyathophora


Name:
Gentiana quinquefolia: see Gentianella occidentalis


Name:
Gnaphalium helleri: see Pseudognaphalium micradenum


Name:
Habenaria blepharioglottis: see Platanthera integrilabia


Name:
Hedyotis nuttalliana: see Houstonia tenuifolia


Name:
Helenium nudiflorum: H. flespecies uosum


Name:
Helianthus laetiflorus: see H. pauciflorus


Name:
Lactuca scariola: see L. serriola & L. sativa


Name:
Lobelia appendiculata: see L. gattingeri


Name:
Ludwigia uruguayensis: L. hespecies apetala


Name:
Luzula campestris: see L. bulbosa, L, echinata & L. multiflora


Name:
Lycopodium complanatum: see Diphasiastrum digitatum


Name:
Lycopodium flabelliforme: see Diphasiastrum digitatum


Name:
Lycopodium obscurum: see Dendrolycopodium obscurum & D. hickeyi


Name:
Lycopodium selago: see Lycopodiella appressa


# Families

Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
usually accumulating quebrachitol (but apparently not in Dipteronia), often saponiferous and usually tanniferous, commonly accumulating both ellagic acid and proanthocyanins, but not cyanogenic; various sorts of solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx often present in some of the the cells of the parenchymatous tissues


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
commonly (at least in Aesculus) storing carbohydrate as isoketose or the corresponding tetrasaccharide (but not as inulin), generally tanniferous, accumulating proanthocyanins but not ellagic acid, and with scattered secretory cells in the parenchymatous tissues, these sometimes but not always saponiferous [saponins often toxic in Aesculus]; not cyanogenic; clustered and sometimes also solitary crystals of CaOx present in some of the cells of the parenchymatous tissues


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
tanniferous, often with proanthocyanins and sometimes with ellagic acid, and characteristically with mucilage-cells or -cavities (less often canals) in some or all of the parenchymatous tissues; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx present in some of the cells of the parenchymatous tissues


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
["Celtitoideae" + "Ulmoideae"; see also Celtidaceae] somewhat tannniferous, with proanthocyanins but not ellagic acid, seldom (as in Trema) cyanogenic via a tyrosine-based pathway, commonly with scattered mucilage-cells or even mucilage-canals, and with a strong tendency towards mineralization of the cell-walls (especially of epidermal cells and trichomes) with CaOx or silica [K: alkaloids have been reported from Celtis, Ulmus, etc.]


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
["Celtitoideae" as in Ulmaceae but] produce quebrachitol and glycoflavones [not in "Ulmoideae"], but not lignans, sesquiterpenes, and flavonols [as found in "Ulmoideae"]


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
nearly always with milky juice borne in laticifers in the parenchymatous parts of the stem and often also in the leaves, the contents of the laticifers extraordinarily diverse [K: rubber, proteins, waxes, triterpenoid resins, polyphenoles or cardenolids] in different members of the family (laticifers wanting in Fatoua); plants sometimes producing alkaloids [K: only in a few species of Ficus], and sometimes tanniferous [K: various polyphenoles, especially from wood; but true tannins absent or minor], at least sometimes with proanthycyanins


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
strongly tanniferous, with gallic acid and commonly also proanthocyanins and ellagic acid in tanniferous idioblasts scattered in the bark and other tissues... solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the parenchymatous tissues [K: also triterpenes, glycosides, leucocyanidins, lipophilic flavonoids; alkaloids lacking]


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
often accumulating [K: pentacyclic] triterpenes, strongly tanniferous, with gallic acid and also proanthocyanins and/or ellagic acid in tanniferous idioblasts scattered in the bark and often in other tissues as well... solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the parenchymatous tissues [K: striking co-occurrence of large amounts of condensed tannins and various kinds of hydrolysable tannins based on gallic & ellagic acid; also flavonols; but much variation in phenolics between genera and species]


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
tanniferous, with proanthocyanins and/or ellagic acid and/or gallic acid, accumulating [K: high concentrations of] napthaquinones, and commonly transporting nitrogen as citrulline, often with scattered secretory cells, but without secretory canals, seldom accumulating aluminum [K: acc. Al in Carya and Engelhardia]... clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t. [K: absence of elaborate or definitive structural chemical constituents; leaf flavonoids mostly common flavaonols and dihydroflavonols]


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
generally tanniferous, producing proanthocyanins and often (Rosoideae) also ellagic and gallic acids, commonly accumulating triperpenoid saponins and glucitol (sorbitol), and often cyanogenic through a pathway based on phenylalanine or leucine, but without iridoid compounds and only seldom with alkaloids; solitary of clustered crystals of CaOx often present in some of the cells of the p.t., but raphides wanting


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
very often with non-protein amino acids in the seeds and/or vegetative parts... sometimes bearing root-nodules that harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria, but more often not, seldom with extrafloral nectaries, commonly with both solitary and clustered crystals of CaOx in some of the p-c., but without raphides, usually with tanniferous or other secretory cells, and sometimes with secretory canals or lined cavities with diverse sorts of (sometimes resinous or tanniferous) contents, commonly producing proanthocyanins, and sometimes also cyanogenic, but lacking ellagic acid and iridoid compounds, often producing one or another sort of alkaloid, especially of the pyridine group


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
sometimes bearing root-nodules that harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria, very often with non-protein amino acids in the seeds and/or vegetative parts... commonly with solitary crystals of CaOx in some of the p-c., but without raphides, tanniferous, commonly with scattered secretory cells (sometimes also sacs or canals) containing tannin and often also gum or other substances, sometimes producing proanthocyanins, and sometimes cyanogenic, but without ellagic acid and without iridoid compounds, often producing one or another sort of alkaloid, especially on the pyridine, quinolizidine, and indole groups


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
highly poisonous... not strongly tanniferous, seldom producing proanthocyanins, lacking ellagic acid and iridoid compounds, rarely cyanogenic, but sometimes producing glycosides, and characteristically accumulating the simple coumarin daphnin (or allied compounds); epidermis and p.t. often with scattered mucilage-cells; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx, diverse in form, often present in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
tanniferous and commonly with ellagic and gallic acids, but without proanthocyanins, at least sometimes with iridoid compounds, often (Nyssa and to a lesser extent Campotheca, but not Davidia) accumulating cobalt, not cyanogenic; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx present in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
sometimes with calcified trichomes, sometimes (as in Mastixia) accumulating aluminum, often producing isoketose and sometimes inulin, commonly with scattered secretory cells in some of the p.t., these at least sometimes tanniferous, containing ellagic acid and/or proanthocyanins and sometimes also gallic acid, but the plants also often lacking all of these substances, commonly (though not in Helwingia) producing iridoid substances, notably aucubin, but not cyanogenic and only seldom producing saponins; well developed secretory cells present in the cortex and sometimes also the pith, in M. only; crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t., either singly, or in crystals, or as crystal sand... [Leaves] upper epidermis sometimes mucilaginous


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
commonly accumulating polyacetylenes (with acetylenic fatty acids in the seeds and vegetative organs), sometimes tanniferous (with proanthocyanins) but without ellagic acid and without iridoid compounds, not saponiferous and not cyanogenic, often with groups of silicified cells in the p.t. of the shoot, and with solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx in some of the p-c.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
commonly with scattered tanniferous cells (these containing proanthocyanins but only seldom ellagic acid) and sometimes saponiferous, often with alkaloidal amines such as cathine, and rarely with benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids, only rarely cyanogenic, and without iridoid compounds; latex-sacs or -canals often present in the phloem of the stem and leaves; some of the cells of the p.t. commonly with solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx or containing crystal sand


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
sometimes saponiferous and sometimes producing purine or pyridine base alkaloids, tanniferous or not, sometimes accumulating proanthocyanins but not allagic acid, only seldom cyanogenic, and without iridoid compounds; clustered and sometimes also solitary crystals of CaOx present in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
in spp. of Ceanothus harboring nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes in the roots, commonly with scattered mucilage-cells (and sometimes also mucilage-cavities) in the p.t., often with tanniferous secretory cells as well, often producing proanthocyanins but not ellagic acid, commonly accumulating anthraquinone glycosides, often saponiferous and often with one or another sort of alkaloid (seldom benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids), but only seldom cyanogenic, and wihout iridoid compounds; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t., but raphides wanting... [Leaves] epidermis commonly mucilaginous or with some scattered mucilaginous cells


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
accumulating triterpenoid saponins, other triterpenoid compounds, polyacetylenes (such as falcarinon), and sesquiterpenes, but only seldom producing alkaloids, lacking coumarins, generally not cyanogenic and generally not tanniferous, lacking ellagic acid and usually also lacking proanthocyanins, commonly storing carbohydrate as the trisaccharide umbelliferose; schizogenous secretory canals (or cavities) containing ethereals oils, resins, or gums generally well developed in the p.t. of the stem and commonly also in the petioles and larger veins of the leaves; solitary secretory cells wanting; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
commonly producing mannitol, iridoid compounds, and the phenolic glycosides orobanchin and syringin, but generally without alkaloids and not cyanogenic, sometimes with triterpenoid saponins or other triterpenoid compounds, and sometimes somewhat tanniferous, but lacking both ellagic acid and proanthocyanins; small crystals of CaOx commonly found in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
commonly producing iridoid compounds, orobanchin (a phenolic glycoside), and often lapachol (a quinone), sometimes producing indole or monoterpenoid alkaloids, but only seldom saponiferous and seldom tanniferous, lacking both ellagic acid and proanthocyanins; small crystals of CaOx often present in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
often accumulating aluminum, and producing a wide range of chemical repellants, commonly including iridoid compounds, anthraquinones, and various sorts of alkaloids (especially indole alkaloids, but also quinoline, isoquinoline, and purine alkaloids), sometimes tanniferous and producing proanthocyanins, but apparently without ellagic acid, often with triterpenes and occasionally saponiferous, but only rather seldom cyanogenic; secretory cells or cavities of various sorts often present in the p.t., as also cells containing crystals of CaOx, these varied in form, often as raphides, which occur in the epidermis of the leaves as well as in the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
often accumualating one or another sort of phenolic heteroside (especially glycosides), commonly producing iridoid compounds, often saponiferous, and often more or less tanniferous, frequently with proanthocyanins and sometimes with ellagic acid, but only rarely cyanogenic and rarely producing alkaloids; crystals of CaOx, of varied form, often present in some of the cells of the p.t.; scattered secretory cells often present


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
generally containing the free form of dehydroquinate hydroxylase... very often accumulating ferulic acid, often producing fructosans (notably of a type called phlein), sometimes producing isoquinoline, simple indole, or pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and occasionally cyanogenic (tyrosine-derived), but only rarely tanniferous (from proanthocyanins) and without crystals of CaOx; flavonoid constituents commonly including large amounts of C-glycosylflavones and tricin (a flavone sulfate); cell-walls, especially in the epidermis of the shoot, more or less strongly silicified, and the epidermis also with specialized short cells that contain each a silica body (these of various forms, but unlike those of the Cyperaceae)


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
producing proanthocyanins and usually alkaloids (especially of the benzyl-isoquinoline or aporphine-type), often accumulating silica, especially in the cell walls of the epidermis of the leaves, sometimes (as in Liriodendron) cyanogenic through a tyrosine-based pathway, and regularly with spherical ethereal oil cells [K: large idioblasts] in the p.t., especially of the leaves, the oil cells sometimes lysing into mucilage-cavities; small crystals of CaOx often present in the p.t. K: sesquiterpene lactones...are of rather general occurrence; leaf phenolics are represented by flavonols, procyanidins, and caffeic acid; flavonols with trihydroxylated B-ring and galli- and ellagitannins are absent; lignanoids (lignans and neolignans) are widespread...at least 12 structural types


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
usually producing alkaloids, often of the benzyl-isoquinoline group [K: chiefly aporphines and oxyaporphines; also berberidines, morphines, aristolochic types, C-methylated ones, etc.], sometimes accumulating silica, especially in the cell walls, often tanniferous, at least sometimes with proanthocyanins; p.t. with scattered spherical ethereal oil cells that occasionally lyse into mucilage cavities, also with separate or clustered crystals of CaOx in some of the cells, and often with scattered sclereids. K: [compared to Magnoliaceae] Annonaceae diversify structurally only the alkaloid theme; there is only a single record of neolignan, which needs confirmation, while lignans are abundant; nitrophenylethane, rare--in Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Papaveraceae [only?]; among the diterpenes, kauranes and clerodanes predominate; triterpenoids not very widespread; benzyl benzoates, styrylpyrones, polyketides.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
sometimes storing carbohydrate as inulin, tanniferous, producing proanthocyanins and commonly benzyl-isoquinoline and/or aporphine alkaloids [K: aporphines, oxyaporphines and morphinanes among the most well-represented classes; also pavine-type and Thalictrum alkaloids, but berberines very rare], generally with spherical ethereal oil cells (containing monoterpenes and/or sesquiterpenes) [K: also sesquiterpene lactones, tetracyclic triterpenes, benzyl benzoates, allyphenoles, and/or propenylphenoles; latter two classes lead to neolignans, which occupy, together with lignans, a pre-eminent position] or mucilage cells in the p.t., or often with both oil cells and mucilage cells in the same tissues; small crystals of CaOx sometimes present in some of the p-c. K: other phenolic compounds, such as flavonols, are usually highly O-methylated, but C-prenylation is rare; also cinnamoyl amides, phenyl- and styryl-pyrones, polyketides...


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
very often with benzyl-isoquinoline or aporphine alkaloids {K: such as magnoflorine, berberine, etc., especially in groups with T-type chromosomes], or alternatively [K: in groups with R-type chromosomes, i.e. Helleboroideae and Ranunculoideae, little or no isoquinoline alkaloids, but diterpene alkaloids in Delphineae, N-methyl-cystine in Cimicifuga] with ranunculin (a lactone glycoside), and infrequently with triperpenoid saponins, or with various other sorts of repellants, sometimes (as in Thalictrum) [K: also Clematis and Ranunculus, but more widespread in Isopyroideae] cyanogenic through a tyrosine-based pathway, but without ellagic acid and at least usually without proanthocyanins; ethereal-oil cells wanting; CaOx crystals only seldom present


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
cyanogenic [K: glycosides] (through a tyrosine-based pathway) and producing triterpenes [K: including betulinic acid], somewhat tanniferous, with proanthocyanins but not ellagic acid, and transporting nitrogen as allantoin; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx present in some of the p-c. K: common flavonoids, including prodelphinidin have been reported.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
tanniferous, commonly with proanthocyanins [K: leucoanthycyanins] and gallic acid, sometimes with ellagic acid as well, often with scattered idioblasts containing tannins and/or mucilage at least in the stems and petioles, and sometimes (Liquidambar) producing iridoid compounds... secretory canals sometimes (Altinginoideae) present in the bark, wood, and leaves; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t. K: glycosides of the flavonols myricetin, quercitin and kaempferol are widespread; chalcones are lacking.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
tanniferous, commonly producing both proanthocyanins and ellagic acid, often accumulating saponins, aluminum, and fluorides... commonly with sclerenchymatous idioblasts in the p.t. of the shoot, but only rarely (some Bonnetioideae) with resin-ducts; solitary or clustered or clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t., but not in the form of raphides; silica grains sometimes present in the xylem, especially in the Bonnetioideae


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
with resinous, often yellow or otherwise brightly colored juice in schizogenous secretory canals or cavities in most of all of the tissues, and commonly with scattered tanniferous secretory cells as well, generally producing proanthocyanins but usually not ellagic acid, and often accumulating diverse sorts of xanthones; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx presrnt in some of the cells of the p.t. [including Hypericaceae]


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
characteristically producing special phenolic heterosides such as salicin and populin, commonly with tanniferous idioblasts containing proanthocyanins but not ellagic acid, only seldom cyanogenic and seldom with alkaloids, without iridoid substances... solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
producing iridoid compounds, phenol heterosides (notably arbutin), triterpenoid compounds (including ursolic acid), proanthocyanins, 5-methoxy-flavonols and often 3-galactoside and 3-arabinoside, often toxic diterpenes (such as andromedotoxin), and occasionally ellagic acid, only seldom cyanogenic; parenchymatous tissues with clustered or less often solitary crystals of CaOx in some of the cells, and with scattered secretory idioblasts


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
storing carbohydrate as fructose oligosaccharides, sometimes accumulating cobalt, tanniferous, producing proanthocyanins tissues with abundant, often clustered crystals of CaOx in some of the cells, and also with scattered secretory cells


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
without latex, usually with tanniferous cells, often or usually producing proanthocyanins, but without ellagic acid and lacking iridoid compounds, sometimes cyanogenic and sometimes producing methyl salicylate, commonly producing black or dark-colored napthaquinones or their derivatives in the leaves, young stems, and mature wood... large, solitary crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t., clustered crystals sometimes present as well


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
often with resiniferous intercellular canals in the bark and wood but without latex, tanniferous, often or regularly producing proanthocyanins but not ellagic acid, not cyanogenic, and without iridoid compounds... solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx often present in some of the cells of the p.t., and grains of silica sometimes present in the wood


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
with well developed vertical schizogenous (or lysigenous) resin-ducts (or sometimes latex-channels) in the bark and in the phloem of the larger veins of the leaves, often also in the flowers and fruits and in the pith and other p.t., the resin often allergenic or poisonous to the touch; plants producing 5-deoxyflavonoids and biflavonyls, at least sometimes accumulating quebrachitol, and commonly tanniferous, with tanniferous cells or elongate sacs in the p.t., usually producing proanthocyanins and gallic acid but only seldom ellagic acid, only seldom saponiferous or cyanogenic; solitary or clustered crystals of CaOx commonly present in some of the cells of the p.t., and silica grains sometimes present in some of the xylem cells, as in Anacardium


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
aromatic... with CaOx crystals of various form (sometimes raphides) in some of the cells of the p.t., commonly producing triterpenoid bitter substances, and usually with one or another of several alkaloids of diverse sorts (sometimes isoquinoline alkaloids, as in the Magnoliidae, sometimes acridine alkaloids, perhaps restricted to this family, or often various other kinds), typically producing coumarins (derived from cinnamic acid) and diverse sorts of phenolic compounds, but without quebrachitol, only seldom cyanogenic, seldom saponiferous, and seldom tanniferous, almost always lacking ellagic acid but sometimes with proanthocyanins, commonly with lysigenous secretory cavities containing aromatic ethereal oils scattered through the p.t. and in the pericarp, sometimes with scattered ethereal oil cells in addition (seldom instead of) the secretory cavities, and commonly also with scattered resin-cells


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
often accumulating aluminum, commonly but not always with raphide-sacs that contain mucilage, and often with other sorts of secretory cells as well, commonly tanniferous, containing proanthocyanins but not ellagic acid, often producing saponins, sometimes cyanogenic, and at least sometimes (as in Hydrangea) with iridoid compounds


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
sometimes accumulating aluminum, commonly with tanniferous secretory cells in the p.t. and producing proanthocyanins and sometimes also ellagic acid, sometimes with iridoid coumpounds (as in Escallonia and Montinia) and sometimes cyanogenic; solitary or often clustered crystals of CaOx generally present in some of the cells of the p.t.; but raphides wanting [includes Iteaceae]


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
with scattered tanniferous cells, mucilage-cells, and raphide-sacs (which commonly contain mucilage as well) in the p.t., often with other sorts of crystals as well, usually accumulating proanthocyanins, but generally not ellagic acid, only seldom cyanogenic, rarely if ever saponiferous, and lacking anthraquinones, alkaloids, and iridoid compounds


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
aromatic... with special ethereal oil cells (containing phenylpropane derivatives, terpenes, and sesquiterpenes) in the p.t., commonly accumulating aristolochic acid (a series of bitter, yellow, nitrogenous compounds related to the aporphine group of isoquinoline alkaloids) [K: these are very characteristic phenanthrenes substituted by lactam and lactone units, nitro and other groups], or sometimes with aporphine alkaloids instead [K: also berberine type], but not tanniferous, lacking proanthocyanins as well as ellagic acid; various sorts of CaOx crystals frequently present in some of the p-c. K: clearcut difference between Asaroideae, rich in lignoids, with allyl- and propenylphenols accumulated, not leading to neolignans or only to a very special group; versus Aristolochieae, rich in alkaloids, with those phenols absent or transitory to a few neolignans of common types; although there are many mono- and sesquiterpenes, few are common to both tribes.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
only seldom somewhat tanniferous (from proanthocyanins), but commonly with various sorts of benzyl-isoquinoline and aporphine [K: including protopine in Nandina] alkaloids, the tissues often colored yellow by berberine (an isoquinoline), sometimes with quinolizidine alkaloids [K: e.g darvasamine in Gymnospermum] in addition to and instead of the isoquinolines; CaOx often present as single or clustered crystals in some of the p-c.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
aromatic... accumulating triterpenes and sesquiterpenes, also tanniferous, with proanthocyanins, ellagic acid and gallic acid; roots commonly bearing nodules that harbour nitrogen-fixing cacteria (but apparently not in Canacomyrica)


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
mostly with very bitter bark, wood, and seeds, producing characteristic triterpenoid lactones called simaroubalides (quassin, chaparin, glaucarubol, others), and commonly tanniferous, sometimes with proanthocyanins and sometimes with ellagic acid, but neither saponiferous nor cyanogenic, and not accumulating quebrachitol; scattered secretory cells of various sorts often present, less often secretory canals, these when present typically found near the protoxylem, whence they may extend out into the leaves... solitary and clustered crystals of CaOx often present in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
commonly bearing root-nodules that harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria, very often with non-protein amino acids in the seeds and/or vegetative parts, frequently with extrafloral nectaries, often with solitary crystals of CaOx in some of the p-c., but without raphides, strongly tanniferous, with scattered tanniferous cells and commonly also with other sorts of secretory cells or sacs (these often containing gum or mucilage) in the p.t.; commonly but not always producing proanthocyanins, and sometimes also cyanogenic, but lacking ellagic acid and iridoid compounds, often producing one or another sort of alkaloid, especially of the pyridine and indole groups


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
with well developed, elongate, commonly parallel latex-sacs in the leaves, bark and pith, and also with scattered secretory cells, tanniferous, producing proanthocyanins but not ellagic acid, often accumulating steroids (commonly including alpha-spinasterol) and triterpenoids (of the oleanane series), and often cyanogenic, but without irodoid compounds... CaOx crystals of various forms often present in some of the cells of the p.t., and some of the cells often containing silica-bodies


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
with aromatic bark and with spherical ethereal oil cells [K: extraordinarily rich in common mono- and sesuiterpenes] in the p.t., only slightly tanniferous [K: condensed tannins are missing], lacking proanthocyanins as well as ellagic acid, sometimes cyanogenic through a pathway based on tyrosine, and regularly producing the [K: strongly toxic] indole-related alkaloids calycanthine, calycanthidine, and folicanthine [K: involving interaction of two tryptophan derived precursors]; CaOx crystals present only as small prisms, or none. K: the few reported flavonols are O-glycosyl-derivatives; there are also glycosides of common flavonoids or flavones.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
producing mucilage and tannin (often in mucilage-cells and tanniferous cells), probably at least sometimes with proanthocyanins, but without ellagic acid, not cyanogenic, not saponiferous, and without iridoid compounds; clustered and often also solitary crystals of CaOx present in some of the cells of the p.t.


Cronquist's (1981) Notes on Chemistry supplemented with Kubitzki:
generally with raphides, commonly producing steroid saponins, and sometimes somewhat tanniferous (from proanthocyanins), but not known to be cyanogenic or to produce alkaloids


# Flora

Footnote:
This is widespread in mid-temperate to arctic regions across the Northern Hemisphere. Within Ky. it becomes less frequent to the southwest, and further south it is largely absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain (PL, W). Several segregates have been named but these have not been recognized in recent treatments (FNA 2; W). The hybrid with hyemale has been reported from Ky. (M), but the cited coll. from JEFF (DHL) is only vegetative and not clearly distinct. E. sylvaticum L. and E. pratense Ehrh. are related northern (circumboreal) species that have also been reported, but probably in error (M).


Species:
X ferrissii (hyemale x laevigatum, hyemale var. intermedium)

Comment:
LAUR (BE): Abbott et al (2001). 
BRAC (NK) is J.W. Thieret 53576c, 6 Aug 1982. 
HICK (MU) was det. as this hybrid by A.M. Evans and R. Cranfill, but as E. hyemale by Hauke. 
1 = Browne and Athey (1992); citing a coll at MEM (now at EK?)
2 = Davies (1949b); see also MA, Reed (1958), etc

Footnote:
See M and Abbott et al. (2001) for detailed notes. E. laevigatum A. Braun (= E. kansanum J.H. Schaffn.) is a western species that has been reported from Ky., but no colls. are confirmed (M). The hybrid with hyemale ( X ferrissii) is more widespread than pure laevigatum in North America, and probably confused in many cases (FNA 2). The related northern (circumboreal) species, E. variegatum Schleich. (or its hybrid with E. laevigatum), has also been reported from Ky. but probably in error (M).


FullName:
Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eat.

Footnote:
This species is widespread in subtropical to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Var. affine applies to North American plants. Habitats are generally similar to arvense: especially sandy or gravely shores and ditches that retain water supply through the summer. But, on average, hyemale may be associated with wetter and more open habitats.


Comment:
The HARL (KY) coll. was by Meijer (23 Apr 1985) from a stripmine near Bledsoe. 

The LESL (KY) coll. may not yet be accessed; shown to JC from A. Garrison. 

POWE (np): 1991 S Fk Red River on N face low slope of unnamed trib ca. 1.7 aimi ESE of Rogers Chapel; (EK) WFrancis base of boulder near Natural Bridge.

MENI (1) = tentative report from D. Barrett along Broke Leg Creek.

Footnote:
This is widespread over the globe but restricted to disjunct regions with cool climate. Within North America it occurs mostly in the transition from temperate to boreal regions.


FullName:
Huperzia porophila (Lloyd & Underwood) Holub

Comment:
The JEFF record seems unlikely (see also L. lucidulum).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the west-central Appalachians and Shawnee Hills, but with disjunctions elsewhere (FNA 2). In Ky. it usually grows in shade on rather dry rocky soils below sandstone cliffs. The sterile hybrid with lucidula (X bartleyi) is occasionally found in overlapping habitats (Cranfill 1980).


FullName:
Huperzia X bartleyi (Cusick) Kartesz & Gandhi


Comment:
The JEFF (LO) coll. seems unlikely; locality should be checked: PADavies sn 28Aprnodate "Mud Creek Swamp" [typed] "Kentucky, Jefferson County" [written later in Davies' hand (?)]; JC = dubious perhaps mislabelled.

Footnote:
This ranges widely over northeastern North America, but it is generally restricted to moist acid soils in shady ravines. The disjunct record from JEFF is based on a coll. with somewhat dubious incomplete data, from "Mud Creek Swamp" ca. 1950s (DHL).


Comment:
The HARL (NP; also JC) collection was made first by M. Evans, from a sandstone quarry floor on Pine Mt.; discovered first by Ben Begley (PMSS).

Footnote:
The only record of this northern (circumboreal) species is from an old sandstone quarry floor on Pine Mt in HARL, first discovered by Ben Begley (Pine Mt. Settlement School). Colls. have been made by M. Evans (KSNPC) and JC (for KY). Hybrids with appressa may also be expected (W).


Comment:
See Abbott et al. (2004); also MADI (KY); this population has now disappeared; the site needs trails and fire management; TNC has acquired the tract ca. 2001, but still not performed any management; this is negligence.

HARL (NP): 2001 Stone Mt Recreation Area road bank ca 1.4 aimi NE of Cranks Gap along main road from entrance staying left at road forks

Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern and east-coastal states, but largely restricted to boggy soils in open areas, especially where disturbed by seepage, trampling, scraping or perhaps burning. The sites in CALL are artificially enhanced seeps associated with gravel quarries. The sites in eastern regions are along paths and rights-of-way. At least some of the plants in Ky. may be distinct from typical appressa, which is a more robust plant, according to J. Lasson (Athens Univ., Ohio, pers. comm.). Also, there can easily be confusion with inundata.


FullName:
Lycopodiella X copelandii (Eig.) Cranfill

Species:
alopecurioides x appressum (X copelandii)

Comment:
The CALL coll. is from the same site as L. appressum (see comment there). The report of L. prostratum (Johnson and McCoy 1975) may refer to these plants.

Footnote:
Typical alopecurioides is a southeastern plant unknown in Ky. (though mapped here in FNA 2). The hybrid mapped here is known only from old gravel pits in CALL (KY), together with appressa and appressa x prostrata. These discoveries were made in the 1960s and 1970s (Cranfill 1980), but the pits have now become more thickly vegetated, and the clubmosses have largely disappeared.


Comment:
Although pure L. prostratum is unknown in Kentucky, this hybrid has been described from CALL, with type at Univ. of Michigan herbarium: Bruce 76006, 15 May 1975.

Footnote:
Typical prostrata is largely restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain and unknown in Ky. See note under X copelandii (Eig.) Cranfill.


Comment:
Mapped in Kentucky by FNA, but apparently in error; no records are known; this occurs on the southeastern coastal plain and further south, but is unknown in Tennessee and rare in Virginia.

Footnote:
This was reported by FNA 2 from w. Ky. in the same general area as the Lycopodiella taxa noted above. However, colls. from Ky. or Tenn. are not documented. This species is widespread over the Southern Hemisphere and extends into North America on the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plain.


Comment:
Mapped in Kentucky by FNA, but apparently in error; no records are known; it is a circumboreal species, extending south very locally into the southern Appalachians at higher elevation.


FullName:
Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. Haines

Comment:
See also hickeyi, with this is easily confused; more work is needed.

JEFF (LO): dubious, similar format to L lucidulum label from JEFF: no name sn 28Aprnodate "Mud Creek Swamp" [typed] "Kentucky, Jefferson County" [added in pen perhaps Davies' hand].

Footnote:
This mapping is provisional; see notes under hickeyi


FullName:
Dendrolycopodium hickeyi (W.H. Wagner, Beitel & Moran) A. Haines

Comment:
LETC (NK) det with "?" by Cusick; all obscurum needs review.

Medley: cited McCoy coll at Memphis from MENI; also cites a hybrid with obscurum from MCRE at Michigan State Univ. (Jordal 3455).

Jim Hickey at Oxford Sep 2011: gave me data from his thesis.

Footnote:
Mapping is provisional and incomplete. This species was described in 1989, and there has not yet been a thorough separation of records from typical obscurum (FNA 2). Both hickeyi and obscurum have northeastern ranges, but hickeyi extends into colder zones may be generally uncommon to rare in southern Appalachian regions. D. hickeyi cam be expected in less mesic habitats than obscurum, but the ecological difference is less than that between Diphasiastrum digitatum and tristachyum (J. Hickey, pers. comm.). 

   In other states, there has also been confusion between D. hickeyi and D. dendroideum (Michx.) A. Haines, which has a boreal range across North America and eastern Asia (FNA 2). D. dendroideum has been found at higher elevation in Tenn. (Ch) and may be expected in Ky.


FullName:
Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) Holub

Species:
digitatum ("flabelliforme"; complanatum var. f.)

Comment:
1 = E. Hartowicz, pers. comm. (1st bend down from bridge on Boone Creek).

FAYE: (jc) also occured at Liberty Rd barrens; and (EK) Flora Cliff in red cedar.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. Some colls. may need rechecking for tristachyum (Cranfill 1980), and rare hybrids with tristachyum (L. X habereri House) may be expected (FNA 2).


Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is restricted to woods on dry infertile soils in Appalachian regions.


Comment:
The closely related northern S. eclipes was identified in HARD (KY) by Cranfill (1980), but is not clearly distinct; JC does not see the difference in this coll.

NC: EDMO.

Footnote:
This is widespread on damp acid soils in eastern states, except the upper midwest. It is likely that the genus Lycopodioides will become used for this species (as reviewed by W), to be renamed L. apoda (L.) Kuntze.


Comment:
1 = Martindale (1876), referring to a coll. (not relocated) by Miss Rule from  Rockcastle Springs, now in LAUR.

Footnote:
This northeastern species extends south to outcrops in the southern Appalachians and Ozark Mts. It will probably become known as Bryodesma rupestre (L.) J. Sojak (W). Martindale (1876) reported a coll. by "Miss Rule" from  Rockcastle Springs (LAUR), but this has not been located.


FullName:
Isoetes melanopoda Gay & Durieu ex Durieu

Comment:
NELS: jbaskin pers comm to RCranfill; wet flatwoods. (as in BULL)..

HEND: (EK) Sloughs WMA Sauerheber Unit w/Mohlenbrock class?? student 2002 in IK but not accessed 2008; !!! accessed now in 2011: Tony Black (id by Mohl) "emergent in periodically disturbed wetland, Sloughs Wildlife Management Area, Sauerheber Unit off Hwy 268, #1 as marked on map"

Footnote:
Typical melanopoda occurs mostly in midwestern regions from Iowa to e. Tex., usually in open grassy swales. Plants east of the Mississippi Rv. tend to be distinct (Brunton & Britton 2006): their leaves are >1.5 mm wide at midpoint (versus <1.1 mm), usually whitish to occasionally dull brown (versus shiny blackish); megaspores are >400 (380) micrometers (versus <380), usually with bold distinct ornamentation (versus plain obscure); and their habitat is usually wooded swamps. 

   The most distinct eastern plants, on the Coastal Plain and Piedmont from Miss. to N.J., have been named ssp. silvatica Brunton & D.M. Britt. Plants in Ky. have not been thoroughly reexamined, but some colls. from BULL (EKY, MM) and HARD (MM) appear at least transitional to silvatica.


Comment:
The LOGA (np) record is from the "second linear glade 1000 ft E of the Stevenson Mill and Dennis Rd junction".

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the Ozark region and cedar glades of the Interior Low Plateaus. In Ky. there are only one or two well documented localities: in n. SIMP and s. WARR (Cranfill 1980; KSNPC database). It grows in depressions on limestone with saturated soil in spring, becoming dormant in May. More colls. are needed for herbaria.


Comment:
A. Risk colls. (mo) may need accession. Some material suggests I. valida (engelmannii var. caroliniana), but closer examination is needed in this difficult group with cryptic taxa; see Weakley. Check DBNF inventory material (especially Risk collections).

MO: CART CCState Park new find by Channing.

EK: HARL LAUR ROCK

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in Appalachian and Atlantic Coastal regions, but with disjunct localities west to the Ozarks. It usually grows in sandy streambeds and oxbows that can dry out in summer. Variation needs further study (W). Some material in Ky. may be at least transitional to the southern Appalachian I. valida (Engelm.) Clute (= I. engelmannii var. caroliniana A.A. Eat.). I. valida is a less robust plant with spores that are more spinulose; it is typical of more stagnant to oligotrophic waters (F, W). 

   Several related polyploids have been recently described in southeastern states, including I. appalachiana D.F. Brunton & D.M. Britton, which is a tetraploid derived from engelmanii and valida that may also be expected in Ky. (Brunton & Britton 1997; W). The three species of Isoetes currently known in Ky. are all distinct diploids (2n = 22).


FullName:
Sceptridium dissectum (Sprengel) Lyon var. dissectum

Comment:
Check ROCK (ek); cited by Hannan & Lassetter (1982).

Footnote:
This highly dissected, bipinnate variant is relatively frequent within northern regions. It is much less common than var. obliquum in the Ohio Valley, and rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain (W). Its taxonomic status has been uncertain, between distinct species and environmental form.


FullName:
Sceptridium dissectum (Sprengel) Lyon var. obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) new comb.

Footnote:
This is a highly variable eastern species, as currently defined. Potential segregates need further study, but may be intergradient; 2n = 90 in general (FNA 2; W). See notes under var. dissectum. 

  Some plants of dissectum in e. Ky. and Tenn. have relatively long, linear (parallel-sided), pinnules (especially lower ones); these have "somewhat blunt-tipped segments with a more or less whitish gray central line above the veins" (FNA 2). These plants were provisionally named B. johnsonii or B. parallelum by W.H. Wagner, but have not been formally described (Johnson 1960). They are known from ADAI, BOYD, FLOY, JOHN (with provisional type), PIKE and ROWA (M).


Comment:
This taxon was considered by H. Wagner (pers. comm. to M. Medley) but never published; These plants may be a new species but the long delay in publication casts doubt. Records should probably be combined with dissectum var. obliquum.


Comment:
BELL (EK): AMcIntosh-619; one leaf only; also rc reports.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is often mixed with dissectum, with no clear difference between typical habitats in Ky., though it is reportedly associated more with lowlands in general (F, Y, W). Although these two taxa are closely related, hybrids have not been reported (FNA 2, Y, W).


Footnote:
This northeastern taxon may not be clearly distinct from dissectum (W. Hauk cited in W), and has been called "embarrassingly transitional" to the more northern (circumboreal) multifidum (F). In Ky. the only record is a coll. of M. Medley (for WKY) in 1978 from a grassy bald on the summit of Big Black Mt. (HARL). However, the site was later bulldozed (Cranfill 1980).


Comment:
Medley says there was a coll. now misplaced at MU: T.N. McCoy s.n., acc. # 13304/5/6/8; Ky Dam Village, Lakeview Ch Rd to dredge ditch N to Hwy 62 both side. It appeared to be distinct from other Kentucky taxa.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is a distinct polyploid; 2n = 180 (versus 90 in other Sceptridium species of Ky.). It was mapped for Ky. in FNA 2, no verified colls. have been located. M reported a possible coll. of T.N. McCoy from "Lakeview Church Road" in MARS at MUR in the 1980s, but that coll. now appears to be misplaced. The species is scattered across e. Tenn. (Ch).


FullName:
Botrychium matricariifolium (A. Braun ex Dowell) A. Braun ex Koch

Comment:
Plants have also been seen by Marc Evans and others at KSNPC; we need to secure a collection in a Kentucky herbarium.

Footnote:
This northeastern species was discovered by M. Medley in thin woods with Rhododendron maximum at Bad Branch in LETC. It is also known in several adjacent counties of s. Ohio and w. Va. (PL). Across its range, matricariaefolium (2n = 180) occurs in a wide range of habitats, like lanceolatum (2n = 90) but perhaps concentrated on less fertile soils. These are the only Ky. species that are retained in Botrychium, sensu stricto, after the recent revision of Hauk et al. (2003). Another northern diploid may also be expected: B. simplex E. Hitchc. (PL).


FullName:
Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. var. angustisegmentum Pease & A. H. Moore

Comment:
There is a collection at NK: P. Kelly, 6 Jun 1989, in woods along woodland hiking trail, adjacent to Kenton County Golf Course; on Banklick Station Rd. northwest of Independence. The variety seems to be correctly assigned.

Footnote:
The only record of this northern species is a coll. from KENT (KNK): P. Kelly, 6 Jun 1989, in woods along woodland hiking trail, adjacent to Kenton County Golf Course; on Banklick Station Rd. northwest of Independence.


Footnote:
This is widespread across much of the Americas and Eurasia. Hauk et al. (2003; see also W) have recently affirmed the validity of Botrypus as a genus; 2n = 184.


Comment:
CLAR (KA) confirmed: HTShacklette 691 lower Howards Cr 24 Apr 1938 dry hillside, cedar woods opposite outcropping of Tyrone formation.

NCU: ex Jessup SPrice "Bowling Green rocky woods under cedars in colonies May 26 -- 99.

Footnote:
This occurs from south-central states to Central America in dry, rocky open habitats on limestone or dolomite.


FullName:
Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fern.) A.& D. Löve

Comment:
1 = J. MacGregor (ca. 1991), Indian Grave Branch.

MO: CART new find by Channing.

FAYE: WOverbeck at Preston's Springs; DFettich place

Footnote:
This is widespread in southeastern states, especially in somewhat disturbed wooded sites on seasonally damp soils.


Comment:
The FLEM coll. (of R. Cranfill) was det. by H. Wagner (MI), and is from the boggy woods north of Plummer's Landing: JC does not see the difference yet

Footnote:
This northern species is known from Ind., Ohio and Va., but extensions south to Ky. and N.C. remain rather uncertain (FNA 2, W). There is a coll. from FLEM (KY) that has been determined by H. Wagner, but its distinction from pycnostichum is not clear. In pusillum, sterile blades are elliptic (versus ovate, broadest below middle), pale dull green (versus dark shiny green, with firmer texture); basal frond sheaths are membranaceous and ephemeral (versus leathery and tending to persist); spores are 50-60 microns wide (versus 35-45 microns).


FullName:
Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray

Footnote:
This widespread eastern taxon is closely related to plants in E. Asia (especially) and Europe (FNA 2; W).


Footnote:
This species is widespread in eastern North America, Central and South America; and a distinct variety occurs in East Asia. Recent molecular research has supported the generic assignment (as reviewed by W).


Comment:
JEFF (LO): no name 18Jun1947 Bank of Creek near Ohio River: JC assume JEFF??? might have been a Davies or Hotchkis coll.

Footnote:
This is a widespread northeastern species.


Comment:
1 (EK) PULA  Hannan & Phillippe colls. (but not located at LO);

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is locally abundant on damp, seeping sites of the Cumberland Plateau in Ky. and Tenn. Within Ky. the only known extensions west of the Appalachians are some occurrences among adjacent Knobs, and the remarkable disjunct patch in HARD, discovered by Cranfill (1991). There appear to be two variants in this species, which deserve further investigation (Garrison 1992; W).


Comment:
See also Levy et al. (1983) for PIKE

NCU: ex Jessup SPrice EDMO sand stone cliff near Green River; July 96.

