# Flora

Comment:
An additional coll. from JEFF (KY) is f. rosea. Authorities indicate that alien and native races probably occur in N America, even within the southeast, but no details have been provided.

Footnote:
Although this variable, circumboreal weed has often been considered alien in eastern states (Gray 1864; Gm), most or all Ky. plants may be referred to the North American tetraploids (2n = 36) known as ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper, "with narrower leaf-segments disposed in various planes." The European hexaploids (2n = 54) known as ssp. millefolium tend to have flatter, smoother, greener leaves (Cr). A practical treatment is still needed, based on the complex variation that has been revealed by molecular analysis (e.g. Guo et al. 2008; see also citations of W). There has been little attempt to subdivide the species in recent North American floras (e.g. FNA 19).


Comment:
Most material may match var. pinnatifidum, but this taxon is generally not recognized.

Footnote:
This somewhat ornamental but persistently rhizomatous weed has probably been present since early after settlement (Rafinesque 1824, Short 1840). In 1914, Gm noted: "very common and troublesome... Superintendents of parks and cemeteries are often very much afraid of it, and sometimes forbid visitors bringing the flowers..." Variation deserves further attention (Cr); 2n = 18 usually but polyploids are known (as in several other Anthemideae). Most colls. from Ky. are referable to var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke, but that taxon has not been generally recognized in recent treatments.


Footnote:
This commonly cultivated herb ("tansy") is naturalized across much of North America. In Ky. it is more or less naturalized at scattered old home sites and other residential localities. It was reported as "becoming naturalized" by Short & Peter (1835).


Comment:
The JEFF (MM) coll. is M. Medley 20058-96. 1 = source of Medley (1993); check MM.

Footnote:
Although sometimes persistent after cultivation, this herb ("feverfew") may not be truly naturalized in Ky. The related species, T. balsamita L. ("costmary"), has also been reported from Ky. (BA), but probably from a planted source (M).


Comment:
Listed by Browne & Athey (1992), but probably from a planted source; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
The var. determinations need checking; agrestis is assumed, but this may not be generally recognized. Distinction from A. cotula is not easy, but these colls. seem reliably identified to species. 

1 = various sources combined by Medley (1993); to check.

Footnote:
This widespread perennial weed has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1933). Most or all plants in Ky. are referable to var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC., but that taxon has generally not been recognized in recent treatments. A. arvensis has often been misidentified as cotula, and some records need to be rechecked. BA's report of A. tinctoria L. was based on misidentified arvensis (M).


Comment:
These are generally reliable records, but some checking versus A. arvensis is desired.

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan malodorous annual of barnyards and similar sites has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "The road sides and waste grounds are every where covered with this obtrusive weed, which, originally introduced, has become quite too well known among us." Rafinesque (1836, 1:31) even expressed uncertainty about its naturalized versus native status in North America. Some colls. need to be rechecked for arvensis, which has been confused.


Comment:
Listed by Browne & Athey (1992), but Medley (1993) indicated that this was based on misidentified arvensis.


Comment:
Both these collections have been closely studied, but are only tentatively placed with this species; there are some similarities to faucibus. 

WARR (1): Price (1893a, Quarterman & Powell 1978); need to check S. patula.

See also Short & Peter (1835), Braun (1942b).

Footnote:
This northeastern species has been collected at two sites on Pine Mt., here at the southern edge of its range: in PIKE (US), E.L. Braun #2048, 26 Sep 1938, steep slopes, woods, near Millard; and LETC (MDKY), A. Risk #2013, 11 Aug 1988, Elkins Br., non-forested wetland near head of stream, wet clay soil, elev. 2510 ft. These colls. may be somewhat atypical, and need further comparison with associated species of Solidago that might hybridize or be confused. Braun's coll. was made at the same locality as her colls. of faucibus (#2049-2050), and patula is also known on Pine Mt. Both those species have large basally disposed leaves, resembling squarrosa.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); check Medley & Cranfill (1979) and MM. 

Medley's sources for ELLI, EDMO and ROWA are not verified and may be doubted; there have been misidentifications.

??ESTI and MONT are misids (but see NP);  to recheck my notes and herbarium.

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely northeastern species is verified only from the Cumberland Mountains. It has often been confused with other pubescent species in the erecta group. Hairs on stems, in particular, are dense, minute and stiff as in nemoralis, but unlike the longer looser hairs of hispida or bicolor. Previous records from ESTI and MONT have been based on misidentifications; those from EDMO, ELLI and ROWA are not verified, and may be doubted (M).


FullName:
Smilax hugeri (Small) J.B.S. Norton ex Pennell

Comment:
See also var. ecirrhata for possible records. This and var. biltmoreana may both deserve species status.

GH: none!

Footnote:
This is generally distinct from ecirrata and has a more restricted range, mostly from N.Car. to Ala.; 2n = 26 versus 52 (FNA 26, W). It is verified in e. Tenn. (from Grundy Co. at GH), but some colls. from Tenn. are difficult to distinguish from ecirrata (Mangaly 1968). Much ecirrata has been erroneously referred to hugeri in Ky. and elsewhere, due to misleading treatment in Gl and elsewhere; leaves of both species are green and more or less puberulent beneath. A comprehensive review of Ky. colls. is still needed.

   S. hugeri differs from ecirrata in its typically less numerous leaf blades (ca. 4-8 versus 5-13), which are narrowly ovate or elliptic (l/w ca. 1.7-2 versus 1.4-1.7), with a cuneate base (versus broadly ovate with a cordate base); its usually less numerous flowers (up to 12 per umbel, versus 25); its shorter tepals (3-3.5 mm versus 3.5-4 mm); its stamens shorter than filaments (versus more or less equalling); and its berries glaucous (versus not) with fewer seeds (2-3 versus 3-5).


Comment:
Includes D. glauca. D. quaternata is not easily distinguished from D. villosa in some collections, but there may not be enough justification for combining these species.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in mesic to subxeric woods of east-central states. It is relatively abundant throughout Ky. and in other Appalachian states, but much less common on the Coastal Plain, where it is largely replaced by villosa (W). D. quaternata does occur in more northern states, but it has often been combined with, or reported as, villosa in floristic manuals.


Comment:
1 = Davies (Flora of Mammoth Cave National Park).

RA: BALL.

JEFF (LO): PADavies 2 Aug 1943, roadside off Herr Lane "Scirpus atrovirens".

EK: ADAI BALL CALL CARL CASE CLIN GRAV HICK HOPK KNOX LAUR LYON MCRA OHIO ROCK TODD

Footnote:
In Ky. this robust southeastern perennial is largely restricted to southern regions of the state, but it is locally abundant in wetlands there.

   C. entrerianus Boeckeler is a noxious weed similar to pseudovegetus. In recent decades, it has spread onto the Gulf Coastal Plain from South America (FNA 23, W and cited literature). It has been found in sw. Mo. (SE) and may be expected in far western Ky. C. entrerianus differs in its achenes, which are smaller and less elongated, and its heads do not have the "irregularly lobulate" character of pseudovegetatus (see above sources for keys).


FullName:
Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. ex Torr.

Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered on wet base-rich sites across the United States but most common in the Great Plains. It has only disjunct or adventive records in some Pacific and Atlantic states (FNA 23, K). It is likely that records from eastern Ky. represent adventive plants.


Comment:
EK: BALL CAMP CARL FRAN FULT GRAY HARR LAUR MADI MARS MCRA MERC PULA TODD TRIM WARR WOOD

Footnote:
This aromatic annual is a nearly cosmopolitan variable weedy annual of bare soil in various natural or artificial habitats (FNA 23); 2n = 48, 56 or 64 (but unknown in Ky.). In Ky. it often occurs on rocky sites that puddle after rain, especially with calcareous soils.


Comment:
These have somewhat tentative identification in most cases.

Footnote:
This polyploid (2n = 35) has been widely cultivated in northeastern regions, especially for its fruits, and it may be occasionally naturalized. Some identifications in Ky. are tentative; see notes under rubiginosa. There is also a reported coll. (at NY) of the hybrid with R. obtusifolium Desv., known as X dumetorum Thuill. (M).


Species:
rubiginosa (var. r.; "eglanteria"*; ?micrantha)

Comment:
RA collections from MARS & EDMO appear to be canina instead..

GH: JOHN

Footnote:
This is a variable polyploid species, as currently defined to include R. micrantha Borrer ex Sm. (2n = 28, 35, 42), which has been treated as a variety. See W and FNA (in prep.) for recent notes on nomenclature and taxonomy. In Ky. most plants have been identified as micrantha, and there has also been confusion with canina; further revision is desriable. These roses often persist from plantings, but it is generally not clear from colls. if the plants are truly naturalized from seed.


Comment:
Recheck.

GH: UNIO.

See note under rubiginosa. It is not clear if there are colls. from truly naturalized plants (CW).


Comment:
EDMO (KY) needs verification and label data checked; = palustris 2008!!!

This is a northern species that is unlikely in Kentucky. 

See also R. folio[lo]sa; OLDH (LO).


Comment:
Reports may only be based on planted material.

Footnote:
Although widely cultivated across east-central states, this diploid does not appear to be increasing in the wild. The few records from Ky. may only be from plantings (M, CW).


Comment:
Needs verification and taxonomic check. No lit reports???

See wichuraiana of R. Clark.


Species:
X dumetorum (corymbifera, canina var. d.)

Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); based perhaps on voucher at NY. Needs verification and taxonomic check.

Considered a hybrid of canina and obtusifolia (USDA PLANTS).


Comment:
It is assumed that these are all naturalized records, as opposed to plantings, but there may be uncertainty in some cases.

Footnote:
This popular fruit tree (the peach) is widely grown in southeastern states, often persistent, and occasionally spreading from seed. In Ky. most records may be from old plantings, but it does appear to have spread from seed at some sites.


FullName:
Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. corymbulosa (Torr. & Gray) Shinners

Comment:
Separation from typical var. needs more study.


Comment:
MADI, ROWA and WASH colls. seem distinct variously, but are at least transitional to this species. Some suggest V. glauca (= noveboracensis var. tomentosa); 

1 = Price, see Medley (1993). 

Transitions to gigantea have been noted in MCRE and WHIT.

Footnote:
This occurs on wet acid soils in southeastern states from the Atlantic Coastal Plain to Appalachian regions. Colls. from MCRE and WHIT (KY) are relatively homogeneous, but a few suggest hybridization with gigantea. Colls. from MADI (BEREA), ROWA (KY), WARR (Pr) and WASH (KY) are more varied. Those from ROWA and WARR suggest transitions to glauca. The one from WASH has larger heads, more pubescent and resin-dotted. [There is frequent hybridization among species in this genus, which has uniform chromosome number; 2n = 34 in all reports.]


Comment:
The ka colls. are vegetative only. Some colls. should be rechecked versus Carduus acanthoides. 

1 = sources of Medley (1993)

2 = Campbell & Meijer 1989

This species has increased much since 1970.

Footnote:
This is a noxious weed across cool temperate regions of North America. It was first reported from Ky. in 1914, when Gm noted: "The Canadian thistle is more often seen in newspapers than in our fields... it occurs locally in the State... but for some reason disappears again... its seeds frequently come to Kentucky in imported forage seeds..." It was rarely recorded until after 1950 (Harvill 1941), but increased greatly after 1970. Since 1990 arvense has become much more widespread than colls. indicate, but Ky. is near the southern edge of its range in North America. It has expanded towards the south, especially along major highways, but much less in Tenn. (Sudbrink et al. 2001). It remains virtually absent on the southern Interior Low Plateaus and Coastal Plain.