Footnote:
This occurs in the Southern Appalachians, Appalachian Plateaus and Shawnee Hills, plus disjunctions in the Ozarks and Chihuahua (Mexico). It is restricted to damp recessed walls of non-calcareous cliffs, especially sandstone. There are diploids (2n = 72), tetraploids and occasional sterile triploids. Diploids are prevalent in western regions, but they have not been distinguished with morphological characters (FNA 2).


Footnote:
This species is known only from its filamentous gametophytes; see W for review. It is known only from ceilings or back walls of overhanging cliffs in Appalachian regions and the Shawnee Hills. Records of Cranfill (1980) and Farrar (1992) are mapped here but need better documentation. A distinct, thallose gametophyte expected in Ky. is Hymenophyllum tayloriae Farrar & Raine, a southern Appalachian species that occurs on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. close to Ky. (Ch, W).


Footnote:
This is restricted to recessed walls of non-calcareous cliffs, mostly in Appalachian regions. It is known only from its thalloid gametophytes, and was known informally as the "Appalachian Gametophye" until described by Farrar & Mickel (1991); see W for review. The only known plants west of Appalachian regions are along sandstone cliffs of the Shawnee Hills in Ky.


Footnote:
This is widespread in mesic woods of eastern states, except on the Coastal Plain.


Comment:
ADAI: DGibson coll check details...

GREE: NP/JC check; "Russell Creek 3-4 miles upstream from Green River";
check other locations in Green River system

HART: JC well-known site along Green Rv south of Round Bottom at Three Hundred Springs; make sure coll is accessed or remade.

TAYL: need to relocate (KY coll): "occasional in damp mossy limestone ledges of Lemon's Bend Spring 8 m se of Campbellsville" (np).

CART: Carter Caves, Aug 1899, coll. G.G.Jr. [ex Herbarium--H.A. Gleason]. 
Data for WHIT are: cavernous cliffs, Cumberland Falls, 22 Aug 1883, leg. J.D.S. [ex Herbarium John Donnell Smith].
Checked by ARisk who got the following sheet with two colls on loan from GH and will write up the details; see also Cranfill 1980 who cites both counties.
GH: ex Herbarium-H.A. Gleason: "Carter Caves. Ky. Aug 1899. coll.. G.G.Jr. det. A.G."
GH: ex Herb. John Donnell Smith: "cavernous cliffs Cumberland Falls Whitley Co. 22 Aug 1883. leg. J.D.S."
BUT NOTE: MCRE  formed with part of WHIT in 1913!!!

1 = check NELS: RC data from where; he maps with literature symbol (triangle).

Footnote:
Within Ky., this southern (pantropical) species of sunny, seeping, calcareous outcrops is concentrated in the central Cumberland Rv. and Green Rv. systems. It has not been rediscovered at some localities with older colls: from POWE at "Natural Bridge" (MUR: T.N. McCoy, 6 Dec 1959); from CART (1899; "Carter Caves") and WHIT (1883; "cavernous cliffs, Cumberland Falls"), both mounted on one sheet at GH (A. Risk, pers. comm.). The location in WHIT may be doubted; downstream, PULA has the largest cluster of records in the state. The record from NELS is also old and possibly from adventive plants; details need checking (Cranfill 1980).


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern and central states, plus Mexico to Guatemala.


Footnote:
Distinction of this northeastern tetraploid (2n = 116) from the much more common atropurpurea, a triploid (2n = 87), can be difficult (Cranfill 1980; FNA 2; Y). P. glabella is widely scattered in Ky. but only locally frequent: along the Palisades of Ky. Rv. and on dolomite cliffs around the Bluegrass, especially in BULL and NELS. 

   Compared to atropurpurea, glabella has petioles and rachises glabrous or thinly hairy (versus densely hairy on upper surface). Its leaves are 1-2 times compound (versus 1-3), with terminal pinnae sessile (versus often stalked), monomorphic (versus somewhat dimorphic, the fertile ones with narrower pinnae), and gray-green (versus bright green). Both species are generally apomictic, but the diploid phase of glabella is known in Mo.


Comment:
The ADAI (FI) coll. was by Watson and Gibson 722, in 1971: "exposed limestone  rocks along Buffalo Cliff above Green River 8 miles N of Columbia."  This area was searched unsuccessfully in 1991 by R. Cranfill, M. Medley and J. Campbell; lake effect?

Footnote:
This largely Ozarkian species was collected in ADAI (Fi) during 1971 by D. Gibson & Watson: #722, from "exposed limestone rocks along Buffalo Cliff above Green River 8 miles N of Columbia." The area was searched unsuccessfully in 1991 by R. Cranfill, M. Medley and J. Campbell.


Footnote:
This occurs on calcareous rocks across southern states and northern Mexico. In Ky. it is known only from cliffs along the Red Rv. in LOGA: M. Medley [& R. Cranfill] #1305-79. Chromosome number in this species and its close allies, together with other characters, suggest some affinity with Pellaea, but generic assignments remain uncertain (Cranfill 1980, FNA 2, W). In the U.S.A., plants are apogamous triploids (2n = 87).


Comment:
The related C. tomentosa may be expected but there are no good records.

NCU: ex Jessuo SPrice WARR

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 60) occurs in rocky woods and glades across southeastern states.


Footnote:
This western, apogamous triploid (2n = 90) is virtually unknown east of the Mississippi Rv. (FNA 2). It was discovered at one site on dolomitic limestone cliffs along Cedar Creek in BULL (KNK) during the 1970s (Cranfill 1980) and 1980s (M), and it may have been relocated in 1993 by KSNPC staff.


FullName:
Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore

Comment:
JEFF (LO): PADavies 23Jul1946 near Peniel School, base of hillside. !!!

Footnote:
This northeastern to Appalachian species has western disjunctions in the Shawnee Hills, and elsewhere outside of Ky. (FNA 2).


FullName:
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underwood ex Heller

Comment:
OLDH (lo): JJMathews-695 12Jun1961 near pool on shaded open vbank near stone wall around Duncan Memorial Cemetry, Crestwood. [JC perhaps planted??]

Footnote:
This species has a widespread (cosmopolitan) range over the globe, in temperate and subtropical regions. Var. latiusculum occurs mostly in eastern North America.


FullName:
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Heller

Footnote:
This distinct taxon may deserve at least subspecies status. It is most common on the southeastern Coastal Plain, especially in dry sandy woodlands (FNA 2; W). It differs from var. latiuscula in the more elongated terminal segments of well-developed pinnules (with l/w ca. 6-15 versus 2-4), especially the tips of basal-most pinnules of basal pinnae (which average 25% versus 12% of the whole pinna length). Also, it has glabrous to sparsely pilose leaf margins, lower rachis and costae surfaces (versus more or less shaggy pubescent).


FullName:
Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham var. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & Windham

Comment:
KY colls. should be checked for accession. 1 = J. Kiser (pers. comm.) from Aschers Fork; also on Fish Trap Br. (coll. to MO?).

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern North America and Mexico. In Ky. it is found mostly on old spreading limbs and trunks of elms, oaks and other trees (Cranfill 1980). It also occurs on flatter outcrops of limestone, and sometimes shales or sandstones that may accumulate relatively base-rich soil. In general it is most common at sites that probably experience much daily fluctuation in humidity: near lakes, swamps or rivers; and on exposed points or narrow ridges where condensation often occurs at night.


FullName:
Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham

Comment:
KY colls. should be checked for accession.

EK: BELL BREA CART EDMO? ELLI ESTI HARL JACK LAUR(?) LEE? LESL LETC MCRE(?) MENI MORG? POWE(?)  ROCK ROWA WOLF 

? = perhaps transitional? (? some trans)

HSetser 855 1968/4/11 by stream in deep gorge Indian Creek Falls
was this a label error??? but RC includes

Footnote:
See notes under virginianum. Outlying western records may deserve further verification; but see Cranfill (1980, 1991).


FullName:
Polypodium X (unnamed: appalachianum x virginianum)

Species:
appalachianum x virginianum [sterile triploid hybrid]

Comment:
Check KY for accession.  Many diploid/tetraploid colls. of P. virginianum need rechecking.

Footnote:
Several colls. filed under virginianum need rechecking for this hybrid (especially at KY); it is hard to determine (Cranfill 1980, FNA 2).


Comment:
Lower case generally indicates uncertain id.

HART: wku 2008 Plan; check herbarium

Footnote:
This is a widespread, northeastern tetraploid (2n = 148) derived from crossing of two diploids: P. appalachianum (a largely Appalachian species) and P. sibiricum Siplivinsky (a boreal species). Without microscopic work, distinction from appalachianum is often difficult based on gross morphology (Cranfill 1980; FNA 2; W). 

   Fronds of virginianum tend to be narrower (averaging 4.5 cm versus 5.8 cm), especially at the base (with oblong-lanceolate versus elongate-deltoid shape). Pinnae usually have blunt to rounded tips (versus acute to blunt); basal ones are unnotched on their lower side or just slightly (versus notched to 1-1.5 mm from the midrib). Rhizome scales tend to be narrower (averaging 1.1 mm versus 1.5 mm), and mostly with a darker brown central stripe (versus uniformly brown). Sterile triploid hybrids with appalachianum are occasionally found, with intermediate characters: as in colls. from MENI, MERC, PERR, ROWA, WOLF and elsewhere (at KY, EKY, etc.).


Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern states, but restricted to wet acid soils.


Comment:
The CLIN (RC) coll was made in a swamp SW of Albany in 1996 (?) and is supposedly in processing at Berkley, CA (Jepson Herbarium).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in coastal regions from Mich. to Nova Scotia to Tex., and it is rare to absent in the midwest. It extends in the interior to the Cumberland Plateau of Tenn. (PL, Ch). The only record from Ky. is a coll. was reported by R. Cranfill (pers. comm.) from CLIN, at a swamp southwest of Albany, ca. 1996 (stored at Univ. of California, Berkley). It may be overlooked when sterile because of similarity to Osmundastrum cinnamomeum.


Footnote:
This is largely restricted to non-calcareous cliffs in the Appalachians, Shawnee Hills and Ozarks. It is a polyploid (2n = 144) derived from montanum and rhizophyllum. Hybrids with montanum, platyneuron and other species are occasionally found, and locally frequent in some cases.


Comment:
The ESTI(KY) coll. may be rhizophyllum x montanum; the BATH(LO) coll. may be trudellii x pinnatifidum. 1 = Hannan & Phillippe coll. (NP) not located.

Footnote:
These plants of hybrid origin are relatively frequent with the parents.


FullName:
Asplenium X kentuckiense T.N. McCoy (pro sp.)

Species:
pinnatifidum x platyneuron (X kentuckiense)

Comment:
The type is from CALL (JE Univ of California), but not refound in field.  Cranfill indicates that the POWE coll. is at UK, but this may not be found--it needs to be checked again.

Footnote:
The type of this taxon is from CALL (UC), but plants could not be refound at that locality by Cranfill and others. Cranfill (1980) reported colls. from BOYD, JOHN, POWE (at KY) and ROWA, but these have not been seen.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 72) is largely Appalachian, and restricted to siliceous cliffs. See notes under bradleyi, pinnatifidum and X trudellii, which have hybrid origin.


Footnote:
Variation needs further research. North American plants are tetraploid (2n = 144) and generally known as var. cryptolepis (Fern.) Wherry, which is largely restricted to calcareous cliffs in eastern regions. Plants with more acute leaf segments may be named var. lanceolum Christ (= A. cryptolepis Fern. var. ohionis Fern.), but their taxonomic status has been doubted (Cranfill 1980; FNA 2). Such plants are known from BULL (DHL), CART (KY) and JEFF (DHL). 

   Atypical plants from MCRE (MM for WKY), on the ridge at the mouth of Little South Fork, have ususual filiform pinnules, and may deserve taxonomic attention (M). Note that hybrids of ruta-muraria with rhizophyllum or other species are "exceedingly rare" in North America (FNA 2).


FullName:
Asplenium ruta-muraria L. var. lanceolum Christ

Comment:
Medley (1993) considered the plants from MCRE (MM) to be a new variety, with filiform pinnules; found throughout large population on narrow ridge at mouth of Little South Fork.

This taxon may not be tenable as a variety, but it is at least a distinct form. Atypical plants from MCRE (MM for WKY), on the ridge at the mouth of Little South Fork, have ususual filiform pinnules, and may deserve taxonomic attention (M). Note that hybrids of ruta-muraria with rhizophyllum or other species are "exceedingly rare" in North America (FNA 2).


Footnote:
This apogamous triploid (2n = 108) is widely scattered on base-rich rocks from southern states to South America. The coll. from HARL (EKY) is from sandstone.


Comment:
The only records from limestone may be from FAYE, MERC, GARR.  Recheck BOON(KY).

Footnote:
Variation needs further research. This species is widely distributed on outcrops in North America and other parts of the world. In Ky. it is generally occurs on sandstone cliffs, but it is also scattered on limestone along the Kentucky River Palisades (FAYE, GARR, MERC). 

   It is likely that the Palisades plants are ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyer, which is distinguished by its larger spores (37-43 versus 27-32 micrometers) and higher chromosome number (2n = 144 versus 72). That taxon is known only on calcareous rocks, mostly in northeastern regions, but with a few disjunct occurrences further west (FNA 2).


Comment:
Some colls. need rechecking for others forms and varieties.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 72) is widespread in eastern states. Variation deserves further research. Unusually large, deeply pinnatifid plants have been called var. bacculum-rubrum (Featherman) Fern. Such plants have been collected in BREC (KY), FAYE (KY) and PIKE (Carnegie Museum). That variant has not been generally recognized in recent treatments (e.g. FNA 2), but it can be maintained in gardens (Cranfill 1980). A few colls. are referable to forma hortonae and forma serratum (following F). Hybrids with rhizophyllum (X ebenoides R.R. Scott) have been found in several counties (Cranfill 1980; colls. at KY etc.).


FullName:
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. var. bacculum-rubrum (Featherman) Fern.


FullName:
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. f. hortonae

Comment:
This form is not generally recognized in current treatments.


FullName:
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. f. serratum


FullName:
Asplenium X ebenoides R.R. Scott (pro sp.)

Species:
platyneuron x rhizophyllum (X ebenoides)


Comment:
hy 1 = indications from hybrids, but pure bradleyi not yet collected; check sources.

NCU: ex Jessup; "bradleyi" but seems to be gravesii

Footnote:
This occurs on non-calcareous rocks in the Appalachians, Shawnee Hills and, especially, the Ozarks. It is largely tetraploid (2n = 144), derived from platyneuron and montanum (FNA 2). Hybrids of bradleyi with montanum (X wherryi Maxon) and pinnatifidum (X gravesii Maxon) are occasionally found in Ky. (Cranfill 1980; colls. at KY, Morehead, etc.). In some localities these hybrids are known but pure bradleyi has not yet been verified (MCRE, MORG, POWE).


Comment:
The text of Cranfill (1980) says LEE not POWE.


Comment:
In addition, f. boycei is collected from CART (KY,MO).

NCU: BELL.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 72) is widespread in eastern North America on base-rich rocks, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Footnote:
This monotypic genus is widespread in eastern North America; a distinct variety occurs in East Asia.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern North America, but generally restricted to mesic woods on base-rich soils.


Comment:
ANDE: (EK) MWharton-9617 "mesophytic woods"  13Oct1955; correct id!!!

Footnote:
This is widely scattered over eastern states, except on the Coastal Plain. It generally occurs in mesic woods on medium acid, non-calcareous soils. Within the Bluegrass region, the only record is a 1955 coll. M. Wharton from "mesophytic woods" in ANDE (EKY), without locality but probably in the Eden Shale hills.


FullName:
Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eat.

Comment:
The coll. from BOYD (MU) and another from CART (MU) appear to be f. subtripinnatum.

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species generally occurs in woods with damp medium-acid soils, especially on seeping slopes and terraces. A. angustum (Willd.) K. Presl. is a closely related northeastern member of the felix-femina complex, with more robust, elliptic (versus subdeltoid) fronds, more glandular rachises and more dark-scaly stipes. It is reported adjacent to Ky. from Va. to Ohio to Mo. (PL), but not clearly present in Ky. (Cranfill 1980; FNA 2; W). A few plants in Appalachian regions are referable to forma subtripinnatum (following F).


Comment:
All these colls. need rechecking. This form is not generally recognized in current treatments.


Footnote:
This is widespread in east-central states but generally restricted to rocky woods, especially on calcareous outcrops.


Comment:
This species has also been found in VA very close to PIKE (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to higher elevations in the Appalachian mountains, with an outlying population in Ark. It is closely related to the widespread western species, W. scopulina D.C. Eaton, which is often combined as a variety or subspecies (FNA 2). The only Ky. record is from Pine Mountain in BELL (Cranfill 1980); however, that coll. (Medley & Cranfill #359-78) was not accessed at KY or DHL. W. appalachiana has also been found on Pine Mountain in Va. close to PIKE (M).


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 84) is widely scattered in eastern and central North America, but largely restricted to calcareous cliff-bases.


Comment:
Colls. should be rechecked; some may be hybrids with C. bulbifera (or perhaps  C. tenuis?).  C. tennesseensis is described as having glands, but these are rarely evident in KY colls.

EK: FAYE LINC MADI WOOD ?CLIN ?CRIT ?ESTI ?LEE ?POWE (? = closer to bulb)

Footnote:
This taxon is a fertile tetraploid (2n = 168) derived from crossing of bulbifera and protrusa (Haufler et al. 1990; FNA 2). Several records mapped here remain uncertain. Although most authorities consider treat these plants as a species, there is considerable variation, perhaps reflecting different original hybridizations (see also: Cranfill 1980; Cr, W). Some Ky. plants appear relatively close to protrusa, while other appear closer to bulbifera. Also, tennesseensis can form occasional hybrids with its parent species and with tenuis.


Comment:
There is also a coll. from MERC (KY) det. as protrusa x tennesseensis by Haufler. Colls. from CLAR and MCRE (KY) might also be this hybrid.

MO: new coll by Channing

FAYE: EK Brownes-5251 1962 Armstrong Mil Rd 0.4 mi NW at jct (?) w/Squires Rd; roadsides and fencerows.

EK: much confusion sorted out more/less 2008; but recheck someday...

Footnote:
This rhizomatous diploid (2n = 84) is widespread in woods on mesic fertile soils in east-central states. Occasional sterile triploids may be expected, especially in hybrids with other species (FNA 2).


Comment:
Recheck most collections. TRIM (ky) is det. by Haufler as probably fragilis x reevsiana. The KY colls. from CLAR, CART and WOLF may just be depauperate C. tennesseensis. The coll. from LIVI (Cranfill 1980) could not be located at KY.

EK: CLAR ELLI WOLF?

Footnote:
Several records of this northeastern species are uncertain, or may be hybrids; there has also been confusion with tennesseensis. C. tenuis is a fertile tetraploid (2n = 168) derived from crossing of protrusa and another parent, unknown and presumed extinct (Paler & Barrington 1995). It is similar to protrusa but differs in its shorter rhizomes (up to 0.5 cm versus 1-6 cm), which lack hairs (versus covered in hairs); its dark brown petioles (versus darkened only at base); its thicker leaves (versus membranaceous), with basal pinnules just slightly stalked to cuneate (versus clearly stalked) and just slightly lobed (versus deeply).


Footnote:
More study is needed. In recent decades, the concept of fragilis has become limited to relatively northern (circumboreal) tetraploids derived from crossing of C. reevesiana Lellinger and an unknown parent, presumed extinct; see also tenuis. A coll. from TRIM (KY) has been annotated "probably fragilis x reevesiana" by Haufler, and fragilis was mapped in Ky. by Haufler et al. in FNA 2. There is also a coll. from LAUR (EKY) that may be this species, and there are records from the mountains of Va. and N.C. (W). 

   C. fragilis differs from protrusa and tenuis as follows (W): its leaf blades are relatively elongated (l/w ca. 3-4 versus 2-2.5), with pinnae usually perpendicular (versus ascending); its pinnules have serrulate margins (versus crenulate), and the basal ones are strictly sessile with a rounded to truncate bases (versus often short-stalked, with rounded to cuneate base); its indusia are lanceolate, up to 1 mm long (versus ovate to round, ca. 0.5 mm).


FullName:
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs

Comment:
The JEFF (KY) coll. may not be accessed: J. Knouse 15 May 1987. 

The related D. campyloptera has been reported (Radford et al. 1964) but not verified.

HARL (NP): "Blanton Forest; the Maze just se of Watts Cr at 2300-2300 ft"; also "Black Mts summit ca 1 m s of area known as the Doubles"

OLDH (NP): 1980 (Max??): "Pond Creek"

BOUR: RC for NKU Apr 2010

Footnote:
This widespread northern (almost circumboreal) tetraploid (2n = 164) is derived from hybridization of intermedia and "semicristata"--a hypothetical species that may now be extinct (Cranfill 1980, FNA 2). Back crosses with intermedia are occasionally found; colls. from HENR (KY) and perhaps elsewhere (MCRE, MORG, WOLF) may be referable to this hybrid rather than the pure species. In Ky. carthusiana is widely scattered within seasonally damp woods on fertile soils, but it is generally rare. D. campyloptera Clarkson is a similar species of cool northeastern regions and high Appalachian summits that has been reported from Ky. (RAB) but not verified; its occurrence remains dubious (FNA 2).


Comment:
Lower case symbols are based on colls. that deserve more careful study.


FullName:
Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray

Comment:
JEFF (LO): PADavies 7Sep1948 Scott Gap Rd, most shady roadside.
Note also a coll with inad data: [state? county?] PADavies-2L-5 [?] 19May1946 Duck Lake. [check this local].

CALD (MU) coll. has less dissected fronds, suggesting hybridization with  D. carthusiana.

Footnote:
Although widely mapped across Ky. and Tenn. by FNA 2, this northeastern diploid (2n = 82) is largely restricted here to mesic woods in regions with sandy acid soils. The hybrid with marginalis is occasionally found, with colls. from CALD, EDMO, HARD and HART (Cranfill 1980). See also notes under carthusiana.


Comment:
Detailed by Cranfill (1980); still does not have a hybrid name? See also EDMO (NC) for verification


Comment:
Another coll. from LIVI (MU) is f. elegans.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 82) is widespread in eastern states (except to sw.), but it is largely restricted to deep woods in rocky ravines.


FullName:
Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) Gray

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern diploid (2n = 82) occurs mostly in Appalachian regions, but with several disjunct populations in ravines further west. See also notes on celsa under ludoviciana.


Comment:
This WARR (MB) coll is by S. Price "Bowling Green, Ky." Reports (including FNA) of the related species, D. celsa and D. cristata, are not verified and probably based on old misidentifications.

Footnote:
This southern diploid (2n = 82) is typical of swamps on the Coastal Plain. The coll. from WARR (MO) was made in the 1880s or 1890s by S. Price, labelled just "Bowling Green, Ky." The related taxa, D. celsa (W. Palmer) Small and D. cristata (L.) Gray, have been reported from Ky. or nearby (RAB, FNA 2, Ch), but these are not verified and at least some reports are based on misidentifications (Cranfill 1980, M). D. celsa is an allopolyploid derived from ludoviciana and the more northern goldiana; it has been reported from all states around Ky. D. cristata is apparently an allopolyploid derived from ludoviciana and the extinct "semicristata"; it is largely northern but with scattered sites south to Ala. and N.C. (W).


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern North America, especially in woods on moderately damp to dryish, medium-acid soils.


FullName:
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott f. incisum

Comment:
This form is not recognized in some treatments, but does appear distinct.

Footnote:
Although distinctive looking, this occasional form is not recognized in recent treatments. It is virtually unknown in calcareous regions of the state, whereas typical plants are more widespread.


Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is typical of woods on mesic, medium-acid soils, usually also suitable for beech trees.


FullName:
Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern.

Comment:
All native North American material is var. pubescens.

Hannan & Phillippe  #42 & #82 from LAUR: "Thelyptris palustris" = Athyrium aspleniopides.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern North America, but restricted to open woods and marshy sites on wet acid soils. Typical palustris is Eurasian.


Footnote:
This occurs in northeastern and Appalachian regions, with somewhat disjunct western extensions to the Shawnee Hills and Ozarks.


FullName:
Thelypteris dentata (Forsk.) E. St. John

Comment:
The NELS (LO) coll. is from "Nazareth College Gymnasium, Nazareth, Ky. 10..40".

The BELL (LO) coll. was by "Seurgent" from "Clear Creek Springs, 14 July 1940". This species is adventive from the Old World tropics.

Footnote:
This is considered adventive from tropical regions (Cranfill 1980). There are colls. (DHL) from BELL (14 Jul 1940, Clear Creek Springs) and NELS (Oct 1940, Nazareth College Gymnasium).


Footnote:
This alien has been widely distributed for "water gardens" and it has locally escaped in northeastern states, usually in artificial ponds (FNA 2, W). Several other alien or adventive species in this genus may be expected.


Comment:
Is the JEFF (MM) coll. from adventive/naturalized plants?

CARL (EK) RAthey-3582 "mexicana" is carolinana

Footnote:
This extraordinary aquatic fern (plus its symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing, blue-green alga) is widely scattered over southeastern states, but generally restricted to old, stable, stagnant water-bodies with moderately eutrophic conditions. 

   The closely related western species, A. mexicana Presl., is known in adjacent Mo. (FNA 2; Y), and is expected in far western counties of Ky. It differs from caroliniana in the larger size of its fronds (ca. 10-15 mm wide versus 5-10 mm), and in its glochidia (appendages of microspore packets) with several cross-walls (versus none).


Comment:
The JEFF (MM) coll. was from a 20 ft tree self-sown in fence row; not worth mapping yet since not self-perpetuating yet.

Footnote:
Although widely planted, seedlings are almost never found. A self-sown tree 20 ft tall was found along a fence row in JEFF (MM for WKY).


Comment:
1 = Hussey (1876), but no coll. located at Purdue Univ.; none Mar 2010!!!
RS may have recently collected it here in the Park; but no record according to him after all (2010).

2 = Gonsoulin (1975), perhaps doubtful..

PULA: (KY) from lower Buck Creek; cannot relocate in field; 
PULA (EK): ADenham 28Aug1985 White Oak Creek off Rt. 196; Moist creek bank. Associates: Tsuga canadensis, Hamamalis virginia, Tilia americana.

Note: the WOLF site is close to POWE line; recheck!? CW maps POWE probably in error.

Footnote:
Reports of this northeastern shrub from EDMO (Hussey 1876) and OWSL (Gonsoulin 1975) may be supported by colls., but remain unverified. Disjunct plants also occur in c. Ind. (D, PL).


Comment:
The JEFF (MM) is reportedly self-seeded, but considering the large amount of planted T. cuspidata and T. baccata, there must be serious limits to naturalization. Not worth mapping yet.

Footnote:
Although this Japanese species is widely cultivated, there is only one record of a self-seeded plant, from JEFF (MM for WKY). There must be factors generally preventing its naturalization. The European T. baccata L. may also rarely establish near plantings; CW noted a coll. from WHIT (EKY). However, identification of young plants is problematic (FNA 2); keys are needed.


Comment:
JESS, SCOT and WOOD (ky) records seem to be from planted trees, but FAYE trees (Old Paris Pike) are large enough to predate settlement. TRIG (ap), LYON (ap) may be from planted trees; check with Chester. 

JACK (be) may be from planting; check with Thompson. 

However, seedlings may occur outside range of native trees; eg HART (jc). 

1 ga = Garman (1913). 

DAVI: CW also Medley 1993

2 = Medley (1993); probably MM coll at WKY; see also Garman

CLIN: (EK) colls from Rt 588 at Williams Cr; single plant, perhaps adventive.

BELL: rc collected with Thieret; check NKU.

HARD: rc collected from sapling (?) after his paper in a sinkhole

Footnote:
Several records are mapped here as uncertain (open dots). Outlying records of this southeastern species in c. Ky. may be from recently adventive or planted individuals. In a few cases only seedlings have been found. Not mapped are the mature trees in FAYE, JESS, SCOT and WOOD, which are probably planted (Gm), although sometimes interpreted as native (Meijer 1976b) or adventive (CW). 

   A coll. from FULT (EKY) has suggested T. ascendens Brong. (= T. distichum var. imbricarium (Nutt.) Croom); see BA and CW. However, that taxon appears restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain, without extending far up the Mississippi Valley (FNA 2). Some colls. are difficult to distinguish (J), and there is some intergradation further south.


Comment:
Collections are from self-seeded saplings or trees (?), with several in each group, but perhaps unlikely to become truly naturalized.


Comment:
ADAI: check source in my GIS--probably KSNPC... need coll

BREC: LO: R. Van Stockum colls. from Rough River.

HARL (NY): Kearney.

CASE: RC 2011 N face slope on shale along Green Rv below US127 bridge; check KY data

GREE: (JC) discovered by RKessler along narrows of Big Pitman Cr, n of Rt 80 on rhs... get details... Coll secured for WKY in 2008.

LINC (EK): Scott Slankard: Kosher Ridge Rd., ca. 0.5 mi. E of Jct. W Hwy. 1247; S of Stanford; Disturbed remnant woods, roadside.

METC (EK): TWeckman: Hwy. 80, ca. 0.1 mi. W of Jct. Hwy. 80/Mosby Ridge Rd.; ca. 2.0 mi. SW of Nell; N facing wooded ravine.

WARR: HHousman note w/magnolia in side ravine of Ivy Cr (Reedyville Qd); also mapped by CW in WARR.

NICH indicated by Barton but this must be typo--to check...

TWeckman Sep2009: checked CW database--no record of those 5 counties:

Footnote:
This northeastern tree is locally common in most Appalachian regions, where the old name "spruce pine" has been replaced by "hemlock" in modern usage. Barton (1919) indicated that is was most abundant in or near the Cumberland Mts., in the southern Cumberland Plateau, and in or near the North Fork of Kentucky Rv. watershed. Hemlock also occurs in small disjunct populations further west, at least as far as the sandstone ravines in the middle Green Rv. watershed. However, reports from BARR, TODD, TRIG and WEBS (CW) are omitted here pending clarification of their status. Although it is widely planted, escapes are not documented. 

   It is clear that most Tsuga in Ky. is now threatened with devastation by the hemlock wooly adelgid (www.uky.edu/ ~sfei2/ hwa.htm). It is likely that much funding will be applied to insecticide treatments by some landowners, but a fully integrated long-term program remains elusive (www.forestry.ky.gov/ programs/ health; www.ca.uky.edu/ entolology/ entfacts/ ef452.asp). One aspect of the research we need is to document genetic variation in more detail, including study of disjunct populations to see if they represent distinct genetic lineages from different periglacial refugia; initial work has failed to detect such patterns (Wang et al. 1997; R. Van Stockum, pers. comm.).


Comment:
1 = Jones and Thompson (1986). The lower case records may not be from truly native trees. But it may be impossible to distinguish native from naturalized populations in some areas.

ROWA: check colls at MO; White Pine Hollow and Minor Cr.

LOGAN: MM
MUHL: LO
TODD: LO

Footnote:
This northeastern species is native to a few restricted localities, as mapped with solid dots here, but it is also widely planted and can spread from seed. Open dots are based on plants that are probably self-sown from plantings, or spread more locally from native populations after settlement. It is difficult or impossible to distinguish native from naturalized populations in some cases. Moreover, the decline of forest fires during the past 50-100 years has facilitated expansion of this fire-sensitive species in some areas. 

   The largest concentration of native trees may have been in WOLF, MENI and adjacent counties, centered on the Red River Gorge (Gm, Barton 1919). This was disjunct from the more extensive population further south on the Cumberland Plateau, in MCRE (mostly near the Big South Fork) and several counties of Tenn. (Ch). Further west, small native populations occur along sandstone ravines of Clifty Creek and its triburaries in LOGA, MUHL and TODD; Gm also listed CRIT.


Comment:
The CALL coll. is from a naturalized tree; more should be expected in western and southern Kentucky.

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species is not native to Ky., but it is widely planted, especially in southwestern regions. Self-sown trees have been found in CALL (MM for WKY) and perhaps elsewhere (CW); records with uncertain status (perhaps even form planted trees) are mapped as open dots. P. taeda may become more naturalized, especially with global warming.


Comment:
The colls. from MENI (LO) and LAWR (NK) have also been annotated P. echinata.

"rigida" METC (EK) = taeda

CW maps from HARD BUTL METC; not believed here.

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is often hard to distinguish from the more southern echinata. Reports of rigida from west of the Appalachian Plateaus are not mapped here, pending clarification of their status (Gm, CW); Gm reported this species west along the Knobs as far as BULL (Gm). On the Cumberland Plateau, it extends south to near the state line, but perhaps not into Tenn. (Ch). 

   P. rigida differs from echinata (F, Cr, FNA 2, J) in its generally broader seed-cones (ca. 4-8 x 6-7 cm versus 4-6 x 3-4 cm), the scales relatively thick, with distinct dark reddish-brown inner distal margins (versus lacking contrast), the prickles up to 3 mm (versus 2 mm). Its needles are relatively rigid, ca. 1-1.5 (2) mm wide, mostly in 3s (versus 0.7-1.3 mm wide, in 2s or 3s); twigs are initially orange-brown (versus greenish to reddish-brown and often glaucous), becoming ca. 5-7 mm thick in second year (versus 3-5 mm), with strongly resinous buds ca. 1-1.5 cm long (versus 0.7-1 cm); bark plates lack resin pockets (usually evident in echinata).


Comment:
Needs further study; no proof of hydridization.

The WOLF coll. and det. is by R. Clark (Morton Arboretum). 

A MCRE (LO) was also det as "intermediate" by Clark but seems to be echinata (as agreed by R. Jones det on same coll.)


Comment:
Colls. from HARD (RC), GRAY (KY), OHIO (KY), MARS (MU) and CALL (MU) are  probably all from planted or naturalized trees.

Footnote:
This southeastern tree has been widely planted in Appalachian regions and locally elsewhere, outside its native range, including Mammoth Cave National Park (EDMO, HART) and Land-Between-the-Lakes (LYON, TRIG). Included here are historical data of Gm, B and Wharton (1945). Not mapped are western colls. that are probably from planted or escaped individuals; for these, see Cranfill (1991), CW, KY (GRAY, OHIO) and MUR (CALL, MARS). However, there are native trees in w. Tenn. just south of TRIG and CHRI. 

   P. echinata was locally abundant in original woodlands of the southern Cumberland Plateau, and it probably increased after initial logging and efforts at clearance on southern Appalachian uplands. Much has died during 1999-2002 due to bark beetles, but a new generation could be fostered by burning remaining oak woodland to promote the grassy conditions into which this species tends to regenerate. 

   Distinction from virgininana, rigida and taeda is often difficult with leaves alone; keys need to be developed for use with whole plants in the field (FNA 2, J, W). There may be some introgression, especially with rigida (FNA 2, CW), but that is not well documented with colls. or analysis.


Comment:
Colls. from FAYE (KY), PEND (KY), FRAN (DT) and OLDH (LO) and perhaps JESS (KY) appear to be from rare adventive (or naturalized?) individuals; P. virginiana is unknown in the native forests of these counties.

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian tree has been planted in some parts of Ky. for "reclamation" of eroded soils, especially during the 1930s. Records that are probably from naturalized trees, or perhaps adventive from nearby native populations, are included as uncertain records in the map (open dots). There are rare self-sown trees scattered in hilly parts of the Bluegrass region, but these are probably all dispersed from nearby plantings.


Comment:
Jones (2005) notes "rarely escaping" but no collections known to JC.


Comment:
Clark & Bauer (2001) also report an apparent naturalization of Platycladus orientalis in ROBE (EK); this is in a fencerow near cultivated plants; were these seeded in or spread by layering?

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern tree occurs in the wild mostly on calcareous bluffs of the Cumberland Rv. and its Big South Fork. It has also been widely planted. East Asian relatives classified in the genera Thuja or Platycladus have also been planted but escapes from seed are virtually unknown in Ky. (CW) or elsewhere in North America (FNA 2, PL, W).


Comment:
Includes var. depressa, which may fit the PULA (KY) plants. 1 = Greenwell (1935). A report from BELL (E. Carr notes) was based on misid.  Also, Rafinesque (in M'Murtie 1819) reported "Juniperus depressa" from Ky.

Footnote:
In Ky. this widespread northern (circumboreal) species is known from only two localities. The taxonomy of segregates in North America remains somewhat uncertain (as reviewed by W). Plants of PULA (KY) are relatively low-growing (mostly 0.5-1 m tall) and may be referred to var. depressa Pursh. Plants of MENI (KY) are clearly more erect in the wild and in cultivation (up to 2 m or more). Plants of both provenances have been cultivated for 20 years in front of JC's residence; an attempt was made in 2011 to transfer both to the Univ. of Ky. Arboretum, but only one MENI plant survived.


Comment:
Colls. from OWEN (LB) and FRAN (KY) may be referred to var. creba.

Footnote:
This browsing-resistant tree became widespread and locally dominant in rough pastures and old fields after settlement, when it was largely restricted to more open woods on rocky calcareous soils. Even as late as ca. 1910 (Gm, Barton 1919), it was reportedly concentrated in or near: (a) the eastern Pennyrhile Karst Plain (especially LOGA) and western Knobs; (b) the southern Cliff Section (especially PULA and WAYN); and (c) more locally along the Kentucky River Palisades. Barton's data indicate two remarkable bands from north to south across the state: (a) and (b plus c). 

   Sabina may be a reasonable genus (W), and the name S. virginiana (L.) Antoine would then be applied to this widespread species of eastern and central North America. However, there would be much popular resistance to the change. The more columnar form with ascending branches, named var. crebra Fern. & Grisc., has been reported by Davies (1955a) and others (CW), but verified colls. are unknown. That northern segregate was recognized in the manuals of F and Cr, but not in more recent treatments (FNA 2, W).


Comment:
The PIKE (NC) coll was recently redet by Weakley from "Celastrus scandens": F. Levy 1982 Aug, College Farm near head of holler, lead slope of north slope woods w/beech-white oak, stem woody & twining.

Footnote:
This woody vine is widely scattered over southeastern states, but uncommon to rare in most regions. It is generally restricted to thin mesic woods and edges near rockts, streams or wetlands. In Ky. plants have been discovered in Appalachian revines by F. Levy (PIKE; coll. at UNC) and D. Taylor (MCRE; coll. at BEREA). It is easily overlooked or mistaken for Celastrus scandens.


Comment:
Occasional seedlings appear from planted trees; the MCRA (EK) plant was apparently naturalized in this way: Tim Weckman 11 May 1994.

FAYE: jc yard seedling growing nicely self sown
JEFF: IndUniv SE herb CHECK (also M virginiana)

Footnote:
As a native, this broadleaf evergreen tree is largely restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain, and almost absent from the Mississippi Valley north of La. In Ky. occasional seedlings establish from nearby plantings, but it does not seem be spreading yet across the landscape. There are colls. from MADI and MCRA (EKY; Clark et al. 2005).


Comment:
1 = sources of Johnson & Nicely (1990); see also Garman for WARR.
2 = sources of Medley (1993), apparently all with vouchers; check MM and others (especially SHEL). Other county reports lack vouchers.

SHEL (LO): David Dezelan #6, 23 Oct 1966, farm of Colonel Walter B. Smith on US 60 East in large ravine. CHECK IN FIELD!!!!!  see also Johnson & Nicely (1990) who map this record.

SCOT??? Mason Howell says he may have seen--will check!!!!!!! 2011

Also Linney lists for BOYL/MERC (Garman).

ba = barton 1919

Footnote:
Although largely Appalachian, this species has several disjunct western populations, especially in the Shawnee Hills (s. Ind., w. Ky.), in the loess bluffs of the Mississippi Rv. (from s. Ill. downstream), and in the Ozark Mts. (n. Ark, s. Mo.). In the original forests of Ky., it may have been most common in the Cumberland Mts. and nearby, but relatively infrequent in the "Low Hills Belt" between the mountains and the Cliff Section (Barton 1919, Braun 1950). Further documentation is needed for some of the outlying western populations. The coll. from SHEL (DHL) appears reliable but should be rechecked for potential cultivated status; see also Linney (1880).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); see also RC for HARD? (where is coll.?)
Not MM colls (June 2007); perhaps RC colls. or in his ms?

2 = Johnson & Nicely (1990); check MM. 
3 = Price (1893); see also MM perhaps.

BREC (LO) just twig & bud coll. (also bug-damaged); Van Stockum coll.

WARR: sadie price; also "magnolia" sp. noted by HHousman (NP NAI maps).

WV colls.: BATH (MWharton); KNOT (LKHenry) cited by H.C. Rockwell (1966) M.Sc. thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown.

Footnote:
This species occurs mostly in Appalachian regions, but with disjunctions west to the Ozark-Ouachita region (FNA 3, PL). Within Ky. several outlying western records need further verification (Pr, Gm, M).


Comment:
See also Defries (1880); reported from Tradewater River region.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is largely restricted to the Gulf Coastal Plain, and is unknown in Mo. or Tenn. The disjunct coll. from banks of the Mississippi Rv. in FULT (KY) is verified, but plants have not been relocated in recent decades. It was also reported by Defries (1880) from the Tradewater Rv. region (perhaps CRIT).


Footnote:
In Ky., this southern Appalachian species mostly occurs on the Cumberland Mts., but there are scattered records further west from the adjacent rugged hills and from ravines along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv.


Comment:
mm = Check MM for GRAY, WARR; probably Cranfill data.
1 = Johnson & Nicely (1990) for PULA; see WV.

Footnote:
This is most common in western parts of the southern Appalachians, especially the Cumberland Plateau, but it also occurs in disjunct populations across southeastern states (FNA 3, PL). In Ky., records from EDMO are verified but those from GRAY and WARR remain uncertain (M).


Footnote:
This widespread in states east of the Mississippi Rv. Although probably native to all counties of Ky., it is much less frequent on more base-rich soils. It was virtually absent in the original woods on uplands of the central Bluegrass (Barton 1919; Campbell 1989).


Footnote:
This small useful tree of east-central states is widely distributed in mesic to submesic woods on fertile soils, and it is especially abundant in thin woods and edges with moderate disturbance. It is generally avoided by deer, but does not usually survive with livestock. In FAYE and nearby, Short (1828-9) noted: "This portion of Kentucky was once the paradise of pawpaws, where immense orchards of large trees were every where met with; but cultivation and the ravages of cattle have greatly lessened the number." There is much variation in fruit characteristics, and at Ky. State Univ. Pomper et al. (2008) have been engaged in a national program to make selections for human use.


Comment:
All material needs to be rechecked for variety. Many of these records are assumed to be the typical variety; but some/all material from FAYE, JESS, MADI, etc. is transferrable to var. acuminatum.

These records need to be divided eventually between varieties; in process--still to check mu mo wk be etc...


FullName:
Asarum canadense L. var. canadense {incl. var. acuminatum Ashe)

Comment:
1 = Gibson (1971). Medley (1993) also collected this in BELL (locally abundant on Pine Mt.) and HARL (?). All material of the species should be rechecked. This is a southern variety with long tapering calyx lobes. In Tennessee, Dwayne Estes indicates that this variety is partly segregated geographically from the typical; it is predominant in Appalachian regions.

EK: FAYE Ruth BAlford-3262 28Apr1974 Lexington behind rectory of church & community bldg on Broadway; bank above stream at base of dead tree, dark brown friable soil in shade of honeysuckle, box elder w/Sang canadensis, common; 3803N 8430W.

following seem to be this; 
! = super long; ? = less clear (??some perhaps cf. var. canadense??)
EK: !ANDE !BELL+ CAMP CART CLAR CLIN CRIT ESTI !FAYE+ !GARR JACK !JEFF !JESS LAUR ?LEE LESL LETC !MADI !MCRE MENI !OLDH OWEN POWE ROBE ROCK WHIT WOOD

KY: ! perhaps all as follows LARU FAYE JESS MERC CLAR CASE JEFF HARL KNOX WOLF WOOD ADAI (DGibson = 1 also at FI) !!ROWA !!BELL

Footnote:
This taxon, with relatively long calyx lobes, may be largely northeastern and Appalachian (W). The mapping here is provisional; further study will be needed after current revision by D. Estes (pers. comm.) and others. Var. acuminatum Ashe has exceptionally long calyx lobes, even in early floral development; it may be another distinct taxon common across Appalachian regions or perhaps restricted to higher elevations (as in BELL and HARL).


FullName:
Asarum canadense L. var. reflexum (E.P. Bickn.) B.L. Rob.

Comment:
These records need checking (especially MCLE), along with all material of the species. This is a northern variety with short reflexed calyx lobes.

following are this probably; ? = uncertain/intermediate??
EK: ADAI ALLE BARR BATH ?BOYL BREA BULL CALD CARL CART CHRI CLAR CLIN EDMO ?FLOY FRAN GARR GRAY GREE HANC HARD HARL HART HEND HOPK JACK JEFF JESS KNOT KNOX LARU ?LAUR ?LEE ?LEWI ?LINC ?LIVI MADI MARI MCRE MERC METC MONR MORG ?MUHL NICH !PIKE PULA SHEL ?TAYL UNIO WAYN WOOD WOLF

KY: (some labeled ambiguum but prob reflexum) GREE FAYE ROCK TAYL TRIM WOLF WOOD BREA ADAI MENI BOUR JEFF MERC NICH MORG MCLE HARD LETC KNOT JESS BREC MADI FRAN GARR HANC HART HENR LEWI EDMO CLAR

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional, but this taxon does appear to be usually distinct and concentrated from the upper midwest to the southern Ridge-and-Valley and Piedmont (W; D. Estes, pers. comm.). Treatment of reflexum remains controversial, from combination with the more northeastern canadense (FNA 3; Kelly 2001) to full species status (Sm). 

   Var. reflexum differs from most other canadense (F, W) in its calyx lobes 5-10 (12) mm long (versus 10-35 mm), strongly reflexed to often more or less appressed back against the calyx tube (versus spreading to ascending from the base), and acute or acuminate (versus acuminate with caudale inrolling tips 4-20 mm long). Also, leaves are more kidney-shaped, with broad lobes and a blunt apex (versus more acute to acuminate). Somewhat intermediate plants known as var. ambiguum (Bickn.) Farw. occur mostly at intermediate elevations in the Southern Appalachians, and are confirmed in sw. Va. (Lee Co.), but perhaps not in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Asarum canadense L. var. ambiguum (Bickn.) Farw.

Comment:
There are no records of this "obscure" taxon, perhaps transitional to var. reflexum; but it can be expected; collections have not been thoroughly checked.

Estes:


Comment:
This species has been confused with H. heterophylla; reports from the Cumberland Mountains are erroneous. Some plants along Rock Creek (wMCRE) appear hybridized with ruthii.

Footnote:
This is known only from the Cumberland Plateau, mostly in Tenn., and from the Blue Ridge in North Carolina. It is closely related to the larger-flowered H. shuttleworthii (Britten & Baker f.) Small, a more widespread southern Appalachian species that occurs nearby on the Plateau in Tenn. and in the Ridge & Valley of Va. H. contracta has also been confused with heterophylla, which has been misidentified as contracta in LETC (e.g. in earlier Natural Heritage databases). Some plants along Rock Creek in w. MCRE can appear hybridized with ruthii, but probably just represent variation within contracta; hybrids are not reported in the genus (FNA 3; W).


Comment:
LETC (LB@US) colls det by RC need to be rechecked. 

1 = Gaddy (1987) records and others indicated by Medley (1993). 

All records may refer to H. heterophylla or H. contracta rather than H. virginica (sensu stricto) of the Piedmont and E Coastal Plain. See Abbott et al. (2004).

GH: none.

Footnote:
Reports from Ky. (Gaddy 1987; FNA 3) appear to have been associated with a broader concept of the species, which was somewhat confused with heterophylla and contracta (M). H. virginica in its narrow sense occurs mostly in the central Appalachians, Piedmont and eastern Coastal Plain of N.C., Va., Md. and perhaps W.Va. There are no known colls. of typical virginica from Ky., though some heterophylla may appear transitional (Abbott et al. 2004).


Comment:
See Abbott et al. (2004) for discussion of differences from virginica; Kentucky material may be somewhat intermediate but generally matches heterophylla. The WHIT coll was erroneously reported as LAUR earlier. Pine Mt. material reported as H. virginica, including LETC (LB) colls at US, is probably all H. heterophylla. Fernald (1950) and others have combined these two species.

PIKE (np): 1981 Upper Pigeon Br along SR 197.

KNOX (EK) "virginica" of Hanna & Phillippe

lg = L.L. Gaddy (1987) refs to virginica assumed heterophylla.

Footnote:
This is a relatively common Southern Appalachian endemic (W), but it is replaced by contracta on much of the Cumberland Plateau.


Comment:
This southern taxon is not known in Kentucky, though often combined or confused with ruthii.


Comment:
The ROWA (mo) coll. just says "Rowan Co., ravine slope, D.B.N.F." , 1972, W. Tilery;  possibly a student coll. from elsewhere than Rowan Co. This southern Appalachian species appears distinct from arifolia of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain.

Footnote:
This Southern Appalachian taxon has often been combined with H. arifolia (Michx.) Small, which occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain but not in Ky. H. ruthii has smaller calices, more gradually narrowed to the lobes, which are smaller and less spreading (F, Cr, W); lobes are 2-4 mm long (versus 2.5-8 mm) and 2-4 mm wide at base (versus 3-9 mm). Gaddy (1987) reported a disjunct record of ruthii from CHRI, without details, but this has not been confirmed and it was not mapped in FNA 3. 

   The chemistry of essential oils (including phenol ethers) in Hexastylis deserves further research (Hayashi et al. 1983; W). D. Stephens (of Whitley City, pers. comm.) has found that the aroma of ruthii is sweet and anise-like, whereas contracta is sassafras-like; they can easily be distinguished by smell alone. D. Barrett (pers. comm.), of Booneville (OWSL), has found that an extract of ruthii is effective in human reproduction.


Comment:
MB (incl CReed): CART GREE MEAD WARR NICH WAYN WEBS HOPK MUHL CRIT BATH

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species. The distinction of Endodeca from Aristolochia has been justified by recent analysis of Ohi-Toma et al. (2006; see also W).


Comment:
Sight records or collections (?) from CARL; need to check this and others from the regions.

Footnote:
These plants, traditionally known as A. serpentaria var. hastata (Nutt.) Ducharte, appear distinct from typical serpentatia in their linear to lance-deltoid shape (versus ovate to ovate-oblong), with divergent basal lobes (versus just cordate), ca. 1-2 cm wide (versus 2-5 cm). Also, leaves tend to be less pubescent and relatively thin-textured (W). E. hastata occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain (from e. Tex. to Va.), generally in subhydric bottomland forests. Typical serpentaria has a more widespread south-central range, typically in mesic to subxeric upland forests. Narrow leaves may be an adaptation to reduce egg-laying by the eastern pipe-vine swallowtail butterfly, which uses leaf shape as a search image (FNA 3).


Comment:
The JEFF (ky) coll. may have uncertain label data.
Pat Haragan coll from Cherokee Park where Olmstead planted!!!

WK: WARR + HART (JC 2007!!!).

1 = Duncan 1967; du = "macrophylla" but reassigned here.

da = "macrophylla" of Davies 1955 for EDMO; see also Duncan 1967

PEND: mapped as macrophylla by Duncan (1967).

PERR and WAYN of Duncan 1967 reassigned to macrophylla...

Footnote:
Several records have tentative identification, or may be escapes from cultivation; see notes under macrophylla.


Comment:
Check JACK (MM) collection. 

WK: LETC, PIKE.

EDMO 1 = unverified records from Mammoth Cave area (Daviess 1955, Pfeifer 1966, Duncan 1967) transferred to tomentosa as probably that species instead; see recent coll of tomentosa from HART at WKY.

PEND: mo has been called tomentosa but CW map macrophylla.

PERR WAYN "tomentosa" of Duncan but CW map here...

Footnote:
This is most common in or near the Blue Ridge and Cumberland Mountains, typically in forest gaps on mesic slopes, but there are scattered localities elsewhere in Appalachian regions (FNA 3). There is virtually no overlap in range with tomentosa, which occurs largely in or near the lower Mississippi Valley (broadly defined), typically in floodplain forests but sometimes on adjacent rocky bluffs as well. 

   These closely related species are easily confused. Without flowers, tomentosa can generally be distinguished by its more or less tomentose stems (versus essentially glabrous); difference in leaf pubescence is often not clearcut in Ky., though often used in keys elsewhere (e.g. FNA 3). Both species are sometimes cultivated and may occasionally escape.


FullName:
Calycanthus floridus L. var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & Gray

Comment:
jf = J. Falconer sight records (apparently native but needs checking). 

2 = Kearney (1893) from BELL or HARL. 

The ROWA (mo) colls. are from the town of Morehead and may well be from cultivated or escaped plants. 

The KNOT (JC) coll is from a wild streambank, but possibly escaped.

Footnote:
This species occurs in southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv. It is clearly native in the upper Cumberland Rv. watershed, at least in MCRE and WHIT. Var. glaucus is locally common along the Big South Fork and tributaries. However, disjunct plants in KNOT, POWE, ROWA, MCRA and elsewhere have probably escaped or persisted after cultivation; these are mapped as open dots. Reports of the more pubescent var. floridus are erroneous or based on cultivated plants (M).


Comment:
Reports by Browne & Athey (1992) and others are probably based on var. glaucus or cultivated material.


Comment:
Braun notes var. molle in CAMP (LB), WOLF (CI). 1 = Johnson & Nicely (1991); check MU.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, except the upper midwest. Although widely scattered in Ky., it is virtually absent on more base-rich soils. It was formerly more abundant in old fields and other transitions to farmland, before suppression of fire and invasions by Pinus viriginiana and Juniperus virginiana. Gm noted: "sprouts of this plant, with persimmon, green brier and others make work for those desirous of clearing land quickly." The "sassafras-persimmon forest cover type" of ca. 1900-1950 that was outlined by Society of American Foresters (Eyre 1980) is now virtually all gone, at least in Ky.


Comment:
Many plants are more or less pubescent, suggesting var. pubescens, but this may not be worth distinguishing in Kentucky. 

1 = Johnson & Nicely (1991); check MU.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, except the upper midwest. Like Asimina, Lindera is virtually unbrowsed by deer, and often becomes common in the understory of mesic woods. Scattered plants in Ky. with more hairy leaves and twigs have been called var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyermark) Rehd., which may form a reasonable southern segregate (W). However, no significant difference in range or habitat has been found within Ky. The more southern L. mellissifolia (Walt.) Blume was reported by Linney (1880, 1882), but this was undoubtedly erroneous; that species is more hairy than L. benzoin var. pubescens and there are other differences (FNA 3, W).


FullName:
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyermark) Rehd.

Comment:
Not separated here; although it may be a distinct variety across the range, there is no clear local distinction in the state, based on current knowledge. There may be a cline, with increasng pubescence frequency towards the south.

This variety may be somewhat distinct, and is perhaps predominant in some regions south of Ky. However, there has not been enough comparative study to separate it from typical plants within the state.


Footnote:
This rhizomatous herb is widespread in swampy areas of eastern states, except the upper midwest and New England. It generally emerges as water levels drop during the growing season. Also in Saururaceae, Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is an East Asian herb that is becoming widely grown for ornamental or culinary uses, and it is potentially invasive from gardens, where hard to eradicate.


Comment:
The populations in JEFF and perhaps elsewhere are perhaps introduced.

cs + assumed CHRI from "pond in barrens" (Short 1837).

rp see note of Peter in letter.

Footnote:
This spectacular yellow-flowered aquatic with large, round, peltate leaves is widely scattered in eastern states, Mexico and West Indies. Rafinesque (1836, 1:31-32) suggested that this species was spread to the north by Indian tribes; rhizomes and seeds can be eaten. 

   In Ky. it was listed for the Lousiville area (JEFF) by McMurtrie (1819). Short (1836, 1837) knew of only three sites in Ky.: (1) "a pond in the Barrens" (perhaps CHRI); (2) "a pond on the borders of Jessamine county, within six miles of Lexington"; and (3) "On the Ohio river, a hundred miles north of Lexington... a shallow basin of 50 acres or so..." (see also his notes on seeds). A fourth record comes from Robert Peter in letter to E. Durand, August 19th, 1834; Transylvania College]: "Nelumbium luteum grows in the river Kentucky, in a pond on the margin of the river, 4 or 5 miles above Frankfort, on the north side--on the right bank..." 

   Currently, N. lutea occurs mostly in large, old natural ponds and lakes, especially in western regions, and it rarely spreads to smaller ponds without the hand of man. Plants in JEFF, JESS and elsewhere may result from artificial introductions. The pink- or white-flowered Asian species, N. nucifera Gaertn. (the "sacred Indian lotus"), is also cultivated occasionally, and might persist or escape in ponds (J).


Comment:
Perhaps just spreading locally from cultivation; see Abbott et al. (2004) for ROCK (BE).

Footnote:
This vigorous East Asian vine has spread from cultivation at scattered sites across southeastern states (W). It is locally common in Louisville (JEFF), where it has been difficult to eradicate in gardens and parks.


Footnote:
This species of east-central states is replaced by the confamilial Cocculus carolinus in warmer, drier regions, but there is some overlap in Ky. and Tenn. (Duncan 1967; PL). Plants in Ky. do not become woody to any significant degree.


Comment:
See also EDMO (LB): "lower slopes and floodplain woods".

1 = Duncan 1967.

Footnote:
This woody vine occurs mostly in the lower Mississippi Valley.


Comment:
Check POWE (EK); see Weckman et al. (2003); out of range.

LO: JEFF!!!

1 = Duncan 1967.

Footnote:
This vine is widespread in southern states and ne. Mexico. At the northern edge of its range, along the Kentucky Rv. Palisades and elsewhere, it tends to occur mostly on warmer aspects. Plants in Ky. do not become noticeably woody.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states. Although most common in woods, Podophyllum is persistent, unpalatable and often survives for decades in open pastured woods or fields. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "No portion of the Union affords the May-apple in greater abundance than this, where it is found in profusion in all rich shaded woodlands. The [fruit] is highly grateful to the taste of most persons; its leaves are deletrious and not eaten by any cattle."


Footnote:
This is occurs mostly in the Ohio Rv. watershed and lower Great Lakes region. It is largely restricted to base-rich soils in relatively undisturbed, mesic to subxeric woods


Comment:
The supposed C. giganteum is not reliably separated; is this really distinct?

GH: GRNP ("Big Woods" 3 m  from Boyd Co. line, L.B. Smith et al. in 1937); HARL, JEFF.

Footnote:
This is widespread in deep, mesic woods on fertile soils in eastern states, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. Some mapped records here may still be referred to giganteum; further revision is needed. Caulophyllum was relatively sensitive to excessive disturbance within the woods after settlement. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "...once abundant throughout this country, but has now almost disappeared from the more cultivated districts, and is consequently rare about Lexington, being only met with in the more secluded and unfrequented woodlands."


FullName:
Caulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Loconte & Blackwell

Comment:
Distinction of this species has not been followed in Kentucky; it seems somewhat dubious; these records are from dets. of Loconte & Blackwell (1981); see Rhodora 1985, 87:463. However, Weakley maintains it, noting that it blooms two weeks earlier.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. Some authors have doubted the rationale for distinction of giganteum (Cr, J, RAB). It is reported from central Appalachian to northeastern regions, centered on W.Va. to N.Y., but overlapping much with thalictroides (FNA 3). It may reach the southwest margin of its range in c. Ky. and c. Tenn. (PL).

   Loconte & Blackwell (1985; FNA 3) insisted that giganteum is a species distinct from thalictroides, differing in its larger pistils (3-5 mm long versus 1-3 mm), styles (1-2 mm long versus 0.25-1 mm), stamen filaments (1.5-2.5 mm long versus 0.5-1.5 mm), and sepals (6-9 mm long versus 3-6 mm). Sepals are usually purple, less often red, brown or yellow (versus yellow to greenish-purple). It typically flowers about two weeks earlier, has fewer flowers per inflorescence (4-18 versus 5-70), less divided first leaves (mostly into 3 parts versus 4) but larger leaflets (5-10 cm long versus 3-8 cm).


Footnote:
This low shrub from Japan has had widespread ornamental use in Ky. after 1950 (Davies 1955; M), and it has often escaped. B. thunbergii does not seem to increasing much in this state. However, its moderate shade-tolerance and deer-resistance has allowed it to prosper locally in more northeastern states. It has been reported from almost all counties of Ohio (SE).

   The European B. vulgaris L. appears to have had very little use in the state, with no evidence of naturalization, but it became abundant in northern regions before extensive eradication during 1920-40 due to the wheat rust that it supports. B. thunbergii is immune to the rust (as reviewed by Y).


Comment:
Reported from CALL (MU) by Woods & Fuller (1968) but no collection is located.

1 = M'Murtrie (1819); check possible sources; this may have been Rafinesque's data.

Footnote:
This largely central Appalachian species is also disjunct in s. Mo., c. Ill. and n. Ind. It is generally associated with rocky riverbanks and glades. At least in northern regions, it suffered locally from thorough eradication efforts along with B. vulgaris L. (a cultivated alien), since both species are hosts for the black stem rust of wheat (D, FNA 3, Y). 

   In Ky. canadensis has been found at two sites on open bouldery banks of the Big South Fork (Devil's Jump and Big Shoals). There is also an old obscure report from JEFF or nearby by McMurtrie (1819), and it has been reported from CALL by Woods & Fuller (1968) but their coll. has not been located. FNA 3 mapped it in n. Ky. and s. Ind., for unknown reasons. This species may also be expected in the Cumberland Mts., since it is known from adjacent parts of Appalachian states; e.g. in "The Cedars" of Lee Co., Va. (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Comment:
1 = Hannan & Medley (1982); 2 = Woods (1980); 3 = J. Hohman pers. comm.

LAUR (LO)!!!!! only slightly buggy.

HART: AMeijer: large pop in 2nd sink behind new resource management bldg MCNP.

Footnote:
This monotypic genus occurs widely in east-central states. It has been much reduced by harvesting for medicinal use of its roots, but in Ky. large patches are still found in some localities, and these tend to recover from harvesting if the digging is not excessive. Hydrastis grows in relatively deep woods, mostly on moderately dry, moderately base-rich soils. There has been increasing support for its treatment as Hydrastidaceae (as reviewed by W). Rafinesque (1836, 2:34) described an unusually large plant in "West Kentucky" that was "over one foot high" and "three leaved" on the stem; he called this H. trifolia.


Comment:
Persisting at old home sites but not truly naturalizing. Check id for OLDH (LO).


Comment:
Persistent from cultivation and supposedly spontaneous on abandoned mine in BELL (BE); but this may deserve further evidence.

Footnote:
This southern European species is widelly cultivated and sometimes persists. A coll. from BELL (BEREA) is reported to come from a spontaneous plant on an abandoned mine, but an old homesite is possible. The related species, P. laetiflora Pallas can also persist at old home sites (e.g. in OLDH, with coll. at DHL). These species are generally not reported to naturalize in eastern North America (F, Cr, W; FNA 8), but they have been mapped by K and PL as wild plants in some northeastern regions.


Comment:
Check HARD (RC): this is an amazing disjunction' "seep at base of sandstone cliff".

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the southern Appalachians and Piedmont, but it is disjunct at other localities in southeastern states and it has escaped from cultivation in northeastern states. In Ky. (HARD), Tenn. and Miss., there are a few sites west of the Appalachians on sandy soils.


Footnote:
This globally rare species occurs only in scattered localities from the southern Ridge-and-Valley to the Shawnee Hills. It is restricted to deep, mesic woods on base-rich soils.


Comment:
There is also a FAYE (KY) coll. from "rich moist soil, Lexington" that may not be a relaible native plant record; the species is occasionally cultivated.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in or near central and southern Appalachian regions, but there are somewhat disjunct population west to the Ozarks (FNA 3; PL). Although typical of fairly deep shade in mesic woods, it is a somewhat toxic, browsing-resistant species that can also occur in maturing old field woods or other transitions to farmland. Gm noted: "in mountainous sections this plant is often seen in partially cleared land used for pasture."


Footnote:
This is mostly restricted to the Blue Ridge and nearby mountains, from se. Pa. to n. Ga. Further west it occurs locally on the central Appalachian Plateaus and one locality in nw. Ill. If transferred to Actaea, the name is A. podocarpa DC. (W).


Comment:
Reported by Hussey (1876) and others in the 18th century; but no vouchers of this northern species are located; there is a coll (5-14-74) of pachypoda at Purdue labelled spicata var. rubra (orig by Hussey) and noted A. rubra by Deam.

Checked PU in Mar 2010 for Hussey, from EDMO or BARR.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. Ga noted: "growing in rich woods and sometimes in partially cleared woodland pasture" (see also Cimicifuga racemosa and Podophyllum peltatum). The widespread northern species, A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. has been reported from Ky. by Hussey (1876; coll. at Purdue Univ.) and others in the 19th Century (M), but apparently based only on misinterpreted pachypoda. A. rubra has also been reported from nearby counties in s. Ill. (ML) and sw. Ohio (FNA 3).


Comment:
mm: There are also unverified reports from POWE (D. Fig, pers. comm.), and from ROWA (see Medley 1993). Some of these plants cannot be refound despite repeated visits; the MENI plants appear to have been trampled out in 1970s.

NK: check with Barry Dalton to make sure coll deposited.

Footnote:
This is a remarkable, late-flowering, twining herb with a largely Appalachian range but also scattered west to s. Ohio, s. Ind. and Mo. (K). It is imperiled in much of its range, and reportedly secure only in W.Va. and Va. (NS). In Ky. the few records are from small, widely scattered patches, and it has disappeared from some localities. These sites are mostly on terraces and toe slopes with sandy soils, adjacent to floodplains.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, except of the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Footnote:
This showy alien is often cultivated and has persisted at scattered sites in northeastern states. In Ky. there are colls. from CAMP (EKY), JEFF (DHL) and LAUR (EKY) but it is not clear if these plants were truly naturalized.


Footnote:
This poisonous plant ranges across east-central states, but it is largely restricted to base-rich soils, and usually within somewhat mesic woods. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "Found on creek sides, particularly preferring rocky precipices. This is one of the plants which are indefinitely called staggerweed; to eating which the diseases of cattle are sometimes attributed."


FullName:
Delphinium carolinianum Walt. ssp. calciphilum Warnock

Comment:
All material of this species in Kentucky appears to be this subspecies.

Footnote:
All plants of this species in Ky. are probably ssp. calciphilum, which is virtually restricted to flat limestone glades of the southern Interior Low Plateaus in Ala., Ga., Ky. and Tenn. (Warnock 1995; FNA 3). However, there has been a tortuous taxonomic trail; other segregates have been reported, and colls. should be rechecked (M). 

   The name D. virescens Nutt. has been partly misapplied to ssp. calciphilum, but belongs with closely related plants of the Great Plains now treated as D. carolinianum ssp. virescens (Nutt.) Brooks (including ssp. penardii (Huth) Warnock). Ssp. carolinianum occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain and in Ozarkian regions, often on non-calcareous soils. [A somewhat parallel situation occurs with Viola egglestonii, V. pedatifida and  V. septemloba, respectively.]


Comment:
Needs reexamination with new taxonomy.

This has been treated as D. carolinianum Walt. ssp. penardii (Huth) Warnock, and is reported from Ky. (GC).

Needs reexamination with new taxonomy. Reported as virescens by Browne & Athey (1992).


FullName:
Delphinium carolinianum Walt. ssp. carolinianum

Comment:
Needs reexamination with new taxonomy. Reported by Warnock 1981 and perhaps others under confusing synonyms.


Comment:
There is a Short (GH) collection may might be from Kentucky. The species is known from s Ohio, and is expected in LEWI. Included by Jones (2005), but has this been recently collected?

Footnote:
This globally rare species occurs mostly in the central Appalachians. It has been reported from Ky., but records are obscure or incomplete (M, J). There is a coll. of C.W. Short (GH) that might be from Ky. D. exaltatum is known in se. Ohio, and it may be expected in thinly wooded ravines of LEWI, draining the more open calcareous uplands.


FullName:
Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood

Footnote:
This old ornamental ("garden larkspur") has become locally common in pastures and roadsides for over a century (Gm, M), especially in the Bluegrass region.


Comment:
A FAYE coll. by Short from "Beard's Branch near Lexington" may be at PH. The JEFF (KY) coll. was by Mueller in June 1883, with only "Louisville" noted; it is possible this referred only to his residence and the plant was elsewhere. The species is known from Indian Hills in Cincinnati, Hamilton Co., Ohio.

Footnote:
In Ky. this northern (circumboreal) species of base-rich wetlands is known only from the following colls.: C.W. Short (PH), ca. 1840, "Beard's Branch near Lexington [FAYE]; and C.E. Mueller (KY), June 1883, Louisville [JEFF]. It has been found recently by D. Boone (pers. comm.) at a seep in Indian Hill, Hamilton Co., Ohio, within 5 miles of Ky.


Comment:
The WOLF (ky) coll. notes "near Campton"; possibly a dubious student coll. to consider further; however, D. Dourson found in nearby POWE (check).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the central Mississippi Valley and southern Great Lakes region, and it is largely restricted to mesic woods on base-rich soils.


Species:
longirostris (aquatilis var. diffusus*, "trichophyllus")

Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); + Wharton & Barbour (1991) for JESS. This has been included in trichophyllus by some authors, perhaps in error.

JEFF: PD found in Floyds Fork; sent to EK 2008; also at IndUnivSE

Footnote:
This is widespread across cool-temperate regions of North America except in southeastern states. Nomenclature here follows W rather than FNA 3, which combined longirostris with the Eurasian aquatilis and the circumboreal trichophyllus. In Ky. it has been found only in a few streams of the central Bluegrass region, plus a recent discovery by P. Haragan in Floyd's Fk. of JEFF (EKY). Even Short (1828-9, with coll. at PH) did not know it well, noting only one site, under the name "R. fluviatilis (River crow-foot). A small aquatic plant found in shallow-running waters. Found in Elk-horn on the George-town road: rare."


FullName:
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. trichophyllus

Comment:
There is a Short collection of aquatilis without locality (NC); redetermined as trichophyllus var. t. This is perhaps the basis of reports by Browne & Athey (1992) and others. But there is no evidence this came from Kentucky.

Footnote:
There is an old coll. of this northern taxon from the herbarium of C.W. Short (NCU) with "Ky." printed on the label, but this need not indicate an origin from Ky. Reports of trichophyllus or its synonyms by McFarland (1942), Keener (1976), BA and others were presumably based on the Short coll. or on longirostris (M). Verified trichohpyllus may not extend closer than the higher mountains of Va. and W.Va. and glaciated land in Ohio to Ill, but there are a few somewhat dubious reports south to Tenn. and N.C. (Ch, D, ML, W; PL),


FullName:
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. calvescens W. Drew

Species:
trichophyllus var. calvescens (aquatilis var. c.)

Comment:
Reported erroneously by Browne & Athey (1992); see Medley (1993).


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): LEWI (BE), rare in mature bottomland hardwoods on Manchester Island No. 1 in Ohio River. Check MM for GALL.

FAYE: jc saw one plant established along creek behind his house; but it has not peristed or spread?--recheck.

HARD: rc pers comm 2010 (he collected after 1992).

Footnote:
Segregation of Ficaria from Ranunculus is supported by recent analysis (Paun et al. 2005; W). It can be treated as a complex monotypic genus, with five subspecies escaped in North America; 2n = 16, 24 and 32. Plants in Ky. have been named ssp. calthifolia (Reichenbach) Nyman and others may be expected (Post et al. 2009; W). 

   Despite its aggressive tendencies, Ficaria (as "lesser celandine") has traditionally been grown in gardens for its showy yellow flowers in spring, followed by glossy cordate leaves. It has now become widespread in parts of northeastern states and seems to be increasing southwards. It generally occurs in young or disturbed floodplain woods, but it can also extend up adjacent slopes into damp shady areas. It is abundant in sw. Ohio and in Ky. it has become locally abundant at several locations in the Louisville area, especially in the parks systems (P. Haragan, pers. comm.). Records from other counties may just be small patches or waifs.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); perhaps MM.

Check MI for BATH.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in or near Appalachian regions and the Ohio River watershed. In Ky. it is rare and largely restricted to older ponds and sloughs in northern regions.


FullName:
Ranunculus laxicaulis (Torr. & Gray) Darby

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Footnote:
This is a widely scattered southeastern species.


Footnote:
This is widespread in humid regions of North America.


Footnote:
This occurs mostly on base-rich soils in east-central states. R. harveyi (Gray) Britton is a closely related species expected in Ky. It occurs mostly in relatively dry habitats of the Ozark region, but has disjunctions east to n. Ala, e. Tenn. (Ch), s. Ill. (ML) and s. Ind. (Floyd Co. according to Natural Heritage Database). R. harveyi differs in its longer petals (ca. 4-8 mm versus 2-3.5 mm), much exceeding sepals (versus about equaling); also, uncleft basal leaves are subcordate to cordate (versus cuneate to subcordate), rarely mixed with uncleft ones (versus often mixed).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993). ADAI (fi): see Gibson (1971).  PIKE (NC): F. Levy, 1 May 1983.

BELL: (EK) AVMcInbtosh-1110 4Jul2005 N-facing slope Pine Mt, Golden Tract; mixed mesophytic forest along lower logging road.

Footnote:
This is restricted to the central and southern Appalachians.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered in wetlands of temperate regions across North America,


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004) cite MADI (BE). Check MM for WARR, HEND.

Footnote:
This is a widespread, weedy species across North America and Eurasia.
Plants of eastern North America have somewhat uncertain status but are probably native to the north (F, FNA 3; W).


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America.


Comment:
Check MM for HARL.

JEFF: also IndUnivSE

Footnote:
This European weed is widely scattered across cool, humid, temperate regions of North America.


Comment:
Further comparison with "bulbosus" is needed; there may be confusion.  The EDMO (LO) coll. is labeled var. degeneratus. 1 = Price (1893).


Comment:
Separation from R. repens is not easy in some cases.  Another coll from  LAUR (ky) has rather small heads. The NELS (LO) coll. needs rechecking.

Footnote:
In North America, this alien has a similar range to the closely related repens (PL). Distinction can be difficult without complete collections (FNA 3). In addition to its bulbous-thickened stem bases and lack of stolons, bulbosus has sepals reflexed along a well-defined transverse fold 1-3 mm above base (versus spreading, to reflexed from base with age).


Comment:
Records may be mostly tentative despite much annotation by T. Duncan. See also CART(LB).

Footnote:
This widespread southern and midwestern diploid (2n = 32) species has been confused with the northern tetraploid species (2n = 64), R. caricetorum (F, FNA 3). Both are wetland plants, with distinctive long repent to stoloniferous branches often produced after flowering (especially precocious in carolinianus), and they are usually less hairy than their upland relatives, hispidus and fascicularis (both diploids). 

   R. carolinianus differs from all these species in its relatively short (ca. 3.5-5 mm long versus 5-11 mm), reflexed sepals (versus spreading or tardily reflexed); and its typically less numerous, larger achenes (ca. 3.7-5 mm long versus 2-4.3 mm), with a wider marginal wing (0.4-1.2 mm versus 0.1-0.2 mm). Despite revision of many Ky. colls. by Duncan (1980) and others, some colls. have remained difficult to identify.
.


Species:
caricetorum ("septentrionalis", hispidus var. c.)

Comment:
Needs further study; the relatively glabrous plants along rocky rivers in SE Ky. seem truly distinct as R. septentrionalis; most others may be less distinct. Some authors have combined this taxon with R. carolinianus (hispidus var. nitidus). 

1 = other reports from Cranfill & Thieret (unpublished treatment).

Footnote:
Mapping is somewhat tentative since further revision of colls. is desirable; see notes under the frequently confused carolinianus. However, plants from rocky river banks of se. Ky, in particular, clearly key to caricetorum using recent treatments (e.g. FNA 3). 

   R. caricetorum is a tetraploid that appears somewhat intermediate between the diploids, carolinianus (which is similar in decumbent habit) and hispidus (which has relatively small achenes). It may be distinguished from both by its lower leaves "all ternately compound, with petiolulate 2-3-cleft and incised ovate to rhombic large leaflets... and stipules conspicuous, rounded at summit" (F). In the other two species, lower leaves, especially the basal ones, are usually much smaller than upper leaves, merely dentate to 3-cleft, and stipules tend to be less conspicuous.


Comment:
Braun notes variation in morphology and habitat.

Footnote:
This is a relatively hairy species, typical of mesic woods in east-central states. But there are more reliable characters to distinguish it from the closely related wetlands species, caricetorum and carolinianus; see notes under those names.


FullName:
Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow

Comment:
There is also a coll. at KA from "Fariview", county unknown. And Medley (1993) cites his collection 547-79 from MCRE---to check---this was an early collection, before his immense knowledge grew. CALL (NC): R. Athey, 8 May 1973.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species occurs in relatively dry rocky calcareous woods and glade margins. It appears to be rare in the state, but may be easily confused with hispidus. It differs (F, Cr) in the principal leaves being longer than wide (versus about as wide), with "later basal leaves pinnately divided into linear or oblong leaflets or linear-segmented leaflets" (versus "palmately 3-parted or 3-5-divided, their segments or leaflets oblanceolate, obovate to rhombic"). Also, stems and leaves have silky-canescent hairs (versus appressed to spreading). Roots are tuberously thickened, only 1.5-5.5 cm long (versus 8-15 cm). Fruiting heads tend to be smaller (7-11 mm versus 5-8 mm), with a conic receptable (versus ellipsoid or clavate); and achenes tend to be smaller (2.2-3.2 mm long versus 3-3.5 mm), with a less distinct keel.


Comment:
See Abbott et al. (2004). 1 = other sources of Medley (1993); check MM, RA. 2 = Evans (1989).

NCU: MCRA RAthey 3013 12May197?; photocopy at KY
"campus lawn of Paducah Community College"

Footnote:
In North America, this alien annual occurs mostly in southeastern states (FNA 3).


Comment:
See Abbott et al. (2004); CASE (EK) was previously misided as pensylvanicus by Hoagland & Jones (1992). 1 = sources of Medley (1993); check RA, MM. 2 = Faller (1975).

Footnote:
In North America, this annual alien weed occurs mostly in southeastern states.
It has become widespread and locally abundant, especially in damp pastures. It was first collected from Ky. in the 1970s (Faller 1975; Browne & Athey 1976; M).


Comment:
Collected by Short in the "barrens" of western Kentucky, as inferred from Perkins (1938) by Medley (1993). This would be an escape from cultivation.

Footnote:
This is a cultivated species that has been reported as escaped in several regions of North America. It was collected by Short (1840) in the "barrens of western Kentucky, where it was introduced from a nearby garden"; see also correspondence cited by M. There are no other records from the wild in Ky.


Comment:
Check MM for GRNP.

NCU ex Jessup Herbarium of Dartmouth College:
CWShort "Illinois and Kentucky" 1837

Footnote:
This diminutive annual is widely distributed across most temperate regions of the globe. It probably originated in western North America, where the genus is most diverse, and may have spread west after settlement (W). However, C.W. Short made collections from CHRI in 1818 (PH) and elsewhere in 1837 (NCU); his first colls. became named M. shortii Raf. in 1819 (M; Short et al. 1833). In Ky. it generally occurs on bare damp ground in cropped fields, or similar places, and it is probably much overlooked.


Comment:
Most or all material may key to T. mirabile, but this does seem separable from T. clavatum in Kentucky; the described characters are often mixed or intermediate within populations.

Footnote:
This occurs locally in southern Appalachian regions (Ky. & Va. to Ala. & S.C.) on streambanks and seeping slopes, especially near cliffs. In Ky. it occurs only under sandstone cliffs at the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus, and further west at a few disjunct sites along the "Pottsville Escarpment" of the Shawnee Hills. 

   Most colls. mapped here match the description of T. mirabile Small, but that taxon does not seem to be clearly distinct from clavatum in Ky. The recorded range of mirabile is largely restricted to the Cumberland Plateau, with a concentration in nw. Ala. (FNA 3, K). It has been distinguished only by its shorter achenes (ca. 2.5-4 mm long versus 3-5 mm), which are about equal to the longer stipe (ca. 2.5-3.5 mm versus ca. 1-3 mm) and have a straight upper margin (versus concave). But in Ky. this character is often mixed or intermediate within populations. Walck (2000) found that a population of mirabile in POWE has the same chromosome as reported for clavatum; 2n = 14. Perhaps variety status would be reasonable.


Footnote:
This is widespread in mesic woods of eastern North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Comment:
PIKE(NC): F, Levy, 13 Aug 1983; upper slope forest across hill from W. Davis house near Varney of Brush Creek. Braun states: "in oak and oak-chestnut woods." See revolutum for possible HARL (LB) record; also 1 = Kearney (1893) from BELL or HARL.

Footnote:
This is restricted to central and southern Appalachians, mostly in mesic to subxeric woods and edges. Its apparent rarity in Ky. is not explained. Glandular plants can be confused with revolutum, which has leaflets usually with 1-3 lobes; leaflets of coriaceum usually have 4-6 lobes. The bright yellow roots of coriaceum are also distinctive (FNA 3; W).


Comment:
The HARL (LB) coll. was initially determined as T. coriaceum by R. Cranfill but corrected by JC; to recheck!!

Footnote:
This is widespread on base-rich uplands in eastern North America, and there are scattered disjunct southwestern records (FNA 3, K). In Ky. there has been much some confusion with pubescens and other species; occasional plants of revolutum can lack its distinctive glands (FNA 3, W). T. revolutum flowers relatively early (May-Jun versus Jun-Jul), and its leaves have a distinctive "skunky" smell. Some Appalachian records should be rechecked; see also note under coriaceum.


FullName:
Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall.

Comment:
Recheck WK (EDMO, ?BARR); some may be redet. as revolutum. This northern and western species of "wet meadows, shores and streambanks" has apparently been overlooked often or confused with T. pubescens in the field; or perhaps it has declined greatly in recent decades. JC has never knowingly found it. Recheck localities at CALL and LYON. See also lack of mapping in southeast by FNA; noted by Weakley.

MCLE: JConrad 164; 13 Jun 1969; moist weedy roadside in alluvial soil ca 3 miles n of Sacramento; plant with deciduous sepals, ca 3 ft tall det "pubescens (anthers exceptionally long)" by CSKeener; then dasycarpum by MMPark.

JC: BULL Pine Cr barrens along stream with Orb ono; check coll again!!! several plants scattered in low woods/edges!!!