   C. arvense is an unusual thistle, spreading aggressively by perennial running roots and largely dioecious, with a small proportion of perfect flowers; 2n = 34 (versus 20 in most native Cirsium). Most or all plants may be var. horridum Wimmer & Grab. (see also W), but varieties are not generally recognized in North America.


Comment:
Reported by McFarland (1942) but any collection was burned in 1948.

Footnote:
This biennial (or short-lived perennial) is naturalized in northeastern states, but remains virtually absent in the southeast (PL, W). It was reported from Ky. by McFarland (1942) but any coll. at KY was probably lost in the fire of 1948.


Footnote:
This ornamental annual is often cultivated and it escapes into disturbed areas, but it is not a seriously invasive species. It has been erroneously named C. spinosa DC. by several earlier authors (FNA 7). Rafinesque's genus Tarenaya has been adopted in recent years for American plants that have generally been combined with Cleome. In its strict sense, Cleome is native only to the Eastern Hemisphere, but some species from both genera have now spread to both sides of the Atlantic (FNA 7).


Comment:
CAMP (NK) was initially identified as C. ornithopodioides; see Thieret & Thompson (1984). The MARS (RA) collection needs to be checked still.

Footnote:
As in other eastern states, this annual occurs as rare waifs in waste places (Thieret & Thompson 1984), and it does not seem to be increasing much in the wild. For Ky. there are colls. from CAMP (KNK) and probably MARS (?EKY).


Comment:
This name was misapplied to hassleriana in earlier literature.


Comment:
NELS: check data, banks of Salt Rv coll of JC in 1990s to be processed.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread in most of North America, but local, rare or absent in southeastern states. In Ky. and Tenn., most records are from gravely or sandy riverbanks west of the Appalachians. The only central Appalachian records are from the Kanawha Rv. in W.Va. and the James Rv. in Va. (PL, W). See notes under trachysperma, which is not distinguished here.


Footnote:
This is the commonly cultivated "morning-glory" from tropical America. It is often escaped and locally weedy. The first report of wild plants from Ky. was in 1914 (Gm). There are varied color forms, and plants with lobed leaves have been occasionally reported in other states (Cr, Y). Another cultivated species with various color forms is I. tricolor Cav., which originates from Central America and may be locally escaped in southeastern states (PL, Y). I. tricolor can be confused with purpurea, but differs in its glabrous sepals and pedicels (versus conspicuously pubescent) and its 2-lobed stigmas (versus 3-lobed); it is probably closer to pandurata (Y).


Comment:
Added colls. from CARL (MU) and FAYE (KA) appears to be var. integriuscula.

Footnote:
This weedy annual is widespread in warmer American regions, and may have been present in southeastern states before settlement (W). A related tropical species, I. nil (L.) Roth, has been erroneously reported from Ky. in some earlier lists (M). The first probable report of hederacea in Ky. was by Rafinesque (1836b, 4:73-75; as "Cleiemera hirsuta"). Some colls. with entire leaves from CARL (MUR), FAYE (KY-Agr.) and perhaps elsewhere are referable to the more southern var. integriuscula Gray, but that taxon may not deserve recognition (Cr, Y, W and their citations).


FullName:
Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould

Comment:
EK: ANDE!! WSBryant Lovers Leap off Lane's Mill Rd near Ninevah; but FRAN "comm" = cland.

Footnote:
In a broader definition, commutatum includes joorii and ashei as subspecies (FNA 25). Typical commutatum, as mapped here, is the most widespread segregate, extending from eastern states to South America.


FullName:
Dichanthelium ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) new comb.

Comment:
See also EK: BELL, CLAY, KNOT, LAUR, POWE, ROCK, ROWA, TRIG.

Footnote:
Although close to commutatum and perhaps intergrading in some cases, ashei is a generally distinct southeastern segregate. Moreover, ashei is consistently found in subxeric to xeric woods on acid infertile soils, while commutatum occurs in more mesic-tending woods. The combinations ssp. ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) Freckman & Lelong and var. ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) Mohlenbrock are available, but species status may be warranted.

   D. ashei differs in its narrower upper leaves (ca. 5-10 mm wide versus 10-20 mm) and slightly shorter spikelets (on average); see also Anderson (1924). Unlike ashei, typical commutatum tends to have blades increasing markedly up the culms, and the culms tend to be more spreading.


Footnote:
This a widespread perennial in eastern North America, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Species:
ciliatum (ssp. c.; adenocaulon, glandulosum var. a.)

Comment:
1 = report of glandulosum (= ciliatum ssp. g.) by E. Carr (collection perhaps at Pine Mt. State Park). 
2 = report by M. Medley from Tight Hollow; both these are tentative, so far unverified. 
This species may hybridize with coloratum (Cronquist 1991).

Footnote:
This northern and western perennial has been collected at two sites and there are other unverified reports (M). Its more northern (circumboreal) relative, E. glandulosum Lehm. (ciliatum var. g.), has been reported from BELL, but no coll. has been seen and it may well have been confused with ciliatum. E. ciliatum may also hybridize with coloratum (Cr).


FullName:
Oenothera elata Kunth ssp. hirsutissima (Gray ex S. Wats.) W. Dietr.

Comment:
Reported, apparently in error or confusion, by Browne & Athey (1993); see Medley (1993).


Comment:
There are old reports from Kentucky (Short et al. 1833, Linney 1882, Price 1893) but no collections have been located. If it was locally escaped in the 19th century, it does not appear to have become naturalized.

Footnote:
This distinctly large-flowered species (with petals ca. 2.5-4 cm long and elevated stigmas) is native to southeastern states (mostly Miss. to N.C.). A relatively robust, pubescent cultigen deriived at least partly from grandiflora is known as O. glazioviana Micheli in Martius (= O. erythrocephala Borbas), which became cultivated (as "biennis") in Europe early after settlement, and then more widely distributed (Dietrich et al. 1997). For Ky. there is a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) labeled "Lexington" (see also Short et al. 1833); also, there are reports of "biennis var. grandiflora Lindl." from n. and w. Ky. (Linney 1882; Pr, check MO).


FullName:
Lactuca canadensis L. var. latifolia Kuntze

Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993). Taxon may not be worth recognizing.

SI: CARL, MARS


Comment:
Curiously few records from Braun.

PU: EDMO 1874 Hussey.

Footnote:
This circumboreal perennial is widespread in temperate regions of North America. Variation may deserve further study; 2n = 44 and 66. Under typical plants, F noted "passing into" the more southern var. asprelliforme Fern., which has more paniculate inflorescences (versus axillary).


Comment:
BELL (LB) and LIVI (RA = Athey 253) match var. puncticulosum. This is the southern variety, distinguished by shorter, incurved hairs; it may not be worth recognizing in Kentucky.

Check CAMP (NK) reported by Naczi (pers comm) from L. Giesman property with Carex muhl var. enervis and Baptisia cf. leucantha.

PU: EDMO Hussey 1874

Footnote:
This perennial diploid (2n = 22) is widespread in eastern states, but largely restricted to thin woodlands and grasslands on dry acid soils. Colls. from BELL (B), LIVI (R. Athey #253) and perhaps elsewhere may be referred to the relatively southern var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & Gray. Further assessment of that taxon is needed in Ky. and elsewhere (W).


FullName:
Galium pilosum Ait. var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & Gray

Comment:
LIVI (RA) = Athey 253. This is the southern variety, distinguished by shorter, incurved hairs; it may not be worth recognizing in Kentucky, and is combined provisionally in this Atlas.


Comment:
1 = Rosendahl et al. (1936). Most material may be the form known as var. rugelii, but this is not recognized in current treatments.

Wells (1984): CHRI (WIS), EDMO (NCU), HANC (MIN), MCRE (IND, MICH).

Check MERC (EK): id correct but is label correct??? JBVarner-11664 18Sep1978 Shakertown property, wet ledges in rich mesophytic woods, Ky Rv cliffs from mouth of Cedar Branch to 15 km downstream from Lock 7, east facing slope.

Check HARD (LO)

2n 14

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is probably unknown west of the Shawnee Hills in Ky. and Ind., where it is restricted to sandstone cliffs. But see notes under H. puberula. The coll. from MERC (EKY) is verified, and would be the only record from limestone in Ky., if label data are correct. Most colls. from Ky. appears to match var. rugelii (Shuttlw.) Rosend., Butt. & Lak., which has less hairy leaves, but that taxon was not recognized by Wells (1984) or in most other recent treatments.


Comment:
See also GRAY (NC); GRAY (KY) may be transitional to parviflora. There has been some confusion with parviflora, and further checking of material is needed.
1 = source of Medley (1993); check MM.

Wells (1984): GRAY (MIN), HARD (MICH).

LO: EDMO etc. recheck to be sure...

RECHECK RA from MCRA!!!!

Footnote:
This species of the Ozarks and Shawnee Hills has been confused with typical parviflora, which is largely Appalachian (Sm, F, St, FNA 8). Further revision is needed; variety status may be preferable. H. puberula differs from parviflora in its longer capsules (4.2-5.5 mm versus 3-4.5 mm), longer fresh calices (2-4 mm versus 1.5-2 mm); and its petioles and flowering branches are puberulent (versus villous). It is often reported from calcareous cliffs, but in Ky. parviflora is virtually confined to sandstone. 

   Ranges of parviflora and puberula overlap along the sandstone cliffs of the Shawnee Hills, and some colls. appear intermediate (e.g. from GRAY at KY, NCU). While all colls. mapped here have the short glandular pubescence of typical puberula, their flowers are generally smaller. The coll. from MCRA (R. Athey; check EKY) needs to be verified.  

   Another potential segregate of parviflora to review is H. missouriensis Rosendahl, which is known only from a few calcareous sites in se. Mo. (St, J). H. missouriensis differs from parviflora in its exceptionally small capsules (ca. 2.5-3 mm long), with less spreading beaks, and earlier flowering (Jul-Aug versus Sep-Oct). It was not recognized by Wells (1983; FNA 8), but more detailed study is needed.


Comment:
Reported in error by Braun (1943) and others; based on misidentified microcephala. The correct name may be L. virgata (Kartesz).

M: Liatris graminifolia (Walt.) Willd. var. smallii (Britt.) Fern. & Grisc.  [Asteraceae]   Braun 1941d, 1943; Browne & Athey 1992; Meijer 1972.
= Liatris microcephala (Small) K. Schum.  All Kentucky specimens of Liatris graminifolia seen by me have been misidentified.  According to Stucky & Pyne (1990), Liatris graminifolia (Walt.) Willd. var. smallii (Britt.) Fern. & Grisc. does not occur anywhere in Kentucky.  Rejected.


Comment:
Reports (and presumed collections) by Isely and others are probably based on cultivated plants; see Medley (1993). However, it is apparently naturalized in Tennesee on the Cumberland Plateau; see Jones (2005).

Footnote:
This potentially invasive shrub has been reported from Ky., probably just based on cultivated material (Gm, RAB, M). But it is locally naturalized on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
BELL (me): M. Evans (pers. comm.); but was this curtissii? Not in NP data now.

EDMO (MB): Price coll. from "Chalybeate"; see also her 1893 handwritten addenda; WARR is probably not a good interpretation.

MCRE: 1940 coll from edge of Wherry Bog; see also coll at Morehead; check data.

RUSS: FI DGibson coll; also NP 1988 "behind Mt Eden Church" (was this BHoagland coll at EK???).

WHIT (KY) from "Corbin"; NP has mapped LAUR and KNOX misleadingly also; also WHIT from Grove Rd area etc.