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable polyploid (2n = 168) of midwestern regions, usually in wet meadows, shores or streambanks (FNA 3, K). There are several records from s Ill., s. Ind and s. Ohio (especially along the Ohio River, A. Cusick, pers. comm.), but dasycarpum appears to have become rare in Ky., with virtually no records after 1970. It has often been misidentified as the eastern species, revolutum (2n = ca. 134) or pubescens (2n = 84, 126, 154), with which it may intergrade (FNA 3). 

   Compared to pubescens, flowers of dasycarpum are rarely bisexual (versus often so). Its anthers are usually longer (1-3.6 (4) mm versus 0.5-1.5 (2.1) mm), and strongly apiculate (versus blunt or slightly apiculate), with filaments filiform and drooping (versus rigid, prominently clavate, ascending). Achenes have a beak that is more or less straight, about as long as the body (versus straight to distally coiled, about half as long), and an obtuse, sessile to subsessile base (versus narrowed, stipitate). Also, leaves of "western plants [are] occasionally glabrous" but typical pubescens is minutely puberulent (Cr, W).


Footnote:
This variable northeastern species is centered in Appalachian regions (FNA 3, K). In Ky. is widely scattered in low alluvial woods, thickets and edges near streams, but it appears to have largely disappeared from more agricultural regions. Colls. from the Bluegrass region were mostly made before 1950. T. pubescens can easily be confused wirth dasycarpum, as detailed under that name; see also W.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, but uncommon to rare on the southeastern Coastal Plain (FNA 3; W). It is a monotypic genus, but often combined with Thalictrum by some authors. Reportedly, 2n = 14 and 42 (Cr).


Comment:
The POWE and PULA plants may have disappeared in past 1-2 decades. 
1 = F. Levy (check at NC). 
2 = Medley (1993); check MM.
3 = Price in handwritten addenda; see also dot in FNA 3; must be based on coll; check MOBOT; or old Short coll???

Footnote:
Typical carolinensis (as opposed to plants in western North America and East Asia) is widely scattered across southeasterbn states, but common only within central and southern Appalachian regions (FNA 3). In Ky. it usually occurs along sandy banks of medium to large streams. West of the Appalachians, there are a few records from damp sandy flatwoods or associated thickets and grassy edges. These disjunct populations are precarious, and may have disappeared.


Comment:
Reported by Rogers (1941) and others but no vouchers are located; this would be unlikely in the state.


Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. Records of the related western and northern species, A. cylindrica Gray, appear to have been erroneous in Ky. (M) and Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
The only verified record is from FAYE (PH, a Short coll "on Elkhorn near Lex.[ington]". 1 = Nelson (1919). There is also a questionable report from HARD (Apfelbaum & Henry; see Medley).

OH closest Clark Co with Psoralea onobrychis (DBoone) n of Dayton.

Footnote:
This rhizomatous species is widespread in damp meadows and shores of northern regions, but has disappeared from Ky. There are only old records from FAYE (C.W. Short, PH, "on Elkhorn near Lex[ington]" and BOON (Nelson 1919), plus a doubtful recent record from HARD (cited in M). A. canadensis does survive in s. Ohio, s. Ind., and s. Ill., within 50 miles of Ky. at several sites, especially in the Wabash Rv. valley of sw. Ind. and se. Ill. (D, K, PL).


Comment:
Reported by Husey (1876) and others; checked PU MAR 2010 and none!!! 

Unlikely in the state.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern tuberous species was listed for west-central Ky. by Hussey (1876) and Linney (1880, 1882). However, no colls. of these early geobotanical explorers have been located. The species is known from se. Mo., c. Tenn. and other disjunct localities in southeastern states (FNA 3; W).


Comment:
1 = D. Barrett pers. comm. (sight record). Some  records need checking against var. interior, which is combined in some recent treatments, and this mapping. There is little or no geographic separation.

Footnote:
This variable northeastern species forms colonies with slender rhizomes. Distinction of the hairier var. bifolia Farw. (= var. interior Fern.) is not clearcut, and there appears to be little or no geographic separation in Ky., but further study may be warranted. See also lanceolata.


FullName:
Anemone quinquefolia L. var. bifolia Farw.

Comment:
Separation from var. quinquefolia needs further study. Provisionally included with the typical variety.


Comment:
Status needs review; colls of quinquefolia should be rechecked. 

1 = Medley (1993) lists HARD, perhaps in error. 
MM presumably has collection from HARL instead (060-78).

LB: LETC also

LESL: (EK) RHannan & LRPhillippe-1929 23May1979, hillside at Warbranch Church on Rte 1780, up hillside to top of flat woods.

Footnote:
This taxon is known mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains, from Va. to S.C. It was not mapped for Ky. by FNA 3, but there are colls. here by B (US), M (WKY) and others (EKY) from the Cumberland Mountains or nearby. It is sometimes treated as A. quinquefolia var. lancifolia (Pursh) Fosberg, since there can be intergradation in zones of overlap.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, escept on the southeastern Coastal Plain. See W for notes on taxonomic choices and habitats for the two Hepatica species.


Comment:
DBoone notes often flw later but JC wonders if just grows in cooler places

Footnote:
This occurs widely in eastern North America, but centered in northeastern and Appalachian regions. It is close to acutiloba, but intermediate or hybrid plants are not well documented. It generally occurs on more acid, infertile soils, without base-rich seepage.


Species:
terniflora (dioscoreifolia, paniculata var. d.)

Footnote:
This alien vine has been widely planted and escaped in southeastern states (FNA 3). It spreads vegetatively and persists in abandoned gardens; it may also establish from seed (CW).


Comment:
The HEND (KA) coll. is var. missouriensis, which may deserve recognition.

1 = Duncun 1967.

Footnote:
Although widespread in eastern and central North America, this species may be relatively infrequent on more fertile base-rich soils. In Ky. it appears rare to absent in counties near the Ohio Rv. downstream of Appalachian regions. Mapped records include var. missouriensis (Rydb.) Palmer & Steyermark from HEND (KY-Agr.); that variety is not distinguished in recent treatments.


Comment:
This should be rechecked; a remarkable disjunct find, to be protected as an endangered species? WARR (NC): Nicely & Gough 3069, roadsides and ditches. However, this is perhaps close to virginiana, with leaves biternate or pinnately 5-foliate.

ESTI: 2009 below Preacher Estes Mt coll by Estes & Thompson; check BEREA and APSU.

Footnote:
This has a highly fragmented southeastern range, with concentrations on calcareous soils, including c. Tenn. (C h, FNA 3, K, W). It is similar to the more widespread eastern species, virginiana, and has probably been overlooked in c. Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). C. catesbyana differs in its more divided, pinnate to bipinnate leaves, with 5-7 distinct leaflets (versus 3), and its less numerous carpels per flower (18-35 versus 40-60). The only accessed Ky. coll. is from WARR: K. Nicely & Gough #3069 (NCU, WKY).


FullName:
Clematis viorna L. {widespread/hairy variant}

Species:
viorna {widespread/hairy variant; + flaccida}

Comment:
Need to recheck for pseudo-glaucophylla; the MORG(ky) and PIKE (nc) colls. appear transitional to pseudo-glaucophylla. The KENT(LB) coll was det by her as C. ridgwayi, an insignificant variant?

C. flaccida Small holotype is Price coll from Bowling Green (M); at MB clearly extra hairy form of typical western viorna.

The TRIG (AP) coll may be "southern variant"; = "viorna" of Montgomery Co TN (AP also); sl hairy only a few subreticulate; perhaps aligneed with the Obed Rv colls Cumberland Co TN (TN) that DEstes thinks maybe beadleyi/etc.; but perhaps all a messy transition to reticulata...??? The Obed plants are almost hairless to thinly hairy (not as much as usualy in reticulata); leaf shape like the "southern viorna"; bracts within 1-3 cm of peduncle base and rel small (DE notes a good character).

July 2010: DEstes says gattingeri of Small is not really glandular--just dust on leaves; Erikson checked types?...

Footnote:
These plants are known mostly from rocky base-rich soils in and around the Appalachians, being largely replaced by versicolor to the south and west. They mostly have relatively hairy lower leaf surfaces and outer sepal surfaces. However, there are transitions to the more strictly Appalachian variant of non-calcareous regions (see above). 

   The names C. gattingeri Small or C. viorna var. flaccida (Small) Erickson may be appropriate for these plants, but types need to be reexamined (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Some of the more disjunct western and southern colls. mapped here may resemble other variants found in southern foothills from S.C. to Ala. (including Viorna beadlei Small) and Ala. to e. Tex. (including V. subreticulata Harbison). These include colls. from TRIG and Montgomery Co., Tenn. (ASPU) with relatively broad, thinly hairy, more or less subreticulate leaflets. Such plants may appear intermediate between C. viorna and C. reticulata (Walt.) Small, which is known largely from the Coastal Plain but not confirmed in Ky. or Tenn. (Sm, Ch, W, FNA 3).


FullName:
Clematis viorna L. {eastern/smooth variant}

Comment:
Dwayne Estes (pers. comm.) has recently studied type material of glaucophylla and travelled widely to investigate. In his opinion Kentucky plants formerly called this are not; they should probably be considered a variety or close ally of viorna. It is clear however that Small included some Kentucky plants in his concept. 

The FLEM (ky) coll. seems transitional to typical C. viorna. Other lower case colls. are vegetative but have smooth leaves.

MOrehead: CART? but TN has distinct plants and perhaps an uncertain coll.

ce = photo on web by Chris Evans, "River to River CWMA" bugwood.org

Footnote:
These plants occur in largely non-calcareous Appalachian regions from W.Va. to Ala. and perhaps in the Ozarks of Ark. and Mo., mostly along rocky banks of larger streams and rivers. They differ from the variant of viorna in more calcareous regions as follows: sepals thinly hairy, especially when young, or glabrate (versus densely hairy); leaves glabrous on lower surface or nearly so, except for scattered hairs along veins (versus uniformly hairy); leaves, at least low on stem, mostly ternate or compound with 4-8 leaflets, these usually ovate to lanceolate with elongated acute-acuminate apices (versus variable but often less divided and elongated); stems more or less hairy near nodes, but thinly hairy to glabrous in general (versus uniformly hairy). Leaves are often relatively deep bluish-green, with a rather pale bluish sheen below, but not distinctly whitish-glaucous. 

   The name C. glaucophylla Small has been applied to these plants using the treatments of Sm, F, RAB, J, W and others, but this is incorrect (FNA 3; D. Estes, pers. comm.). The name C. viorna var. viorna may be appropriate, but further research is needed. Some southern plants in Ky., with relatively broad, paler green, subreticulate leaflets, or with relatively small flowers, may resemble the obscure taxa described by Sm., C. beadlei and C. gattingeri.


Comment:
Records of C. glaucophylla from western Ky. need to be rechecked for this; see Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) for CARL (si); BARR and WARR (mb). 

See also HART (LB): "Rocky river bluffs."

LOGA: (MB) FTMcFarland & George Campbell-99 5Jun1945 on wire fences and shrubs 6 mi SW of Russellville; "versicolor"; (JC) 2011Jul19 W of Athey Barrens w/Phlox amoena.

TN: LOGA, TODD.

July 2010: DEstes has changed mind about Obed plants: versicolor NOT glaucophylla as he initially determined.

Footnote:
This occurs in scattered calcareous localities from the southern Ridge & Valley to the Ozarks, and perhaps further south (FNA 3). In Ky. early reports of the more southern species, C. reticulata Walt. (Short et al. 1833, M), were probably based on misidentified versicolor. See also notes under Clematis cf. glaucophylla.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check AP.

MB: MRCA EJPalmer-17886 15Jun1920 thickets along small streams near Paducah.

SI: CALL DO'Dell & DWindler-1082 21Jul1962 woods near Wood House Cr NW of Murray.

SI: LIVI DRWindler-2542 12May1967 woods and open area near spring south of Peaceful Valley General Store near the southern tip of the county; orig det "crispa" by collector then "viorna" by MM 1980.

Note: 2 of the APSU colls of "pitcheri" from TN Montgomery Co did seem to be viorna southern variant instead; but clearly are pitcheri based on styles; see also KY TRIG notes under viorna... Apparently on leaves alone v and p cannot be separated reliably.

Footnote:
This largely Ozarkian species does occur locally in w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (Ch). It has sometimes been confused with crispa or viorna, especially without good colls. of flowers or fruits.


Comment:
The HICK (NC) coll is by R. Athey 907, 18 May 1970, Bayou de Chien, swampy woods at the 2nd bridge on road N from Moscow. 

1 = sources of Medley (1993).

MB: CARL (RAthey-1350; Burkley, edge of swampy woods at Fish Lake.
MB: HICK (EJPalmer-15067; low open ground, Columbus.

Note: MB colls glabrous lvs below.

Footnote:
This occurs on lowlands in southeastern states.


Comment:
BELL: 1 = "neglected--almost lost" herbarium of E. Carr. in attic/old botany room at Pine Mt. Settlement School.  But also found at Cumberland Gap NHP acc to NP; check details: "Devil's Garden"; "2 miles e of Chadwell Gap area on ridge trail"; "Chadwell Gap area".

HARL: lb reported; np has 1984 record (Marc Evans???)

LETC: 1911 coll (KY); "top of Pine Mt near Whitesburg" (np)

PIKE: 1941 coll (KY): "between Elkhorn City and Breaks of the Sandy River" (np)


This species is virtually disappeared but may respond to fire.

Footnote:
This is rare through much of its northeastern range, at least in the southern Appalachian extensions. In Ky. it is known only from a few old records in the Cumberland Mountains; the last may have been in 1984. It is an extraordinary biennial herbaceous vine of rocky woods, usually on sandy soils. Some records suggest association with fire or other disturbance.


Comment:
Check MM for HARL.

Recent added PERR LESL WHIT at NP; check their data
WHIT is perhaps just at Co Line (Ky 1595 at Henry Bowlin Gap on Pine Mt.

Footnote:
This is widespread in boreal regions of North America, and extends south on rocky sites in the higher Appalachians. Its monotypic genus is closer to Dicentra and Adlumia than Corydalis (Lidén et al. 1997; W).


Comment:
Some plants from LEE (KY) have unusually small apparently cleistogamous flowers.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states from Appalachians to Ozarks. The largely midwestern C. micrantha (Engelm.) Gray has not been reported but may be expected since disjunct populations occur in Tenn. and North Carolina (FNA 3, W). It has distinctly larger flowers, but variation in flower size, cleistogamy and seed characters can be confusing within the genus. Further study of colls. is desirable.


FullName:
Corydalis micrantha (Engelm. ex Gray) Gray

Comment:
1 = Grubbs (1989); but no collection was found at MU. C. micrantha is a large flowered (but small seeded) species known mostly from the mid-west (as ssp. micrantha), but perhaps extending east to the Appalachians (as ssp. australis); distributions remain unclear. Moreover, cleistogamy can also be associated with much variation in flower and fruit size and morphology. More study is clearly needed.


Footnote:
This monotypic genus is widespread in mesic woods of eastern North America, but concentrated on base-rich soils. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "No plant is more commonly met with in early spring, in this vicinity, than the puccoon, by which name it is universally recognised. Perhaps no wild plant better deserves cultivation than this... highly medicinal, being emetic, expectorant and escharotic. It prefers rich, moist, shaded woods, and in such situations it is every where abundant in the spring..." Sanguinaria has apparently declined much in this region, being now largely restricted to rocky ravines near larger watercourses.


Comment:
The WOLF (ek) coll. was by JJR in 1993 and may not yet be accessed.

Footnote:
This species occurs mostly in east-central states from the Ridge-and-Valley to the Ozarks (K); the only two congeners occur in central China (Flora of China 7: 284). Its range is somewhat fragmented, at least partly due to concentration in mesic woods on base-rich soils. Also, its abrupt western boundaries in sw. Ky. and sw. Tenn. suggest that past disturbances (perhaps frequent droughts and fires) may have restricted spread. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "This handsome plant, so abundant on the borders of the Ohio river, is comparatively rare in this neighbourhood ...in rich shaded situations."


Comment:
This species is much used in so-called wildflower planting, and may rarely escape, but is not truly naturalized.


Comment:
Also a Short coll (CI) without locality. 1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991).

Footnote:
This cultivated alien rarely persists or spreads there are scattered records from the Bluegrass region (BOON, FAYE, SCOT).


Comment:
This may just be a rare escape from cultivation; not persistent.

Footnote:
This southeastern weedy species ("prickly poppy") may just be a rare escape from cultivation or adventive waif, and it is probably not persistent (J,W). It occurs mostly in open sandy sites on the Coastal Plain. There is a coll. from FAYE (Ky.-Agr.). The more tropical species, A. mexicana L., may also be expected as a waif or escape.


Footnote:
In Ky. this common Eurasian "poppy" is just be an occasional waif or escape from cultivation.


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): MADI & NICH (BE). Is this escaped from planted "wild flower" beds?

Footnote:
This is a varable hexaploid (2n = 42) that is closely related to rhoeas (2n = 14), and appears to intergrade in some areas (FNA 3).


Comment:
This is often cultivated and rarely escapes, but is not truly naturalized.


Comment:
The KA colls. may be cultivated or escaped; id. is correct. This cultivated species (formerly at least) does not seem to be truly naturalized; all records are old.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 32) occurs widely in eastern North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Footnote:
This octaploid (2n = 64) occurs mostly in east-central states from upper midwest to Appalachian regions and New England. It tends to grow in more fertile soil than cucullaria, often with more disturbance from flooding or animals. Leaves tend to be more bluish-green and glaucous (versus somewhat yellow-green, not glaucous).


Footnote:
This monotypic genus is widespread in humid regions of temperate to tropical North America, and elsewhere in the World, except Europe. It occurs in "oligotrophic or mesotrophic ponds [especially Ky.], lakes and sluggish streams" (FNA 3).


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America. The northeastern species, N. variegata Dur. (sometimes known as a var. or ssp. of advena or luteum), has also been reported but apparently in error (M). Its range overlaps little with advena, but there may be introgression in mid-Atlantic states (FNA 3; Padgett 2007). N. advena can have occasional reddish coloration of flower and fruit parts (especially in western populations), but variegata has distinctly dark red or purplish fruits and also differs in its flattened petioles (W).


Footnote:
This variable species is widespread across North America, with various segregates recognized to the north, west and south. Some cultivars and hybrids have been introduced for ornamental use in ponds. A coll. from GRAN (KNK) has been identified as the sterile hybrid with the southern species, N. mexicana Zucc. (X thiona Ward); see notes in FNA 3.


Footnote:
In Ky. this cosmopolitan aquatic species is known mostly from large old sloughs and ponds. It does not typically occur in artificial lakes or ponds.


Footnote:
There has been some taxonomic confusion with the closely related C. submersum L. or C. muricatum Chamisso, which occur in Eurasia and can be defined in a narrow sense to exclude American plants (as reviewed in W). C. echinatum is widely scattered in eastern North America and the Pacific northwest, but is much less frequent than demersum. In Ky., Tenn. (Ch) and Mo. (Y) echinatum is known from a few natural ponds or sloughs that are somewhat removed from major river valleys, occasionally even in sinkhole ponds or springs. The alien Myriophyllum spicatum could be a serious competitor in these habitats, especially with increase in eutrophic conditions.


Comment:
There is a jv (J. Varner) record is POWE from "Wharton's Room above Cornett Rocks" and is dubious.

CW map from CUMB but perhaps error???
KY was on laon for FNA while CW did thiers

NOT: a bad mapping of his data el = 1 = Little 1971; see also BATH??? mapped in Kartesz

Footnote:
This small tree occurs mostly in the southern Appalachians and Piedmont, and is especially frequent on the southern Cumberland Plateau (PL, W). Reports from POWE and ROWA have not been verified (Gm; Little 1977; Campbell et al. 1989). Plants in Ky. may all have purple stamen filaments, and propagules have been sought for horticultural use. They have been named var. grandiflora (Bean) Weatherby, but most authors have not adopted this division  (FNA 8).


Comment:
Lower case colls (not lb) are for plants that may have (or probably have) escaped from plantings. 

1 = Jones (1985a).

JEFF: also IndSE JF

Footnote:
This southeastern species was originally concentrated on relatively acid soils, especially in Appalachian regions, but it has now become widely cultivated. Open dots in the map include unverified historical data of Gm, plus colls. that may not be from truly native plants. Seedlings occasionally establish from plantings, and it is becoming difficult to distinguish native plants in less forested regions. A horticultural hybrid with the southeastern species, Ilex myrtifolia Walt, is known as X attenuata Ashe; it is widely grown and has escaped locally near the arboretum at Bernheim Forest (BULL).


Comment:
The disjunct MADI (KA) record is perhaps acceptable: H. Garman, 28 Oct 1902, Richmond. 

1 = Jones (1985a); check MU. 

A FAYE record (Short, "Lexington"?) may also exist (Jones 1985a), but must be questioned; no suitable habitat is known. 

Jones (2005) noted that the related I. longipes occurs near Kentucky in western Tennessee.

EDMO (LO colls include A.T. Hotchkiss, 1 Oct 1967, "Edmonson Co."; just a few detached leaves and fruits--was this smuggled out of Mammoth Cave National Park?); this was misided as Rhamnus lanceolata.

Footnote:
This is widespread in swampy lowlands of southeastern states.


FullName:
Ilex montana Torr. & Gray ex Gray var. montana

Comment:
Although this species has been combined with I. ambigua in some treatments, there is little or no overlap in range and morphology; see Weakley. 

1 = Jones (1985a); also CW maps

2 = Little (1979); also CW maps

Footnote:
This Appalachian species has been combined with the more southern I. ambigua (Michx.) Torr. by some recent authors, as I. ambigua var. monticola (Gray) Wunderlin & Poppleton. But there is virtually no overlap in range or morphology (W). Reports of typical ambigua from the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. (M, J, CW) and Tenn. (Ch) may all be based on plants of montana with relatively small hairy leaves. These include some of the colls. from MCRE, POWE and WOLF (KY). Such plants have often been referred to I. beadlei W.W. Ashe or to I. montana var. mollis (Gray) Britt., but those names have been misapplied to montana (W). There are also old unverified disjunct reports of "Ilex mollis" from EDMO (Hussey 1876; Pr).


FullName:
Ilex montana Torr. & Gray ex Gray var. mollis (Gray) Britt.

Comment:
1 = McInteer (1940); 
hu 2 = Hussey (1876); see also Price 1893; but no coll at Purdue

This is a distinctly pubescent form of montana that may be typical of drier sites. Though sometimes combined, I. beadleyi appears closer to the more southern I. ambigua and may not occur in Kentucky; see Weakley.

These plants may not be clearly distinct, but they have provoked confusion with I. ambigua; see notes under var. montana.


Comment:
Most or all material is referrable to the pubescent var. padifolia, but this is not generally recognized. Some colls. from PULA and MCRE suggest var. verticillata, and others may not clearly be var. padifolia. Further study is needed. 

1 = Jones (1985a).

Footnote:
Several varieties of this widespread eastern species have been described by ilicimaniacs (F), but these have been combined in recent treatments (W). Most plants in Ky. have been referred to the relatively hairy var. padifolia (Willd.) Torr. & Gray ex S. Wats. A few colls. from MCRE and PULA would be referable to var. verticillata instead.


FullName:
Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray var. verticillata

Comment:
Need to check collections again; see var. padifolia.


Footnote:
This subshrub occurs across east-central states from mid-Atlantic to Ozarkian regions, usually in woods on acid soils. See notes under hypericoides.


Comment:
See also WHIT (LB). CALL (jc): living collection with UK Arboretum.

Footnote:
This small shrub is widespread from southeastern states to Central America. Often confused with stragalum, it is distinct in its taller habit and more variable leaf sizes, widest near the middle (versus above); see W for a detailed key.


Comment:
pr 1 = Price (1893..); for WARR
hu 2 = Hussey (1876) for Edmonson or Barren; but no coll at Purdue.

np: CLAY from "old data" perhaps error for CASE not included

CLIN: (EK) RNaczi-8609 3Aug2000 4.5 mi NW of Albany 0.2 mi W of route 639, 0.8 mi SW of jct routes 639 and 90; 364449N 851019W; openings in AcrQuphLq.

RUSS: (EK) HHousman 14Aug2005 Sundew meadow off Hwy 76 W of Sycamore Flats; several in open meadow.

Footnote:
This small shrub occurs in southeastern states, mostly on sandy soils of the Coastal Plain. In s. Ky. it is generally restricted to seasonally wet swales and flats with fragipans, which probably have a history of open conditions before settlement, but have become susceptible to agricultural expansion. About half the records date from before 1950.


Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. See notes under lobocarpum, which may be confused in some western records; 2n = 18 in both species.


Comment:
1 = Settle (1973).

DEstes says behind building on restored grass/old field area at Mammoth Cave; he saw with Michelle Weber in 1990s behind small shack at Hel egg relocation site.

MMedley collected on n side of river in swale above limestone cliffs in thin woods, up to 5-10 ft tall (??); check his coll at WK!!!!!!

EK: GRAV MCRA

Footnote:
This is a rather poorly understood species of the central Mississippi Valley. In w. Ky. it is mostly known from relatively species-rich old fields and meadows that may have had open woods or "barrens" before settlement, often on fragipan soils of high terraces and upland swales. H. lobocarpum has been confused with typical H. interior Small and H. densiflorum Pursh, and ranges remain somewhat uncertain (W). 

   H. interior is an extremely narrow-leaved (ca. 1-4 mm) plant typical of streambanks on calcareous soils in or near the southern Ridge-and-Valley region (D. Estes, pers. comm.); it remains unknown in Ky. but occurs nearby in sw. Va. (Lee Co.). Typical densiflorum has moderately narrow leaves (ca. 3-8 mm) and occurs mostly on acid soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain; it is unlikely to occur in Ky. However, Y has suggested that plants named lobocarpum in Mo. result from hybridization of densiflorum and prolificum, which has larger flowers, smaller inflorescences, and blunter, wider leaves (ca. 7-14 mm). H. lobocarpum does have generally intermediate-sized flowers and leaves (ca. 3-12 mm wide), but it is distinct from both species in its 4-5 styles and locules (versus usually 3), as evident in its lobed capsules.


Comment:
Not known from Kentucky; confused in past with lobocarpum.


Comment:
Check RA for BALL. 

YES MCRA (NC): R. Athey 254, 1968 Jun 15, Bloom Avenue near railroad overpass at edge of woods. 

NOT MCRA (EK): RAthey-262 18Jun1968 Bryant Ford Rd wet woods; "adpressum" det Browe but probably punctatum; specimen damaged...

This species must be endangered in KY. A collection named this from FRAN (KY), cited by Medley (1993), was misidentified prolificum, according to JC.

Footnote:
This globally rare rhizomatous herb is widely but thinly scattered in boggy sites from the central Atlantic Coastal Plain to the central Mississippi Valley (W; 2n = 18). It has been overlooked in some regions, and deserves further search in the field and the herbarium (Y, W). In Ky. it is known only from colls. of R. Athey in BALL (check MEM) and MCRA (NCU) during 1968-70.


Comment:
Braun  noted LARU (LB) as a "narrow-leaved form with smaller sepals, mentioned by Svenson (Rhodora 42:16, 1940)". 

1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); check new EK accessions.

JESS (jc) = notes from Scotts Grove; perhaps on roadsides into site; recheck!!

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to calcareous or dolomitic sections of the Interior Low Plateaus, and it occurs locally around the margins of the southern Cumberland Plateau. See notes under sphaerocarpon.


Comment:
Includes var. turgidum: LOGA (LB).

JEFF KY 2 colls of CWShort "rocks at the falls of Ohio" Kentucky, 1840; "Falls of Ohio "a rare and very distinct species," Torrey" Kentucky, 1842.

KY: some WAYN GARR JESS were misid by me/others as dolabriforme.

Footnote:
This herb occurs in somewhat disjunct calcareous or dolomitic sections of east-central states. It varies greatly in overall stature and leaf width, from drier to damper habitats, but no segregates have been recently recognized. H. sphaerocarpon has often been confused with dolabriforme, especially without flowers. Its leaves tend to be wider (ca. 3-10 mm versus 2-6 mm), the larger ones often with a clasping base, and deeper glossy-green above (versus generally glaucous); plants usually make rhizomatous patches (versus clustered stems with little or rhizome). There has also been confusion in nomenclature with H. cistifolium Lam., which occurs only on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Comment:
JC = J. Aldrich coll. to JC for KY (near Vernon-Douglas Woods).

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to rocky calcareous woods on the southern Interior Low Plateaus and the Gulf Coastal Plain. It is similar to prolificum, but has larger flowers, usually solitary, and its leaves are glaucous (Sm, F, J, W). It has been widely used in horticulture (and locally escaped in eastern states), but not yet in Ky.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 32) is a widespread weed in temperate North America that was present in Ky. early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). Rafinesque (1936, 1:31) expressed uncertainty about its naturalized versus native status in North America.


Common:
common St. John's-wort (E North American)

Footnote:
This widespread eastern diploid (2n = 16) varies much in leaf shape, from subclasping or sessile, to oblanceolate and tapering with a distinct petiole. The latter form has been named H. subpetiolatum Bickn., but it has not been segregated in recent treatments.


Species:
cf. pseudomaculatum (punctatum var. ps.)

Comment:
This is a southern variant of punctatum with larger flowers. Never noted in field by JC; is this rare in KY or just overlooked? Weakley notes this is north to s Illinois and e Tennessee. Braun: rare in open oak (formerly with chestnut) woods in BELL & HARL. It would appear to mostly northeastern within Kentucky.

KY: MONT  Wharton's #3021 "punctatum" (det pseudo by Max) seems to be punctatum after all.

Footnote:
This is a poorly understood, large-flowered relative of punctatum (Y, W). It has been rarely documented in southeastern states (W), and may be largely restricted to Ozarkian regions (D. Estes, pers. comm.). However, all Ky. reports are from Appalachian regions, with a northeastern concentration. B listed pseudomaculatum as rare in open oak woods (formerly with chestnut) of BELL and HARL (check US). The name has also been applied to colls. from GRNP and ROWA at KNK. Further revision is needed to determine if these plants in Ky. are just large-flowered forms of punctatum.


Comment:
Label data from the ROWA (MO) coll. may be doubted; see other problems with old MO data (Morehead DBNF District Inventory Report).


FullName:
Hypericum denticulatum Walt. var. ovalifolium (Britt.) Blake

Comment:
To be studied further with new taxonomy; unclear what this might be.


Comment:
There has been confusion with harperi, a name used by Medley (1993), which does not occur in KY; see Weakley. The name H. denticulatum var. acutifolium has been applied to both harperi and virgatum.

Footnote:
This perennial diploid (2n = 24) occurs in southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv. It has been erroneously combined with the related diploid H. harperi R. Keller (centered on the Coastal Plain of Ga.) or the tetraploid H. denticulatum Walter (mostly along the Atlantic Coastal Plain), but nomenclature has now been clarified (W; Allison 2011). In Ky. it is a somewhat conservative plant of southern regions, growing in remnants of open grassy woods or "barrens" on moderately dry, acid soils.


Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern annual or short-lived perennial on damp, acid soils, especially in disturbed areas. Further review of colls. is desirable, in order to assess variation within mutilum and to check for the presence of two related species: the southeastern H. gymnanthum Engelm. & Gray, and the northeastern H. boreale (Britt.) E. Bickn. Both of these species are known in Ill., Ind. and Ohio (K). Also, hybrids can be expected among these species and with canadense; 2n = 16 in all cases (Cr, F, W).


Comment:
1 = M. Woods (1985) report but no collection was found at MU; 2 = M. Evans report from "Sunset Barrens".  Both these reports may be doubted.

Footnote:
This is a largely northeastern annual or short-lived perennial (with short stolons) of damp acid soils, especially where disturbed.


Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern annual, especially on xeric, sterile, acid substrates.


FullName:
Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & Gray

Footnote:
This is a widely scattered southeastern annual. It tends to occur on less xeric sites than the related species, gentianoides; 2n = 24 in both species.


Comment:
Reports by Greenwell (1935) and Browne & Athey (1992) appear to be based on sphaerocarpum.


Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species of swampy woods and marshes.


Comment:
No record is reliable: 
the ROWA (MO) coll. has dubious label data, perhaps from NY; 
the CLIN (BT) record has not been traced to a coll. (see also Hoagland 1990); 
1 = Gibson (1971); but coll not located at Field Museum. 

The species is however scattered inland between the Great Lakes and Coastal Plain, and may be expected.

Footnote:
This is known mostly on the Coastal Plain and in the Great Lakes region, but there are occasional records further inland, such as on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch). It has been reported from Ky. by BT, J and others (M). Colls. from ADAI (for Field) and CLIN (for EKY) may exist, but these have not been located and verified.


Comment:
Curiously not reported by Braun (1943), who apparently "did not like to get her feet wet."

Footnote:
This is widespread in southeastern wetlands, riparian zones and other shorelines. It is less concentrated in deep wooded swamps than walteri.


Species:
triandra {sensu lato; with americana, brachysperma}

Comment:
Reported by Linney (1882) as E. americana; but doubted by Medley (1993). No collection is located. This northern and western species or E. brachyseprma (triandra var. b.) is known from s Ohio, c Illinois and Missouri, and may be expected in Kentucky.

Footnote:
In its broad sense, this diminutive species of drying shorelines is widely scattered over the Northern Hemisphere, but several segregates have been recognized as varieties or species in North America. There are no verified records from Ky., but it is expected (BT, M). The southeastern E. americana (Pursh) Arn. was reported from Ky. by Linney (1882) but no colls. are known. The largely southwestern E. brachysperma Gray is known from c. Ill. and c. Ohio (PL) and may also be expected. Virtually all records of the genus in southeastern states are from artificial impoundments (W; P. Cox, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This large shrub is restricted to central and southern Appalachian regions. The recent FNA 8 erroneously omitted Ky. and Va. from its mapped range; see K for a more detailed map. The more southern species, C. alnifolia L., has been reported but probably in error (as cited by M); in Tenn., it is known only from one southern county (Ch).


Comment:
wi = Clara Wieland (pers. comm.) at Raven Run.

Footnote:
This mycotrophic herb is widespread in moist temperate or montane regions across the Northern Hemisphere, except in Europe. An initial molecular investigation has indicated that segregates may well be warranted (Neyland & Hennigan 2004).


Comment:
KY plants may all be var. rubra, which is generally not distinguished.

Footnote:
This mycotrophic herb is widely scattered across the Northern Hemisphere, but North American plants may deserve distinction as H. americanus (DC.) Small. The spelling "hypopithys" is incorrect at either genus or species level; see Y and W for taxonomic review.


Comment:
1 = Vic Soukup, Dan Dourson, Dan Boone (pers. comms.); colls to be made for EK. 

AR = Allen Risk (coll. to MO?); 

JC = coll. from USFS to be depos. at KY. 

See also LETC (LB). It grows with Pinus virginiana in pine-oak woods on sandstone ridges.

BELL (NP) 2001 Pine Mt St Park trail to Chain Rock 2nd curve after steps from parking lot N side of trail.

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely southern Appalachian mycotrophic herb is known only from a few sites on dry sandstone ridges and slopes in pine-oak woods. Flowers usually appear in March or April, but occasionally as early as late January (D. Dourson and A. Risk, pers. comm.) or even October (D. Boone and M. Klooster, pers. comm.; see also notes in W). The powerful spicy smell of its flowers have sometimes aided in discovery by botanists.


FullName:
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. var. cisatlantica Blake

Comment:
1 = Gibson (1971); but no collection found at FI in July 2007 (or earlier by Cranfill?).
2 = J. Faulkner, sight record (mapped approximately); a very reliable source.

Footnote:
This northern (circumboreal) subshrub has been reported from Ky. in POWE and RUSS, but not verified (Campbell et al. 1989; and Gibson 1971). It is known from the Blue Ridge region, adjacent Piedmont and eastern Coastal Plain (W).


Footnote:
This subshrub occurs in much of eastern North America, but it is concentrated in or near Appalachian regions. There a relatively abrupt western edge to its range in the central and lower Ohio Valley, with only local extensions and disjunctions north to the Great Lakes region (PL).


Comment:
Braun states: "Rare; oak-chestnut forest of higher ridges of Black Mountain."

A sight report from Red Rv area is not trusted; see Stanton Inventory??

Footnote:
This northeastern rhizomatous herb extends south into several counties of se. Ohio, s. W.Va. and e. Va., within 10-50 miles of the Ky. line. The only verified Ky. record is a coll. by B in HARL (US) during the 1930s: "rare, oak-chestnut forest of higher ridges of Black Mountain." This population has not been relocated. There is also a somewhat dubious report from POWE (Campbell et al. 1989).


Comment:
CUMB: (ky) "Cumberland State Park."

EDMO: (lo) no name no date "Edmonson Co. Mammoth Cave National Park."
could be Davies coll? RClark notes "cultivated?"

Footnote:
This large colonial shrub occurs mostly in or near Appalachian regions of eastern states, and is restricted to acid soils. Disjunct western colls. from parks in CUMB (KY) and EDMO (DHL) may well be from cultivated plants but cannot be completely discounted. There is also an anomalous report from TAYL (Gm).


Comment:
Note: reports from POWE and WOLF are erroneous or highly dubious; see DBNF Inventory Report.

Footnote:
In Ky. this southern Appalachian shrub is known only from sandstone clifftops in the Cumberland Mts., and along the southern Cliff Section in MCRE. Reports from POWE and WOLF have been dubious (M, Campbell et al. 1989).


Comment:
It is not clear if the WHIT plants are native or not; erroneously noted as MCRE in Medley (1993).

BELL (KY): E. Carr, 6/15/65 Page and Calmar area E of 25E at least one location occurring in a considerable patch. Mr. Miracle--a school teacher in the area who worked on the front desk at the lodge secured this specimen and has tranplanted several bushes in his yard.

BELL (KY): E. Carr, 7/4/65, Micha Mocha Trail between Hensley Settlement and Martin's Fork. "R. viscosa".

BELL (MUR accession # 536): Jun 5, 1938, top of Pine Mt "R. calendulaceum".

Footnote:
This shrub is largely restricted to rocky summits in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont regions (PL, W), and it may not be native to Ky. The only known wild-looking plants are in small patches at forest edges along roads or trails, all in or near parks. There are colls. from BELL (KY, MUR, RC) on Pine Mt. in or near the state park, and on Cumberland Mt. near the Hensley Settlement. There has also been some local transplanting for display in or near these parks. The WHIT (EK, MM) plants appear native, but they are along Ky. State Rt. 92 close to the entrance to Cumberland Falls State Park. See also notes under Leiophyllum buxifolium.


Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern shrub is known only from seeeping toe-slopes in transitions to the floodplain of the Blood Rv. in CALL. There has been some confusion with prinophyllum, and the northern extent of canescens may remain somewhat uncertain (K, PL, W). In addition to its relatively short corolla lobes (compared to tubes) and often shorter pedicels, canescens differs in its generally non-glandular condition and its less conspicuously ciliate leaves (Cr, FNA 8, W). In contrast to periclymenoides, both species have relatively elongated capsules, are sparsely to densely hairy in general (versus glabrous to sparsely), and can become relatively large, with usually non-colonial stems up to 4-5 m tall; hybrids are known (FNA 8).


Comment:
The RUSS (ek) coll. is vegetative but may be correctly identified. There is also a coll. of var. album from WHIT (LB). Collection from GRNP (LB), LAUR (LB) & ROWA (LB) were determined as var. glandiferum.

Footnote:
This is a largely Appalachian shrub, restricted to acid infertile soils but ranging from subhydric to subxeric sites. Reports from Ky. of the related species, R. viscosum (L.) Torr., remain unverified and dubious (Defries 1884b, Gm; see notes in M). That species occurs mostly in Atlantic states, but it is also known from e. Tenn., e. Va., s. W.Va. and perhaps Ohio (Ch, HFG, K, W).


Comment:
The AC (LEWI) coll. suggests hybridization with R. periclymenoides; FS = coll. at Stanton Ranger Office Herbarium. 

The WHIT (EK) coll. is from Bon Hollow--now largely destroyed by strip-mining; this outlying record is correctly identified. 

1 = sources of Medley (1993); LAUR might be outlying and should be checked; check MM.

ROCK: hg "viscosum"

GRNP: hg "canescens"

Footnote:
This shrub occurs mostly in dry woods of Ozarkian and Appalachian regions, but the range is fragmented and disjunct populations are scattered across southeastern states. It may be expected in w. Ky., since it is known from s. Ill. (ML), but reports from c. Tenn. have been erroneous (K, Ch). There has been some confusion with canescens, which Gm reported from GRNP but probably based on prinophyllum.


Comment:
jm = J. MacGregor (pers. comm.). 1 = Medley (1993); check MM.

Footnote:
This large shrub occurs mostly in the central and southern Appalachians, and within Ky. it is largely restricted to rocky banks along larger streams in the upper Cumberland Rv. watershed. In addition to its distinctive late white flowers with long sepals (Cr, J, W), arborescens is glabrous in virtually all parts, and non-colonial with stems up to 5-6 m tall. Other "azaleas" (sect. Pentanthera) of Ky. reach only 1-4 (5) m.


Footnote:
In Ky. this shrub is restricted to dry acid soils of Appalachian regions (K, W). See notes under cumberlandense, which has been confused. Both species have yellowish to red "xanthic" flowers of varied hue (versus pinkish red in other Ky. azaleas), which smell acrid (versus musky or spicy). R. calendulaceum is considered to be an allotetraploid derived from ancestors of cumberlandense and prinophyllum (FNA 8).


Comment:
The jv report is from "above Stillwater Creek".  

The LAWR coll. should be rechecked.  

The BOYL (KY) coll. is notable for its disjunction and historical interest: H. Garman, 19 Jun 1892, Junction City. id!! by JC and Clark but he did not map it.

1 = source of Medley (1993); check MM. 

There has been some confusion in nomenclature; check with Kartesz and Weakley.

ADAI Garman "calendulaceum: may have been this???

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian shrub is variable, and there has been some confusion with calendulaceum, which has a more widespread Appalachian range (Cr, FNA 8, W). R. cumberlandense differs in its usually smaller, more reddish flowers (versus strictly orange); usually later flowering in June, after leaves have expanded (versus May, with leaf expansion); usually smaller, blunter, less hairy leaves, which tend to dry with a blackish hue; and usually shorter stature, with more rhizome development; 2n = 26 as in most of the genus (versus 52). In Ky. it tends to occur on damper soils, sometimes even along streamhead seeps, but there is much overlap of habitat. The coll. from BOYL (KY) is notable for its disjunction and historical interest: H. Garman, 19 Jun 1892, Junction City. Gm's unverified report of calendulaceum from ADAI is also intriguing.


Comment:
The WHIT (KY) collection from the 1940s may have been a native plant, but extensive searching in this locality (Cumberland Falls State Resort Park) has failed to turn it up. There have been plantings of other Appalachian species in the park area. However, the species has other remarkable dijunctions in its range; see Weakley. Medley (1993) speculates that road construction destroyed the plants.

Footnote:
The only record of this southern Appalachian small shrub is an old coll. from WHIT (KY): B.B. McInteer, 14 Oct 1939, Cumberland Falls, within Park by left of road going west about 100-200 yds from park entrance; "a single individual of this species was discovered... growing on a dry sandy bank" (McInteer 1940). It is possible that this plant was introduced along with establishment of the park in 1931. See also notes under Rhododendron minus, which still grows nearby along the road.


Comment:
The TRIM (KY) coll. locality is: roadside 3 miles NE of Bedford; this may have been planted but acid substrate might be natural on old glacial terraces or some Silurian bedrock.

CW: JESS not believed.

Footnote:
This colonial shrub occurs mostly in Appalachachian regions, but has somewhat disjunct populations elsewhere in southeastern states. Some outlying western records in Ky. deserve further verification, especially in the Bluegrass region. The coll. from TRIM (KY) might be from a planting, stating just "roadside 3 miles NE of Bedford."


Footnote:
In Ky. this small shrub of southern Appalachian regions is known only from the Bad Branch area on Pine Mt. in LETC (EKY, MDKY), and from nearby in HARL (KSNPC database).


Comment:
Reported by M'Murtrie (1819) but no vouchers known. It is known from nearby Scott and Robertson Counties, Tennessee.

Footnote:
This small shrub occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, and its occurence in Ky. remains dubious. E. racemosa (as "Andromeda") was reported from the state by McMurtrie (1819), and is known from adjacent counties in e. Tenn.


Species:
fontanesiana (editorum, axillaris var. e.)

Comment:
This population appears native according to R. Thompson and others, as reported by Abbott et aol. (2001), but D. Taylor, D. White and others are doubtful, pointing out exotic species nearby that may have been planted (Thuja occidentalis, Euonymus fortunei, Maclura pomifera, perhaps Cladrastis). This is a southern Appalachian endemic, unknown far from the Blue Ridge.

Footnote:
The native range of this small shrub is centered on the southern Blue Ridge, extending west to the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mts. and east to the Piedmont (Ch, PL, W). It is known from several counties adjacent to Ky. in e. Tenn. anfd w. Va. (K, PL). L. fontanesiana was recently discovered in HARL and MADI by Abbott et al. (2001; BEREA). However, it is likely that plants in MADI were persistent from old plantings (CW; D. Taylor, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Check RA catalog, collection locations; some assumed from Medley (1993). 

1 = Grubbs & Fuller (1991).

ALLE (NP): 1984 nr Petroleum along US 31E; must be old coll??
DAVI (NP): old record from "Panther Flats"; but NOT mapped by BT; was there misid???

Footnote:
This wetland annual is known from the Ozark region, southern Interior Low Plateaus and Gulf Coastal Plain. In Ky. its distribution is similar to that of capillaceum, and there are no clear differences in habitat (M). P. nuttallii differs (Cr, W) in its longer styles (0.5-1.5 mm versus 0.2-0.5 mm), more elongated seeds (subglobose and ca. 1.5 mm versus ovoid and ca. 2 mm), bracts mostly entire (versus mostly 3-cleft), and leaves with primary divisions alternate or opposite (versus commonly 3 at a node); 2n = 14 (versus 14 and 28). There has been some confusion between these taxa, and some records need to be rechecked.


Comment:
DAVI (bt): see also nuttallii; perhaps misid??

Footnote:
This annual of open wetlands occurs on or near the southeastern Coastal Plain. In Ky. it is known only from a few sites on the Missisippian Embayment (Coastal Plain) and nearby wetlands of the Interior Low Plateaus.


Comment:
Check RA & AP data; some assumed from Medley (1993). 

CALL (NC): Athey 2197, 1972/10/09. 

1 = source unclear in Medley (1993); not BT for DAVI.

Footnote:
This annual has a somewhat fragmented range from N.C. and Ga. to Mo. and Tex. (W). There are no clear differences in habitat from the other species of Ptliimnium. It is potentially the tallest species, up to 1.5 m (about double the others), with crowded verticillate leaf segments, and longer styles (1.5-3 mm versus 0.2-1.5 mm); 2n = 22 or 32 (versus 14 or 28).


Comment:
GH: BELL, CLAR, FRAN, HARL, MADI, WHIT.

Estes data 2008/9:
BELL (B,E,T) BREA (E) CLAY (E) FAYE (E) FRAN (E) GARR (E) HARL (E,T,MI) JACK (E) JESS (E,T) LAUR (IL,FL,E) LEE (E) LESL (E) LETC (E) MADI (B,MU,E,T) MAGO (E) MORG (E) PIKE (B,E,T) POWE (MI) ROCK (E) WOLF (E)

Footnote:
This species, in its narrow sense, occurs mostly in mesic to subxeric woods on base-rich soils from Appalachian regions to the upper midwest. See notes under chapmannii. 

   Plants mapped here include some in drier woods and edges that may appear somewhat transitional to chapmanni. In some cases, such plants are relatively tall (up to 1-2 m versus only 0.5-1 m), and fresh flower color is creamy-white (versus sulphur-yellow in typical barbinode), but this usually becomes yellowish-brown in dried colls. of both variants. B.E. Wofford & D. Estes (pers. comm.) have grouped these plants provisionally with chapmannii, but in Ky. at least they appear closer to typical barbinode. T. barbinode var. garmani Coult. & Rose may be an intermediate; it was described from the Palisades section of the Kentucky Rv. (JESS), but field work here in recent decades has revealed little clear differentiation from typical barbinode.


FullName:
Thaspium chapmanii (Coult. & Rose) Small ?

Species:
cf. chapmanii (barbinode var. angustifolium; ?b. var. garmani)

Comment:
Sometimes misidentified as T. pinnatifidum. See Braun (1943) for clear statement that has been often neglected; but her records should be rechecked; check location for her FLEM (LB) coll.

GH: FLEM (Braun 4 Jun 1938, "thickets, open limestone slopes").

Dwaye Esyes says a Short coll of leaf only from HARD (??) ; check data...
Estes data (2008/8): E = EKY; T = TENN
ANDE (E,T) BARR (E) BOYL (E) BULL (E) CASE (B) CRIT (B,E) ESTI (E) FAYE (IN, E) FRAN (E,KS) JESS (SF,E,T) KENT (B) LARU (E,T) MCRE (E,T) MADI (MU,E) MENI (E) MERC (E,T) NELS (B) OWEN (E) POWE (E) ROCK (MI) RUSS (B) WOOD (E,T)

Footnote:
These rather poorly understood plants are locally abundant in somewhat xeric open areas on calcareous soils in east-central states; mapping here is somewhat tentative. Several authors (F, B, M, W; B.E. Wofford & D. Estes, pers. comm.) have pointed to their distinction from barbinode, but D could make no consistent division in Ind. T. chapmanii was originally known only from calcareous bluffs in Ala., Ga. and Fla. The supposedly synonymous barbinode var. angustifolium Coult. & Rose is known from somewhat xeric calcareous woods and glades in Ill., Ind., Ky., Tenn., Va., and perhaps N.C.

   T. chapmanii appears intermediate between typical barbinode and pinnatifidum in the size of its ultimate leaf segments (not counting divisions cut less than half way to midribs). Compared to barbinode, leaf segments are moderately numerous on larger leaves (ca. 15-75 versus ca. 9-15), mostly 8-15 x 5-10 mm (versus 15-30 x 10-20 mm), usually grayish-granulose green (versus deeper glossy green) and more densely hairy along all veins (versus less hairy to glabrous along smaller veins). Flowers are creamy-white (versus creamy or bright yellow). Mature fruits tend to be smaller (averaging 3-4 mm long versus 4-6 mm). However, there is considerable variation within both taxa.


Comment:
Reports are probably based on virginiana or cultivated material; see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 14) occurs in Europe and, mostly as var. americana Porter, in northern North America. It is known from Ohio, W.Va. and Va., within 50 miles of Ky., and it extends south along the higher Appalachians to N.C. (W). But reports from Ky. have been erroneous or dubious (M).


FullName:
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. virginiana

Comment:
This variety is more northern and eastern; but distinction from var. illinoensis needs more study.


Comment:
Provisionally noted under incaedua.

This "prairie hawthorn" may not occur in KY.


Comment:
There was much confusion with pilosum in older literature, but this species is possible.

recheck CALL (MU): probably dumosus (July 2006).

GRAY (ek) does not have very pronounced subulate tips to phyllaries.
A similar coll. from FAYE (EK) is probably pilosum x racemosum.
Colls. from CALL (MUR) and GRAY (EKY) have been referred to ericoides, but do not appear to be reliably identified. 

EK: CARL of RA = pilosus; CALL of RA are racemosus

Footnote:
This ranges widely in northeastern and midwestern regions, with considerable variation; 2n = 10, 20, 30. There are several reports from Ky. (M), but there has been much confusion with pilosum, racemosum or other species, especially using older treatments. S. ericoides is more closely related to pratense and concolor; its leaves are narrow but mostly sessile with a flared base. It is rare to absent in southeastern states (PL, W), but there is a coll. from Adams Co., Ohio (Miami Univ. herbarium), a county adajcent to LEWI, Ky.


Comment:
Lower leaves are often glabrous, suggesting lanceolatus, but the longer, recurving disc corolla lobes are typically distinctive.

Footnote:
This is widespread on damp fertile soils in much of eastern North America, centered in midwestern regions but rare to absent in more southeastern states (W). Typical plants are tetraploid (2n = 32), and appear somewhat intermediate between lanceolatum and lateriflorum in several characters, but distinguished by their uniformly puberulent upper leaves and stems (FNA 20, Y and their citations). Disc corollas of ontarione have lobes are about 1/2 as long as their inflated sections; those of lateriflorum are about 2/3; those of lanceolatum and other related species are about 1/3 or less. Its habitat is also intermediate. 

   S. ontarione seems consistently distinct in Ky., but it is sometimes confused with lanceolatum since lower leaves are often glabrate to glabrous. More glabrous diploids around the Great Lakes have been named var. glabratum (Semple) Brouillet & Bouchard (= A. laterifllorus var. tenuipes; J.C. Semple, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A.& D. Löve

Comment:
See also CLAR: Beckett (1956); recheck at KY. There is much variation within this species, but not enough study for proper mapping; see provisional notes below.

EK: BELL check tenuipes in general

KY: BELL tenuipes!! Yvonne Thompson has coll to be asked...

WAT: POWE is var angustifolium det Semple; "Ky 77 Nada Tunnel W side, edge of sandstone rockbases..."

Footnote:
This is widespread in woodlands of eastern North America. It is usually distinct due to its long disc corolla lobes, which turn reddish-purple to brown; inflorescences usually have relatively long divaricate to ascending sub-racemiform  branches, with heads somewhat secund on 0-1 cm peduncles; lower leaves are relatively broad, typically with hairy mid-veins; stems tend to be ascending (versus strictly erect), on woody caudices with relatively short rhizomes. 

   However, lateriflorum is highly variable (2n = 16, 32, 48), and hybrids are known with several other species, sometimes making identification difficult (Semple et al. 2002; FNA 20, Y, W). Several colls. from Ky. have been referred to var. angustifolium (Wieg.) Nesom, var. hirsuticaule (DC.) Nesom, var. horizonatale (Desf.) Nesom (= A. pendulus Ait.), or var. tenuipes (Wieg.) Nesom, but these taxa have not been consistently recognized in recent treatments. In Ky. distinct plants with relatively narrow leaves and glabrous mid-veins are known from streamheads and seeps in BELL, POWE, MARS, MCRE and elsewhere (EKY, KY, Univ. of Waterloo). The name var. tenuipes was apparently misapplied to such plants by F and others; they can probably be included within var. angustifolium, which is known mostly from more northeastern regions (Semple et al. 2002).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A.& D. Löve var. angustifolium (Wieg.) Nesom

Comment:
1 = Wharton (1945); MICH?

MENI (LB at US) needs study. This was not recognized by Fernald (1950), but is listed in BONAP.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A.& D. Löve var. hirsuticaule (DC.) Nesom

Comment:
This was not recognized by Fernald (1950) but is listed in BONAP. 1 = Medley's (1993) note of a dubious Fuller collection at MU; 2 = Price (1893); 3 = KSNPC (1992); see Medley (1993).


Comment:
EK: "uninervia" from FULT McKinney to check = brachiata! Jan 2009

Footnote:
The closely related species (or subspecies), L. uninervia (J. Presl.) N. Snow, is also expected. Both taxa are widespread weeds on damp base-rich soils in warmer regions of the Americas. They extend north through much of the U.S.A, especially in drier central states. All taxa of Leptochloa in Ky. are probably diploids (2n = 20; FNA 25).


Species:
columbianum (acuminatum ssp. c., sabulorum var. thinium)

Comment:
1 = Shaklette (1937).  Some colls. from HARD (KY) and BATH (AR) may be var. columbianum--is this distinct?  The CALL (si) coll. may be close to P. acuminatum var.   lindheimeri or a hybrid.

OLDH (LO): JJMathews-747 23Jun1961 dry open roadside bank, Covington Church Rd. (as "meridionale")

SCOT (JC for KY): W Overbeck 22Oct2008 Gaines Rd, thin oak woods on ridge (Eden Shale), probably grazed in recent decades.

EK: JACK LETC ??!! (not FAYE; = acum group)

Footnote:
Nomenclature, variation and distribution need further study. D. columbianum appears to intergrade with acuminatum, lindheimeri, meridionale and other close relatives. It has been recently treated as a largely northeastern subspecies in the acuminatum group (FNA 25). However, columbianum is relatively distinct in its shorter ligule hairs (0.7-1.5 mm versus 1-5 mm), and dense 0.1-0.4 mm hairs on sheaths and culms as well as longer hairs (versus glabrous); see also Hitchcock & Chase (1950), Y and W.  A few Ky. colls. have been referred to Panicum tsugetorum Nash (with longer spikelets), which is combined in recent treatments.


Comment:
CRIT: (EK) EM&ET Browne-69E11.21, 30May1968, E bank Cumberland Rv, 0.6 mi down private road NW of old Pinchneyville-Dycusburg Rd, W-NW slopes on limestone.
CUMB: (EK) Clark colls.!!! 1.5 m N of Burkesville E of Ky 61; also along Ky 704 0.2 mi N of jct with Ky 61.
CUMB: (LB) this reported collection under P. inodorus by Braun may also need rechecking for pubescens.
LYON: (AP) only colls from homesites; but there is also a NY coll apparently native.
HARD (NP): 1982 Fort Knox Tioga Springs.
JEFF: (LO) HPeterson-123 26Jul1951 fairly moist soil, bottom of hill on Mitchell Hill; also ELovell-174 9Jul1955 creek bank of Bear Grass Cr. lJC clearly hairy leaves];
Note another Clark det coll from JEFF says planted (Gunn J122); and JC = coronarius??
MADI: (EK) city park.
PULA: (EK) JC/MM coll plus RMears & GLibby 1995 same site along road across from entrance to Burnside State Park.
TRIG: (AP) Chester got coll in 2008 not processed yet; already colls in herb from old home sites.

CLAR: lower Howards Cr pubescens apparently naturalized?? (grows with Dave Svetitch).

Footnote:
This largely Ozarkian species is known from disjunct eastern areas on limestone cliffs, or sometimes sandstone. It has been difficult to determine the alien versus native status of some records, and distinction from the alien coronarius is often difficult; see also "cf. intectus" for potential taxonomic confusion. Only probable native plants are mapped as certain records. Colls. from CLAR (JC for KY) and JEFF (DHL) should perhaps be excluded since they may be derived from plantings or locally naturalized. However, there are records of native plants adjacent to JEFF in MEAD and HARD (KSNPC database).


Comment:
CARL (np); see Medley 1993, cited KSNPC 1992 data: "Fish Lake E of Berkley on Ky 877."

FULT (RA, NP): Fish Pond ca 2 mi NNE of Sassafras Ridge.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered over North America, but it is uncommon to rare in southeastern states (Cr, W). It is closely related to the Eurasian species, U. vulgaris L., and combined by some authors; 2n = 44.


Comment:
Recently collected from sandstone outcrop in LIVI (JC) SW of Joy. 

1 = Grubbs (1989) for HICK misid of caroliniensis (July 2006 JC checked) MU: Grubbs 251, upland woods; taken out of database.

See also McFarland (1942).

MHomoya: Perkins Tract along road down to pond (or nearby)

Footnote:
This largely Ozarkian species was recently collected on sandstone outcrops along roads southwest of Joy in LIVI (JC for KY; M. Homoya for WKY). It has also been reporterd by McFarland (1942) and Grubbs (1989), but the latter was based on a misidentified coll. of caroliniensis from HICK. 

   Disjunct relatives of peduculata to the east of Ky. have been segregated as R. purshiana Fern. and R. pinetorum Fern. (W). R. purshiana occurs close to Ky. in the Ridge-and-Valley of w. Va. and ne. Tenn., but is unknown within the state.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993). Lower case records might have come from cultivated plants.

MM some from his 2007 Jun list; presumably his colls... check.

EK: BELL CLIN MCRE METC PERR POWE RUSS WAYN

Footnote:
This East Asian species ("wineberry") is clearly spreading by seed across eastern states, especially in Appalachian and mid-Atlantic regions. In Ky. a few early records may come from persistent plantings, but the species is now much more widespread than colls. indicate.


Comment:
Medley (1993) notes LAWR (KA) but this may have been moved from KA; recheck. This species is locally naturalized in West Virginia, but the context of this Kentucky collection is unknown.

Footnote:
This cultivated Japanese species ("strawberry-raspberry") is locally naturalized in Appalachian regions (W), but not confirmed to be wild in Ky. M noted a coll. from LAWR (LY-Agr.), but its context is unknown, and the coll. now appears mislaid.


Footnote:
This Mediterranean annual weed is now widely scattered across southeastern states, especially in frequently mowed areas. The first record from Ky. was provided by Browne & Athey (1978). This monotypic genus shares several features with Galium; 2n = 22.


Comment:
An added coll. from JEFF (LO) appears to be var. pubescens (not generally checked for).

Footnote:
This shrub is widespread in wetlands of eastern North America and Central America. Record mapped here include var. pubescens Raf., which is collected from JEFF (DHL) and probably elsewhere. That taxon has not been recognized in most recent treatments (W).


Comment:
BALL (KY) is somewhat lobed which could make it var. lutescens if that is distinguished? (check treatment of this)

GH: BALL, MCRA, MUHL, UNIO.

MB: BALL, LYON, MCRA, MUHL

AP: LYON, TRIG.

DBoone colls: distinct from MO; unlobed shiny leaves; bark like viridis...

Footnote:
This is widely distributed on lowlands of southeastern states. Possible varieties and hybrids deserve further study (Sargent 1905, 1922; Britton & Brown 1913; F, St). Typical viridis has oblong-ovate leaves with moderely lobing, and bright red fruit. The midwestern var. ovata (Sarg.) Palmer (with unlobed or shallow-lobed ovate leaves and yellow-red fruit) was reported from w. Ky. in Britton & Brown (1913); it has been recently treated as a species by USDA (PL). A coll. from BALL (KY) with more deeply serrated or lobed leaves may be referable to var. lutescens Palmer ex Gleason. (but see also var. interior (Beadle) Palmer). A coll. from MCRA (check MO) with bright yellow fruits was named forma padukensis Palmer & Pickens. Var. lanceolata (Sarg.) E.J. Palmer is known from w. Tenn. 

   Some cultivated plants have been referred to the closely related C. nitida (Engelm.) Sarg., with relatively thick glossy leaves, larger flowers and larger fruit (F, St), suggesting hybridization with Crus-gallii or Punctatae (especially in plants with leaves relatively broad and somewhat glaucous below). C. X nitida reportedly originates from Ill., Mo. and Ark., but it appears to have become widely grown under the names nitida or viridis ("Winter King") in eastern states (PL; Dirr 1997; see images at mobot.org/ gardeninghelp/). Such trees have been widely planted in urban landscapes of c. Ky.


Comment:
This name has been misapplied to I. hederacea in some cases; it is a tropical species unknown here.


Comment:
GRAN (NK) added: G.F. Buddell & Thieret 7802. The rare forma albiflorum is collected from CAMP (NK).

Aedo 2001: WARR (Price MB); CALL (Athey MB); CASE & FLEM (Wharton MB); WOLF (MB);

Footnote:
This perennial is widespread in woods across much of eastern North America, though rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. Its life-history has been intensively studied, especially the frequent "gynodioecy" of some populations, with male-sterile and hermaphrodite plants (e.g. Chang 2006). But there does not appear to have been a comprehensive survey of variation across its range, including cytology; Aedo (2001) recently noted 2n = 52. G. maculatum appears close to several diploids in western North America and Eurasia with 2n = 28.


Comment:
Reported by Hussey (1876)--checked Purdue Mar 2010 but none!!!

known from Ohio and Tennessee, but not verified in Kentucky; this circumboreal species may be native in the region.

Footnote:
This is a widespread northern (circumboreal) polyploid (2n = 64), but perhaps only naturalized in most eastern states. It is known from a few scattered sites in the Ohio Valley, including nc. Tenn., where it is considered native (Ch). In Ky. it was reported by Hussey (1876) from EDMO or nearby, but no coll. has been located at Purdue or elsewhere.


Footnote:
This distinctive weed (2n = 18) is widely naturalized across northeastern states. In Ky. the first records date from the 1930s (B).


Comment:
1 = Guetig (1993). 2 - Wharton & Barbour (1991). CARR (NK) added: J.W. Thieret & Baird 61941.

Footnote:
This is widely naturalized across northern states. In Ky. the first records date from 1940-60 (M).


Comment:
1 = Davies (1955). See also plants initially identified as rotundifolium, including ALLE (wk).

Footnote:
This is widely naturalized across northern states. In Ky. the first records date from the 1950s. A few plants were initially identified as G. rotundifolium L. (Gunn 1968). These two species plus pusillum are closely related weeds (2n = 26), with ecological differences poorly understood. Hybrids are not documented.


Comment:
The ALLE (WK) coll. lacks flowers and id. is tentative. This species has been confused with molle; an earlier report by Gunn (1939) was redetermined as molle (Gunn 1968b). G. rotundifolium may be unknown in eastern states.


FullName:
Geranium carolinianum L. var. carolinianum

Comment:
Most of this species may the typical variety but only colls. at LO and NK so far.  BOON (NK) added: J.W. Thieret & Baird 61971. GRAN (NK) added: G.F. Buddell collections.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 52) species is a robust annual or biennial, native in eastern and western states. It is even a locally problematic weed in horticultural settings. In Ky. var. carolinianum appears to be the predominant variety but further checking is needed.


FullName:
Geranium carolinianum L. var. confertiflorum Fern.

Comment:
Only colls. at LO and NK have been checked; needs more work. This variety is supposed to be generally more northern. It is generally recognized in recent treatments: more loosely villous-hirsute with hairs mostly 1 mm long (versus <0.5 mm), infl mostly crowded 5-25 flws (versus 4-12).

Footnote:
This partly replaces var. carolinianum in northeastern regions. The separation of varieties here is provisional. Although generally recognized in recent treatments (W), differences in pubescence and inflorescence are not clearcut in Ky., and there may be little difference in distribution within the state.


Comment:
The GALL and KENT colls. are from nurseries; MADI from edge of field near a greenhouse; the CAMP and PEND colls are from roadsides. Also reported from Mammoth Cave National Park by Faller (1975). It can be hard to distinguish versus G. carolinianum. It has upper leaves with more linear, acute segments; flowers deep red-violet/maroon (versus pink); carpel bodies short-hispid with spreading hairs (versus long-villous with ascending hairs); carpel beaks densely glandular (versus with few or no glands).

Footnote:
This is an occasional weed across northeastern states, especially along roadsides and similar sites, often in nurseries and greenhouses. In Ky., the first records date from 1970-90 (M). Though not closely related (2n = 22), it can be confused with the native carolinianum, and further checking is desirable in herbaria. It has upper leaves with more linear, acute segments; flowers deep red-violet/maroon (versus pink); carpel bodies short-hispid with spreading hairs (versus long-villous with ascending hairs); and carpel beaks densely glandular (versus with few or no glands).


Footnote:
This short-lived monocarpic plant (often biennial) is widespread in eastern North America, usually growing in riparian woods or adjacent toeslopes (Hawkins et al. 2005). In Ky. it is generally common, but it has generally been grazed out of farmland (as well as associated plants like Amphicarpaea). It is closely related to C. japonica Hassk., which is cultivated in Japan for food, but the edible potential of canadensis has received rather little attention (Duke 2000). C. canadensis and Perideridia americana are the only eastern Apiaceae with chromosome numbers based on n = 10 (Cr).


Footnote:
This monotypic genus (W) is widespread in woods on dry base-rich soils across eastern Northern America, but absent from most of the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, usually in thin woods and edges on damp base-rich soil. In Ky. it is generally concentrated in low woods along streams, where subject to flooding and browsing. Rarely, it also survives in remnants of native vegetation on uplands. See key in W to all eastern species of Zizia and Thaspium; species of these genera are often confused. These are two of the more diverse genera in eastern North America, yet no hybrids are known within them or between them, despite all sharing the same chromosome number (2n = 22 as in most Apiaceae) and flowering in similar seasons.


Comment:
Although this species has been reported from Kentucky several times, no vouchers have been located; see also Medley (1993). Fernald (1950) indicates that this species occurs only in the southern Appalachians east of Kentucky.

Footnote:
This is known mostly in or near the southern Appalachians, but there are disjunct populations in southeastern states from e. Ark. to n. Fla. (PL). There has been confusion with Z. aurea (and perhaps with Thaspium trifoliatum in name); see W for a detailed key. No verified colls. of Z. trifoliata from Ky. have been located (M), but there have been some authoritative reports (e.g. Gl, Cr), and it is known from adjacent counties of w. Va.


Footnote:
This species occurs from east-central states to the Great Plains and beyond (?), often in "moist" habitats (F, Cr, W); only var. aptera occurs in the east. In Ky. aptera typically occurs in thin dry upland woods and edges on somewhat base-rich soils. It is also frequent on seasonally xeric boulder-cobble bars along the Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries. It has often been confused with Thaspium trifoliatum.


Comment:
Several records suggest establishment but is this really naturalized? Check label data. 1 = Grubbs (1989).

Footnote:
This cultivated biennial (caraway) is locally naturalized in northern states and adjacent Canada (F, Cr, W). Records from Ky. suggest that it has become naturalized only at scattered sites in western regions.


Footnote:
This is widespread in mesic woods across eastern North America, but uncommon to rare on the southeastern Coastal Plain. In the southern half of its range, Laportea is generally restricted to riparian terraces, but within cooler regions it occurs more widely through upland woods on fertile soils. In Ky. it may have been much more widespread in farmed landscapes before being reduced by hogs or other livestock, which find it nutritious despite the stinging hairs. Ageratina altissima can largely replace Laportea after such disturbance, as found in the forests of the Great Smoky Mts. when influenced by wild boar (Howe et al. 1981; JC, pers. obs.).


Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species on wet fertile soils. Plants treated by F as var. drummondiana (Weddell) Weddell have generally not been distinguished in Ky., and may just be a sun-grown form (Cr.).


FullName:
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. drummondiana (Weddell) Weddell

Comment:
Excluded; probably just a sun form (Cronquist); not generally distinguished in KY.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, usually in woods on damp fertile soils; it is less common on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Comment:
The MADI (EK) coll. was a weed in potting soil. This species is probably not truly naturalized in Kentucky; it is appears rarely adventive from the south on the southeastern Coastal Plain (Weakley). P. Dalton Haragan found this in a nursery in JEFF and sent a collection to NK (accessed!!).

Footnote:
This is rarely adventive from subtropical America on the southeastern Coastal Plain (W).There are colls. from JEFF (KNK) and MADI (EKY), but these were weeds associated with potting soil. It is probably not truly naturalized in Ky.


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992) and others, but perhaps based on immature pumila; see Medley (1993). There are no clearly identified vouchers. This is a generally northern species, perhaps to be expected in northern and eastern Kentucky. It is very close to pumila but has less elongate, tuberculate, dark seeds with pale margins (versus smooth and paler brown with raised lines and mottles); also leaves may be less shiny and translucent (Weakley).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in northeastern regions, and may be expected in northern and eastern Ky. It is similar to pumila but has less elongate, tuberculate, dark seeds with pale margins (versus smooth and paler brown with raised lines and mottles); also leaves may be less shiny and translucent (W). It has been reported from Ky. by BA and others, but perhaps based on immature pumila (M); there are no clearly identified vouchers.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check RA, MM; also Boufford (1990). 

2 = Price (1893).

CARL (jc): Westvaco WMA; check notes along banks of Miss Rv

POWE (KY): behind outhouse of Miguel's Pizzeria near Natural Bridge; perhaps adventive; Miguel has planted many species at the site; plants gone by 2000 or so.

Footnote:
This widespread northern species is typically diploid (2n = 26), but has sometimes been combined as a subspecies with the European tetraploid, U. dioica L. The latter is a more strongly stinging, often dioecious plant unknown in Ky., but with scattered reports from most adjacent states, especially in the central Appalachians (FNA 3; W). Combination of these two species has led to some erroneous widespread mapping of an "invasive species" (e.g. SE).

   In eastern states, gracilis is scattered south along the Ohio Rv. and Mississippi Rv. to La., and along the Appalachians at least to Va. (FNA 3; W). Although somewhat weedy, it is mysteriously absent from most of Ky., and Gm called it "an obscure plant" as well as Pilea pumila. It may have become somewhat limited due to its relatively high palatability for some generalist herbivores, including hogs and other livestock; see also notes on Laportea. 

   Either U. gracilis or Laportea must have been the "nettles" referred to by pioneers in the Bluegrass region as "very tall" or "four feet high" plants collected for fiber to weave with "buffalo wool" (e.g. Fleming 1780 in Mereness 1916; Olive Boone ca. 1842 in Hammon 1999; Clinkenbeard 1842 in Beckner 1928).


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992) in error, based on gracilis.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check Boufford (1990). 

Check also AP for LYON & TRIG.

2 = Bouffard 1990; and/or pers comm to JKartesz

HARR (jc); very rare--get coll next time!!! (Griffith Woods)

Footnote:
This southeastern annual can grow throughout the year, with flowering halted only during winter. In Ky. it is locally abundant on river bottoms of the Mississippian Embayment. But it is virtually absent upstream within the Ohio Rv. watershed except in the Bluegrass region of nc. Ky. and se Ohio. (Boufford 1990; PL), where it occurs sporadically on disturbed ground in damp eutrophic woods.


FullName:
Houstonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. var. nigricans

Comment:
Strangely undercollected, this species may be scattered widely in rocky limestone glades of western Kentucky. Most or all collections from the Kentucky River Palisades, including JESS (KY) appear distinct; see below. Check MM collections; some assumed here.

The mm colls from PULA and WAYN need to be confirmed; they may be the broad-leaved form; see GH.

WK: none!!! but MM: BULL, GARR; these seem typical with lvs 1-2(3) mm wide, slightly fascicled, decreasing into infl; more or less dense infl; only 15-20 cm tall.

Anderson 1947: ESTI

Footnote:
This species may have been overlooked or undercollected in western regions of the state, where there are sight records from rocky glades that are not mapped here. H. nigricans varies greatly over its broad midwestern and southern range, and it deserves further collection and analysis; 2n = 18, 20, 36 and 40 (Church & Taylor 2005). Several southwestern segregates have been recognized, but the remaining widespread variety has not been divided (Terrell 2001).

   Based on seed characters and chromosome numbers, Terrell (1996, 2001) proposed that nigricans belongs in a new genus, as Stenaria nigricans (Raf.) Terrell. Morphological and molecular data do not provide strong support for distinction of this genus from Houstonia (Church & Taylor 2005; W), but it could be a reasonable section.


FullName:
Houstonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. var. rupestris (Raf.) new comb.

Species:
nigricans* var. rupestris? {broad-leaved variant}

Comment:
This broad-leaved form of nigricans has been misnamed H. longifolia by some.

GH: WAYN; also Short collections ("longifolia") that = the broad-leaved form.

Houstonia nigricans varies greatly over its broad mid-western and southern range, and it deserves further collection and analysis. Turner (1995, 2001) treated several southwestern segregates as distinct taxa, but did not subdivide the typical widespread variety. Terrell (2001) included the following in var. nigricans: “Houstonia rupestris Raf., Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. 5:226. 1820. Non Hedyotis rupestris Swartz, 1797. TYPE: U.S.A. KENTUCKY: rocks bordering Kentucky River, specimen lost?” The only known collection that may be a type is at NY (accession number 00131898), labelled “Houstonia rupestris Raf. ... aff. H. tenuifol. ... fruticosa ... ad. Rupes. fluvi. Kentucky.” This specimen definitely belongs with the variant outlined here, and it is provisionally assigned as the type.

Footnote:
Terrell (2001) did not distinguish this taxon, which has no established type coll. But Rafinesque referred to it four times (Merrill 1949) and there is a potential type at NY (acc. no. 00131898): [collector not stated] "Houstonia rupestris Raf. ... ad rupes. fluvi. Kentucky" [cliffs bordering Kentucky Rv.]. It also appears to be the unnamed Houstonia of Short & Peter (1835): "only among the rich debris of the limestone cliffs bordering the Kentucky river, where rooting deeply in the fissures of the rock, it forms dense clumps of considerable magnitude, with numerous semi-prostrate stems a foot long." 

   Based on a review of colls. at GH, MO, NY and elsewhere, this variant of nigricans appears largely restricted to limestone cliff-tops along the Kentucky River Palisades, the Cumberland Rv. in Ky. and Tenn., and perhaps the Sequatchie Valley in Tenn. (KY,  APSU, TENN). The largest leaves in each plant (generally at mid-stem) are ca. 3-6 mm wide, and there is less reduction into the inflorescence; axillary fascicles of narrow leaves are lacking. In typical nigricans, the largest leaves are usually 1-2.5 (3) mm wide; leaves are much reduced into the inflorescence; and axillary fascicles are usually present at mid-stem. The broad-leaved variant also appears to have a more decumbent, spreading habit and less congested inflorescences, with about 5-10 pure white flowers per square cm in pressed specimens; typical nigricans has about 10-20 pale bluish flowers per square cm. More analysis is needed to determine the degree of distinction.


Comment:
1 = Mabel Slack 1941 thesis Flora Cherokee Park JEFF; coll in storage at Cornell still (Pat Haragan).

Footnote:
This creeping stoloniferous plant is widespread across eastern North America, but largely restricted to woods on acid soils in somewhat mesic sites.


Comment:
Braun notes a Short (CI) coll from "Sandy borders of Ky. River."

HART: JC for WK from Gr Rv 2007.

Footnote:
This decumbent perennial occurs mostly along shorelines and disturbed lowlands in the central and lower Mississippi watershed, and on the Gulf Coastal Plain. S. glabra is similar in general habit and morphology to the two Diodia species, and although treatable in distinct genera, these three species form a distinctly weedy group along the gradient from wet to dry; 2n = 28 in all.


Comment:
WK: MM! WAYN, WOLF.

PU: MARI 1874 Hussey?

Footnote:
This ranges across east-central states, usually in somewhat subxeric woods on base-rich soils.


Comment:
HARL: (WK!) MM-2285-80.

HENR: KY JLGentry 627 3Aug1962; Ky 389; 0.6 mi S of Carroll-Henry line; 0.8 mi SW of highway; Gullion Run, steep hillside, deciduous woods; Worthville Qd. Rare.

Footnote:
This occurs in northeastern and Appalachian regions, usually in relatively mesic woodlands and edges.


Comment:
PH & CM are cited by Pennell (1935); do not trust!!!
1 = collection at KY that burned. 

See notes under pallidus and brevisepalus, where more records of canescens should be sought. Distinction based on calyx size remains needs to be reexamined. P. canescens may just be a larger flowered form of brevisepalus, perhaps introgressed with digitalis or calycosus. Check also ESTI (lo).

Old collections at NY and PH included here; some dupes between these herbaria.

Clements (1995): BULL (LO); MEAD (LO); OWEN (LO); RUSS (LO); TRIG (LO). Note these do not match what JC saw there... rechecked--the OWEN are hirsutus I think.

AP: TODD might be pallidus but perhaps faded color...

WK: ?BELL, ?BARR 2008; MM FRAN {?!? large serrate lvs]; MM CUMB.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. Distinction from brevisepalus, which appears much more common in Ky., and from pallidus (a western relative) has often been difficult. P. canescens may just be a large-flowered, broad-leaved variant in this group, with more restriction to relatively cool mesic sites in the Appalachians (centered on the Blue Ridge). The related southern Appalachian species, P. smallii Heller, was reported from Ky. by BA, but no coll. has been located; its record from nearby in Tenn. (Ch) was based on a misidentified calycosus (D. Estes, pers. comm.).

   Compared to brevisepalus (F), corollas of canescens are 2-3.5 cm long (versus 1.5-2.6 cm), the tube 8-10 mm and abruptly enlarged into the throat (versus 5-8 mm, gradually tapering); and its sepals after anthesis equal or exceed the capsule, with lanceolate shape (versus equal and ovate).


Comment:
Easily confused with anagallis-aquatica; recheck. See also Pennell (1935) for FAYE: Short, "Lexington" (KW, PH).

OLDH (LO): MSeargent-51 2May1939 edge of ponds and streams, Lake Louisville.

Footnote:
This subaquatic, circumboreal species is widespread in cool temperate regions of North America. It is easily confused with the more weedy anagallis-aquatica (or glandifera), and combined by some authors (K). Sterile hybrids may be expected (Cr; Clapham et al. 1962). Based on Pennell (1935; see also F and Cr), catenata has obtuse to acute sepals (versus acute to acuminate); capsules relatively broad (reniform-obcordate versus ovate-orbicular) and more distinctly notched; and leaves more elongated (l/w ca. 3-5 versus 1.5-3). Other authors emphasize its smaller inflorescence with shorter pedicels (Clapham et al. 1962; J, W). Two colls. from Ky. are confirmed here: from FAYE (KY-Agr., PH; J.S. Terrill, 23 Jul 1892; Pennell 1935) and OLDH (DHL; M. Seargent #51). These colls. are referable to var. glandulosa (Farw.) Pennell, the predominant form in eastern regions (F).


Comment:
Braun's record from MENI/POWE was based on misidentification of puberula var. simulans. Reports of Fernald (1950) and others are dubious; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
Most/all material of this species from the state appears to be this variety, but the species is "highly variable, and represented by a number of forms" (Braun 1943). 1 = McVaugh (1936).

LO: BULL, JEFF, LAUR, MEAD, MENI, POWE, PULA, TODD, WOLF (var. not det.).

Footnote:
This widespread perennial of southeastern states is "highly variable, and represented by a number of forms" (B), but these may not be worth recognizing (Y). Virtually all colls. of this species in Ky. are referable to var. simulans Fern. Colls. from HICK and perhaps CARL (MUR) are referable to var. mineolana F. Wimmer. Typical var. puberula occurs on the eastern Coastal Plain and Piedmont, and is unknown in Ky. The more southern species, L. georgiana McVaugh (= L. amoena Michx. var. glandulifera Gray), has been reported from Ky. (B, F) but apparently based on misidentified puberula (M).


FullName:
Lobelia puberula Michx. var. mineolana F. Wimmer

Comment:
There is a report from CARL (Wilson 1976) that may be be vouched at MU. Check also the HICK (MU) record. Other material under var. simulans needs to be examined further.

This variety is centered on the Gulf Coastal Plain; further study of colls. is needed to clarify its distribution.


Comment:
LO: ALLE, ANDE, BALL, BULL, CAMP, GRAV, HARL, JEFF, LAUR, LIVI, MEAD, MERC, NELS, OLDH, OWEN, POWE, WOLF.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread in eastern North America (except La. and Tex.). In Ky. it is especially frequent along trails and rough roads through woods.


Species:
spicata var. spicata (originalis, ?campanulata)

Comment:
Lower case colls. may be var. leptostachys or intermediate.  All material should be rechecked for var. with a current treatment.

LO: HENR transferred to var. lepto. (after id of Thompson & Abbott).