Footnote:
Typical cruciata is an annual of damp acid soils, mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but extending north to Tenn. and Ky. on the Cumberland Plateau and a few sites on the adjacent Interior Low Plateaus. Pr (see 1893 addendum) provided a disjunct coll. (MO) from Chalybeate Springs in EDMO, but virtually no trace of associated vegetation now remains. Var. aquilonia Fern. & Schub. is more northern, with broader leaves and more compact racemes. It may intergrade with typical cruciata in Appalachian regions, and research is needed to clarity the distinction (F, Ch, W).


Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered on acid soils in eastern states. But it is rare in Ky., where largely restricted to localities where open grassy conditions occurred before settlement, probably maintained with fire (e.g. Campbell et al. 1991).


Footnote:
Although widespread across eastern North America, this vine is uncommon to rare in warmer or drier regions, including much of w. Ky. and c. Tenn. except close to the Mississippi Rv. In 1914, Gm noted: "found everywhere in thickets and in openings, clambering over fences, rocks and shrubs, and in the absence of support, sometimes sprawling on the ground." It remains widely scattered across north-central Ky. in richer soils, but it has become rare in more populated areas. 

   C. scandens may have been reduced due to harvesting of fruiting branches for decoration, and perhaps local intense browsing by deer and livestock. Gradual invasion of orbiculatus could pose another threat by direct competition, more tolerance of browsing, and genetic introgression; 2n = 46 in both species (Pooler et al. 2002; Y).


Comment:
The HARL (be) coll. may be from a planted patch (now spreading). 

1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM. Jim Lempke has also found this in the UK arboretum woods in FAYE. 

This species threatens to become a major problem, now gradually increasing from scattered sites. The USFS took out a large patch in ROWA (D. Taylor, pers. comm.). 

A large planting needs to be killed at Natural Bridge State Park; check was this planted??

dt = DTaylor pers comm 2008; in DB National Forest including within the woods.

Footnote:
This high-climbing vine is now a major problem in several eastern states, initially in mid-Atlantic urban areas but now also Appalachian regions and the Ohio Valley. Although present in North America for over 50 years, major invasions only occurred after 1970, probably assisted by promotion for horticulture. Unfortunately, the fruit of orbiculatus has been touted for ornamental uses, with insufficient attention fo the alternative cultivation and selection of scandens. In Ky. this species has the potential to become widespread along woodland edges due to dispersal by birds from plantings. It has become locally abundant at several scattered localities, but especially in northeastern regions where it seems to have spread from extensive populations across se. Ohio and W.Va. (D. Taylor, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This shrub is widespread in eastern and central North America, but generally rare to absent on infertile acid soils. It is often browsed back by rabbits, deer or other mammals. Short (1828-9) noted: "found in rich moist forests, not too much frequented by cattle." Also, the alien euonymus scale-insect often infests plants, especially in more sunny locations.


Comment:
Braun: "locally established as an escape". 

mm = Medley (1993) citing Braun (1943), but not in the latter; check her catalog.

Footnote:
This shrub of calcareous soils has become locally established in several northeastern states (PL). In Ky. it does not seem to be increasing significantly on the landscape. The few records date from ca. 1930-1970 (B, M), and colls. still need to be verified. It is not clear if all of these were from truly wild plants, but B noted "locally established as an escape."


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, but tends to be less common to the north, where perhaps partly adventive (Cr). See notes under autumnale. In Ky. it is typical of varied open habitats on damp, medium acid soils.


Footnote:
In Ky. most records of this southwestern species date from 1900-1950; see especially Harvill (1941) and colls. at KY (Agr.). It is a fetid grazing-repellant annual (2n = 26) that may have been associated with sheep farming, which declined greatly after 1950.


Footnote:
This variable annual (2n = 24, 48) is widespread in temperate regions of North America and Eurasia, but described segregates (e.g. F) have not been recognized in recent treatments (e.g. FNA 21). Var. elliptica Wieg. was described from BELL (M), and F treated it as a relatively northern segregate that hybridizes with connata. In some early literature (e.g. Gm), cernua has been misidentified as laevis, which may also intergrade; see notes under laevis.


Comment:
This species replaces cernua to the south; more robust, with larger heads and reddish bracts. Perhaps not clearly distinct in Kentucky, but there may be reliable records. 

1 = Cronquist (1980). 
2 = Wharton & Barbour (1991). 
3 = Nelson (1919). 
4 = Johnson et al. (1991). 
5 = Kearney (1893); or perhaps LETC. 
6 = Miller (1986). 

There is also a Short collection (PH) named B. chrysanthemoides, an old synonym.

Footnote:
This is widespread in warmer American regions. There have been several reports from Ky., but no verified colls. have been seen (M). Cr (1980, 1991) noted a record from POWE, but also stated that laevis (2n = 22, 24) is "chiefly but not wholly coastal" and "passes into" cernua. Similar confusion has occured in Mo. (St, Y) and elsewhere, so that distinction of the two taxa has been questioned (FNA 21). In addition to its distinctively larger rays and reddish receptacular bracts, laevis is reportedly sometimes perennial (F, Cr); all other Bidens in eastern states are annual (or some occasionally biennial).


Comment:
1 = Grubbs (thesis). The colls. from BRAC and GALL have very large leafy involucral bracts. Often combined with B. tripartita.

LYON: NCU ex Jessup Eggleston

Footnote:
This is widespread in cool temperate regions of North America. It has often been confused with connata or tripartita, and all three taxa have been combined to various extents by some authors (e.g. FNA 21, Y).  Cr indicated that comosa is at least partly diploid (2n = 24), but FNA 21 stated that North American plants within the tripartita complex are all tetraploids (2n = 48); in its broad circumboreal sense tripartita includes a wider range of chromosome numbers (2n = 24, 48, 60; Y). B. comosa appears to be much more common in Ky. than the other two taxa, but further revision is desirable.


Comment:
Records need checking. Includes var. petiolata. 1 = Grubbs (1989); coll. not located at MU. This native species is combined with the Eurasian tripartita in some treatments.

Footnote:
This is close to comosa, with similar range, and may have originated from hybridization with frondosa (Crowe & Parker 1981). It may be typical of damper sites (F, Cr). In Ky. connata has been reported from CALL (MUR), HICK (Grubbs 1989) and KENT (B), but further verification is needed. These colls. may be referable to the relatively southern var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw., but that taxon has not generally been recognized in recent treatments.


FullName:
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. tribuloides

Comment:
A few colls. may be difficult to distinguish from C. tenera (the FLOY and LEE  colls.).  
The HARD (LO, TN of RCranfill), BATH and CASE colls. have been annotated C. cristatella and need rechecking; HARD (LO) is immature but prob trib.
Check BELL (BE); R.L. Thompson 90-313 was redet as scoparia by Naczi and Reznicek.

EK: ADAI BALL CALD CALL CLIN ESTI FRAN JEFF LAUR LETC LEWI MADI MARS OHIO POWE ROWA TRIG WHIT

Footnote:
Typical plants of this widespread eastern species have thin elongated perigynia (l/w = 3-5), appressed-ascending in overlapping spikes; 2n = 70. As in cristatella (and projecta), there are frequent vegetative shoots with many leaves, the blades often relatively broad and the sheaths somewhat expanded and winged at apex. In tribuloides, these shoots often become decumbent, root and spread to form extensive open stands. Such growth-form is generally rare in Ovales, but often occurs in albolutescens, projecta and longii (FNA 23).


Comment:
See also BATH (NY): Short.

GH: POWE, ROWA, CART; also the following old sheets of longiflora (a-d).
(a) "Heuchera pubescens Licking River, Ky. Mr. Peck May 1833 H.A. Griswold"; (b) "Bath Co., Ky. Rich thickets near streams May 1833 H.A. Griswold"; 
(c) "Heuchera grandiflora Raf. C.W. Short Lexington, Ky. 1837";
(d) "Heuchera pubescens Pursh C.W. Short Lexington, Ky. 1837".

LO: POWE, WOLF.

MB: MCRE (LBraun-645 Cumberland Falls dry sandstone rocks)
MB: CWShort Ky 1842 "Heuchera pubescens Pursh; H. grandiflora Raf.; Certainly very near H. Richardsoni!"
MB: POWE (FTMcFarland-53; MEWharton-2412).
MB: SFPrice 1Jul1901 Bowling Green "Heuchera americana": JC--this is a mixed coll mostly americana var americana, with leaves of americana but none of longiflora--just an infl of longiflora; in pencil "Locality doubted OL!" OL = O. Lakela of Rosendahl et al fame...
MB: AL Talladega Co RKral-46048 wooded sandy banks; JC--smooth!!!

WARR (EK,WK) and EDMO (WK) are distinct in having strigose upper leaf surfaces and pubescent veins below. These may deserve var. nov. status. See also potential confusion with H. pubescens. BUT at MB: NC Madison Co. is also hairy above and below (clearly longiflora det Wells!!!).

Footnote:
This relatively distinct, large-flowered species occurs mostly on sedimentary rocks of diverse type in the central-southern Appalachian Plateaus (Ala., Tenn., Ky., Ohio, W.Va., Va.) and in some adjacent regions. In Ky. it is confined to acid soils on sandstones and shales, but locally frequent in some Appalachian regions. (FNA 8 states erroneously that longifolia "is restricted to limestone outcroppings and rare in all the states where it is found.")

   The disjunct western colls. mapped here from EDMO and WARR (WKY) are somewhat distinct in having strigose upper leaf surfaces (versus thinly strigose to completely glabrous), and pubescent veins below (versus thinly hispid to glabrous). These plants might deserve variety status, but a broader revision of this species across its range is needed. The disjunct population around Hot Springs in N.C. also includes relatively hairy plants (MO), and occurs mostly on base-rich soils (W).


Species:
cf. hispida (?americana x pubescens; americana var. h.)

Comment:
Not verified; there has been some confusion. The two collections of Braun at US from Kentucky appear to have been misidentified H. longiflora. The several records of Rosendahl et al. (1936) were not included by Wells (1984).

alba described from Cumb Gap>> A Flodeb says...
add notes

Footnote:
This appears to be somewhat intermediate between americana and H. pubescens Pursh (FNA 8, W). It differs from typical americana in its large flowers, with free hypanthium 1.5-1.9 mm long (versus < 1.5 mm), its generally purplish, fimbriate petals (or perhaps paler in Pa.; see GH), and its generally glabrous leaves. Although it is concentrated in or near the Ridge-and-Valley region, like typical pubescens, there may be outlying colls. from Ohio (Scioto Co., GH), Ky. (BA, MEM to be checked), and even Ark. (Montgomery Co., GH). 

   H. pubescens (sensu lato) is a large-flowered species of the east-central Appalachians (in Pa. to N.C.) that has been reported from Ky. (M) and Tenn. (Ch) by various authors before 1950, but not Wells (1984; FNA 8). These reports include references to the dubious segregate, H. pubescens var. brachyandra Rosend., Butt. & Lak. (with stamens included or barely exerted), and to the more distinct segregate, H. alba Rydb. (with relatively large white petals). Some of these reports result from misidentified colls. of longiflora (e.g. B's colls. at GH or US; Wells 1984). However, there is an old mysterious coll. at GH that appears close to typical pubescens, with "Kentucky" written directly on the sheet (also "Heuchera reniformis Raf." and "Raf. in H. Durand"). Moreover, there does appears to be a broad zone of introgression between americana and pubescens.


Comment:
Reported by Fields (1982) from much of Appalachian Kentucky, but not at all by Wells (1984); the basis for this difference is not yet clear. There has been much confusion in Heuchera taxonomy and biogeography.

not = pub var brach in FNA 8


FullName:
Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook.

Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): HARL (BE); see also MM. 

1 = M. Rogers (pers. comm. to M. Medley 1993); 

Check MO/WKY collections for accession.

PIKE: check KY W Meijer reported; see also Medley "within a few feet of the state line".

WHIT (NP): "Poplar Creek bottoms near Carpenter" check source/date.

???RC Boone Co ??WOLF--Swift Camp Cr???

2n 18, 24

Footnote:
This northeastern species occurs mostly in wet acid soils at the base of rocky slopes along small seeping shaded streams. In Ky. it is known only from a few scattered records in Appalachian regions, mostly in the Cumberland Mts. and in ravines of the northern Cliff Section.


Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly in Appalachian and Ozarkian regions, and is restricted to boggy acid soils.


Comment:
JEFF (LO): ATHotchkiss 13Oct1973 76Falls, Lake Cumberland.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly in calcareous seeps from Appalachian to Ozarkian regions.


Footnote:
This popular ornamental shrub has become locally naturalized at Natural Bridge State Park in POWE (KY). Other records come from CW, but details are not yet available.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993) records of intectus and inodorus.

CUMB (lb) as "inodorus" collection should be at US but not det by Hu.

FRAN: (EK) BDFields-861 7Jun1996 mesic north slope if unnamed trib to Ky Rv ca 0.5 mi N of jct Ky 676 and 420; "coronarius" but JC? inodorus?

GH: none.

This includes inodorus var. grandiflorus (Willd.) Gray, which is not generally recognized. Distinction from other species is sometimes difficult, and further checking is desirable.

NP has several Bluegrass counties: including
FRAN: 1981 Glens Cr near WOOD line.
GRAN: 1981 Lloyd Wildlife area
SCOT: 1931 Stamping Ground

Footnote:
This occurs from the mountains of Tenn. and Va. to the Coastal Plain of Ala. and Fla. Although reported as native to Ky. by several authors, most or all records appear based on plants persistent or escaped from cultivation, or on misidentified intectus. Hu (1954-55) did not list any wild colls. from Ky., although B had reported a coll. from CUMB (check NY, US), and M reported a coll. of var. grandiflorus from PULA (MO) that was annotated by Hu. There are confirmed colls. from FRAN (EKY), JEFF (DHL), LEE (EKY) and SCOT (US), but these are not mapped here since they are almost certainly from plantings or escapes; records from w. Tenn. also result from cultivation (Ch; see APSU).

   Compared to other North American species, inodorus has more stamens (ca. 60-90 versus 20-50, with 30-40 in intectus); larger flowers (petals ca. 15-26 mm long versus 12-15 mm); typically 1-3 flowers per inflorescence (versus 3-9); and silvery reddish-brown outer bark peeling in strips (versus dull greyish, more persistent or cracking into smaller plates in intectus and pubescens).


Footnote:
This largely midwestern species of base-rich soils usually occurs in open woods, fields and prairies (e.g. Yatskievych 1999). But within Ky. it is most common in fairly deep shade, often on steep rocky slopes. Occasional plants in more open disturbed areas (e.g. the "Julian Savanna" of FRAN and other old woodland pastures) may well be persistent remnants of more shady woods. 

   Camassia (2n = 30) is allied with Agavoideae (2n = 60 in general) rather than Scilloideae (AP). Its species were well known to native peoples in North America for their edible bulbs. Bulbs in C. scilloides are usually 15-30 cm deep, which may well reflect selection due to herbivory by mammals. But pigs probably dug out much during the early period of settlement, when there was extensive open range for livestock.


Comment:
Some records need checking for possible var. venosum (especially at LO, EK); but var. nudicaule appears to be the most common form. Braun (1943) noted that all of her material matched var. subcaulescens.

Transferred from var. venosum: FLOY (KY); MARI (KY); all others were var. nudicaule.

GH: POWE, WHIT.

US: EDMO Lix coll from MCNP; POWE ROWA WHIT

Footnote:
This is centered on Appalachians and mid-Atlantic states, with some disjunctions to south and west. In Ky. it is largely restricted to dry acid soils in Appalachian regions, with local extensions into hills around the Bluegrass. Varieties are not recognized in recent treatments. Most plants in Ky. are referable to the relatively northern var. nudicaule (Michx.) Farw., which has glabrous upper leaf surfaces. The southern var. venosum is scattered in central and eastern regions of the state, with little or no apparent difference in distribution or habitat. H. venosum can hybridize with paniculatum (forming X scribneri Small), gronovii (forming X marianum Willd.) and scabrum. H. X scribneri has been collected from MADI (named "H. venosum ssp. scribneri (Small) Garland ined." at GH); 2n = 18 throughout sect. Stenotheca.


Comment:
Further checking for variety is needed in the species; but varieties may not be worth recognizing.


Footnote:
This is a widespread northeastern species. In Ky. paniculatum is strictly Appalachian, usually occuring along dirt roads in mesic to subxeric upland woods.


Footnote:
This has a broad northeastern range, similar to paniculatum, but occurs in more open habitats. H. umbellatum L., is a closely related northern (circumboreal) species that is unknown in or near Ky.; synonyms include H. kalmii L. and H. canadense Michx. (FNA 19, W). Short's (1840) report of kalmii may well have been based on scabrum (M).


Comment:
These Braun collections from "swampy meadows (acid soils) and pin oak woods" need to be rechecked. H. greenii and other poorly known forms, including these Kentucky plants, may be hybrids of venosum with other species (Fernald 1950, Medley 1993).

GH: none.

US: B's "greenii" seems to be fairly good gronovii--she called some that initially:
WOLF, BATH MENI LAUR LETC MCRE

Footnote:
There have been several reports under this name (Short & Peter 1835; and citations of M), but colls. need location and verification. H. marianum is poorly understood but widely reported in southeastern states, apparently derived from hybrids of venosum and gronovii (W).  

   An allied taxon, H. traillii Greene, was also mapped in Ky. by FNA 19, but most potential records (M) are from colls. of B (US) that were initially named under the synonym, H. greenii Port. & Brit. (not to be confused with the true H. greenei Gray of western states). H. traillii probably has hybrid origin similar to marianum but is endemic to the shale-barren region of Pa., W.Va. and Va. (FNA 19). B's colls. of "greenii" may be referable to marianum, but initial examination suggests that they could just be interpreted as depauperate gronovii. They are from BATH, BOON, LAUR, LETC, MCRE, MENI and WOLF.


Comment:
1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991). See also Abbott et al. (2004) for LAUR (BE).

JEFF: Pat from Oxmoor Farm; coll to EK

Footnote:
This winter/spring-annual is widely scattered over temperate North America. In Ky. it was first reported by McFarland (1941). Uncertain records mapped here may become transferred to sativa; see notes under that name.


FullName:
Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.

Comment:
1 = Settle (1973). It is not clear if these records indicate persistence after cultivation or true naturalization.

Footnote:
This infamously pungent plant ("horseradish") is widely cultivated. There are records from OLDH and TODD (M), but perhaps just persistent from old gardens. It spreads slowly from root branches, but rarely makes fertile seed. It is self-incompatible and probably originated as a cultivated hybrid of ancestral species in Eurasia (Al-Shehbaz 1988b).


Comment:
Braun notes for KENT (ex Lea Herb. now at PH): "muddy borders and shallow waters of pond, Banklick Creek (probably extinct)". 

1 = Nelson (1919).

Footnote:
Although widely scattered across eastern North America, this species is concentrated in the midwest (Ark., Mo., Ill., Ind., Ohio, Mich., N.Y.), and even there it is listed as rare or imperiled by Heritage Programs (NS). Plants in BOON (Nelson 1919) and KENT (PH; see also B) cannot be relocated. 

   Generic placement of this heterophyllous subaquatic remains unsettled; Neobeckia is monotypic (FNA 7, Y, W). Rhizomes are lacking but stems often become decumbent, buried and rooted. Also, the species "is remarkable for its capacity to regenerate plants from tiny fragments of leaves, stems, and roots... [submersed] dissected leaves are usually detached in nature during late summer and fall" (Al-Shehbaz 1988b).


FullName:
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) B.S.P.

Footnote:
This tuberous perennial is a widespread, variable eastern species (2n = 8 x 8, 10 x 8, 12 x 8). There has been uncertainty about whether it should be renamed C. rhomboidea (Pers.) DC. (as reviewed by Y and W). See also notes under douglassii.


Comment:
Some material from ROWA (KY) is almost glabrous and from wet ground, suggesting a possible transition to C. bulbosa.

Footnote:
This is a variable tuberous perennial of east-central states (2n = 8 x 8, 12 x 8, 18 x 8). In Ky. it usually occurs in submesic or subxeric woods on fertile base-rich soils. There may be rare hybrids with bulbosa (e.g. a coll. from ROWA at KY), which usually flowers 2-3 weeks later and usually occurs on much wetter soils.To the north and west of Ky., douglassii can occur on relatively damp sites, with more chance of hybridization (Y, FNA 7).


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993), citing Braun (1941, 1943); not clear.

Footnote:
This horticultural weed is considered to be an tetraploid (2n = 32) derived from hybrids of hirsuta and impatiens or perhaps other diploid species; provenance, taxonomy and nomenclature remain uncertain (W, FNA 7). For Ky. there are recorded colls. from CAMP (KNK) and ELLI (B), but these may deserve further study.


Footnote:
This rhizomatous species is largely restricted to central Appalachian regions, in subaquatic habitats along small streams draining non-calcareous watersheds.


Comment:
See also CAMP (NC): Buddell 2081, 1983/06/11; check location!

Footnote:
This diploid winter-annual is scattered over northeastern states, especially in riparian zones. In Ky. it has been collected from CAMP (NCU, ?KNK) and JEFF (MM for WKU). See also notes under flexuosa, which is easily confused.


Comment:
Ray (1956): BATH (US, NY), BELL (NY), HARL (GH, NY), LAWR (US), LYON (NY), POWE (US).

jc: Campbell & Meijer 1989 for Jessamine Gorge; check details

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states, but generally restricted to woods on relatively dry acid soils. It is known to hybridize with terrestris; 2n = 84 in both species.


Comment:
1 = Nelson (1919). 

There is also an 1842 Short coll (NC) from "wet meadows on the Ohio Rv."  

Browne & Athey (1992) cite a GH collection from the Bluegrass (perhaps Short also). 

Also Gleason & Cronquist (1963) list L. X producta from Kentucky (= terrestris x quadrifolia).

BALL: (EK) RAthey-1895 15Jun1972 slough banks in Ballard WMA.

Footnote:
This species of northeastern wetlands is known only from a few colls. along the Ohio Rv. Cr listed the hybrid with L. quadrifolia (X producta) for Ky. but details are unknown.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993).

Garman 1914: specimens from Leitchfield GRAY; "sometimes found at the edges of woods, along railroads, etc., among other herbage."

Footnote:
This annual is scattered widely across eastern states and Central America, but probably just adventive in northern states. In Ky. it has sometimes been misidentified as C. purshii DC., which occurs further south (M).


Comment:
Recheck; this is probably a misidentified sagittalis; see also Medley (1993).


Comment:
GRAN (KY), KENT (KY) and perhaps others appear to be var. glabra, but that taxon is not generally recognized in current treatments. Typical plants are confirmed for GALL, GRAV, HICK, KENT, OLDH, SPEN; other records need checking.

Footnote:
This is a widespread rhizomatous weed in humid temperate regions of North America. It is the most aggressive Artemisia in moist, fertile cultivated soils, forming dense leafy patches; 2n = 16 (versus 18 in most other species). The earliest records from Ky. appear to be colls. of B in the 1930s (M). Although a persistent problem in gardens, it does not seem to spread much in the wild. Colls. from GRAN, KENT and perhaps elsewhere are referable to var. glabra Ledeb., but that taxon has not generally been recognized in current treatments.