LO: BULL transferred to var. lepto (.....).

Footnote:
This variable perennial occurs across much of eastern and central North America, and several segregates have been described. Distinction of var. leptostachys remains somewhat uncertain; see D.J. Bogler (in Y) for a detailed key. Var. leptostachys is known mostly from calcareous regions of east-central states (PL), and has been considered typical of drier sites than var. spicata (F, Cr). However, no clearcut differences in distribution or habitat have been noted in Ky., Tenn. (Ch), Mo. (Y) or further east (W). 

   Other potential variants need assessment. A coll. from POWE (DHL) may be referable to the northern var. campanulata McVaugh, and B reported var. originalis McVaugh from several counties, but Bogler has included both taxa within var. spicata. F also reported the southeastern var. scaposa McVaugh from Ky., but colls. have not been located.


FullName:
Lobelia spicata Lam. var. leptostachys (A. DC.) Mackenzie & Bush

Comment:
This east-central variety is relatively tall, with long reflexed calyx auricles.
Lower case coll. need rechecking for var.--some may appear intermediate. 
1 = McVaugh (1936). 
LO: BULL, EDMO, HENR, LOGA, TODD

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional; see notes under var. spicata.


FullName:
Lobelia spicata Lam. var. campanulata McVaugh

Comment:
POWE (LO) needs to be rechecked. This northern variety has smaller spikes and flowers, with deep purplish-blue color.


Comment:
1 = Cranfill et al. (1985); or sources of Medley (1993) also; check MM.

PU: Hussey coll to check details; Mammoth Cave Area? ca 1874??

GARR: rc = weird photo that might be exigua/ new taxon to science???
get copy!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
This is the most widespread species of the genus, ranging south to Ala., north to s. Ind. and s. Ohio, and disjunct to the west in Ark. and Mo. (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). L. uniflorais a winter-annual, largely restricted to rocky calcareous sites, like its congeners. But it is less conservative in its habitats, and appears to benefit from occasional intensive disturbance by ungulates in rocky pastures, perhaps more so than the other species.


Comment:
Check MM for TODD.

rc: 1991 reported from Knight's Barrens (see GIS); was a collection made? Check at Berkely... perhaps also with Medley?? Baskins??? I was there with Ray I think when he made the coll--a small scappy coll of a few planrts only???

BUTL: NP maps as historical

Footnote:
Most records of this winter-annual are from the glades of c. Tenn. In addition there are a few disjunct records from the Pennyrhile region of Ky., and one from n. Ala. (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). The plants in Ky. appear somewhat distinct (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Comment:
1 = Davis et al. (1968). 2 = Bailey (1944). 3 = Medley (1993). 

Provisionally included with the flagellaris group; see Fernald (1950)--he lumped with flagellaris as "form with floricane-leaflets merely subacute"--JC then why not = felix???

MM 2007: mention with counties.


Comment:
The EDMO (MB) coll. of Price was reported as from WARR in Price (1893); but see possible confusion still in Medley (1993). See Abbott et al. (2004): PULA (BE).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in pine savannas on the Coastal Plain, but has disjunct populations from the Ozarks to the Appalachians. In Ky. it is known only from a few sites that are probably remnants of thin woods or grassy openings, especially on seasonally wet acid soils.


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992) but no collection can be located; a southern species unlikely in Kentucky.


Comment:
All may be referred to var. americana; typical plants are European.

Feb 07 NELS (LO).

Footnote:
This is widespread in wetlands across the Northerh Hemisphere. In Ky. all plants may be referred to var. americana (DC.) Fern. & Grisc.; typical plants are European (F). However, this distinction is not followed in recent treatments.


Comment:
The holotype is said to be at KY, without locality but Short & Peter (1833) indicate wetlands around Louisville; check for JEFF (KY). 

1 = Grubbs (1989); check MU, RA. Check also RA for MCRA, etc.

Footnote:
This stoloniferous tetraploid (2n = 32) is largely midwestern. It is uncommon to rare across much of its southern and eastern range, including only sporadic reports from  Ark., Ala., Tenn. and Va. (Ch, W). In Ky. it is virtually restricted to counties bordering the Ohio Rv. A holotype is at KY; the species was discovered by H.A. Griswold in "wetlands around Louisville, where it occurs in great abundance" (Short & Peter 1835).

   Two related southeastern species can be expected in Ky. (F, J, K): the diploid L. microcarpa Michx. (usually on base-rich soils), and the "polymorphic" tetraploid L. sphaerocarpa Ell. (usually on sandy/peaty soils); see W for a detailed key. Both are most common on the Coastal Plain, but there are scattered records north to Tenn., and sphaerocarpa occurs around the southern side of Lake Michigan.


FullName:
Ludwigia hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) Zardini, Gu & Raven

Species:
hexapetala (uruguayensis*; grandiflora ssp. h.)

Comment:
Reported by Chester & Holt (1990). 

1 = Grubbs (1989); check MU; none found July 2006; taken out.

2 = Short 1840; check PH

Footnote:
This robust rhizomatous decaploid (2n = 80) occurs from southern states to South America. Nesom & Kartesz (2000) have argued for its inclusion as a subspecies within L. grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet, typical p[lants of which are hexaploid (2n = 48) and alien to North America. But until definitive evidence of intergradation is present for plants in east-central states, it seems reasonable to emphasize the distinction and native status of hexapetala. 

   The only Ky. records for hexapetala are Short's (1840) report from HEND in 1838 (check PH), and some 1980s colls. from further west (Grubbs 1989, Chester 1992); further verification is desirable in some of these cases. Short noted: "in a marsh... ten miles south of the Ohio River. It was rare; but its existence there proved its adaptation to the climate; and if the views lately promulgated as to its health-preserving influences be sustained, it would doubtless be desirable to propagate it extensively in malarious and miasmatic districts."


Footnote:
This annual is widespread in wetlands from southeastern states to South America.


Comment:
The lower case records are vegetative colls.

Footnote:
This short-lived perennial or annual occurs in wetlands and riparian vegetation from the southeastern states to South America.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); probably RA; recheck MU also.

Footnote:
This stoloniferous tetraploid (2n = 32) occurs in wetlands of southeastern states, mostly on the Coastal Plain. The related diploid, L. linearis Walter, was reported from Ky. by BA but no coll. has been located; it is a more southern species unlikely to occur in the state.


Comment:
This is a widespread western species that may only be an occasional adventive waif in eastern states.

JEFF (LO): PADavies #491 4Aug1943 moist woods Bear Grass Creek.

Footnote:
This is a widespread western species that may only be an occasional adventive waif in most eastern states. There is only one Ky. record: a coll. from JEFF (DHL), P,A. Davies #491, 4 Aug 1943, moist woods, Bear Grass Creek. G. mollis James is an incorrect name (W).


Comment:
O'Dell & Windler 542, banks of Mississippi River; see Mohlenbrock et al. (1966).
NOT banks of river as in Medley 1993 BUT as follows:

SI: FULT DO'Dell & DWindler-542 30 Jun1962 roadside E of Cayce.

Footnote:
This species of dry western regions may just be adventive in eastern states (F). The only Ky. record is a coll. from a roadside in FULT (SIU): O'Dell & Windler #542, 30 Jun 1962; see also Mohlenbrock et al. (1966).


Species:
canadensis (quadrisulcata, lutetiana ssp. c.*)

Comment:
BOYL (ky) listed by Bouffard (1982) but not found at KY--recheck.

Footnote:
This is a widespread in much of eastern North America, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It has been treated as a subspecies of the Eurasian C. quadriusulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Savigny, but some authors have preferred to retain it as a species (Boufford 1983, 2005; W).


Comment:
Reversion to Solanum as genus has been the most significant advance in plant taxonomy within this new millenium. The several colls. of this species are probably all waifs, not persisting outside of gardens.

Footnote:
This sprawling annual (the tomato) is much cultivated, especially in warmer regions. In Ky. there are occasional escapes, but the species is not truly naturalized. Many cultivars are known (2n = 24 and 48), and the "cherry tomato" is often treated as var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen (= L. esculentum Miller var. leptophyllum (Dunal) D'Arcy). That variety tends to reseed itself rather frequently within gardens, but still does not spread significantly away from gardens. Note that replacement of the "tomato" genus (Lycopersicum) into the "potato" genus (Solanum) is an excellent example of objective cladistic thought (versus sentimental attachment to distinctive fruit)!


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): CLAR & MADI (BE). 1 = Price (1893). See also Wharton & Barbour (1991) for CLAR. Braun lists no counties but states: "occasional along old walls and at the outskirts of towns, where persisting after cultivation."

Footnote:
This scrambling shrub from southern Europe has been widely planted in gardens across eastern states, and occasionally escaped. Although cultivated in Ky. for over a century (Pr) and somewhat persistent, this ornamental ("matrimony vine") has not become well-established. Gm noted: "frequently observed about old premises. Sometimes escaping and growing in out-of-the-way places."


FullName:
Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. var. pubescens (Rydb.) Fern.

Comment:
Braun (1943) notes the UNIO (GH) coll: see Rhodora 1939, 41:423. 1 = Wilson (1976); check MU again. This western variety has more pubescent leaves and larger cylindric follicles; however, there may be some intergradation.


FullName:
Gillenia stipulata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt.

Comment:
Check AP for TRIG. Weakley notes that Gillenia should be the correct genus name, but Porteranthus has been much used in recent decades.

FRAN: jc has coll (?) from ridge woods near beginning of driveway to Jeff Sole.

SCOT (LO): MEWharton-6472 12Jun1949 edge of dry woods near Long Lick.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across east-central states, west of the high  Appalachians,usually growing on medium acid soils. Controversy over the generic name has been resolved (W).


Comment:
ROWA (mo) has dubious locality data (see Campbell et al. 1993).  2 = Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This is concentrated on strongly acid soils in Appalachian regions, but with outlying populations west to the Ozarks. In Ky. it only occurs in the Cumberland Mts. plus some extension west to the Cliff Section of MCRE and WHIT. There is almost no overlap in range with stipulatus.


Comment:
There are no reports of natualization, but plants persist occasionally.


Footnote:
This is native to North America, but it has become a widespread "tumbleweed" and the original range is uncertain. There has been confusion with the more southwestern A. blitoides. Also, the related species, A. viridis L. (from South America) and A. blitum L. (a pantropical weed), can be expected (FNA 4). Further review of colls. is desirable.


Comment:
No record; inclusion by Browne & Athey (1992) was an error; see Medley (1993).


Footnote:
This is generally considered to have spread into North America from subtropical or tropical regions to the south (e.g. F, W). But it may have been present early after settlement. The earliest record in Ky. was by Short & Peter (1835). In 1914, Gm noted: "very common everywhere in Kentucky." It is only spiny member of Caryophyllales in Ky., apart from the prickly pear (Opuntia). Like some "smartweeds" (Polygonaceae), it has "chevrons" on its leafs (pale V-shaped marks--perhaps a warning to herbivores).


Comment:
Records of hybridus and retroflexus need thorough reassessment (see hybridus).

Footnote:
This was originally native in central and eastern North America, but is now a cosmopolitan weed. There has been much confusion between this species and hybridus, and there may be some hybridization (FNA 4). Further checking of identifications is needed among these and other congeners; see also powellii and arenicola. Some keys are difficult to use, especially if distinguishing reportedly monoecious species (including the retroflexus-hybridus group) from strictly dioecious species (subgenus Acnida). It is often impossible to find male florets in fruiting plants of retroflexus and hybridus; F stated that Amaranthus is "monoecious, dioecious or polygamous."


Comment:
These need checking again with regards to the hybridus-retroflexus problem; these records have been much confused, and are not reliable.

Footnote:
This is said to have originally been a "riverside pioneer in eastern North America" (FNA 4), but is now a cosmopolitan weed. There has been confusion among retroflexus and powellii, which have proven to be distinct species; hybrids can occur but are generally sterile. It appears that retroflexus became "very common" during the 18th century. A. hybridus (as "paniculatus") was "frequent in good ground, but not as common" in 1914 (Gm); now it is the more abundant species. 

   A. hybridus has generally narrower inflorescence branches than retroflexus (and often more reflexed to nodding versus just erect to reflexed at tips), shorter bracts and shorter sepals, which are acuminate to aristate versus obtuse to emarginate (F, FNA 4). Both species can have reddish hues in various plant parts, but these are highly variable characters, even within populations. A. hybridus is reportedly more often reddish in inflorescences (especially bracts), but retroflexus may be more consistently reddish at stem bases.


Species:
cruentus (paniculatus, hybridus ssp. c.)

Comment:
Need to recheck KA.
1= reported by F. Levy (via M. Medley) from PIKE; but no collection at NC. 
2 = Nelson (1919). 
3 = McFarland (1941). 
This is a cultigen, probably derived from hybridus; it was formerly much grown and is now a rare escape or waif. See also  A. caudatus.

Footnote:
This is a cultivated ornamental or "pseudocereal" (known as blood, red or purple amaranth) that occasionally escapes, but it does not appear to be persistent. There are records from BOON, FAYE (KY), JESS and PIKE (M). A. cruentus  originated from hybridus, probably in Central America (FNA 4). The closely related cultivar, A. caudatus L. ("loves-lies-bleeding") is a popular ornamental and may also be expected as an occasional escape; its sepals are less acute and its style branches are more reflexed (FNA 4). Both cultivars are closely related to hybridus but differ in their more robust inflorescences, which are usually bright red to purple, and in their relatively large seeds, which are often white to reddish (versus just brown to black in related species).

   Another colorful cultivar, A. hypochondriacus L. ("Prince's feather") is widely grown in North America, but there are no reliable reports of naturalization. It may be largely  derived from powellii, and has more stiff, erect inflorescences than caudatus or cruentus (FNA 4).


Comment:
1 = This was reported recently to KSNPC from Leslie Co. or nearby (check with G. Libby). It is a common ornamental probably derived from A. quitensis (Cronquist 1991); widely grown but perhaps not truly naturalized.


Comment:
Appears native on sandy banks of the Mississippi River, where some material may also key to palmeri; hard to identify with various available keys.

Footnote:
This native of the Great Plains appears to be native on sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. It is close to palmeri; identification is difficult and records should be rechecked. In staminate condition, it is also confusable with tuberculatus (FNA 4).


Comment:
Appearing native on or near sandy banks of the Mississippi and lower Ohio Rivers; perhaps adventive elsewhere. Hard to distinguish from A. arenicola; collections need reexamination.

PD Pat has good col 2007 from Cherokee Park area...

Footnote:
This appears native on or near sandy banks of the Mississippi and lower Ohio Rivers. It was originally native in southwestern regions, but has become widespread elsewhere in North America (FNA 4). See also arenicola.


Comment:
Sometimes difficult to separate from tuberculatus, appearing intermediate between arenicola/palmeri and tuberculatus. Perhaps native with others in this complex along sandy banks of larger rivers.

JF (IndSE) also CALL colls

Footnote:
This may just be a western form of tuberculatus, originally centered in the Great Plains, and some authors have now combined these species (FNA 4, Y). A. rudis sometimes appears transitional from tuberculatus to arenicola or palmeri.


Comment:
The FAYE (ka) coll. is correctly identified but possibly from a cultivated tree: Terrell, s.n., Sep. 7, 1893, "Lexington." However, see Campbell (1980, 1984), and Medley (1993) for many early references to this species. CHECK GRAY 1856 etc

CRAPPY OLD NOTES: "Mancana" seems to be platypoda; see Flora of China
This differs from mand/nigra in its seeds with truncated wings not extending to base (thus like pennsylvanica) and leaflet bases lacking tuft of hairs below/on rachis. Differs from penn in more leaflets rather small, subsessile, consistently serrated (?)--need to develop workable key.

Nigra: black more/less black but glands brownish (esp on summit of twigs)
Excelsior: black buds less pointed; twigs slaty grey on blackish tint in cambium (like buds--must be different phenolics; sometimes blackish spotted at summit of fresh twigs

The East Asian species, F. mandschurica Ruprecht and F. platypoda Oliv. (apparently including the "Mancana" cultivar), seem to be widely grown in North America. These two species are often confused with each other or with native species, including nigra, which is closely related to mandschurica, and pennsylvanica, which is superficially similar to platypoda (Z. Wei & P.S. Green 1996, in Flora of China 15). It is difficult to distinguish these species of section Fraxinus in some cases, based on available literature; the situation is complicated by reported horticultural selections and hybrids.

Short 1828-9: "Fraxinus sambucifolia (Black Ash). This is also a large tree, but much less frequent than either of the preceding, in this neighbourhood; in the western part of the State, on the contrary, it becomes more abundant than either, and is made to supply the purposes of both. Its wood, however, being marked with black streaks makes it more unfit for flooring. It is said, moreover, to be less durable than the two species just mentioned."

Footnote:
Short (1828), Gray (1878-86) and others reported this northeastern tree from Ky. during 1770-1860 (Gl, M; Campbell 1989). But only one coll. has been located, and it is not clear if this was from a wild or cultivated tree: J.S. Terrill, 7 Sep 1893, from "Lexington" in FAYE (KY). F. nigra still occurs within 5-50 miles of the state line in s. Ind., s. Ohio (where discovered recently by D. Boone on a seeping base of Indian Hill in Hamilton Co.), and w. Va (D, Braun 1961, Little 1971, HW+). 

   F. nigra is closely related to, and sometimes confused with, the European F. excelsior L. (Wallender 2008), which is sometimes cultivated in northeastern states but rarely if ever escapes (F, Cr, W). Both species have short flattened samaras, no calyx, sessile leaflets and blackish buds. Leaflets of excelsior are less hairy at their bases (versus densely covered with rusty hairs at junctions with rachis); terminal buds are usually deeper black, more rounded and adjacent to the upper pair of lateral buds (versus distinctly separated); twigs are slightly 4-angled (versus terete), and petiole bases are raised (versus flush with twigs), leaving more or less semicircular scars (versus suborbicular). Both species are diploids (2n = 46), but hybrids have not been reported. The more closely related East Asian species, F. mandschurica Ruprecht, has also been planted in cooler regions of North America, including selected cultivars and hybrids with nigra.


Footnote:
This highly distinct species of ash (Wallender 2008) occurs on calcareous soils across east-central states, with some more or less disjunct sections in its range (Little 1971; PL). Its flowers are perfect, in contrast to other eastern species, which are largely dioecious. A blue dye was made from its bark in olden times, but no analysis of the chemistry has been published. Horses often nibble the bark in woodland pastures of the Bluegrass region, but generally refrain from complete consumption of the cambium. Initial experiments with the Emerald Ash Borer in Ohio have shown that quadrangulata may be the only eastern ash with some significant resistance to this pest (D. Herms, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Although often treated as a species, this is weakly separated from var. marginatus, if at all; several colls. appear to be intermediates.

NK: none now seem to be this clearly except perhaps MADI

Footnote:
Although often treated as a species (F, W), this relatively southern taxon may be weakly separated from the more widespread, less robust marginatus, and these are sometimes combined (e.g. FNA 22). Several colls. From Ky. appear intermediate and further analysis is required. W emphasizes the larger vegetative dimensions of bliflorus (especially blade width mostly 3.1-4.5 mm versus 1.6-2.6 mm), but earlier treatments have emphasized number of glomerules and other characters of the inflorescence.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, except on the Gulf Coastal Plain. See notes under hispida.


Comment:
There is also a HARL (mo) coll. that may be transitional to S. roanensis. Combination with speciosa as a variety has been followed by Jones (2005), but this does not have a strong tradition.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on moderately dry acid soils of the Interior Low Plateaus, Appalachian regions and mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain (Cr, W). A coll. from HARL (MDKY) may be transitional to roanensis.


Comment:
Reports appear to be just from persistent plants at old home sites.

Footnote:
Wilder records of this commonly cultivated hybrid (usually known as "bridal wreath") appear to be just from persistent plants at old home sites; it has been collected from OLDH (DHL).


Comment:
Reported by Rafinesque (1824) and many others, but apparently based on virginiana.


Comment:
Check coll locations for NP LEWI and MCRE.

MCRE (NP): Marsh Creek at 0.36, 0.69 and 0.89 miles above mouth; discovered in 2000.

WHIT (NP): S bank Laurel Rv below dam just before it bends sharply to the S down from dam, ca 0.75 rimi down from dam.

Footnote:
This riparian shrub is restricted to southern Appalachian regions or adjacent hills, with several disjunct populations in different watersheds. More colls. are needed for herbaria and arboreta. Plants in Ky. and Ohio appear to become larger and less compact than some further south on the Cumberland Plateau. S. virginiana has sometimes been confused with S. corymbosa Raf., which is a smaller shrub largely restricted to rocky woods of the Blue Ridge or nearby (Ogle 1991; K, M, W).


FullName:
Dichanthelium microcarpon (Muhl. ex Ell.) Mohlenbrock

Species:
microcarpon (dichotomum ssp. m.*, nididum var. ramulosum)

Comment:
1 = Anderson (1924);

2 = Price (1893). 

HARL (ny): Kearney "nitidum var, pubescens"; check.

Hybrids with P. dichotomum and  P. yadkinense have been collected in several places.

FRANL EK Trumbo Bottom SRice

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species occurs north to the southern Great Lakes region. It generally appears distinct in Ky., but some colls. appear transitional to dichotomum and yadkinense. The name D. dichotomum var. ramulosum (Torr.) LeBlond has been preferred by W. 

   There are unverified reported from Ky. of other wetland taxa in the dichotomum group, often treated as varieties or subspecies (M): P. nitidum Lam., D. lucidum (Ashe) LeBlond and  D. mattamuskeetense (Ashe) Mohl. However, these taxa occur largely on the Coastal Plain or Piedmont and are unlikely in Ky. (FNA 25; W).


Comment:
Most of these colls. have spikelets smaller than generally described for this  species. The CARL (mu) coll. also has a short-hairy ligule and needs checking.

Footnote:
This is a widely scattered from east-central states to Mexico but not generally common and often overlooked (FNA 25). To an experienced panicologist, this taxon is generally distinct in appearance and habitat, being concentrated along sandy banks of larger streams and rivers. It can intergrade with microcarpon and perhaps dichotomum. The coll. from CARL (MUR) has a short-hairy ligule suggesting hybridization with acuminatum or a related species. Most colls. have spikelets shorter than the 2.3-2.5 mm originally noted by Hitchcock & Chase (1950), and indeed FNA 25 has broadened this range to 1.9-2.6 mm.


Comment:
1 = Bryant (1973); 2 = Anderson (1924); 3 = Price (1893). These colls. Include a few referable to P. barbulatum, which seems to be just a large form.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, except the upper midwest (FNA 25). Included here are a few colls. previously referable to Panicum barbulatum Michx., which is a robust form combined in recent treatments. Also, there are occasional transitions to microcarpon and perhaps other species in the dichotomum group (Sect. Dichanthelium).


Comment:
Presence not confirmed; but see var. tenuissimus (P. berchtoldii).

records of "berchtoldii" combined here provisionally

EK: several as var. pusillus but need tio recheck

My original good records are: LYON MADI TRIG

Footnote:
This narrow-leaved species is widespread across North America. It is easily confused with foliosus, but fruits are distinctive and hybrids are unknown; 2n = 26 versus 28 (FNA 22). There has also been confusion with closely related plants known as berchtoldii; see notes under that name. Further study is needed.


Comment:
Probably scattered but not forming populations in Kentucky.


Footnote:
This "everlasting pea" is cultivated and locally established in more humid regions of North America (PL). It was tried for forage in the 1890s at the Univ. of Ky., but did not grow well or even produce flowers (Gm).


Comment:
Check AP records; assumed from Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This tall climbing perennial has been widely cultivated (as "everlasting pea") across North America, and it often persists or spreads. The related annual, L. odoratus L. ("sweet pea") is a more popular ornamental but it does not persist. Both originate from southern Europe.


Footnote:
This is scattered widely across southeastern states, but it is rare to absent in the Ohio Valley. It an annual or biennial; all other well-established Lathyrus spp. of Ky. are rhizomatous perennials.


FullName:
Eurybia saxicastelli (J.J.N. Campb. & M. Medley) Nesom

Comment:
TN: only Scott Co. along Big South Fork at: Angel Falls, Leatherwood Ford, Station Camp Creek.

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 54) is probably derived from the northeastern diploid, radula. It was discovered during the 1980s in LAUR and PULA along the Rockcastle River (Campbell & Medley 1989), and then along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in Ky. (MCRE) and Tenn. (Scott Co.). More robust plants tend to have narrower leaves, denser heads, and paler flower color (usually white versus blue); these may be associated with more open sites. Despite some initial signs, no significant differences in plants have been found between the two rivers.


Comment:
The species is variable. Some colls. may be hybrids, including the MCRE and BOUR (x shortii?) colls. Another coll. from WOLF (LO) may be x A. sagittifolius. A BULL (KY) coll. may be x A. dumosus or related species; see also var. loriformis.

LO: JEFF.

NC: ex Jessup Eggleston colls seem x shortii... to research further.

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable species of woodlands on dry acid soils across most eastern states; 2n = 16 and 32 (FNA 20). However, it is absent in the upper mid-west, and uncommon to rare in much of w. Ky. and w. Tenn. S. undulatum appears to form occasional hybrids with shortii (e.g. from BOUR, BULL, MCRA and POWE), urophyllum (WOLF), cordifolium (CART and MCRE), lowrieanum (PERR), laeve (WAYN), dumosum (BULL), and perhaps other species. Unusually narrow leaved plants have been named A. undulatus var. loriformis Burgess (e.g. from NELS at MICH).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) Nesom var. loriformis (Burgess) new comb.

Comment:
The only record is a M. Wharton collection from NELS (MI); this particular narrow-leaved variety may not be worth recognizing, given the total variation in the species..


Comment:
The BRAC (NK) coll. has slightly serrated lower leaves (suggesting A. sagittifolius). The LETC (LB) was tentatively determined as A. camptosorus by Braun; but this taxon is not believed to be distinct.

See also potential hybrids in old notes: HENR MADI WOOD; see also under undulatus.

NC (ex Jessup Dartmouth): LYON WWEggleston; MCRA

Footnote:
This midwestern species is usually distinct due to its entire to subentire leaves, and phyllaries with relatively short green blazes (l/w ca. 1-1.5). But there is significant variation in pubescence and other characters; 2n = 16 (mostly) and 32. In Ky. occasional plants suggest hybridization with urophyllum (BRAC at NKU), cordifolium, undulatum and oolentangiense (see notes under that name).


Comment:
wm = Meijer pers comm for FAYE on Eden Shale; tobe checked more

Footnote:
This is widespread in dry thin woods and glades of eastern North America. In Ky. it is generally absent from calcareous soils. Though preivously treated in Amaryllidaceae (F) or Liliaceae (Cr) by some authors, Hypoxis and its allies are probably closer to Orchidaceae (APG, W and citations).


Comment:
Includes records of "graminifolia" from KY. 

Records of "gram" from 1ah = MENI (Harvill 1941) and 2 = WARR (Medley 1993) remain obscure and dubious.

LAUR and WHIT collections may not be processed yet but localities are known.

Footnote:
Within Ky. this southern Appalachian species is known only from xeric sandy soils in the southern Cliff Section (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988). In addition to rocky ridges and clifftops, its habitats include "boulder-bars" along Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv. and other tributaries, where plants have unusually narrow leaves. It has peak flowering usually in Aug-Sep. Records from MENI and WARR are unverified and dubious (M). 

   The name L. graminifolia Willd. was misapplied to these plants in some older literature from Ky. Also, reports of graminifolia from FLEM (MO) and ROWA (MDKY) were apparently based on misidentified spicata or erroneous label data (Campbell et al. 1992). L. graminifolia is now considered a synonym of L. pilosa (Ait.) Willd., which occurs mostly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont, but does extend into the moutains of W.Va. (W).


Comment:
This largely mid-western species was mapped in Kentucky by Hitchcock (1950), but there are no available collection data. Confusion may come from different treatments of A. curtissi, as a variety of basiramea (Gleason & Cronquist 1991) or dichotoma (FNA).

Footnote:
This largely midwestern annual was mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock (1950), but verified colls. have not been located. A. curtissii (Gray ex S. Wats. & Coult.) Nash was also mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock and others (M), and may include a coll. from MCRA (see under dichotoma). A. curtissii has been treated as a variety of basiramea (Cr) or dichotoma (FNA 25). Its morphology and distribution appear somewhat intermediate between those two species. W considered it a distinct species, but largely adventive in southeastern states.


FullName:
Aristida curtissii (Gray ex S. Wats. & Coult.) Nash

Comment:
This RA (MU) coll. (also at EK and ?ME) needs to be checked!!! correct

This taxon has been treated as a variety of the largely midwestern basiramea (Cr) or the broadly southeastern dichotoma (FNA 25). Its morphology and distribution may be somewhat intermediate between those two species. The only verified Ky. record is a coll. of R. Athey from MCRA (MUR). There are also old general reports from Ky. by Hitchcock & Chase (1950) and others (M).


Comment:
BALL (NP): near MCRA line 1971; assumed RA.
GRAV: R. Athey #441 (EK); also 1949 coll in NP database "near Ky 58 5 mi W of Mayfield" check id etc...
MCRA: R. Athey #816 (EK).
TRIG (NP): 1994 Fort Campbell; assume AP.

Footnote:
This tall rhizomatous plant occurs mostly in midwestern prairies, and it may be adventive further east (W). In Ky. it is a rare native remnant of the "barrens" that used to exist on the Mississippian Embayment and adjacent Karst Plain.


Comment:
MO: CART MCRE
WK: MM JEFF

JESS: Campbell & Meijer 1989

FAYE: also along Town Branch on Helen Alexander's place w/Laportea etc

Footnote:
This tall rhizomatous woodland plant of damp fertile soils is widespread in eastern and central North America, but it is generally restricted to larger river valleys with little access for livestock. It is rare to absent along streams in farmed regions of Ky. and Tenn., including the Bluegrass region, Mississippian Plateaus and Nashville Basin (Ch). R. laciniata is highly variable across its range (2n = 36 to 102+), but almost all plants in Ky. are referable to var. laciniata.


Comment:
Not reported by Braun. Check MM for SHEL, BULL.

PD: JEFF also

Footnote:
This octoploid (2n = 56) annual has been in North America since the late 19th Century, when perhaps restricted to Atlantic states (Gray 1889), and it is now widespread in east-central states. All Ky. records date from after 1970. It has become much more common than colls. suggest, especially in the Bluegrass region. It is the most invasive Veronica in woods, locally dominating moist moist fertile ground in younger woods and on floodplains.


Comment:
Listed in error by Browne & Athey (1992); see Medley (1993).


Comment:
There are also unverified records from western Kentucky, but there appears to have been confusion with U. serotina and others; these include EDMO (lb), Little (1971) for BULL, OHIO, EDMO.
1 BELL & GALL = Garman (1913); see also Little (1971).
2 = Little (1971).
Check HARR (EK); reported by Clark & Bauer (2001).
OLDH: jc has seen on bluffs--to check colls.

CLAR: Boone Cr also Howards Cr ?--in row abovr Halls

Footnote:
This northern "rock elm" has a somewhat fragmented range from New England to the midwest, and is largely restricted to base-rich soils. There has been confusion in Ky., Tenn. and elsewhere with serotina or other species. All previously published records from Tenn. (Little 1971, FNA 3, Ch) are erroneous (B.E. Wofford, pers. comm.). In Ky. further verification is needed in several counties, and some disjunct southern records are tentatively transferred to serotina; see notes under serotina. There are relatively few flowering or fruiting colls. of thomasii (Mar-May) and serotina (Aug-Nov), in contrast to the other native elms (Feb-Apr). 

   Compared to americana, leaf blades of both thomasii and serotina tend to  broader in shape (l/w mostly 1.7-2.2 versus 2-2.5) and more obovate (versus ovate), with a more abruptly attenuate to acuminate apex (versus more gradually tapering from near the middle), and uniform soft-hairy on lower surfaces (versus hairy to glabrate but with distinctive tufts in axils). Leaves of thomasii have distinctly broad shape, close secondary veins (mostly 3-5 mm apart versus 5-7 mm), well-marked pale tertiary veins (versus less distinct from ultimate areolae), upper surfaces usually smooth and glossy. Although irregular corky wings occur on branches of thomasii and serotina, americana can also become somewhat corky, especially on drier sites.


Comment:
EDMO: see also Little (1971) and Braun (1943) for possible EDMO under thomasii..

GREE (NP): JC with Martina?? check coll

WARR: also GH, S.F. Price "Bowling Green", 1904.

BELL (lb): collection probably at US to be rechecked; "alluvial terraces" sounds wrong habitat. 

CALL CLAR HICK: were records of vegetative colls. at MU to be rechecked in 1990s; but July 2006 none found with these names.

gh = Arnold Arboretum colls. noted by Braun (1943); these are mostly dubious; May 2006 at GH these veg collections are clearly U americana due to narrow shape, scabrous above.

ROCK hg = Garman 1913 "presumed to be this"

Footnote:
This southern "rock-elm" (or "September elm") is largely restricted to dry calcareous sites of the Ozark region, southern Interior Low Plateaus and Gulf Coastal Plain (PL). There has been frequent confusion in vegetative colls. with other species, especially thomasii. Also, B's records of serotina from BREA, MADI & PIKE were based on misidentified americana (GH, US).

   Compared to thomasii (F, FNA 3, W), well-developed leaves at the ends of shoots tend to be smaller (mostly 6-9 cm long versus 8-12 cm) and narrower in shape, often with a more asymmetric base; surfaces are dull yellowish-green above (versus glossy dark green), and covered with soft yellowish hairs below (versus white); veins are fewer on each side (ca. 15-18 versus 21-24) and less closely spaced; buds are glabrous (versus pubescent).


Comment:
HICK LIVI 1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM; CW also have HICK LIVI 

2 = Garman (1913).

Footnote:
This is restricted to swampy sites on the southeastern Coastal Plain, and more frequent on fertile soils of the lower Mississippi Valley than on the Atlantic side.


Comment:
This is a variable species that intergrades with the other Celtis species; infraspecific taxa are not clearly distinguished. The colls. from MARS (KY), OHIO (KY) and BULL (KY) may be var. smallii or hybridized with C. occidentalis. There are also colls. from MUHL (EK), WARR (KY) and FRAN (KY), etc., that may be hybrids with C. tenuifolia.

GREE & METC jc coll for WKY 2008 to be processed.

Footnote:
This southeastern tree appears to intergrade somewhat with the two other species of Celtis in Ky., and more study of variation is still needed within each species. In both laevigata and occidentalis, 2n = 20, 30 and 40 (FNA 3). Some outlying northern or eastern records of laevigata deserve further verification, with uncertain status indicated by open dots in the map. But laevigata does occur at scattered sites along the lower Ohio Rv. and lower Kentucky Rv. bottomlands, and it is occasionally adventive on nearby uplands. Colls. from BULL, MARS, OHIO (KY) and elsewhere have been identified as the "copiously serrate" (F) var. smallii (Beadle) Sarg., which could be transitional to occidentalis.


FullName:
Celtis laevigata Willd. var. smallii (Beadle) Sarg.

Comment:
See var. laevigata; this may not be a good taxon, perhaps representing a hybrid complex with C. occidentalis or especially tenuifolia.


Comment:
Varieties need study but may not be worth recognizing. Most material seems to be var. canina. Var. crassifolia collections may include GALL, HARL, NICH (LB); HARR, SCOT, WOOD, FAYE, CLAR, BATH, BOUR, FRAN, LINC, JESS, POWE (KY). Var. occidentalis may include WOOD, MCRE (KY); GALL, TRIG (LB).

Footnote:
This is widespread in central and eastern North America, but generally uncommon to absent in regions with infertile acid soils. In the original woodlands of Ky., occidentalis was common in the Bluegrass region, but much less frequent elsewhere (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989); Barton's data shows a strong concentration in FAYE and adjacent counties. It has now increased and spread into many regions after Virginian settlement. Evident variation and hybridization with the other two species of Celtis needs further study. Based on F, most trees may be referable to var. canina (Raf.) Sarg. Some colls., including many from the Bluegrass region, fit var. crassifolia (Lam.) Gray, and a few scattered colls. fit var. occidentalis.


FullName:
Helenium autumnale L. var. parviflorum (Nutt.) Fern.

Comment:
Some dets. still need checking to var. level, especially at NK, EK. However, this taxon is often not distinct, and recent treatments tend not to recognize it.

Footnote:
This relatively narrow-leaved, small-headed variety is often indistinct from var. autumnale, and recent treatments have not generally recognized it (e.g. FNA 20). F indicated that it occurs in wetter habitats. In Ky. it may be more closely associated with major river valleys, especially to the west.


FullName:
Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.

Species:
inodorum (perforatum; maritimum* var. i.)

Footnote:
This annual weed is widely scattered along roadsides in eastern states, but there is only one old record from Ky. (B at US). The closely related T. maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch is usually perennial and has a more northern (circumboreal) range, especially near coasts; 2n = 18 and 36 in both taxa (FNA 19). The two taxa have been combined as varieties by some authors.


Species:
bushii (caroliniana var. cuspidata; triceps)

Comment:
All material needs checking; most/all can probably be redetermined as caroliniana (e.g. RA 4323 from HICK at TN). It is not mapped for KY in FNA, but is known to N, S, E & W. C. bushii is not clearly distinguished from caroliniana with previous manuals. FNA states pistillate scale awned 0.5-2 mm versus up to 0.5 (1) mm in caroliniana and hirsutella. Perigynium surface is "papillose" (FNA) but needs better description; wrinked might be better; perhaps waxy brownish texture. Also, FNA states perigynium pubescent but no hairs seen on material det by Naczi at NK from other states. GRNP (NK) was redet as hirsutella by Naczi. At TENN, no Tennessee material matches true bushii of FNA. Larger size of perigynium may also be a partial character.

@EK: HICK LEMcKinney-4187 7May1990 mesic woods along borders of Murphy's Pond; MADI (BGAD woods w/Quf Qua Ss Cnf Jn; id Reznicek and Smith); CHRI (RA); HICK (RA); MCRA (RA); 
?NOT TODD (WMartin "pallescens" with prairie grasses/forbs N side Ky 178 ca. 3 km from Ky 181; JC has red papillose perigynia!!! (but so do many hirs) and not long cuspidate
@LO: OLDH and OWEN are hirsutella for sure (Feb 2009; !Naczi for OLDH).
@KY: HARD is rather immature but has cuspidate scales; perigynia perhaps papillose but not pubescent.
1 = Tyler Smit thesis: HICK (EKY, TAES); BULL (NYS; Hotchkiss Bernheim Forest), MADI (MICH; Libby Igloo 1509 BGAD)

Also, some colls. from close to Ky. can reasonably be assigned to bushii (e.g., at NY from Grant Co., W.Va., and Cumberland Co., Tenn.).

Footnote:
Several colls. from Ky. have been determined as this largely midwestern species, especially by R. Athey on the Coastal Plain, where it seems to be native in seasonally damp grasslands. There are scattered reports of bushii from across southeastern states, but it may be somewhat adventive, and there has been confusion with carolinana or hirsutella. Different authors have emphasized different diagnostic characters for bushii (F, Cr, FNA 23; T.W. Smith, pers. comm.); also 2n = 64 according to FNA 23, but there is an earlier record of 48 (Wahl 1940). 

   C. bushii is distinguished from caroliniana and hirsutella primarily by its strongly cuspidate scales (3-5.2 mm long versus 1.5-3 mm). Perigynia are less distinctive, but typically more papillose, more strongly nerved, round in cross-section, relatively large and few per spike (FNA 23). Compared to carolinaia, bushii is generally more hairy on leaves, especially the sheaths, and on spikes.


Comment:
Probably from a planted individual; check. Britton (1908) cited a collection of Short from Kentucky, but there could be uncertainty in the label.


Comment:
EK: BALL BELL CALL CALD CASE CLIN CRIT GRAV GREE HARL HOPK JACK KNOX KNOT LAUR LETC MCRE MCLE MENI NELS POWE PULA RUSS WHIT WOLF

Footnote:
This is widespread in most of North America (K), but it is uncommon to absent in much of the Ohio Valley and in mid-western states (somewhat complementary to grayi). It typically occurs on seasonally wet acid soils, including streamhead seeps. The coll. from GREE (EKY) has pubescent perigynia, like grayii, but in other characters it seems to match intumescens (as det. by R. Naczi). 

   Some plants on the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. and Tenn. may be a distinct segregate, with spikes that have relatively few perigynia, on long stems that decline or droop, with relatively narrow leaves (D. Estes & A. Floden, pers. comm.). Such plants have been collected from BELL, HARL, LAUR, LETC, JACK, MCRE, POWE, PULA, RUSS and WOLF (EKY).


Comment:
EK: CALD CALL CLIN FLEM HARD HICK LAUR MADI OHIO

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs in wet woods on alluvial terraces, typically with more shade than other Lupulinae in Ky.


Comment:
The BELL coll. at WK may tend to C. lupiliformis. A HARD coll. at LO may be var. pedunculata, which seems like a transition to C. lupuliformis. Beal & Thieret (1986) combined these two species, but they are usually distinct.

LO: DAVI, OLDH, TRIG refiled Jan 2007.

EK: ADAI CALD CASE CLIN FRAN FULT GRAV HICK HOPK JACK KNOX LARU LAUR LINC LIVI MADI MARS MCRA NELS POWE PULA ROWA SIMP TRIG WHIT WOLF

Footnote:
This is widespread in thin swampy woods and marshes of eastern North America. A coll. from HARD (KY) is referable to var. pedunculata Gray, which is not recognized in recent treatments but seems transitional to lupuliformis; see notes under that species.


Comment:
The MARS (WK) and HICK (MU) colls. may be transitional to C. lupulina; recheck KY for OHIO (NC Conrad)

LO: JEFF (bank of Ohio Rv camp ground).

EK: FRAN (SRice Half Moon Bottom Swamp); MCLE (2 miles N of Poplar Grove; but Naczi det lupulina); ROCK (Rigsby;s Swamp near Brodhead; most abundant sp in ground veg).

RA: LIVI at EK is lupulina after all (his initial id that he changed to lupuliformis).

Footnote:
This has a rather fragmented range, centered in east-central states and concentrated in eutrophic calcareous habitats that have become much reduced by conversion to farmland. It is an uncommon species that is close to, and often confused with, the more widespread eastern species, lupulina; some colls. may be intermediate. 

   C. lupuliformis can appear somewhat transitional from lupulina to the southern species, gigantea. Compared to lupulina, its achenes have distinctly pointed or knobbed angles (versus smoothly curved), and are usually 2.4-3.4 mm wide (versus 1.7-2.6 mm), often almost as wide as long (versus clearly longer than wide). Also, perigynia tend to be more spreading (versus ascending), though not perpendicular to the rachis as in gigantea.


Comment:
The BALL coll. is R. Athey #3307.

NP: WARR Chaney Lake (1999); LOGA Mosely Pond (2001); check colls/data...

FULT: (EK) RAthey-4364 11Jul1979 Reelfoot National Wildlife Refuge, wet woods.

Footnote:
This easily overlooked southeastern species has a somewhat fragmented range, and plants are usually associated with natural wetlands of high quality. In addition to the few Ky. records, gigantea was recently found in se. Ohio (R. Gardner, pers. comm.), and it should be searched for further within the Ohio Valley.


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35); check.The BRAC (NK) may be transitional to anagallidea. An added MARS (MU) coll. has cuneate leaf base not rounded as typical. Several Pennell and LB records refer to var. major which is not generally recognized now. 1 = Pennell cited by Braun; check.

Footnote:
This is a variable species, widespread across North and South America; 2n = 18 and 32. Var. anagallidea is often considered somewhat distinct (see below), but colls. from BRAC (KNK), KENT (KNK) and perhaps elsewhere may be intermediate. Several colls. from Ky. have been referred to var. major Pennell (1935), but that taxon has not been recognized in subsequent treatments. 

   Lindernia dubia is often confused with Gratiola neglecta; both grow in varied types of shoreline, ditches and drying pools. In addition to its pair of sterile stamens, lack of bracteoles (subtending calyx), and shorter calyx (F, Cr), L. dubia usually has glabrous stems (versus glandular-pubescent), leaves widest below the middle (versus at or above), a more diffusely branched sprawling habit, and later flowering (mostly Jul-Sep versus May-Jul), which often becomes cleistomagmous (versus all chasmagamous).


FullName:
Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperr.

Comment:
The KENT (NK) coll. may be transitional to dubia. Although this taxon often occurs with dubia, with little geographic segregation, it appears generally distinct and may generally occur in less weedy situations (perhaps deeper pools).

Footnote:
This often occurs with typical dubia, and there is little geographic segregation, but it generally appears distinct. Var. anagallidea tends to have mostly rounded leaf bases (versus cuneate), longer pedicels (mostly 1-2.5 cm versus 0.5-1.5 cm) that exceed leaves (versus about equal), no cleistomagy, and less elongated seeds (l/w ca. 1.5-2 versus 2-3). It tends to occur in less weedy situations, and perhaps in deeper pools.


Comment:
Although traditionally placed close to Verbenaceae or included with that family, this species can be grouped with Lindernia, Mimulus and others formerly placed in Scrophulariaceae; see Weakley for notes.

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this is a monotypic species, widespread in eastern North America and also occurring in East Asia (2n = 28).


Comment:
HARR (jc): one plant mowed around in the front-central fields at Griffith; Jun 2006.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the central and lower Mississippi watershed, and along the Gulf Coast. It typically occurs in grazed or mowed grassland on dry base-rich soils.


Comment:
BOON: DBarrett found one plant on his place but not there 2011
CHECK with him again; I think he thought it was decora initially...

Pringle 1967: syn G. serpentaria Raf, G. heterophylla Raf. G. incarnata Sims, intermedia Sims (later NOT = vil x sap/and).

Footnote:
This occurs widely across southeastern states, usually in submesic woods on acid soils. Of all Gentiana species in eastern North America, it is the most typical of deeper woods; 2n = 36 versus 26 in most or all others, and hybrids are virtually unknown. Corollas are usually whitish at first with green veins, but often become flushed with purple and then can be confused with other species.


Comment:
MADI np Check recent record from Tom Barnes, Marc Evans?). 

PEND (ka) coll. has only stem, roots; check data...

LOGA: np M. Evans pers comm to MM? np point mappd at Devil's Side Saddle (glade?)

WARR: np ca. 0.25 m from Youngs Ferry; 13 m N of Bowling Green.

M: Gentiana flavida Gray  [Gentianaceae]  Braun 1943; Britton & Brown 1897.
Gentiana alba Muhl.  Anonymous 1992a; Gray 1888; M=Murtrie 1819; Porter 1889; Pringle 1967.
According to Wilbur (1988), Gentiana flavida Gray rather than Gentiana alba Muhl. is the correct name for this species.
Gentiana alba Muhl.  F. L. Johnson et al 1991; Gray 1888; M=Murtrie 1819; Porter 1895; Pringle 1967.
[Medley et al. 13564-85 (DHL) Robertson Co.]
Rare in prairie patches and open woodlands in Logan County (Marc Evans 1991 pers. comm.) on the Highland Rim; Nicholas, Pendleton, and Robertson counties in the Bluegrass; and Morgan and Rowan counties on the Allegheny Plateau.  Reports from Bullitt and Hardin counties (Anonymous 1992a) are probably referable to Gentiana villosa L. and should be verified.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species occurs in remnants of native grasslands, typically on damper sites than puberulenta (perhaps with more clay and less sand). Hybrids with puberulenta have occasionally been found in other states (Pringle 1967). For over a century, there has been controversy about the nomenclatural validity of alba versus flavida as the epithet, which still needs to be resolved (Wilbur 1988, W).

   In Ky. alba is endangered. There have been a few reports during recent decades, especially in the eastern Knobs and Blue Licks area; the species is also known in s Ohio. But more verification is needed in most cases, with photos or colls. (including several reports to M and NP). G. villosa has sometimes been misidentified as alba. Before B's coll. in the 1930s from "prairie patches" of Clack Mt. in ROWA, the only record from Ky. was in the unverifiable list of McMurtrie (1819). There is no evidence that Short et al. (1833-40) ever found this species.

   The southern limit of this species needs clarification. Records of alba that are mapped by NP (see also K) from w. Ky. in BUTL, LOGA and WARR remain dubious. There are no known colls. from the broadly defined "Big Barrens" region of Ky. and Tenn. However, alba is well-known from a few counties along the Ohio Rv. in s. Ind. (D) and s. Ill. (ML).


Footnote:
This alien annual is scattered though northeastern and some northwestern states (PL). It was reported from Ky. by Heineke (1987), apparently based on a coll. of R. Athey from MARS (or CALL; check EKY).


Comment:
Not reported by Braun. 1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM, RA, MW especially. 2 = Hoagland (1990); check EK.

check MERC (KY)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
This occurs widely in eastern states, but it is most frequent along the Coastal Plains, and absent in the upper midwest. It typically occurs in deeper wooded swamps, often growing on tree bases and stumps above the waterline.


Comment:
Reported by Radford et al. (1964) from Kentucky; see also FNA; but colls. unknown.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian and east-coastal species has been reported from Ky. by RAB and FNA 26, but no coll. has been seen. Plants known as var. austrina Fern. occur in the oak barrens of southern Tenn.


Comment:
The HICK (WK) coll. has atypical flower color; the CARL (MU) coll. appears to  be a hybrid with I. brevicaulis (= Iris x fulvala).  There is also a FAYE (KA) coll.--P. Garman, 1 Jun 1906, "near Lexington"--probably from cultivation.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in thin swampy riparian woods on the Gulf Coastal Plain, especially along the lower Mississippi and its major tributaries (K). In Ky. it is documented from only a few sites along the Mississippi Rv. Colls. from CARL (especially) and HICK (at MUR) are atypical and may be introgressed with brevicaulis; 2n = 42 in both species (FNA 26).


Comment:
See also I. fulva for apparent hybrid in CARL (mu)--duplicated here.

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern species is restricted to thin mesic to subhydric woods and edges on terraces of rivers in western regions, but it is locally common (M). It is close to I. hexagona Walt., which is known only from S.C. and Fla. (FNA 26). A coll. of hexagona by R. Peter (PH) has been attributed to Ky., but there are no locality data, and it may have come from interstate exchange (M).


Comment:
The typical var. virginica is more coastal and is unknown in Kentucky.

LO: MEAD very buggy

Footnote:
This is centered largely in the central and upper Mississippi Valley, the Ohio Valley and the southern Great Lakes region (F, Cr). Typical virginica is more southern, largely on the Coastal Plain and unknown in Ky., with virtually no overlap in range. Although treated as a variety of virginica in most manuals (or combined in FNA 26), shrevei has consistently larger capsules (7-11 cm long versus 4-7 cm), darker flowers, taller, more branched and persistent habit (remaining upright after flowering). Chromosome numbers need to be checked; reportedly 2n = 70-72 in virginica, but sensu lato with variety unknown.


Comment:
These colls. need rechecking. The BELL coll. was by E.J. Carr. The POWE coll.was by R. Peter in 1834.

Footnote:
Two Ky. colls. have been tentatively assigned to this northeastern species: made in BELL (KY) and POWE (MICH). I. versicolor is considered to be an allopolyploid (2n = 108) derived from I. shrevei Small and the more Arctic northeastern taxon, I. hookeri Penny (= I. setosa var. canadensis; Cr, FNA 26). Further investigation is needed.


Footnote:
This is largely restricted to mesic woods on strongly acid soils in northeastern and Appalachian regions; 2n = 14.


Footnote:
This stoloniferous annual is a diploid (2n = 20) that is widespread over much of North and South America. However, it is generally restricted to shores of rivers, lakes or nearby disturbed sites.


Footnote:
This is a hexaploid (2n = 60) dioecious relative of hypnoides. It occurs in similar shoreline habitats, but its range is much smaller, from the Mississippi Rv. watershed to northern Mexico. In Ky. it is known only from banks of the Ohio and Mississppi Rivers.

   Compared to hypnoides, reptans has 3 (versus 2) distinctly larger anthers. It has more congested inflorescences (the pistillate subglobose), on largely naked peduncles (versus leafy branches); lemmas tend to be longer (usually 2-4 mm versus 1.5-2 mm); and plants are generally more hairy (F, FNA 25). Some authors have transferred reptans to Neeragrostis, either as a monotypic genus or with hypnoides as well; see citations of W and M. Barkworth (online update of FNA 25).


FullName:
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Janchen

Species:
cilianensis (megastachya; poaeoides var. m.)

Footnote:
This widespread weedy annual has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement. It was first reported by McMurtrie (1819), under the synonym Briza eragrostis L. In 1914 Gm noted: "likely to be found in any cultivated field, along paths, etc."


Comment:
See Vincent JKAS 2004, 3:156 note on vegetative proliferation: MASO (NK).

Footnote:
This alien is widespread across temperate regions of North America, like the closely related cilianensis, but it is less common in general (FNA 25, K). Immature colls. of minor can be difficult to distinguish. 

   Compared to cilianensis, minor generally has smaller spikelet dimensions, with lemmas 1.4-1.8 mm long (versus 2-2.8 mm) that usually lack glands on keels (versus bearing 1-3 glands). Florets have 2 reddish-brown anthers (versus 3 yellow ones); and they disarticulate below lemmas (versus below paleas). Vincent (2004b) noted that occasional "phyllody" occurs in spikelets of minor, forming vegetative shoots instead of fertile flowers. Reportedly, 2n = 40 or 80 (versus 20 or 40); see Cr and FNA 25.


FullName:
Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees ex Steud.

Comment:
1 = McFarland (1941); 2 = Price (1893).

EK: inc "pilosa" MCRA PIKE TRIG

Footnote:
This annual is a widespread variable hexaploid (2n = 60) that ranges across temperate regions of North America. Before European settlement, it may have been largely restricted to the banks of larger streams and rivers; see M for early records from Ky. It is now also abundant in narrow strips along paved roads and on similarly disturbed ground.


Comment:
Presence not confirmed; all colls. need checking, and may be E. pectinacea.

EK: all "pilosa" = pect Jan 2009

Footnote:
This is a weedy annual of warmer regions that may originate from Eurasia, at least in the case of var. pilosa, which predominates in North America (FNA 25). E. pilosa was first recorded in Ky. during the 1920s (Anderson 1924; B). It has often been confused with pectinacea in southeastern states (e.g. compare state maps in K). Some colls. from Ky. still need rechecking. 

   Compared to pectinacea (FNA 25), pilosa has panicle branches usually whorled at lower two nodes (versus single or paired), narrower spikelets (0.6-1.4 mm versus 1.2-2.5 mm), shorter lower glumes (0.3-0.8 mm versus 0.5-1.5 mm), and lemmas with less conspicuous nerves; 2n = 40 (versus 60).


Footnote:
This annual is weedy and variable (2n = 40, 80), but largely restricted to east-central states (FNA 25, K). Like pectinacea, it may have been concentrated on banks of larger streams and rivers before becoming much more widespread after settlement. It has been confused with capillaris; see notes under that name.


Comment:
Apparently a western species only adventive and naturalized from plantings in Kentucky. The LARU (ky) coll. have unusually large leaves with broader segments.

Footnote:
This annual diploid (2n = 24) of the central and southern Great Plains appears to be only planted and adventive in Ky. The coll. from LARU (KY) has unusually large leaves with broader segments, suggesting hybridization with another species. A somewhat similar southeastern species, C. linifolia Nutt., has also been suggested in Ky., from reports under various synonyms, but its presence is dubious (M).


FullName:
Marshallia grandiflora Beadle & F.E. Boynt.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) is restricted to somewhat disjunct open habitats in Appalachian regions, on damp or dry acid soils. In Ky. it is known only from boulder-cobble bars of the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv., often close to populations of Conradina verticillata.


Footnote:
This cosmopolitan weed originates from Central and South America. See notes under parviflora.


Comment:
No records have been verified: Gunn's (1968) collection from BULL (LO) was misidentified; also reported from MCRA in R. Athey's catalog with collection maybe now at EK; 1= Greenwell (1935) reported from NELS.

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan weed originates from southwestern U.S.A. to South America (Cr; FNA 21). It has been reported from MCRA (R. Athey catalog) and NELS (Greenwell 1935), but no confirmed colls. have been seen (M). G. parviflora (2n = 16) has often been confused with quadriradiata (2n = 32, 48, 64).


Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. Var. lasia Fern., with densely villous branchlets, has been distinguished in southern regions (F), including Ky. (M), but it has not been recognized in recent treatments (FNA 3, W). Compared to Carpinus, leaves of Ostrya differ in their downy lower surfaces (versus glabrous); and they are usually more coarsely serrate, with less distinction between large and small teeth (versus clearly double-serrate).


FullName:
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fern.

Comment:
Most colls. have not been checked for variety. Needs further study.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. Most material in Ky. has not been checked carefully, but this variety is clearly the predominant over typical caroliniana.


FullName:
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. var. caroliniana

Comment:
These collections seem clearly identified; leaves lack dark glands beneath, and are smaller with less teeth; bracts are blunter. Collections noted under var. virginiana have mostly not been checked for var. carolinana; needs further study. See also Furlow (1987b).

Footnote:
Further work is needed to map this southern segregate, which does intergrade with the more widespread var. virginiana (Furlow 1987a,b; FNA 3, Y). Var. carolinana differs in its generally smaller leaves (ca. 4-8 x 2-4 cm long versus 6-12 x 3-5 cm), with acute apex (versus more abruptly narrowed or acuminate), secondary teeth relatively small and blunt, and lower surfaces lacking dark conspicuous glands; also bracts have less sharp tipped apices and teeth.


Footnote:
This may have originated in more tropical American regions, and probably spread into southeastern states after settlement (Cr, W). The earliest Ky. records are 1930s colls. of B (M). It is probably much more widespread than the map here indicates. Distinction from maculata is based primarily on its shorter styles, spreading-villous fruits, and more sharply angled seeds; leaves tend to be smaller and more variable in shape, often purple at margins but lacking maculate spots; 2n = 18, 20 (Y, W).


Comment:
Lower case records are less clearly distinguished from var. pulcherrima. This taxon is generally distinct and typical of more shady but still somewhat disturbed habitats, such as trails through woods.

GH: CLIN, ROCK, WHIT.  See also possible "be" for WHIT.

WK: MM MCRE (Wherry's Bog).

FLOY: JC coll in 2008 at Wilson Cr

Footnote:
These broad-leaved plants occur mostly from Appalachian regions to the Ohio Valley (F). They are generally distinct from serotina in appearance and habitat, but some colls. are hard to assign. Natural variation in the hirta group, broadly defined, deserves more attention. Human disturbances of the landscape has probably allowed expansion of more weedy races, and there has been much propagation of selected genotypes in "wildflower" plantings. Although plants of the hirta group are generally described as annual or biennial, some individuals (at least in cultivars) can persist for more than two years; see also D.


Comment:
Braun's records of hirta are included here, although she notes general integradation with var. hirta. Fernald's (1950) work indicated that this species has a largely western origin, spreading recently to the east.

ROCK: NY (MW and LB).

GH: ANDE, BREC, FRAN, HANC, MARS, MCRA, POWE.

WK: HART (RN coll Biorserve).
see also lb records

Footnote:
This weedy plant is considered to have a largely western origin in prairies of the Great Plains, but it spread to the east after forest clearance (F, Cr). There appears to have been some intergradation with typical hirta, and now there is frequent confusion by botanists.


Comment:
Includes var. strictior (to which keys the CALL coll.). 

CLIN (NK): G.L. Libby 960, 15 Jun 1995, Pyle's marsh, ca. 1 m sse of Abston's Corner, between Old Burkesville Rd and US 1590, depression marsh, several large tussocks in swampy area; with Q. phellos, Liquidambar, Acer rubrum, Itea, Cornus amomum. 

ROWA (MO, NK): A.C. Risk 10490, 13 May 1998; Carey Branch watershed, below SE side of Rowan County Airport runway.

EK: CLIN

POWE: Anderson 1924 "Natural Bridge" 5 May 1895 HGarman KY Agr Sch.

Footnote:
Typical stricta is a widespread northeastern taxon of relatively acid swamps, seeps and boggy sites, without fresh alluvium. The coll. from CALL (WKY) is referable to var. strictior (Dewey) Carey, which appears somewhat transitional to emoryi and occurs more often in calcareous swamps (F). That segregate is not recognized in recent treatments, but variation may deserve further study; 2n = 66-72 in stricta, sensu lato (FNA 23).


FullName:
Solidago arguta Ait. var. caroliniana Gray

Species:
arguta var. caroliniana ("bootii", "yadkinensis")

Comment:
GH: BELL (Kearney #577 & 407).

TN: Lee Co. VA Cumberland Gap National Park: TS Patrick & ME Medley 1 Oct 1984 scattered along Ridge Trail and at upper end of Chadwell Gap Trail. Det. S a var. c by Miles F. Johnson VCU 1990
TN: MCRE James Beck #445; BSFNRRA Bear Cr Rd
TN: several from TN (App regions) are called var bootii by GH Morton and others but seem to be var. caroliniana following FNA 20.

Footnote:
These southeastern plants differ from var. arguta in their hairy (strigillose) seeds (FNA 20, W). Leaves remain mostly glabrous, and both taxa are probably diploids (2n = 18). Some authors (including F and Cr) have confused these plants with var. bootii (Hook.) E.J. Palmer & Steyermark, which is a more distinct plant centered in the Ozarks, with hairy leaves as well as seeds. The name S. yadkinensis (Porter) Small also appears to have been misapplied to some of these plants (Cr, W).


Comment:
The taxonomic status of these plants needs checking; variety status may be better, but Fernald (1950) and others did make clear distinctions at species level; Cronquist (1991) indicated that S. yadkinensis is misapplied to var. caroliniana, but Kartesz maintains the synonomy.

The only possible records are collections from BELL and HARL (annotated by Morton?) at TENN. The identity and taxonomic status of these plants needs checking. Variety status may be better, but F and others did make clear distinctions at the species level. GC indicated that S. yadkinensis is misapplied to var. caroliniana, but Kartesz (1999) maintained the synonomy; see also notes of W.


Comment:
HARD (rc) may just be sight record. This rarely escapes from plantings but does not seem to persist.

Footnote:
This popular Mexican annual has had widespread ornamental use in Ky., including frequent plantings along roads, but it does not seem to persist or spread into the wild. Other Comsos species may be expected in cultivation; this is a diverse genus close to Bidens, but native to warmer regions (2n = 24 in general).


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993), from his various sources cited.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the Gulf Coastal Plain and upstream into the central Mississippi Valley; the closely related species, J. ovata (Walter) Lindau, is restricted to the Coastal Plain from Ala. to Va. (W). Both species usually occur along shorelines of sluggish or stagnant waters. J. lanceolata differs in its lax spikes with single secund flowers (versus congested with opposite pairs of flowers), its smooth seeds (versus minutely muricate), and its more elongated leaves (l/w = ca. 5 versus 3).


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, especially in riffles of streams, but it is uncommon to rare in some coastal regions.


FullName:
Viola papilionacea Pursh var. priceana (Pollard) Alexander ?

Species:
papilionacea cf. var. priceana (+ forma albiflora)

Comment:
This is often cultivated but seems to originate from native plants. 1 = Grubbs (1989); but collections not yet found at MU. 
1 = Braun 1939 Castanea; check details field trip report...
2 = Medley (1993). It is mapped here for sentimental reasons.

M: Viola priceana Pollard [Violaceae]   Browne & Athey 1992; Grubbs 1989; Pollard 1903; Small 1933; Woods 1983.
Viola papilionacea Pursh forma albiflora Grover   Gunn 1968b.
Viola papilionacea Pursh var. priceana (Pollard) Alexander   Gleason 1952; Gleason & Cronquist 1963; F. L. Johnson et al. 1991.
Price s.n. (US) Ain yards, Bowling Green, Ky.@ June 4, 1900.  HOLOTYPE.
[Woods 372, 386, 433 (MUR) Calloway Co.]
Infrequent in mesic open woodlands and on grassy roadsides in Calloway and Hickman counties on the Coastal Plain and Logan and Warren counties on the Highland Rim.  Browne and Athey (1992) cite a specimen at MEM from the Appalachian Plateaus.  The report by F. L. Johnson et al. (1991) from Fort Knox on the Highland Rim was based on a misidentified Viola sororia Willd.  This taxon is probably native only on the southcentral Highland Rim in Kentucky and possibly adjacent Tennessee.  All other North American distribution is probably adventive from cultivation.

Check Violets of WV by Davis & Davis 1949
See also Google Scholar search on Viola priceana

Footnote:
Mapping here is tentative; varied whitish or grayish flowered forms of papilionacea are included. Such plants are sometimes cultivated in eastern North America, but often seem to originate from native plants. They may deserve some recognition, but not full species status. 

   Some authors (e.g. Sm) have indicated that the southeastern form known as priceana (or "Confederate Violet"), which has grayish petals with blue veins converging in the center, is distinct from simple albinos and deserves special attention. That taxon was originally described from yards in Bowling Green, Ky. (WARR), and potential records of native plants are mapped here from elsewhere in central Ky. It has also been considered native in Ark., Ill., Tenn., W.Va., Pa., Ga., S.C. and N.C. However, priceana has been widely cultivated in eastern states, often spreading into mowed areas.


Comment:
Reported as pratincola by Browne & Athey (1992) but highly dubious; no collection is located; pratincola is included by some authors within V. nephrophylla, but it may represent hybrids with V. affiniis (Gil-ad 1997, 1998).

Footnote:
This is a widespread northern and western species of base-rich wetlands (F, K, PL), that has been reported near Ky in s. Ill. (ML), c. Ind. (Russell 1965), s. Ohio (Greene Co., from pers. comm. with D. Boone) and s. W.Va. (HW+).  V. pratincola Greene was listed for Ky. by BA but with no details. That name has been considered a synonym of nephrophylla (McKinney 1992), but it has also been used for plants appearing at least transitional to papilionacea (F; Correll & Johnston 1970) or affinis (Gil-ad 1997, 1998).


Comment:
Most colls. from BUTL and WARR (WK) are densely pubescent, red-punctate and strigose above, suggesting hybridization with V. hirsutula (or perhaps = V. villosa).

MARI (EK): Weckman w/Clark 4712 "sagittata".

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species appears to intergrade with papilionacea and affinis at some sites; see notes under those names. There also appear to be occasional hybrids with hirsutula, palmata (= triloba) and other species. In cooler regions, it may be more difficult to separate sororia from papilionacea, with plants known as V. septentrionalis Greene appearing intermediate (Cr, W). Leaf pubescence may be the most obvious difference from papilionacea, with sororia persistently pubescent on both leaf surfaces (versus generally glabrous or glabrate except sometimes for petioles or basal parts of blades); leaves are often relatively dark green and generally lack purplish hues.


Comment:
Lower case collections other than lb appear to have some hirsutula in them but introgressed with other species (sororia, affinis, papilionacea, triloba). 

Another FRAN (LB) coll was det as hybrid with papilionacea.

EDMO (EK): McKinney 2789-3, "sagittata".

FAYE (ky) was mistake: to pap!!! (Henry Clay Woods 1984).

HART: JC 2010 sandstone summit Kinney Tract

JESS (ky) is apparent hybrid with sororia.

Q: are the red dots on leaves distinctrive character versus pap/sor??? see also affinis with red dots often???

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in woods on moderately dry, acid soils in Appalachian regions or nearby, with scattered records north to Vt.., south to Fla., west to s. Ind. and w. Ky. It is generally distinct in its spreading petioles, with blades that often lie near the ground; also, blades are generally small, often purple-tinged below, with blunt to rounded apices, and with hairs confined to upper surfaces. 

   V. hirsutula is close to the southeastern V. villosa Walt., and it seems to hybridize often with other species: sororia, affinis, papilionacea, palmata. The colls. mapped here from FRAN (EKY) and HENR (KY) may be hybridized with sororia. Some Ky. colls. are glabrate or virtually glabrous, suggesting introgression with affinis. The consistency of pubescence patterns in these taxa needs more critical attention for descriptions and keys.


FullName:
Viola tripartita Ell. var. glaberrima (DC.) Harper

Comment:
Recheck TRIM (KY): W.H. Duncan #22723, 6 Jun 1966, deciduous woods in E-facing ravine on steep slopes ca. 3 miles NE of Bedford, "Viola eriocarpa".
2011 MaY: might be hybrid--lvs pale green more closely serrated.

Not reported by Braun; perhaps she confused this with eriocarpa. 

1 = Medley (1993) citing JC; check.

WOLF: (LO) PDHiggins-1134 2May1969 open oak-pone woods, moist sandy soil, Wildcat Trail, Red River Gorge; PDHiggins -1295 11May1969 rich woods along Rockbridge Trail, Red River Gorge.

Footnote:
This unlobed segregate may be most common on the Cumberland Plateau, but it also occurs elsewhere in the Southern Appalachians and some disjunct localities on the Interior Low Plateaus. It is much more frequent than var. tripartita in Tenn. (Ch), Ky. and Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm). There has also been confusion (e.g. in B) with pubescens (sensu lato), which is usually a more robust plant with upright or spreading growth forms; hybrids are suspected in a few cases and mapped as open circles. 

   Compared to pubescens (and pensylvanica), V. tripartita var. glaberrima is a strictly upright plant that is usually distinguishable by the cuneate to truncate bases of its upper cauline leaves (versus more or less cordate in pubescens). Also, basal leaves are usually lacking on flowering stems (versus usually 2 or more in pubescens); its leaves are generally deeper bluish green and less closely serrated. Klaber (1976) noted and illustrated "running stolons" that are not known in pubescens. There are no clear differences in flowers or fruits, but further analysis is needed. Var. glaberiima typically occurs in the transition from mesic to subxeric woods on medium acid soils.


Comment:
Braun lists this as var. acutiloba; both types need checking. This species is distinct in Kentucky, typical of dry acid oak/pine woods on the Cumberland Plateau, "usually growing with some members of the Ericaceae" (Braun 1943). It should not be combined with sagittata, as done by McKinney, Weakley and others.

See also: LETC (EK) perhaps = sororia x emarginata (?), the leaves with hastate shape and coarsely dentate base.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is mostly known from woodlands on rather dry acid soils in southern Appalachian and east-coastal regions. It was initially described as V. sagittata var. emarginata Nutt., and may intergrade locally with sagittata or fimbriatula. It has often been confused or combined with those two species, especially in the midwest (St); it appears to be the plant illustrated in J under sagittata. Morphology suggests that it originated from hybrids of sagittata and affinis (Russell & Risser 1960). 

   V. emarginata differs from sagittata in its leaf blades, which are nearly triangular (versus narrowly lanceolate to lance-oblong), with l/w ca. 1.2-2 (versus 2.2-2.8), and with long petioles in later leaves, which overtop the flowers. Also, leaves are relatively dark green and consistently glabrous (which also helps distinguish it from fimbriatula). Most material in Ky. may be referable to the largely Appalachian form known as var. acutiloba Brainerd, with later leaves sharply lacerate at base, the lobes 1-2.5 cm long (F). 

   Despite its neglect in recent treatments, emarginata seems the most appropriate name for this distinct group of plants, which are restricted within Ky. to Appalachian regions, growing usually in dry open oak and pine woods with ericaceous shrubs on sandy ridges with acid infertile soils. There are relatively few colls. in herbaria (see also GH, NCU, NY, US), but field work indicates that this species is a consistent member of the diverse flora of such woodlands (e.g. B, Campbell et al. 1991).


Comment:
This appears to be a distinct species. 1 = Pat Haragan record, perhaps with collection.

Footnote:
This appears to be a distinct species in northeastern and eastern states (Gil-ad 1997, W), but it may intergrade with typical sagittata, especially in the midwest (e.g. D). V. fimbriatula differs (Gil-ad 1997) in its oblong to oblong-ovate blades (versus narrowly lanceolate to lance-oblong in sagittata), with l/w 1.5-1.8 (versus 2.2-2.8) and base cordate to subcordate (versus sagittate). It typically occurs in somewhat hilly areas (versus mostly flatlands for sagittata), often on more coarse-textured soils and in open woods, along roads or edges (versus full sun). 

   Colls. from the Pine Creek area in BULL (JC for KY) may be transitional to sagittata, with larger plants approaching typical sagittata in leaf shape but remaining less distinctively lobed and relatively pubescent. A coll. of Wharton from LINC (#1771 at EKY) was initially named fimbriatula but is excluded here. It seems generally similar to sororia, perhaps introgressed with fimbriatula or another species with relatively small blunt leaves.


Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern taxon. In Ky. some plants from BULL appear transitional to fimbriatula (see notes under that name), which, like emarginata, has been considered a variety or subspecies of sagittata. There also appears be local introgression with hirsutula, palmata, affinis and other species.


Comment:
See also R Seymour coll/obs from HART and/or METC in flatwoods poolsi in the good woods to south.

MARS: Cypress Creek Swamp; check notes colls with TNC etc.

EK: CARL HICK

Footnote:
This widely scattered southeastern species is largely restricted to old ponds and sloughs, where is typically grows on rotten logs or emergent tree bases; 2n = 60, 64, 66.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern states, but most frequent on relatively base-rich soils in the lower Mississippi River watershed (FNA 23; W). It is close to stipata and sometimes confused (2n = 52 in both); see notes under stipata var. maxima. It differs in its long-beaked perigynia (up to 6-8 mm versus 4-6 mm), with clearly distended bases when mature; also, sheath fronts are smooth and often finely red-dotted (versus rugose but not red-dotted). Compared to typical stipata, crus-corvi is relatively robust and distinctly glaucous.


Comment:
The BOON (DO) collection is from the same location as C. prasina and C. torta along Gunpowder Creek.

EK: CALL HARL PULA WOOD

Footnote:
This east North Amereican species (2n = 46) is distinct but close to stipata (2n = 48, 52), which occurs in similar habitat but across much of North America and East Asia. C. laevivaginata differs in the adaxial side of its leaf sheaths, which are yellowish-thickened at the apex (versus thin and friable) and flat below the apex (versus rugose-puckered). Also, leaf blades are papillose around stomata (versus not), when viewed at x 25 (FNA 23).


Comment:
1 = Cranfill (1991); but no collection located at KY.
2 = Duncan (1967); coll to be located.

Note: 2000 NP database also lists WARR as old general location.
EK: ANDE FRAN OWEN LINC

FAYE: US!! ex Herb Joseph Haberer; coll J.V.H. May1881 North Elkhorn Cr, Lexington KY; ??see also Raf 1836 rupestris at Cave on the Elkhorn [JC ??Russell Cave??]; "on the limestone rocks of Ky and Ill, rare, seen in only 3 localities, one at a Cave on the Elkhorn creek, 3 or 4 feet high...";  also Brian _______ reported from Raven Run below the overlook--check!!!!!!!!!! [but JCrecall dioica] Coll sent to Ross Clark.

HENR (lo): fragmentary coll; DGregory-298 12Aug1950 field in back of Miller house; "sempervirens"

OWEN: US!! (but barely glaucous above): LB 23Jun1942 bluffs of Cedar Cr area "var glaucescens"; also Peter Zale saw along Sawdridge Cr 2011 bluffs opposite playing fields

WOOD: np records from 1990s? (check with Joe Lacefield); and May 2010 along Clear Creek--living coll with JC.

GARR: Reynolds Tracts: JC living coll in yard; also Will has colls

Footnote:
In Ky. this midwestern species is rare on more or less xeric limestone cliffs along tributaries of the lower Kentucky Rv. (and formerly up Elkhorn Cr. into FAYE), plus a few calcareous sites in the southern and western Knobs. Colls. to support the records from HARD (Cranfill 1991) and JEFF (Duncan 1967) have not yet been located. There is almost no distributional overlap in Ky. with the closely related dioica, which occurs more widely on calcareous outcrops, from xeric to mesic sites. But further west and north, prolifera does overlap geographically and occurs in a much wider range of habitats (e.g. Y). 

   Plants of prolifera along the Kentucky Rv. Palisades all have virtually glabrous leaves, and tend to form compact low bushy mounds 1-2 m high, in marked contrast with those further north that can climb to 5 m or more. Distinction from dioica can be difficult, even with flowers (F, GC, Y). Leaves are generally broader and blunter in shape (l/w = 1-1.5 versus 1.2-2.2 in upper ones); the uppermost connate pair is often suborbicular and covered by glaucous bloom near the center (versus virtually all green). Flowers are creamy or pale yellow, never pinkish (as sometimes in dioica), and they occur in (2) 3-4 (6) whorls (versus usually 1-2). 

   Some authors in recent years have applied the name L. reticulata Raf. to this species, based on an unpublished dissertation (Perino 1978; cited by Y). However, Rafinesque's (1836, 3:17-18) description of reticulata suggests dioica; it is his rupestris that suggests prolifera.


Comment:
This coll. appears to be S. occidentalis, but the label data may be doubted (see Campbell et al. 1992): K. Carr. 69, dry rocky field, Morehead, KY. 28 July 1937.

Footnote:
This largely northwestern tetraploid (2n = 36) is unlikely in Ky. There may be a coll. from ROWA (MDKY), but the label data are dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


Footnote:
This southeastern perennial occurs in woods on relatively dry acid soils. In addition to its distinctive thickened roots, the plant can often be recognized from its less dissected leaves (only 3-parted and without sharp coarse serrations) that have a bluish hue and somewhat leathery texture.


FullName:
Sanicula marilandica L. var. petiolulata Fern.

Comment:
This disjunct southern variety needs further examination for potential species status; it should not be combined with the typical.

Footnote:
Typical marilandica is a perennial that ranges widely across western (montane) and northern states plus adjacent Canada; it extend down the Appalachians to Ga. but is unknown in Ky. (W). Var. petiolulata is disjunct in southeastern states, and most common on acid soils of the Coastal Plain. In Ky. it is known only from thin disturbed woods and rights-of-way on relatively broad sandy ridges of the Cumberland Plateau. This taxon deserves further investigation and may deserve species status; the only difference noted in existing literature is that lower leaves have longer petiolules (F, W).


Comment:
hr 1 = Rogers (1941). See also Braun's catalog for collection sites.

JEFF (LO): PADavies-954 2Aug1943 low marsh ground, George Rogers Clark Park. (3 sheets).

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, except northeastern regions. It is the only eastern species of Eryngium not concentrated on dry sites; also, 2n = 96 versus 16 in most others. In Ky. it is generally restricted to remnants of native grassland on medium acid soils with rather low fertility.


Comment:
The report by Adams et al. (1968) is considered to refer to integrifolium by Medley (1993).


Comment:
ad = Adams et al. (1968), reporting E. aquaticum from near Murphys Pond; Medley (1993) interpets as integrifolium.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is largely restricted to acid soils with seepage of ground water. In Ky. the only verified population is at the Blood Rv. seeps in CALL (R. Athey colls. at EKY). E. aquaticum L. is a related species of the Atlantic Coastal Plain that was reported by Adams et al. (1968) from HICK at Murphys Pond, presumably based on integrifolium (M).


Comment:
1 = various other data (M. Medley diss.).

HEND: Short PH "Old Mr. Lugg's, Henderson County"

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs in varied types of shorelines, marshy or boggy places. It is most frequent on or near exposed ground that is suitable for its prostrate growth-form, rooting at the nodes. Rafinesque (1836, 4:35) appears to have named this plant Streblanthus auriculatus: "in the Western glades of Kentucky."


Footnote:
This monotypic genus occurs in mesic woods on base-rich soils of east-central states, centered in the Ohio Valley. It is one of the earliest species to flower, mostly during late Feb-early Apr in central Ky., but as early as the last week of Jan during some years since 1990; Short (1828-9) reported 1st-15th Mar. Based on Buddell & Thieret's thorough account (1985), Erigenia has several other unusual features in its life-cycle, including only one developed cotyledon (as in Claytonia virginica and Dicentra cucullaria). It is one of the few eastern Apiaceae with tubers, and they are highly palatable to generalist herbivores. In agricultural regions of Ky., Erigenia is often restricted to remnants of older woods that have probably escaped past rooting by hogs. The tubers, known as "turkey-peas" in n. Ky., were even eaten by children in large quantities during earlier times (Nelson 1918).


Comment:
Some lower case records indicate possible transitions to vulpina or other species.

LO: CASE, FULT ("vulpina" Clark), MEAD, OLDH, POWE, WOLF.

1 = Duncan 1967.

Footnote:
This widespread northern species extends south to c. La. along the Mississippi Rv., but its southeastern limits remain uncertain (Duncan 1967; Moore 1991; W). It is scattered along the Ohio Rv. and Kentucky Rv., but seems virtually absent along the Green Rv. and Cumberland Rv. except near Nashville (Ch). Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from vulpina, and need to be rechecked. Distinctive features of riparia include: relatively large fruits (ca. 7-12 mm versus ca. 5-8 mm in palmata or vulpina), with a heavy glaucous bloom; leaves relatively large (ca. 10-20 x 5-15 cm) with lobes sharp and slightly ascending; branchlets terete, dull reddish, with diaphragms only ca. 0.5-2 mm.


Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly along larger streams in the lower Mississippi Rv. valley. The disjunct record from HENR (Duncan 1967) needs further verification. More complete colls. are needed to distinguish palmata from vulpina in some regions. Distinctive features of palmata include: relatively small (ca. 5-15 x 5-10 cm), deeply lobed leaves (about half way to midrib); branchlets reddish or purplish, with diaphragms ca. 3-5 mm thick. Young or vigorous shoots of vulpina can resemble palmata.


Comment:
WAYN (KY), from Little South Fork, seems to have been mislaid; also MCRE (JC), from Big South Fork, needs processing (living in yard). 

Reports from CALL (M. Woods) and BELL (NP) are probably erroneous.

IN: MHomoya: along Blue Rv/tribs in Harrison Co.

Footnote:
This distinctive grape has generally prostrate stems, small rotund leaves and few tendrils. It occurs mostly on cobble-bars along or near medium-sized creeks and rivers of south-central states in the central and lower Mississippi Rv. drainage. There are also disjunct plants in Atlantic states from Va. to Pa. (PL). In Ky. and Tenn. (Ch) some records need further verification, and more field work is needed to document the range. It is locally common along the Rockcastle Rv., and perhaps scattered elsewhere along the lower Cumberland Rv. and lower Tennessee Rv. It also occurs in s. Ind. and should be expected in w. Ky. (D, PL).


Comment:
Duncan 1967 maps FAYE; probably erroneous based on Short coll or similar; check PH.

Footnote:
This famous southeastern grape ("muscadine") is locally abundant in two regions of the state, with almost none between: (1) on gravel hills along the lower Tennessee and Cumberland River, and (2) on sandy uplands of the southern Appalachian Plateaus. It occurs mostly in subxeric woods on acid soils, often dominating the ground in shade and locally climbing high to fruit at edges. 