FullName:
Artemisia vulgaris L. var. glabra Ledeb.

Comment:
More "var. vulgaris" records need checking; but this variety is not generally recognized in current treatments.


Comment:
JEFF (LO) is noted as var. gnaphalodes, but that variety is not generally recognized in current treatments. 1 = records in Medley (1993), perhaps from Browne (1974), etc.

EDMO (np) from McKinney et al. 1991 checklist of Mammoth Cave NP; check details...

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable rhizomatous species of western states, and it is a locally frequent adventive in some eastern regions. The few Ky. records date mostly from 1960-80 (M). The coll. from JEFF (DHL) is referable to var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Footnote:
This common "wormwood" is a subshrubby perennial that has long been cultivated for its biochemical properties, but it has only become widely naturalized in northern regions of North America (PL). It is unclear if the single coll. from Ky. (BALL at MUR) represents a wild population or a rare garden-escape.


Comment:
1 = Grubbs (1989); 2 = other sources of Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This annual weed may not have become widespread in eastern North America until after the mid-1800s, when Gray (1864) noted the range as just "Ind. to Kan." It was not recorded in Ky. until 1914, when Gm noted: "common locally along rivers and at the edges of cities elsewhere."


Comment:
Supposedly an aggressive weed adventive from western regions in most Floras, but these are all old records. 

1 = Shacklett (1937); perhaps burned at KY.

 Also: Short (PH), sandy borders of Ohio Rv at Louisville.

Footnote:
Although this aggressive biennial weed from northwestern states is widely adventive in eastern states, there are only three old (1828-1937) records from Ky. (M).


Footnote:
This weedy southeastern annual may have been present in Ky. at the time of settlement. Short (1837) noted it under the name Senecio lobatus Pers., "seems to be abundant on the lower Mississippi, has been found by Mr. Griswold at Louisville; but we believe has not been seen higher on the Ohio." However, neither Gm nor B listed it. After 1940, glabella seems to have increased much and spread towards the east, especially in or near areas cleared and drained for corn and soybean fields. It is now a lobally abundant weed in many lowlands.


Comment:
GH: ESTI, GREE, HART, LARU, LAUR, MENI, ROCK; also BREA (? or x obovatus JC, ided under ob but cant quite see why; Beckett #137).

LO: ANDE, JEFF, MCRE, SPEN, WOLF.

also "rc" was entered for ANDE.

PU: EDMO Hussey 1874.

Footnote:
This is widespread in thin damp woods and edges across eastern North America, except on most of the southeastern Coastal Plain. P. aurea is a diploid (2n = 44) that appears to form occasional hybrids with anonyma and other species (FNA 20); see also notes under obovata.


FullName:
Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball var. australis (Scribn. & Ball) J.J.N. Campb.

Species:
glabriflorus* var. australis (virginicus var. a.)

Comment:
The VB colls are by Athey; now with Kral at Texas. The WEBS (EK) coll appears X hystrix.

EK: MUHL LAUR BREA WEBS TODD ROWA WHIT WARR UNIO OHIO ESTI CALD BUTL

JC: ROCK mac x gla along Rt 1249; see July 5th 2010 coll

Recently confirmed in se OHIO: Scioto and Pike Cos (DBoone, pers. comm.)

Footnote:
This relatively pubescent variety is often distinct, and tends to occur in more hilly regions, but the differences are not pronounced (FNA 24). There appear to be occasional hybrids with hystrix, macgregorii and perhaps other species.


Comment:
Intraspecific variation needs study; most material in Kentucky may be ssp. negundo according to Medley (1993).

Gillis 1971
var. negundo: BALL (GH, MObot), BOYD (GH), CHRI (MSC), FAYE (MSC), JEFF ("HY"--NY?), KENT (MSC), LAUR (MSC), NELS (MSC), ROCK (MSC), SCOT (MSC).
var. radicans: BELL (MSC), TRIG (MSC).

1 = Duncan 1967.

Footnote:
This occurs across eastern North America and elsewhere. Although widespread across Ky. and locally abundant, this infamous species ("poison ivy") is curiously infrequent at some west-central localities. It is eaten by livestock, which perhaps reduce it after long periods of intensive browsing. Variation needs more study. Most plants in Ky. have glabrous fruit and moderately hairy to glabrous leaves, matching the largely midwestern var. negundo (Greene) Reveal. 

   Var. radicans, with papillate to hairy fruit but largely glabrous leaves, is more common east of the Appalachians, especially on the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Cr); it was reported by Gillis (1971) from BELL to TRIG (Mich. State Univ.). Var. pubens (Engelm. ex S. Wats.) Reveal, with glabrous fruit but velutinous leaves, occurs mostly in the lower Mississippi Valley, especially on dry calcareous sites west of the river; it was reported by Gillis (1971) from FAYE in Ky. and Rutherford Co., Tenn. See also notes under R. pubescens.


FullName:
Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene

Comment:
The few reports are unverified and highly dubious (Medley 1993).


Comment:
Reported by Clark & Bauer (2001) from BRAC & HARR (EK) but not included by Jones (2005); probably misidentified.

Footnote:
This largely southeastern species (the eastern "poison oak") is known north to s. Mo, s. Ill., c. Tenn. and s. W.Va., especially in thin woods on dry sandy soils (Gillis 1971). In Ky. it has been reported from BRAC, HARR and MARI (EKY), but colls. were not complete enough for verification (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW). Somewhat shrubby forms of radicans have often been confused with pubescens or with the western and northern T. rydbergii (Small) Greene, which does occur at high elevation in the Blue Ridge area. 

   Both of these "poison oaks" have a strictly shrubby, stoloniferous habit, only 0.5-6 dm tall with no potential for aerial roots as in radicans (F, Cr, Y, W). Their leaves (F) are "approximate on long erect petioles at summit of stems and branches, thus appearing falsely verticillate" (versus "alternately scattered"). Leaflets of pubescens usually have 3-7 blunt lobes or deep teeth (versus acutely shallow-lobed, dentate or entire in rydbergii and radicans). Fruits, lower leaf surfaces and petioles of pubescens are usually hairy (or papillate), whereas those of rydbergii are less hairy to glabrous; radicans (sensu lato) is highly variable in pubescence.


Comment:
FAYE 1 = Mike Flynn (pers. comm.); in 1960s-1970s formerly occurred near reservoir south of Lexington (Ky. American Water Co. land?).

hu = Hussey 1876/BARR; no coll at Purdue.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across eastern North America, but largely restricted to regions with extensive boggy wetlands, and generally rare in the Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys (PL). It has been collected during recent decades in CART (KY) and MCRE (EKY). There are also unverified older reports from BARR/EDMO (Hussey 1876), FAYE (M. Flynn, pers. comm.), and perhaps elsewhere; Gm (1914) noted "not a common plant in Kentucky."


FullName:
Carex laxiculmis Schwein. var. copulata (Bailey) Fern.

Comment:
This taxon has been considered a hybrid of laxiculmis and digitalis, but Reznicek (pers. comm.) considers it a variety of laxiculmis. See also KENT (PH).

EK: ROCK

KY det Naczi LINC LEWI WOLF JACK FLOY

Footnote:
This has been considered a hybrid of laxiculmis and digitalis (F), but such origin is not supported by recent evidence. Ranges and habitats of var. copulata do not appear to differ much, but it is concentrated in the mid-west and may be typical of more base-rich soils. It is currently treated as a variety of laxiculmis (A. Reznicek et al. in FNA 23), and potential evidence for species status is being assessed (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Leaves of var. copulata are usually bright green (versus glaucous) and narrower (5.3-8.3 mm versus 6.4-11.8 mm); its staminate spikes tend to be longer (the longest per plant usually 6-20 mm versus 12-25 mm).


Comment:
These collections were initially misidentified as C. gravida; thanks to McKinney and Reznicek most or all of them can be redetermined as C. muhlenbergii, but they appear to be a particularly robust form typical of dry grassy openings.

Recheck: ka (ANDE UNIO).

EK: BATH ESTI HARD LIVI MARI MCRE PERR

KY: WHIT CASE ADAI WARR EDMO GRAV UNIO HARD MCRE BATH POWE ESTI LARU HOPK FLOY; also records of BALL GRAY not found--perhaps redet by Naczi as other species????

Footnote:
Typical muhlenbergii is a widespread eastern sedge, typical of thin woods on rather dry acid soils, often with sandy substrates. Records mapped here are probably accurate to species, but only tentative to variety. More robust specimens of grassy woods and openings have been referred by some collectors to the southwestern species, austrina, or the northwestern species, gravida (M), but most of these have been redetermined as muhlenbergii by A. Reznicek, R. Naczi, L. McKinney or others. There has also been confusion with aggregata.
Spelling as "muehlenbergii" is incorrect (R. Naczi, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Carex muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. enervis Boott

Comment:
Some colls. need to be checked for variety.  A HARD (RC) coll. was initially reported as C. (muhlenbergii var.) austrina, but has been redet. as typical C. muhlenbergii by Reznicek. This taxon seems typical of fairly dry woods on acid substrate, especially with sand (?). More robust material was considered gravida in the 1980s but this was probably a mistake. To recheck all material at KY.

Also CALL (mu); and check DO; all DO records tentative; RN does not support species status.

CAMP (DO) from L. Giesman property with Galium pilosum, Baptisia leucophaea?

LB: HART (GH, check US).

RECORDS DATABASED HERE ARE NOW ALL TRANSFERRED TO MUHLENBERGII; some earlier records in the database have been transferred to aggregata (esp at KY).

Footnote:
This is not easily distinguished from typical muhlenbergii, and it has also been confused with aggregata. Colls. that have been named var. enervis in Ky. have been tentatively assigned here to either of those two species. MacKenzie (1940) considered these plants a species (= C. plana MacKenzie) typical of calcareous soils, but F noted typical muhlenbergii "passing insensibly into the relatively unimportant var. enervis." FNA 23 indicates that the perigynia (2.7-3.1 mm versus 3-4.2 mm) and scales (2-2.5 mm versus 2.5-3.6) are relatively short and veinless adaxially (versus often veined in typical plants). It may be typical of richer soils, sometimes appearing in pastures and lawns, as does aggregata.


FullName:
Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. enervis Boott ?

Species:
"muhlenbergii var. enervis": but probably aggregata

Comment:
These records need to be carefully reevaluated; most are combined provisionally with C. aggregata.

Some colls. are not easily distinguished from var. muhlenbergii: FNA indicates they have veinless (adaxially), smaller perigynia and scales. These plants, considered a species by MacKenzie, might be typical of richer soil, often appearing in pastures and lawns; but this may be wrong--see current records. The colls. from ADAI and CASE have very glossy perigynia. There may have been confusion also with other species at KY, etc. To recheck all material. Why so few at NK; was there a loan???


Comment:
EARLIER: All collections need rechecking. The status of this taxon is not clear in Kentucky; superficially it seems possibly transitional between C. sparganioides and C. muhlenbergii. Some collections were initially mislabeled as gravida: BOON (NK).

Feb 2006: likely much "muhlenbergii var. enervis" det before is really aggregata.

2008 Jun: LO "gravida" are aggregata from NELS, OLDH.

EK: BOYL LESL LEWI MADI

KY: PEND ("gravida"); GRAN; also Short coll "muricata in different states and perhaps varieties" Lexington, Kentucky 1836; JESS

KY: also include the following from "muhl var enervis" although some det muhlenbergii by Naczi: FAYE MONT CLAR MCLE WARR WOOD BOUR

Footnote:
This is a distinct species, widespread in open woods and fields on damp fertile soils, but it can appear intermediate between sparganioides and either gravida or muhlenbergii (especially plants that have been called var. enervis); further review of colls. is needed. 

   C. aggregata differs from muhlenbergii in its perigynia with consistently ovate-lanceolate bodies (versus often suborbicular) and relatively long beaks (1/3-1/2 of length versus 1/4-1/3); its somewhat looser sheaths, the backs usually mottled and more green-striped, the front usually more deeply concave at the summit and less often cross-puckered; and its leaves wider on average. 

   C. aggregata differs from sparganioides in the fronts of its sheaths, with firm yellow-brown summits (versus fragile, whitish) and often reddish-dotted surfaces (as in gravida); well-developed leaves are narrower (ca. 3-5 mm wide versus 5-10 mm); also (as in gravida), its spikes tend to be more condensed, with generally larger scales, perigynia and anthers. As in sparganioides, the spikes of aggregata are sometimes slightly compound at the base, which has then led to confusion with species in section Vulpinae (F, Cr, FNA 23).


Comment:
Earlier reports are based on earlier taxonomy, which included tinctorium under trifidum.


Footnote:
This perennial is widespread in open wetlands of eastern North America, usually on medium acid soils. Old reports of G. trifidum L. from Ky. are referable to tinctorium (M); these species were combined in earlier treatments. Variation needs further study: var. floridanum Wieg. is a more robust southern segregate with larger fruits and leaves that has been reported from se. Ky. (Puff 1976; W). Puff elevated the two taxa to subspecies, but noted: "The separation... sometimes becomes problematic where their distribution overlaps because intergrading seems to take place." He mapped three colls. of floridanum in Ky., to the west and south, and three to the north and east.


Comment:
1 = Beal & Thieret (1986).  Most material appears to be var. ramosum; var. obtusum may be represented by LETC (EK), ADAI (EK), JEFF (EK), WARR (WK) colls., but this is not clearly distinct.

Footnote:
This perennial is widespread in thin swampy woods and marshy openings across eastern North America, usually on somewhat base-rich soils. If Gl is followed, most plants in Ky. are referable to the largely midwestern var. ramosum Gleason, and colls. from ADAI, LETC, JEFF (EKY) and WARR (WKY) are the more southeastern var. obtusum. However, this distinction has not been made in recent treatments (Cr, W). 

   G. obtusum has often been confused with tinctorium, but can be distinguished (F, Cr, W) by its larger flowers (4-merous versus 3-merous) and fruits (ca. 3-5 mm long versus 2-3 mm). Stems are usually more erect (versus often reclining to low and matted) and mostly glabrous (versus slightly retrorse-scabrid), except at nodes; leaves are mostly larger (ca. 1-3 cm long versus 0.5-2 cm); 2n = 48 (versus 24).


Footnote:
This perennial occurs mostly in subxeric woods of midwestern regions, usually on somewhat base-rich soils.


Comment:
Also KENT (LB): "in gravelly creek bed."

Footnote:
This western annual is a locally adventive in eastern states. In Ky. it first appeared during 1893-1902 (Pr, Gm), when it became locally common in the central Bluegrass. Gm noted that it was probably introduced with alfalfa hay and seed. After 1950, there have been few records, suggesting a decline.


Comment:
Also: JEFF (CI) is a Short coll: "borders of Ohio River below Louisville." 

1 = other sources of Medley (1993); Moldenke???

IndUnivSE: JEFF also

Footnote:
This procumbent annual or short-lived perennial of disturbed places is widespread across North America, but it is often considered adventive in more eastern regions (Cr, W). In 1914, Gm noted: "observed only along the Ohio River." It is still largely restricted to counties along the river. V. bracteata is a variable species (2n = 14 and 28), and hybrids are expected with other species (Cr).


Comment:
The RUSS (FI) collection was reported by Gibson (1971); it should be checked. This is a common weed further south in the USA, introduced from S America.

Footnote:
This South American weed has become common in the southern U.S.A., and is often cultivated in flower gardens, but it does not seem to be spreading significantly in Ky. The only record is a coll. from RUSS (at Field Museum): E. Roy #20, Aug 1961, "Escape! Roadside... ca. 5 miles w. of Russell Springs."


Comment:
This is southwestern species that appears to be rarely adventive in southeastern states.

JEFF (LO and MM).

Footnote:
This is a southwestern species that appears to be local or rare in southeastern states. Sm did not include it for states east of the Mississippi Rv. Adventive status has been suspected in some cases, as in the single record from Ky., from a vacant house lot in JEFF (DHL).


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); Moldenke???

Garman (1914): LaGrange (OLDH).

2 = Moldenke (1982) in Phytologia 50: 235

KY: EDMO Sloan's Crossing Pond

Footnote:
This is a widespread native in southern and midwestern states, but it appears adventive or escaped from cultivation in more northeastern states. It is locally common and apparently native in c. Tenn., together with a more robust variant also expected in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). In Ky. some western records are from more or less native grassy vegetation, but most northern records are from weedy roadsides, adandoned lots or similar places. The earliest record was a listing by McMurtrie (1819), under the old synonym Verbena caroliniana L. (Britton & Brown 1896). In 1914 Gm noted: "brought from farther south. Native?" See also G. X hybrida (Grönland & Rümpler) Nesom & Pruski.


FullName:
Glandularia ×hybrida (Grönland & Rümpler) Nesom & Pruski

Comment:
This is an ornamental cultivar that occasionally escapes; canadensis is one of the parents; the other to be determined.

Footnote:
This is an cultivated ornamental hybrid that occasionally escapes. G. canadensis is one of the parents, but the other remains uncertain; 2n = 30 in most Glandularia species (Cr, W). In Ky. there are colls. from LYON and TRIG (APSU).


Comment:
Most or all material may be var. recognita, but this is an indistinct taxon; Braun considered most of her material intermediate.

1 = Moldenke 1985 Phytologia 57: 28 (no coll data but based on a coll)

Footnote:
This is a widespread sprawling plant of marshy places and shorelines across eastern and central North America. Variation may deserve further attention (2n = 32 and 36). In Ky. much material has been referred to var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Soper, but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments, and B considered most of her colls. intermediate.


Comment:
1 = Moldenke (1980); see also Radford et al. (1964); check NC. There are other reports, but no collection has been located, and there have been misidentifications; see Medley (1993). This is a southern species that is expected in western Kentucky.

Footnote:
This pantropical species was reported from Ky. by RAB and Moldenke (1980, but no coll. has been located. There has been some confusion with lanceolata, but nodiflora is distinct (2n = 36) and it should be expected in western regions of the state.


Footnote:
This is widespread on wet acid soils in eastern and central North America, but rare to absent from the Gulf Coastal Plain to Tex.


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35). Added colls. from MARS (MU) are noted var. nervosa; HICK (MU) as f. albiflorus; but these taxa are not recognized in recent treatments.

PU: SCOT DDemaree 1957; LAWR Hussey 1874.

Footnote:
This is widespread on wet fertile soils in eastern states. It is close to ringens and hybrids have been reported elsewhere (Cr), but never from Ky. (2n = 22 versus 24). A coll. from MARS (MUR) has been referred to "var. nervosa" and a coll. from HICK (MUR) to forma albiflorus House, but these taxa have not been recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
Check MU. 
1 = sources of Medley (1993); perhaps MM/RA. 
2 = Coll. from BELL at Pine Mt. Settlement School (E. Carr).
3 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); CW confirm WOOD
4 = Duncan (1967).
Some eastern records may be from planted or locally escaped plants only.

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern species is locally common along the Mississippi Rv., lower Tennessee Rv. and lower Cumberland Rv. It is generally rare elsewhere except for a cluster of records along the central Ky. Rv. or nearby. Some disjunct records may be escapes from cultivation; see also Duncan (1967).


FullName:
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch.

Comment:
It is not certain if these collections are from truly naturalized, self-seeded plants.

Footnote:
Colls. from FAYE (KY), JEFF (MM for WKY) and perhaps elsewhere suggest that this widely cultivated species ("Boston-ivy") can become locally naturalized in urban areas, but it does not seem to be spreading through the landscape.


Comment:
KENT (NK) and WEBS (NK) have been labeled as the more northern (but often combined) P. inserta; both have more coarsely serrate leaves and perhaps slightly larger fruit, but otherwise do not seem distinct.

1 = Duncan 1967.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. Colls. from KENT and WEBS (KNK) have been referred to P. vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc. (erroneously known as P. inserta (Kerner) Fritsch), but they are not clearly distinct. P. vitacea is a more northern and western species that is unknown in Ky.


Comment:
The MONT and POWE records are from Wharton (1945); it is also reported from JEFF or nearby by Gunn (1968). No records have been confirmed; it is mapped from all adjacent states north of Kentucky in FNA.

EK: LAUR tends to this perhaps (PJohnson-15).

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species has been reported from JEFF (Gunn 1968b; see GH), MONT and POWE (Wharton 1945; see MICH), but colls. have not been verified. It is known from all states north of Ky., where it "often hybridizes with S. cyperinus and forms hybrid swarms" (FNA 23). In pedicillatus, spikelets are usually pedicillate except for the central one in each cyme (versus at least some sessile in addition to central ones); scales are usually pale brown (versus reddish-brown or blackish); and fruits mature in Jul (versus Aug-Sep); 2n = 68.


FullName:
Fuirena simplex Vahl var. aristulata (Torr.) Kral

Comment:
FULT colls. were made by RA (# 4937, 4974) at "Hickman, Ky.; lower sandy drainage pattern of Fish Lake."  These colls. (at ME?) need checking.

Footnote:
F. simplex is a rhizomatous perennial of base-rich soils in south-central states. Var. aristulata is a distinct taxon that usually occurs on shores; var. simplex usually occurs on seepy uplands (FNA 23, Y). The only Ky. records are colls. during 1984 from FULT in the "lower sandy drainage pattern of Fish Lake" (R. Athey # 4937 & 4974 at EKY).


Comment:
This was reported from Kentucky by Fernald (1950) and others, but colls. are unknown.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on sandy soils of the Coastal Plain. It has been reported from Ky. by F and others, but no colls. have been located. It is known from w. Tenn., and may be expected on the Coastal Plain in Ky.


Footnote:
This shrub is widespread in southeastern states, but usually restricted to medium acid soils and rare or absent in some calcareous regions. Like other Euonymus spp. it is much browsed by deer and other herbivores. But americanus has evolved an unusual ability to escape and spread vegetatively with extensive stoloniferous branches. In forest gaps and thickets, these branches can rapidly grow up to form shrubs 2 m tall or more. The closely related obovatus on base-rich soils remains more hidden on the ground.


Comment:
Recheck MU. Check MM for PULA. 1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); check MM also.

Footnote:
This is scattered across east-central states, but most frequent in s. Mo., Ill., Ind., Ohio, s. Mich. and w. Penn. (PL). In Ky. there is a pronounced cluster of records along the Kentucky River Palisades, but it is found occasionally on steep base-rich wooded slopes near other rivers across the state. E. obovatus is a curious prostrate, spreading or trailing subshrub that ascends to only about 1 (rarely 3) dm above the ground, including flowers and fruits (F, Cr, Y). Yet it appears closely related to americanus, with little consistent clearcut difference other than its low habit and leaf shape (usually obovate versus elliptic).


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): LEWi & MADI (BE). 

1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM. The species is much more widespread than these records suggest.