   Typical rotundifolia has fruits that are much larger, sweeter and smellier than most other native Vitis species: ca. 12-20 mm versus 4-12 mm (but see labrusca). Many cultivars are grown to the south of Ky. In addition to differences in vegetative form (W) and fruit chemistry, subgenus Muscadinia has more chromosomes than other Vitis (2n = 40 versus 38) and hybrids with typical Vitis are virtually unknown.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 20) is widespread on wet medium-acid soils across eastern states, except those adjacent to Canada. See also perfoliatum for note on hybrids.


FullName:
Fleischmannia incarnata (Walt.) King & H.E. Robins.

Comment:
Check also Chester colls. (AP).

FLOY (JC); check records, colls; definitely found in this area with the Hartowicz project (US 23).

Footnote:
This distinctive diploid (2n = 20) is widespread across southeastern states, but with a fragmented range and largely restricted to relatively fertile soils. In Ky. it is scattered across western and south-central regions but generally uncommon and sporadic. An unusually large population in central Ky. occurs at the Buckley Hills Sanctuary in WOOD, where deer browsing is especially intense.


Footnote:
This rhizomatous diploid (2n = 20) is widespread on damp soils in eastern states except those adjacent to Canada. In Ky. it is locally abundant in pastures with infrequent mowing.


Comment:
See also FAYE (KA, Garman collection). These plants (or some of them) may be var. radiata, supposed to have originated by hybridization with C. jacea. All colls. should be rechecked.

Footnote:
The history of this perennial weed in North America and Ky. is similar to that of C. jacea. The few colls. from Ky. may be var. radiata DC., which may have orginated from hybrids with jacea (= X pratensis auct.). The status of radiata needs further investigation (FNA 19, Y).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); perhaps MM.

Footnote:
This perennial occurs in northeastern and northwestern regions, but it is virtually absent in southeastern states (FNA 19; PL). The first report from Ky. was in 1914, when Gm noted  "not very common"; it has remained rare.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check Garman (1914).

Footnote:
This annual or biennial is widespread across North America, except in southeastern states FNA 19; PL). Although first reported from Ky. in 1914 (Gm), there have been few subsequent records.


Footnote:
This annual or biennial has become common in much of western North America, but it is generally rare to the east and absent in southeastern states (PL).


Comment:
The weakly differentiated var. ovata is coll. from following counties: FULT (MU), HICK (MU), HARD (MU), CARL, CALL, LYON (latter 3 are sole collections from those counties) and perhaps elsewhere.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is most common in partial shade on damp to seasonally dry base-rich soils, especially along streamsides and on compacted ground along woodland trails. 

   Variation deserves further study. Several Ky. colls. are referable to var. ovata (Poir.) Fern., especially from western regions (CALL, CARL, FULT, HARD, HICK, LYON). That variety is distinguished by its more robust habit and bristly-cilitate lemma keels, suggesting a transition to oryzoides. It is not recognized in most recent treatments (FNA 24). Hybrids among North America species of Leersia are unknown, but all share 2n = 48.


Comment:
Almost all colls. key to S. graminoides in standard manuals. Few colls. are S. angustifolium in the strict sense: MCRE (KY), BATH (KY), JEFF (LO).  The  FLOY (ky) coll. may be S. atlanticum.

EK: LAWR "montanum" but JC just depaup ang?

Footnote:
This variable polyploid is widespread in eastern states, except much of the upper midwest; segregates are not generally recognized (F, Cr, FNA 26). A few colls. (e.g. from FLOY at KY) are hard to distinguish from atlanticum; see notes under that name.


Species:
atlanticum (mucronatum var. a., "bermudiana")

Comment:
This is presumed to include S. bermudiana of R. Athey: CALL (RA 2190) and GRAV (RA 1597). Typical S. mucronatum occurs to the north and south of Kentucky but unknown within.

EK: PULA ROCK ("mucronatum"); plus uncertain ones to be checked from angustifolium folder; ROBE? MCRE LAUR HARL KNOX ROWA

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states, especially on sandy soils of coastal regions, but it is uncommon to absent in much of the Ohio Valley and midwest (K). S. atlanticum is often confused with angustifolium, but differs in its less robust habit, more glaucous and less blackening when dried; 2n = 16 or 32 versus 96 (FNA 26, W). With older treatments, some colls. have been incorrectly named as S. bermudiana auct. non L.


Comment:
Colls. from MORG, LEWI, JESS, FAYE, ADAI have violet flowers.

PIKE: (EK) Browne colls from s face slope near WV line on Ky 80 above Russell Fk

ROCK (EKY): J.J. Coates #21, 24 Apr 1998; roadside ditch 1 mile NW on Merrit Cemetery Rd. from Hummel Rd. junction. Further verification is desirable.

Footnote:
This variable species is widespread across eastern states but most common in midwestern regions; 2n = 32 and 64. In Ky. albidum is virtually restricted to xeric calcareous sites, but to the south and west it does occur locally on more acid soils (FNA 26, W, Y). Flowers in Ky. are generally white, but some colls. have violet flowers: including from ADAI, FAYE, JESS, LEWI and MORG.


FullName:
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. acuminatum

Comment:
The LIVI coll. seems correctly identified; others need checking. 1 = Miller (1986).

Footnote:
In its narrow sense, typical acuminatum occurs on the Coastal Plain and through Central to South America (FNA 25). Records from Ky. need to be rechecked, but at least the coll. from LIVI (KY) appears correctly identified. This taxon does intergrade with var. fasciculatum and others in the acuminatum group.


FullName:
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann

Comment:
Including P. huachucae, P. tennesseense, ?P. implicatum and ?P. meridionale;  further study is needed to see if these deserve separation at varietal levels.

EK: FAYE FloraCliff

Footnote:
Within Ky. this is clearly the most widespread segregate of the acuminatum group, but there is considerable variation. Included here are colls. that were previously treated as P. huachucae Ashe (a less robust form) or P. tennesseense Ashe (with relatively glabrous foliage). There can be intergradation with other variants of acuminatum, and reportedly also meridionale, columbianum, villosissimum, dichotomum, laxiflorum and others (FNA 25).


FullName:
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. tennesseense (Ashe) new comb.

Comment:
Needs further study. This relatively smooth-leaved var. may be distinct, but records are not separated from var. fasciculatum here.


Species:
meridionale (acuminatum/lanuginosum ssp./var. m./implicatum )

Comment:
Included here with var. fasciculatum. Further study is needed to see if these deserve separation at varietal levels.

Anderson 1924: Dry Ridge 27 Jul 1919 CLRenaker KY Agr Sch

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This relatively northern and Appalachian taxon does occur in the Interior Low Plateaus and perhaps locally on the Coastal Plain, but there has been confusion with other taxa. It has been treated as a variety or subspecies (FNA 25) of D. acuminatum, including var. implicatum (Scrib. ex Nash) Gould & Clark, but it also appears transitional to D. columbianum (Cr). This taxon is reported to grow in relatively sterile acid soils on damp sites (especially as "implicatum") or on dry sites (at least as "meridionale"). Its close southern relative, D. leucothrix (Nash) Freckmann, is typical of wet pinelands.

   The recent treatment by R. LeBlond in W indicates that meridionale (as well as relatives not present in Ky.) can be distinguished from acuminatum by the very short hairs on its panicle axes, peduncles and vernal culm sheaths: ca. 0.1 mm long (plus occasional longer hairs) versus 0.2-0.5 mm (or occasionally lacking). Also, leaf blades are relatively short (3-6 cm versus 4-12 cm) and narrow (3-5 mm versus 4-12 mm), typically with sparser longer hairs. Spikelets are usually shorter (1.3-1.7 mm versus 1.5-2 mm in var. fasciculatum).


Comment:
Commonly cultivated and occasionally persistent for a short time; not truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This tall annual with toxic seeds ("castor bean") has been widely cultivated since the 1800s (Gm), for ornament, medicine or poison. It often reseeds ifself into gardens or nearby, but does not persist or spread into the wild.


Comment:
There may also be a report from EDMO along the Green Rv. (R. Seymour, pers. comm.); but he now denies it--perhaps just cordata????

Footnote:
In Ky. and elsewhere, this widespread southwestern species of calcareous soils has been confused with typical urticifolia, which is more southeastern and sometimes reported from more acid soils (but see W). In Ky. betonicifolia is verified only from one locality: on open limestone clifftops in PULA (KY), along the South Fork Cumberland Rv. (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988).

   Most colls. named urticifolia from Mo. and Tenn. have also been redetermined as betonicifolia (St, p. 1727; Y; D. Estes, pers. comm.). According to Correll & Johnson (1970), betonicifolia has staminate pedicels with the persistent basal length only 0.3-0.6 mm, shorter than bracts (versus 1-1.8 mm, at least as long as bracts); also, stigmatic surfaces are less papillate and styles are less connate.


Comment:
This species seems to be fairly rare (S3?). 

1 = sources of Medley (1993); check RA, MM; also LIVI (jc) from ravine near Apios priceana on Perkins Tract.

WK: HART (JC 2007; several plants at Bioreserve); TRIG old +MM!

JEFF: IndUnivSE also

Footnote:
This twining, stinging perennial is centered in calcareous regions of the central and lower Mississippi Valley, but uncommon to absent east of the Mississippi Rv. It is scattered across w. and c. Ky., usually in thin dry woods and edges, but it is relatively inconspicuous and rarely noted in large numbers.


Footnote:
This widespread, variable eastern weed was formerly misnamed maculata by F and others, due to confusion in nomenclature. In addition to several diagnostic differences from other Chamaesyce species in eastern North America (from leaves to seeds), nutans is usually a much larger plant, with ascending stems up to 8-10 dm long (versus mostly prostrate) and leaves 8-35 mm long (versus mostly 5-15 mm); plants are glabrous except for hairs up to 0.3 mm long on young stem surfaces; 2n = 12, 14, 22 (F, Cr, Y). Both nutans and maculata often have dark reddish/purplish "maculate" marks on leaves:


Comment:
The CALL (LO) coll. has relatively large leaves perhaps more like nutans.

Footnote:
This was originally native to eastern and central North America, but now a cosmopolitan weed. It often forms mats in roadbeds or other trampled or driven areas. See Y and notes here under other species in the genus, which are often confused; 2n = 28. Leaves are relatively dark green, often with a dark reddish spot.


Comment:
The JEFF (KY) coll. is humistrata but the locality data are uncertain, possibly from adjacent Indiana, etc.

Footnote:
This apparently originated in the Mississippi Valley, especially in open riparian vegetation (Cr, W). It may have spread across Ky. after settlement; the earliest records are 1930s colls. of B (M). It is probably much more widespread than the map here indicates. It is close to maculata and distinction can be difficult even with flowers (Y); leaves are usually broader in shape (l/w ca. 1.5-2 versus 2-3) and relatively pale green without dark spots; stems often root at nodes (unlike maculata).


FullName:
Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex Gray) B.L. Robins.

Comment:
This taxon may be native in western regions, but perhaps spreading to the east. Check AP (Chester collections at LBL etc.).

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 34) is close to nutans, but generally distinct (FNA 5). It has a widespread western range, and extends into Ky. and Tenn. along major river valleys. It is typical of more open weedy habitats.


Comment:
These colls. need rechecking for possible C. brachypetalum, C. semidecandrum, C. pumilum.

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan annual weed is a highly variable tetraploid (2n = 72), and most colls. need rechecking for other species: especially semidecandrum, brachypetalum or pumilum, but also vulgare (see notes under latter). Both glomeratum and vulgare become common during early settlement (Short 1928-29), especially in overgrazed bluegrass pastures (Gm). C. viscosum L. is an ambiguous name proposed for rejection (FNA 5).


Comment:
Records of C. glomeratum need rechecking for this species.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 36) is close to pumilum and vulgare, widely scattered in North America and often overlooked, but it is probably much less common (Y). The only records from Ky. are colls. of J.W. Thieret (KNK).


Comment:
Another BELL (TN) coll. is Pounds #84-123, from "wet roadside"; det. by J. Thieret.

BE are duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

EK: BALL BELL BREA CALL CARL CLAR CLAY ESTI FAYE FLOY FRAN GRAV HARL HICK JACK KNOX LAUR LAWR LESL LEWI LINC MADI MARS MCRE METC OWSL PERR PIKE PULA ROCK WHIT

JC: also JEFF by herbarium

Footnote:
This rhizomatous perennial has been spreading into northeastern states during recent decades. Though often considered to have originated from East Asia, the species may also be native to warmer regions of southeastern states (FNA 23, Y, W). In Ky. there are widely scattered records from roadside ditches and similar disturbed sites, especially on sandy or gravelly soils. Mears (1999) has provided most of these records, from his excellent cyperaceous touring in the 1990s; see also Mears & Libby (1995).


Comment:
hb = Rowan Co. Sphagnum Swamp (H. Bryan, pers. comm.)  

2 = Kearney coll. (at US?); see also Anderson 1924 cites Kearney 463 1893.

EK: CALL CLIN

Anderson 1924: "swamps around Louisville" [Sept. 1835)? CW Short (KY).
Anderson 1924: "North Bend, Ohio River" Sep 1833 R Peter (KY); probably Hamilton Co Ohio.

Footnote:
This monotypic genus (2n = 32) is widespread in marshes of North America except in arid regions. It is uncommon to rare in Ky., and largely restricted to oligotrophic wetlands with relatively little disturbance.


Comment:
It was recently discovered at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by A. Risk, and near Laurel Lake by Campbell & Abbott (Abbott et al. 2004). There are also reports from Kentucky by Rafinesque (M'Murtie 1819), Riddell (1835) and Gleason (1952).

Footnote:
This northeastern species was recently discovered at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (HARL) by A. Risk; near Laurel Lake (LAUR) by JC and Abbott et al. (2004); and at the Hog Hollow seeps (BATH) by A. Risk. There are also old reports from Ky. by Rafinesque (McMurtrie 1819), Riddell (1835) and Gleason (1952).


FullName:
Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Comment:
RA colls. from TRIG and BELL are labeled var. crassior.

LO: HARD.

EK: CLIN FLEM KNOX LINC MADI MAGO MCRE MUHL WAYN

KY: HOPK ROCK BELL

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in marshes and shallow waters of eastern states, including older man-made ponds. At least some colls. from Ky. (e.g. BELL & TRIG) are referable to var. crassior Fern., but that variety has not been distinguished from the more southeastern var. quadrangulata in recent treatments.


Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is widely scattered on base-rich marshy soils. It is a diploid (2n = 18) relative of the palustris complex; see notes under smallii.


Comment:
Most or all colls. may match E. smallii rather than E. macrostachya, but these species are combined here.

1 = bt, perhaps based on Meijer (1976); coll. not located at KY.

BT records from BULL & SHEL apparently based on misided E. erythropoda; see annotations of Beal etc. at LO

HARD (LO) Stephensburg Lake, 1957 colls. ("macrostachya" det Cranfill and Beal).

EK: ADAI FULT HEND JACK KNOX

KY det GSmith: HEND HARD; where is HICK from previous data??? coll lost???

Footnote:
This largely diploid (2n = 16) member of the palustris complex occurs in eastern North America. Some colls. (especially from HARD) may be referred to the more western E. macrostachya Britt., a polyploid of possible hybrid origin (2n = 38).
But this distinction is not clearcut, and both taxa have been combined in some treatments with the European species: E. palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes. Further analysis of this circumboreal complex is needed (FNA 23). There has also been some confusion with erythropoda (which was apparently mapped as palustris by BT in BULL and SHEL).


FullName:
Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Comment:
Recently reported from Kentucky by Naczi et al. (2002);  CLIN (NK): Naczi 8598, 4.5 m NW of Albany, 0.2 m W of route 639, 0.8 m SW of jct of routes 639 and 90; frequent in lightly shaded moist soil of openings in swampy deciduous woods dominated by Acer rubrum, Q phellos and Liquidambar.

EK: CLIN

Footnote:
This distinctive annual or short-lived perennial occurs mostly in Atlantic and southeastern coastal states. It was recently collected in swampy woods of CLIN by Naczi et al. (2002). It differs from other eastern Eleocharis of Ky. in its roughly reticulate achense capped with an unusually broad tubercule about a large as the achene; plants usually form dense broad tussocks; 2n = 30 (FNA 23).


Comment:
1 = Matthew (1962); 
2 = Anderson (1924). 

GARR (JC): Will Overbeck coll sep 2009 from Tom Dorman preserve on Ky Rv.

Jones (2005) also treats var. variabilis, with smooth culms and short awns; but this variety is not generally recognized, and details for Kentucky are not available.

Muhl "sobolifera" at LO from BELL is tenuiflora: RHannan&PH 01-006-00238

LO 2008: no JACK or BREA here; were they lost with loan to Thieret or to EKY????

Footnote:
This ranges across east-central states, with a concentration in Appalachian regions (FNA 25, K); closely related plants in East Asia are now considered to be a distinct species (curviaristata). M. tenuiflora is most similar to sobolifera, and there may be intermediates (e.g. the coll. from HEND at EKY). In general, tenuifolia is restricted to acid sandy soils; sobolifera is most abundant on calcareous soils but also occurs on moderately base-rich inclusions within non-calcareous landscapes. 

   Distinction of tenuiflora from some other species can be difficult. Some possible transitions to sobolifera within southern Appalachian regions have been named var. variabilis (Scribn.) R.W. Pohl; these have sheaths and stems virtually glabrous, and lemmas with awns only 0-4 mm long (Cr, J). Distinction of tenuiflora from sylvatica can also be difficult; the detailed keys of K and W are useful. Colls. from GARR and JESS match tenuiflora in their relatively short abruptly tapering glumes, but sylvatica in other characters. Note also that M. tenuiflora has sometimes been confused in name with M. tenuifolia (Kunth) Trin., which is a western species; see switched maps in FNA 25 (1st printing).


FullName:
Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin.

Comment:
BELL: (LO) was misided tenuiflora.

GARR: EK WillOverbeck 2011

Footnote:
This species of dry calcareous woods in east-central states is especially common in the Ozark region. In Ky. it is sometimes confused with tenuiflora; see notes under that name.


Comment:
A collection named this at KY was misidentified; it is A. reptans.


Comment:
These collections appear correctly identified; this is an east-coastal and southern taxon reaching its interior northern limit in the central Mississippi Valley. There are also colls. at MU that may be intermediate between var. virginicum and to var. canadense. The HICK (MU) coll. is unusual, with leaves only 1-1.5 cm wide, bracts 15 x 3 mm and mostly longer than flowers.

Footnote:
This taxon occurs along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, and up into the central Mississippi Valley. In Ky. some colls. (at MUR) appear transitional to var. virginicum. An atypical coll. from HICK (MUR) has leaves only 1-1.5 cm wide, and bracts ca. 15 x 3 mm, mostly longer than flowers.


FullName:
Teucrium canadense L. var. virginicum (L.) Eat.

Comment:
Distinction from var. canadense is not very clear in Kentucky but most material appears to be var. virginicum.

WK: HART (JC 2007).

Footnote:
This taxon is widespread in temperate regions of North America.  A coll. from HARD was referred to the northern and western var. occidentalis (Gray) McClintock & Epling by Cranfill (1991), but this has not been verified.


FullName:
Teucrium canadense L. var. occidentale (Gray) McClintock & Epling

Comment:
Not verified; reported by Cranfill (1991) but collection not located.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered over eastern and central states, but generally restricted to limestone or other base-rich outcrops. Isanthus [= Trichostema sect. Orthopodium] is often considered to be a monotypic genus distinct from Trichostema (F, Cr; see notes of W).


Comment:
Recently reported by Abbott et al. (2001); get data. See also Horton (1972) for an older report. This is a northeastern and high Appalachian species.

Footnote:
This northeastern diploid (2n = 22) was collected in Ky. by Abbott et al. (2001) on Manchester Island, in the Ohio River (LEWI at BEREA). There have been other reports, but without details (Horton 1972; FNA 5). F. cilinodis may be confused with the weedy alien, convolvulus, and further discoveries are expected. However, its occurrences in the southern Appalachians are only at high elevation (W).


Species:
aviculare (monspeliensis; aviculare var. vegetum, ssp. a.)

Comment:
EK: CALL LAUR MERC PIKE SHEL (all somewhat tentative)

LO: remaining aviculare from CAMP and JEFF.

Footnote:
This widespread annual weed from Eurasia has several segregates or close allies that need more assessment in Ky. (2n = 40, 60). Although treated recently as subspecies for FNA 5, some of these taxa have often been considered species, and there is little or no intergradation in many areas. Those reported from Ky. are P. arenastrum (= aviculare ssp. depressum (Meisner) Arcangeli); P. bellardii (= aviculare ssp. neglectum (Besser) Arcangeli); and P. buxiforme (= aviculare ssp. b. (Small) Costea & Tardif); see notes under those names.


Comment:
Distrinction of varieties needs more study; see also Weakley. Most or all material matches the more robust, pubescent var. villosissima, which is more southern. JEFF (LO) may match the typical variety. FAYE (ky), not mapped here, has dubious data, from Univ. of Ky. campus.

The coll. of R. Cranfill # 268 reported from HARD is simplex.

Footnote:
This distinct northeastern species has often been confused with simplex, but there are differences in rhizomes, stolons, stems, leaves and branching patterns (F); leaves alone (Cr) should not be relied on. Virtually all plants are referable to var. villosissima Fern., which has a largely Appalachian (and perhaps Ozarkian) range. A coll. from the campus of Belknap University in JEFF (DHL) may be adventive; it appears to be the more northern var. canadensis.


Comment:
See P. anglica for BREC (ky); I had a record for anglica here but no trace at UK 2008; to check notes/sources...

Footnote:
This is scattered over northeastern regions, but unknown south of Ky. and Va. (W). See note under anglica, which may be confused; colls. deserve to be reviewed.


Comment:
Recheck; this northern (circumboreal?) species has scattered records in North America; perhaps it is confused with P. reptans in BREC (KY); not trace under either name at KY 2008;

Footnote:
This relatively large-flowered polyploid is close to reptans and has probably been confused (2n = 56 versus 28). A coll. from BREC (KY) has been identified as anglica, but cannot now be relocated.


Comment:
CHECK: BELL (ky); where is collection; recheck folders.

LO: HARD, OLDH.

MV: LEWI, MENI

EK: BELL CLIN CRIT (RA-3342 "dry places w/short male peduncles; moist shady places w/long") ESTI HARD HARL LAUR LEE LETC LINC MARI MONT MCRE POWE ROWA WOLF

Footnote:
This is widespread on acid soils in mesic to subxeric woods of eastern North America, except the upper mid-west and southeastern Coastal Plain. There has been confusion in Ky. with several other species, especially based on colls. that are immature or incomplete.


FullName:
Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.

Comment:
1 = Ettman & McDoo (1979); also KNOX (KSNPC).

JEFF: Cherokee Pk (Pat Haragan)

Footnote:
This is widespread in north-central states and adjacent Canada east of the Rockies. Although there are many records from Ky., the species generally occurs in patches of just 1-10 plants. A. hyemale may be most common in moderately base-rich fertile soil in mesic woods, but it is rare ro absent in most of the Bluegrass region and other landscapes with a long history of agricultural disturbance.


Comment:
1 = JEFF plant initially spontaneous then transplanted to gardens (photographed, not collected); see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This Chinese species is rarely established in North America (K, W). An apparently spontaneous plant was discovered in a garden of JEFF during the 1980s by R. Williamson; a photograph is in files of M.


Footnote:
This rhizomatous subaquatic plant is widespread in shallow water of eastern and central North America.


Comment:
Doubtfully present; reported by Price (1893a) and Gunn (1968); colls. unknown.

CHECKED "triviale": Mohlenbrock coll from HEND at EK: acc no 67588; 14Jun2002 Sloughs WMA; Sauerheber Unit off Rt 268; listed in their database not in cabinets Nov 2008; NO this is Ech ber!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
This widespread northern and western species remains unknown south of the Ohio Rv. and east of the lower Mississippi Rv. (PL). It was reported from Ky. by Pr as A. plantago-aquatica L. var. americana J.A. Schultes, and by Gunn (1968) as A. triviale. However, no coll. has been located. 

   Diagnostic characters differ between treatments (F, Cr, FNA 22, Y). Compared to subcordatum, triviale usually has larger petals (ca. 3.5-6 x 3-4 mm versus 1.5-3 x 1.5-2 mm), larger fruting heads (ca. 4-7 mm wide versus 2-4 mm), and larger achenes (ca. 1.5-2.2 mm long versus 2.1-3 mm); 2n = 28 versus 14.


Comment:
There are also colls. of f. depauperatus from CALD (RA) and CAMP (NK).

Footnote:
This annual is widespread in central states, with disjunctions or extensions to east, west and south. In Ky. it is most common along drying muddy shores of old sloughs and ponds on broader river bottoms. Colls. from CALD (R. Athey; check EKY), CAMP (KNK) and elsewhere have been named forma depauperatus (Engelm.) Fern. (in Lophotocarpus). However, such plants are often mixed with typical plants and do not appear worth distinguishing (see also B).


FullName:
Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G. Sm.

Comment:
Records need rechecking.

w/MM 2007 he says EDMO (MM) is rigida instead.

Footnote:
This rhizomatous species is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley (K) and reaches its northern limits in or near s. Mo (F), nw. Tenn. (Ch) and w. Ky. The only confirmed Ky. records are colls. of R. Athey and KSNPC from Fish Pond and Reelfoot Lake in FULT (KY, EKY). There has been confusion with graminea and rigida; records from MCRA (KY-Agr.) and especially JEFF (BT) should be rechecked.


Comment:
Some colls. need rechecking for S. platyphylla: including CALL (mu). But CALL (NC) is correct: G.E. Hunter & D.F. Austin 1523.

Recheck original data sheets for mu comments.

EDMO (NP): MCNP across SR 255 from campground.

FAYE: (lo) REStoll 17May1967 off Tates Creek Rd by Red Rain Cr on a pond N of the creek [just non flowering bases--too early for flw; but id confirmed "probably S graminea by EO Beal 1979].

JEFF: (LO) MSeargent-98 4-R6 1Aug1940 ponds, South Park Lake; (LO) ATHotchkiss-64-7-29-1 29Jul1964 South Park; also student colls from same local in 1956, 1957, 1978

JEFF: also (PH??) old record (Short?) from Falls of Ohio.

MEAD: (LO) ACH[otchkiss]-24 25Sep1949 pond just W of US60 ca 1 mile S of Tip Top.

WARR (NP): Chaney Lake around margin of small pond.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered over eastern and central North America, but concentrated in coastal wetlands and along the midwestern "flyway" for waterfowl (K). It usually grows along shorelines with much variation in water level. Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from platyphylla or rigida, and should be rechecked.


Comment:
Records need checking. 

1 = Davies (1955a); collection unknown or at MC--check; see JC's report to NPS. 

The BULL (bt) record may be from Gunn (1968a).

Check Mammoth Cave herbarium notes; and RS collection; but MM also agrees his coll is rigida

Footnote:
This is widespread in midwestern and northeastern states, but rare from Ky. and Tenn. to Del. and Va. (K) The only verified Ky. records are from a pond in EDMO, where it has been collected during 1980-2000 by M. Medley (WKY) and R. Seymour (pers. comm.). Other reports are probably based on colls., but details are unknown (F, BT). A related southern species, S. falcata Pursh (S. lancifolia var. media) was reported from Ky. by Fassett (1940) but is unlikely here, since it is concentrated in coastal regions (Cr, K, M).


FullName:
Aphanes microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm.

Comment:
Jones (2005) includes this alien species, a lawn weed from Europe; need to get data.

Footnote:
This annual lawn weed from southern Europe is scattered through southeastern states but easily overlooked. It was first collected in Ky. from MADI, on mowed ground in 1994 (Abbott et al. 2001). Other records come from CALL (Poindexter & Thompson 2008), JEFF anbd WASH (herbarium of Ind, Univ. SE).


Comment:
Variety status needs rechecking in some cases; lower case lb records do not separate variety.

GH: CALD, MCLE, OHIO, ESTI, UNIO, JEFF.

EK: LARU ("virg")

1= Lewis 1958: EDMO (US); ESTI ("H"); JEFF (GH); METC (Lewis coll.); MUHL (US); UNIO ("H")

Footnote:
This diploid is widespread across much of eastern North America, and perhaps somewhat adventive. But it is rare or absent in some hilly areas with less fertile soils, as in the Appalachian hills of Ky. and Tenn. (Ch). Open dots indicate the reliable published records of the species but not det. to variety.


Comment:
Distinction from S. australis is unclear in many cases; rechecking is needed.

EK: CART CLIN MCRE (some older ids corrected by Robert Haynes 2001)

Footnote:
This midwestern species is closely related to australis, but intermediate plants have not been documented (FNA 22). Ranges overlap broadly in Ky., and there has been some confusion.


Comment:
These are mostly good species records; they should be rechecked for var.

MV: CAMP, ?HARD

Footnote:
This tuberous species ("duck potato") is widespread across North, Central and South America. In Ky. it may be less frequent than the australis-brevirostra group, and concentrated in older ponds with more mature vegetation, but there has been frequent confusion among these species in the field. 

   Although highly variable in its leaves, segregates have not been generally recognized in recent treatments. Records of var. obtusa (Engelm.) Wieg. are included here. Plants with hairy leaves are known as var. pubescens (Muhl. ex Nutt.) J.G. Sm., and are recognized by some authors as a distinct taxon of southeastern states (W), but no other diagnostic characters are known. There is coll. referable to var. pubescens from CALL (MUR).


FullName:
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. obtusa (Engelm.) Wieg.

Comment:
More records may come from rechecking of "var. latifolia".

This variety is not recognized in some recent treatments, and it needs to be evaluated further in Ky.


Footnote:
This high-climbing annual is widespread along edges of riparian woods in eastern states, and it can often spread onto uplands with damp fertile soils.


FullName:
Cucurbita pepo L. var. ovifera (L.) Alef.

Footnote:
This climbing or scrambling annual originates from southwestern states and Central America. It is the source of the field pumpkin, some squashes (acorn, scallop) and gourds that do not generally persist after cultivation. The var. ovifera ("pear gourd") may not be truly naturalized, but several records of self-seeding plants are mapped here. It was one of the earliest domesticated plants in North America, reaching the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys ca. 4000-4500 years ago (F.B. King in Ford 1985, Smith 2006). 

   The var. melopepo (L.) Alef. is another old native American cultivar, with a reported coll. from PIKE (MM for WKY). The true pumpkin, C. mixta Pang., and the crookneck squash, C. moschata (Duschesne ex Lam.) Duschesne ex Poir., are more recent introductions that do not persist in the wild.


FullName:
Cucurbita pepo L. var. melopepo (L.) Alef.

Comment:
The pumpkin, var. pepo, may not persist long without cultivation. The old native american cultivar, var. melopepo, is supposedly collected from PIKE (MM); check.


FullName:
Silphium laciniatum L. var. robinsonii Perry

Comment:
BALL (GH): Anderson, same data as terebinthinaceum; just a lower leaf but seems really laciniatum.

CALL (GH): L.B. Smith & A.R. Hodgdon #4091, 20 Jul 1937, between Murray and New Concord ("var. robbinsonii" but same coll at US seems transitional to typical var.); also type of Short 1835 "Barrens of Ky. 6-8 ft tall."

CHRI (NP): assume AP; 1993 Ft Campbell Angels Rd ca 1.4 and 2.1 mi W of jct with Palmyra Rd; also 1977 near Hopkinsville Ky 91 0.5 mi N of jct with Ky 1682.

HARD (NP): 1992 Fork Knox hunting area 57 ca o,5 aimi NE of Davis Cem; also 2000 Fort Knox Frazier Rd betw 2 Tank course parking lots and N side of road, extending into surrounding vegetation. Also RSeymour says at Onoorb site north of his place.

JEFF (GH): P.A. Davies & H. Bishop #374 dry hillside Poplar Level Road, Louisville; see also Gunn 1968b; where is this coll at LO now???

MEAD (NP): 1993 Fort Knox 0.6 mi N of Ky 1638 on Carpenter Test Rd W side; "var. laciniatum".

Note NP also had GRAY: 1980 WKy Parkway N side I mi E of Leitchfield exit.

Footnote:
This taxon occurs mostly in or near the lower Mississippi Valley (Cr, FNA 21). In Ky. it is a remnant of original grasslands, surviving mostly in roadsides; extensive populations are restricted to Fort Campbell in TRIG and adjacent Tenn. (Chester 1992). Typical var. laciniatum occurs mostly in the midwest and is unknown in Ky., though a coll. from CALL (US) appears transitional. See also notes on potential hybridization under pinnatifidum.


Comment:
This western taxon is unlikely in Kentucky; Medley (1993) considered that the CALL (US) collection named this is transitional to var. robbinsonii; and that his HARD (MM) collection is var. robbinsonii.


Comment:
Apparent hybrids with terebinthinaceum are collected from HART (MM) and WARR (MM). Apparent hybrids with laciniatum are collected from LOGA (LB) and elsewhere (LBL, Fort Campbell); check TRIG (AP, NC).

SIMP (NP): 1999 N side Ky 1039 ca 1.2 mi W of jct with Ky 73.

TODD (LO): not t. var luciae-brauniae (as erroneously reporred before...?); this is pinnatifidum clearly labeled as such:  RAthey-3544 dry sandy slope 0.6 m on ky 178 w from ky 181 5Aug1976

Footnote:
This has a rather narrow range, mostly in the Big Barrens region of Ky. and Tenn., plus outlying populations in Ala. and Ga. It may not occur north of the Ohio Rv. (D). Similar plants in Ind. and Ohio can be interpreted as forms of terebinthinaceum, perhaps introgressed with laciniatum. S. pinnatifidum survives mostly in lower edges of limestone glades, roadsides on deeper soils, and locally old hayfields or pastures with moderate rough browsing; horses generally do not eat it (R. Seymour, pers. comm.). 

   Further research is needed to clarify distinction among various hybrids and introgressants involving this species and others. Apparent hybrids with typical terebinthiaceum have been collected from HART and WARR (MM for WKY). Apparent hybrids with laciniatum have been collected from LOGA (B) and perhaps TRIG (APSU). Typical terebinthinaceum tends to flower a month or so later than laciniatum (peaking in Sep versus Aug), but there is much overlap.


FullName:
Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. var. terebinthinaceum

Comment:
The CALL (MU) coll. has some leaves sinuate-lobed but not deeply; the more western plants need checking for possible introgression with laciniatum and pinnatifidum.

GH: BALL (W.A. Anderson 2 Jun 1933 along railroad LaCenter); see also Anderson 1947; also BULL (23 Jul 1940 Dr Wedekind's farm).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the upper midwest, but with disjunct populations in some regions of southeastern states that have a history of pre-DeSotan grassland (Braun 1950; K, W). There may be some hybridization with laciniatum and pinnatifidum; see notes under those species. Further southeast, from the Ridge & Valley to the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, terebinthinaceum is largely replaced by the related species (or species complex), S. compositum Michx.


FullName:
Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. var. luciae-brauniae Steyermark

Comment:
Lower case records (and others not cited) appear transitional to var. t.

LO: MEAD var lb RCH (?= Hotchkiss) 561 roadside just sw of railroad track at Brandenburg station 28 Aug 1950; and MEAD HHWoodward 3879 19 Sep 1969 open woods in Lappland near Battletown

KY (ex Agr): 
FLEM: S.C. Jones Sep 1923 Wallingford "very common on marl hillside"
FLEM: Wm H Shockley  Flemingsburg 17Jun1926 ("Rosin plant, taking the land") & 24Jul1944 ("acres of it").

Footnote:
This taxon was described from the Knobs and other hills just west of the Appalachian Plateaus in. n. Ky. and se. Ohio (F), and it also seems to occur locally from n. Miss. to n. Ga. (pers. obs.). Var. lucieae-brauniae is identified simply by its glabrous upper leaf surfaces (versus scabrous), but some colls. in the western Knobs are not clearly distinct. Apparent hybrids with trifoliatum have been collected from FLEM (EK) and ROWA (JC). 

   Based on label data, var. luciae-brauniae appears to have been locally abundant as late as 1920-1950 in the calcareous or dolomitic foothills between the eastern Knobs and western Bluegrass region, where narrow strips of grassland occurred before settlement. Although there are virtually no intact remnants of that vegetation, this Silphium and other conservative associates do survive in a few rights-of-way and old fields that have not been converted to fescue or subjected to intense browsing. There are also scattered patches below limestone cliffs within the Knobs.


FullName:
Chrysogonum virginianum L. var. brevistolon Nesom

Comment:
Known only from the Big South Fork ravines downstream to the Yahoo Falls area. This Cumberland variety is recently described by Nesom (2001); var. australe (also stoloniferous) occurs south to Florida; var. virginianum (less spreading) occurs east to DC.

GNesom says any dispersed with an elaiosome!!!

Footnote:
This is generally considered to be a monotypic species, but with distinct segregates; 2n = 16 and 32 (FNA 21). Var. brevistolon is a southern Appalachian taxon was recently described by Nesom (2001a). It has moderately long stolons, ca. 2-6 cm; early flowering stems are leafless, ca. 2-25 cm tall; later ones are leafy, ca. 15-25 cm tall. 

   Var. virginianum is essentially non-stoloniferous, with later leafy flowering stems often taller, and more eastern. The latter was mapped close to Ky. by Nesom, and within Ky. by FNA 21 but no colls. are documented. The highly distinct var. australe (Alexander ex Small) Ahles is strongly stoloniferous and has short leafless flowering stems; it has a more southeastern, disjunct range.


Comment:
Some colls. may suggest var. rotundifolium, but there is no clear distinction from var. ovatum in Kentucky. Braun's records of typical rotundifolium are transferred here.

TN: CALL MCRE BELL CART POWE

Footnote:
This largely northeastern and Appalachian species is generally distinct from the more southern rotundifolium (F, FNA 21, W), but it has often been treated as a variety (Cr). E. pubescens appears to be an apomictic allopolyploid (mostly with 2n = 30), derived from rotundifolium and perhaps sessilifolium (FNA 21). There may be some intergradation between pubescens and rotundifolium across their ranges (F, Cr), as suggested by some colls. from Ky. (e.g. B).


Species:
pilosum (verbenaefolium, rotundifolium var. saundersii)

Comment:
This northeastern species includes E. verbenaefolium and rotundifolium var. lanceolatum. It may have hybrid origin from pubescens and album, but appears distinct in Kentucky, with concentration on wetter sites than pubescens.

Footnote:
This southeastern species (up the Atlantic Coast to Mass.) includes a polyploid series (2n = 20, 30, 40), and may be derived from hybridization of rotundifolium and album (FNA 21). It appears distinct in Ky. and elsewhere (W), with concentration on relatively wet sites.


FullName:
Eupatorium lancifolium (Torr. & Gray) Small

Comment:
Not verified. R. Athey 2910 @ MU was named this,and was cited by Woods & Fuller (1988), but the collection was not found at MU in the 1990s. The species is known only from s Arkansas, n Louisiana and e Texas.


Comment:
Recently reported from Kentucky; details to be documented (Mears 1999, Jones 2005). This is known as a rare introduction on the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Weakley); is it really here in Kentucky? SIMP (NK, BE): G.L. Libby 1219 & R.L. Mears; wet ditch in front of gas station just west of I-65 at exit 6 (KY 100) near Franklin.

EK: FLOY KNOT LAUR PIKE SIMP WHIT

Footnote:
This annual of the Old World tropics is a bad weed of rice fields. It has begun to spread through southern and western states during recent decades (Lipscomb 1980), and was discovered in Ky. at scattered roadsides and other disturbed sites during the 1990s (Mears & Libby 1995, Libby et al. 1997).


Footnote:
Although widespread across much of the southeast, this species is uncommon to absent in calcareous regions. Reports from the Bluegrass region need verification: CARR (Gm), FRAN (Little 1971), GALL (Gm), KENT (CW) and SPEC (Gm). Barton's (1919) data indicate that it was a significant component of original forests only in the Mississippian Embayment.


Comment:
1 = H. Bryan (pers. comm.). OWEN (NK) is from "edge of Big Bass Lake, Glenwood Hall Resort"...; this could have been planted.

Footnote:
This shrub is widely scattered over southeastern and Atlantic states, but largely restricted to wet acid soils. In Ky. it is generally absent from the Bluegrass, but there are a few records from sandy terraces of the Kentucky Rv. in JESS, FRAN and OWEN.


Comment:
Check MADI (be); was this planted? Included by Jones (2005); there have been reports that this European species is escaping from plantings (also T. Kimmerer, pers. comm.), especially on strip mines in eastern Kentucky, but no collections have been seen yet. What idiot approved planting of this alien species anyway?

LAUR: BE is a planted tree!!!

EK: lower case probably/certainly plantings

Footnote:
This tree is widely planted in northeastern regions, sometimes spreading by seed, and "occasionally becoming a weedy pest" (FNA 3, PL). In Ky. there have been unverified reports of escapes from plantings, especially on strip mines (CW; T. Kimmerer, pers. comm.). In a few cases, labels on colls. indicate naturalization (e.g. R. Thompson #2093 from BELL), but definitive evidence of seedlings is not yet available.


Comment:
These collections are from rare escaped plants.

BULL: bad patches spreading from arboretum at Bernheim (ABerry 2011)

Footnote:
This ornamental shrub has escaped locally from plantings in the Louisville area (M), Bernhiem Forest and elsewhere (CW), and may gradually increase. In New England and N.Y. it is becoming a problem, and appears resistant to deer browsing (T. Rawinski, pers. comm.).