Footnote:
This invasive shrub is abundantly planted (as "winged burning bush") across east-central states, especially in suburban landscapes. It presents a serious long-term problem, and its sale should be banned. In Ky it has become naturalized much more widely than colls. indicate; sight records of SE are mapped here as open dots. Some plants that lack pronounced wings may be referable to var. aptera Regel, which has been treated as a species (K), but their taxonomic status is not unclear.


Comment:
The JEFF (NK) coll. is from railroad near University. 1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); also jc at several sites. This shrubby species is often mixed with E. fortunei.

Footnote:
This Chinese shrub has been planted widely in southeastern states during recent decades, and it may be a locally frequent escape, especially in warmer coastal regions (W, PL). In Ky. is probably much more frequent than records suggest. It has been combined with fortunei in some treatments (e.g. J.S. Ma in Y), but its shrubby non-climbing habit is quite distinct and petioles are usually shorter (4-7 mm versus 11-17 mm). 

   E. japonicus Thunb. is a closely related Japanese species that has been planted further south (W); it has denser inflorescences, more evergreen leaves, longer petioles (on average, intermediate), and taller habit (to 6 m versus 3 m).


Comment:
This species is spreading rapidly through central Kentucky but has not been collected much. It has invaded rapidly since the 1970s.

Footnote:
This is an ecologically noxious--yet commercially addictive--woody vine from China and Japan. It has been widely planted and now naturalized in east-central states. Plants in North America may be referable to var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder. The obscure name E. hederaceus Champ. ex Benth. had priority over fortunei (Y), but there has been a proposal to conserve fortunei (Cao & Ma 2006). See also notes under kiautschovicus. J.S. Ma (in Y) and W have provided recent notes on nomenclature and spelling in Celastraceae.
 
   In Ky. fortunei is much more widespread than the mapped colls. The sight records of SE are mapped here as open dots. With ignorant promotion and virtually no restriction, this species has spread rapidly through the Ohio Valley since the 1970s, especially in the Bluegrass region, where it has become one of the most serious alien threats to native woodlands and residential landscapes. It appears to do best on calcareous soils, remaining much less common in Appalachian regions of Ky. and further east (W).


Comment:
MADI and ROCK were erroneously added to NP website 2006-2008; DWhite pers comm.

Footnote:
This globally imperiled species of limestone clifftops has an unusual fragmented distribution pattern, occurring in the Ridge-and-Valley region from Pa. to N.C., plus the disjunct western margins of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ohio and Ky. Similar patterns occur in Phlox subulata var. australis and Solidago harrisii (Campbell et al. 1993). Such distributions are probably relictual from a previous climatic era when conditions were more suitable for dispersal and growth (Braun 1955). 

   The isolated populations of Paxistima generally seemed stable until recent years, but the alien euonymus scale insect has now been observed infesting several patches. Declines are probably under way (T. Littlefield, pers. comm.), and the only hope for survival in some cases may be horticultural. The wild patches may be largely clonal, and fruiting has never been observed in Ky., but cross-pollination may be successful when clones are artificially grown together (W. Stoutamire, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This shrub is restricted to the central and southern Appalachians. It is a semi-parasite on the roots of a wide range of woody species (Leopold & Muller 1983).


Species:
bicolor (rafinesquii, tenella; kitaibeliana var. r.)

Comment:
Blue colored forms may still be included here; to be separated (see below). Added: GALL (NK): J.W. Thieret & Baird 61944.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread across eastern and central ststes. The first records of these plants from Ky. were under the name V. tenella Raf. ex Muhl. (Merrill 1949; see also, Short & Peter 1834). Mosr recent treatments have maintained bicolor as a distinct species (Cr; McKinney & Russell 2002; W), although it is closely related to the southern European V. kitaibeliana Schult. and has been combined by some previous authors (e.g. F). Chromosome numbers in this weedy complex range from 2n = 14 or 16 to 48 (Yockteng et al. 2003), but morphological and biogeographic differences are not well documented. Plants with deep blue flowers may deserve more attention, and colls. should be reeaxmined for potential segregation. See also notes under arvensis.


Comment:
Braun notes: "Flowers occasionally are violet-blue, apparently where the plants are growing on red soil." More records may be seperated from the species' data.

Footnote:
The flowers of these plants are mostly deep blue, versus bluish-white (or lavendar) to pale yellowish-white (creamy); flower centers are paler in all plants. This variant does not have a published name, but is mapped here to show its southern distribution in Ky. and to prompt further study. Only a few authors have noted "deep" blue in their descriptions (Cr.)


Comment:
This species is annoyingly difficult to distinguish from V. rafinesquianum in some cases. Not reported by Braun.

Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered in cultivated fields and roadsides across temperate North America. Without fresh flowers, arvensis is sometimes hard to distinguish from bicolor (Sm, F, Cr); 2n = 34 in both species, but hybrids have not been documented. In addition to their distinctively short petals (about equalling sepals or less), flowers of arvensis are strictly open-pollinated (versus often cleistogamous in bicolor), and pale yellow to occasionally purplish-tipped (versus pale yellow to deep blue). Also, its stipules are pinnately laciniate (versus palmately pectinate), with the enlarged upper lobes oblanceolate (versus narrowly spathulate) and, like the cauline leaves, crenate-serrate (versus entire or nearly so).


Species:
hirsutula x palmata var. dilatata (X ravida)


FullName:
Elymus hystrix L. var. bigelovianus (Fern.) Bowden

Footnote:
This occurs infrequently north of a line from S.D. through Ky. to N.J,, often mixed with the typical variety; pure populations are known in the northeastern United States. It Ky. it is occcasional and appears concentrated in some central and western localities, but it may not be worth recognizing.


Comment:
Formerly treated in Agropyron. This appears to a waif from western regions of N Am.

Footnote:
This widespread northern and western species occurs mostly as waifs in eastern states. In Ky. the only known coll. is from near a parking lot in LETC (EKY); that plant is referable to ssp. subsecundus (Link) A. & D. Löve. Spp. trachycaulus, with shorter awns (ca. 1-13 mm versus 15-40 mm), is apparently native in glades of the Blue Ridge south to N.C. (W).


Comment:
There are several other county records in Univ. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta files. The MCRA (MU) coll. is labeled "var. setiferum". Generic placement remains somewhat controversial.

Footnote:
This aggressive rhizomatous weed is widespread in cool temperate and southern boreal regions of North America. It was not recorded in Ky. until about 1900. In 1914 Gm noted: "not as common in Kentucky as it is farther north and west. It has been noted at Lexington, and has been sent me once or twice from Western Kentucky." Also, Anderson (1924) stated in was "scarce." After 1930 it has gradually become widespread and locally abundant, especially in some old pastures where it may have been promoted. 

   The appropriate treatment for variation within repens remains uncertain (FNA 24). Most plants are hexaploid (2n = 42), with a complex origin. Segregates have not been generally recognized in North America, but F and others have suggested that plants along the north Atlantic coast, and perhaps adventive inland, may be treated as a native taxon: A. repens (L.) Beauv. var. subulatum (Schreb.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes (?= A. pungens noted in FNA 24). The coll. from MCRA (MUR) has been referred to var. subulatum forma setiferum Fern.


Comment:
Probably only established from sown seed.

jc common along new route 80 and side roads

jc: FLOY along log/mine roads on upper slopes Wilson Creek; 2008

Footnote:
This South African species is widespread across southern states (K). It is a cespitose polyploid (2n = 40, 50) that has persised at many sites after been extensively sown for soil stabilization on roadsides and other disturbed sites. In Ky. it has become much more frequent than colls. indicate, but most or all colls. may be from plantings rather than truly naturalized situations. It is locally abundant along several major highways built after 1970, especially in south-central regions of the state.


Comment:
Most specimens should be rechecked; np colls. should be looked for at EK; listed as "glabriflora" in Jones (2005); but see his erroneous "Elymus glabrifloris".

CHRI (NP): Fort Campbell 1994; check AP-yess Fort Campbell; barrens on south side Angels Rd 1.4 mi e of jct w/Palmyra Rd; infreq. 18Sep1993; EWChester 13018 with Baskins.

CRIT (NP): 1977 and 1991; see database
.
LOGA (NP): new data?--yes AP: EWChester 14683 25Sep04; Baker Natural Area, south edge of the old field; one small clump

MCLE (NP): was in 200? database from Floyds Woods 1980.

TRIG (AP): barrens N side US68 at Golden Pond (Martin study site); and bluffy woods at head of and on north side of Mammoth Furnace Bay, common.

Footnote:
This uncommon species is centered in the central Mississippi Valley, typically in thin woods on clayey soils with seasonal dryness and wetness. There are disjunct sites in e. Tenn., se. Ohio (Gardner et al. 2004), Va. and N.Car. (K, W). It can be confused with frondosa, and some records should be rechecked. 

   M glabriflora usually has glabrous lemmas; in contrast, other eastern species have hairy lemmas, at least near the base. Also, it has leaves that are relatively narrow (ca. 2-4 mm versus up to 7-8 mm or more in other species), firm and erect. Plants are rather bushy-brached, with axillary inflorescences that are partly included in sheaths, as in frondosa and bushii. Stem internodes are mostly glabrous and shiny, as in frondosa and bushii, though more scabrid to puberulent below nodes. 

   FNA 25 indicated that the specific epithet should be "glabrifloris", but that spelling may be considered an orthographic variant; "glabriflora" is used by F, Cr, J, W and others.


Comment:
WOOD (EK): Van Shipp Farm on Aiken Rd (uplands) "field edge by house"

EK: ANDE BELL ESTI FRAN HARR HENR HICK LAUR LEWI MADI MCRA WOOD; also GARR WOverbeck 2011

Footnote:
This is widespread in riparian woods of northeastern states. There has been confusion with mexicana, which name was misapplied to frondosa in much literature before F. See also notes under bushii and glabriflora.


Comment:
Dietrich et al. (1997): BALL (UNCC); BARR (CU, DS, IND+); CALL (GH, US); CARL (SMU); FAYE (CU, DS); FULT (UNCC, UWL); HART (CU, IND+); HICK (MO, US); KENT (US+); LARU (DS, IND, GH, US+); LIVI (UNCC, UWL); LYON (UNCC); MADI (CU, DS, IND, NY+); MARS (CU, IND, NY); OWEN (TEX, US); PULA (IND, MO, TENN, UC+); ROCK (DS, POM); WARR (CU, IND, POM); WHIT (CU, IND, NY, POM);

SI: FULT, HICK. MARS, MCRA.

Footnote:
This widespread tall native annual or biennial weed (with petals ca. 1-2 cm long) appears to have originated from hybrids of villosa and nutans (Dietrich et al. 1997). There are two cytological types, with switched maternal and paternal origins, but attempts to distinguish these morphologically (e.g. as ssp. centralis Munz and ssp. caeciarum Munz) have not been successful. When biennial, rosettes of Oenothera biennis are similar to those of the strictly biennial Gaura biennis, but leaves differ in their dull green upper surfaces (versus deep glossy green), their shorter hairs (ca. 0.1-0.3 mm versus 0.5-1 mm), and their more remotely denticulate margins.


FullName:
Oenothera biennis L. ssp. centralis Munz

Comment:
Although tentatively determined as pratincola by Braun, following Munz (1937), her colls. 4645, 4741 were redetermined as typical O. biennis by Dietrich in 1981.


Comment:
Reported by Browne and Athey (1992) from Shawnee Hills and Appalachian Plateaus but colls unknown; 

A CALD (KY) was annotated as this species, but it is typical villosa????
Same? at EK does seem correct: MEWharton & MRBeckett-215 27Jun1957 canebrake west of Dawson Springs' "hirticaulis".

Footnote:
This poorly understood southeastern taxon has been variously interpreted (F, Cr; Al-Shehbaz & Schubert 1989; FNA 26; W). Within the Ohio Valley, plants named hirticaulis may just represent occasional hairy plants of villosa, but a distinct variety or species may be justified on the Coastal Plain. It has been reported from Ky. by BA and Rogers (1941), but no complete convincing colls. have been located. There is a coll. from CALD (EKY, KY) that may be referred here: M.E. Wharton & M.R. Beckett #215. D. hirticaulis has also been reported from s. Ind. (D).


Comment:
This species is not easily distinguished from D. quaternata in some collections, but is retained here pending deeper study. The var. glabrifolia is more clearly combinable with D. quaternata.

?EK: BUTL CLAY CLIN EDMO FRAN GARR LAUR MCRE MUHL OHIO PIKE POWE PULA

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states but mapping here is provisional; more study of is needed in Ky. based on recent literature. With incomplete colls. viilosa is easily confused with quaternata, which has been combined in some treatments (e.g. FNA 26). It usually occurs on damper sites, often in riparian woods and swamps.

   D. villosa is best distinguished (Al-Shehbaz & Schubert 1989; Cr, W) by having a mostly twining stem with alternate leaves (except rarely, at the base with short internodes, appearing almost whorled). D. quaternata has lower leaves in whorls of 4-7, and only the upper stem twines with alternate leaves. Also, villosa has stems with 8-14 narrowly winged ribs (versus terete); its rhizomes are ca. 5-10 mm thick (versus 10-15 mm), relatively straight and little-branched (versus often contorted and branched); fruits tend to be smaller (F); 2n = ?20 or 60 versus 36 or 54 (Cr, FNA 26).


FullName:
Dioscorea villosa L. var. glabrifolia (Bartlett) Fern.

Comment:
Perhaps not clearly separated from var. villosa; but Kartesz and others indicate that this (not var. villosa) is now combined with D. quaternata, where these records can be transferred provisionally.

They are transferred now.


Species:
arundinacea (elatior; elatior var. a; S. phoenix)

Comment:
It is frequently impossible to distinguish planted from naturalized records in this species, which occurs throughout the state.

LO: HENR.

recheck herbaria!!!!!!!!!

EK: no sign of TODD under either name; must have been set aside...

Footnote:
This "tall fescue" has been widely planted across temperate North America. In Ky. it was first used for initial trials during the 1890s, under the names F. elatior L. and "English blue-grass" (Gm). Gm noted: "In the quality of durability we have nothing that surpasses it... It is frequently grown in this part of the State, but is perhaps not made use of as much as it should be... It is both nutritious and palatable." During the 1930s, the Univ. of Ky. selected the cultivar known as "Kentucky 31" that became widely sown in the 1940s and 1950s, but its limitations for livestock eventually became apparent (Hoveland 2007). It is frequently impossible to distinguish planted from naturalized records. The taxonomy of arundinacea and pratensis has become clarified during recent decades (F, Cr, FNA 24, W). The two species were confused in older literature, but are now considered generally distinct. 

   F. arundinacea can be distinguished from pratensis by its ciliate auricles, slightly scabrid-hispid rachillas and lemma veins (versus usually glabrous); also, it typically has more strongly nerved to aristate lemmas, more branched panicles, wider glossier leaves, and taller overall height. It includes a polyploid series (2n = 28-70), while pratensis is only diploid (2n = 14). T. Phillips (Univ. of Ky., Dept. of Agronomy) has various living accessions of both species. 

   Alternative generic assignments include Schedonorus (a narrow concept) and Lolium (in a broad concept); hybrids between the pratensis group and Lolium spp. are documented in Europe. S. phoenix (Scop.) Holub has recently been adopted by PL to replace arundinacea, but the correct name should be S. arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., according to M. Barkworth (online update for FNA 24).


Comment:
The var. mobilense is reported by Browne & Athey (1992) but this is doubtful.

SI: none can or mob from KY; see ampeloprasum.

Footnote:
This is a variable species or species-complex of eastern North America. With its broad definition, 2n = 14, 21 or 28; see also notes under mutabile. In Ky. typical canadense occurs mostly in thin woods on moist to damp base-rich soils, especially toe-slopes just above floodplains. But its distribution is patchy, and the species is uncommon to rare in some agricultural regions, perhaps due to past rooting of hogs for its edible bulbs.


Species:
mutabile (microscordion; canadense var. mobilense)

Comment:
Doubtful; reported by Browne and Athey (1992) from the Coastal Plain, citing collections at SIU to be checked.

Footnote:
This southeastern diploid (2n = 14) is concentrated around the lower Mississippi Valley, and often known as  A. canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Owenby; see also Sm and W. It has been reported from relatively dry open habitats in s. Ill. and much of Mo. but remains unverified in Ind., Ky. and Tenn., where treatments have been inconsistent (FNA 26, PL, W, Ch+). It was reported from Ky. by BA, but apparently based on misidentified colls. of ampeloprasum (SIU). 

   In mutabile the inflorescences mostly contain just normal perfect flowers, but sometimes mixed with asexual plants, suggesting polymorphic populations. In typical canadense most or all of the inflorescences contain just asexual bulblets. Also, the flowers of mutabile tend to be slightly deeper pink on ascending pedicels (versus sinuous).


Comment:
The related A. stellatum has been reported but based on misidentifications (M). 

Check CASE (ek) "cernuum" from "forested wetland".

ROBE (1) = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

SI: BREC.

2 = Camp & Meijer 1989

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this complex species is widespread on xeric base-rich sites in North America, with several regional or local segregates that can be recognized (SC, W; D. Ford-Werntz, pers. comm.). See also notes under stellatum, which may have been confused in some cases; 2n = 14 in both species.


Comment:
These records are for the typical variety; there is also a possibly cultivated collection of var. atroviolaceum from JEFF (LO).

TRIG: JC has seen & coll in LBL ca. 2003; apparently escaped and forming patches, appearing native and confused with "mutabile" at SIU.

Footnote:
This variable weedy species ("wild leek") is widely scattered in southeastern states; 2n = 16-80 (FNA 26, K, W). Probably all wild records from Ky. are for the typical var. ampeloprasum, with relatively small umbels superficially similar to mutabile. There is a likely cultivated coll. of var. atroviolaceum (Boiss.) Regel from JEFF (DHL).


FullName:
Allium ampeloprasum L. var. atroviolaceum (Boiss.) Regel

Comment:
The JEFF (LO) coll. needs checking; label data not not rule out cultivation.


Comment:
Are these colls. all from truly naturalized plants?  Check data.

Footnote:
In North America the commonly cultivated garlic may not be widely established independently of plantings; 2n = 16 (FNA 26, K, W). In Ky. it is often impossible to infer if colls. are from persistent plantings, bulblets or truly spontaneous seedlings. However, plants have colonized several acres of young woods on gravelly lowlands at Bernheim Forest in BULL (A. Berry, pers. comm.).


Comment:
The JEFF (MM) coll. was from an old field. 1 = Grubbs (1989). Is this really naturalized?

Footnote:
This is a wild uncultivated garlic of Europe that is rarely adventive in North America; 2n = 32, 40 (K, FNA 26, PL). It has been reported from old fields and disturbed areas in HICK and JEFF (M), but colls. have not been confirmed.


FullName:
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. rigidum

Comment:
1 = Medley (1993), who considered this less common than var. glabrata but with some intergradation. Some var. determinations need to be checked.

GH: ROWA.

PEND: KY EEBarton Sep 1931 Falmouth, Ky.

MMNS: Reed coll from ROWA!!!

Footnote:
See notes under var. glabratum, which may intergrade; some colls. needs checking (FNA 20). Note also that separation of Oligoneuron from Solidago remains controversial; these species can also be treated as Solidago sect. Ptarmicoidei (FNA 20; W).


FullName:
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. glabratum (E.L. Braun) Nesom

Comment:
1 = Medley (1993), based on his collections and other sources. Some var. determinations need to be checked. Check CARR (MO) locality data.

These notes to right based partly on colls at MMNS

Footnote:
This southeastern taxon appears to be commoner in Ky. than the largely midwestern var. rigidum; the more western var. humilis (Porter) S.B. Heard & Semple is unknown east of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers (FNA 20). Distributions overlap considerably and there is some intergradation, but var. glabratum appears to be more restricted to rocky glades than var. rigidum, which is locally common in remnants of taller grassland on deeper soils. 

   Var. glabratum has also been treated as a subspecies (FNA 20) or a species (F). Compared to typical rigidum, it is generally less hairy, with glabrous phyllaries (versus strigillose to glabrate). It is generally less robust, with smaller inflorescences (usually ca. 15-45 heads versus 30-120), which tend to be more rounded, and with narrower leaves (the larger ones ca. 1-5 cm wide versus 2-10 cm); 2n = 18 (versus 18 and 36).


Comment:
Reported by Bryant (1973) and Meijer (1972) but with no known vouchers; SI should be checked. This is a northern prairie species but with a few disjunct southeastern records.

GH: none.

Footnote:
This was reported by Meijer (1972b) and Bryant (1972) but with no known vouchers. It is a northern prairie species with a few disjunct southeastern records.


FullName:
Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Porter ex Porter & Britt.

Comment:
This coll. from KNOX was made by H. Bryan, perhaps to be processed at EK, but with a duplicate given to MM; the plants occurred on stripmine spoil. This is an eastern Coastal Plain species.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) mostly occurs on the eastern and southeastern Coastal Plains, but it does rarely occur as a waif further west. A coll. from stripmine spoil in KNOX was made by H. Bryan (M), and may become processed at EKY or WKY.


FullName:
Euthamia leptocephala (Torr. & Gray) Greene

Comment:
1 = Grubbs (1989); collection not yet found at MU.

Footnote:
This is a species of the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coast that has been confused with the largely midwestern gymnospermoides (Sieren 1981; Cr, FNA 20, W). Together, these two taxa contain a polyploid series; 2n = 18, 36 (most gymnospermoides), and 54 (most leptocephala). Records of leptocephala from Ky. are mostly based on colls. of R. Athey (probably at MEM) that were identified by R. Kral (M), but need further verification. The reported coll. from HICK (Grubbs & Fuller 1991) has not yet been located at MUR.


FullName:
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. var. graminifolia

Comment:
This coll. from BREC (KY) appears quite distinct; var. graminifolia is glabrous and more northern, but with much overlap in range.

A distinctively glabrous coll. from BREC (KY) seems to be this taxon. Var. graminifolia is more northern than var. nuttallii, but there is much overlap in range.


Comment:
FNA states leaves 1.8-2.6 mm wide; compare appalachica. 

CALL (mu) reported by Fuller (1980) but not found.  
Naczi 6556 "appalachica" from MCRE (NK) was redetermined as rosea by Reznicek!
LO: HARD (RC), JEFF.
WK: HART (JC 2007).

EK: ADAI ANDE BATH BREA CALD CLIN ESTI FLEM FRAN HARD HARL LETC LIVI LOGA LYON MCRA MONT NELS PIKE POWE ROCK ROWA WASH

Footnote:
This has a widespread eastern range. See notes under appalachica, radiata and socialis.


Comment:
FNA states: leaves 0.9-1.5 mm wide, as most clear difference from rosea; but in some difficult specimens other dimensions can be useful, as in leaf base width, and in perigynia. C. appalachica may also have a distinctly elongate bristle like lower bract. These collections should be rechecked. LETC (NK): L.E.McKinney 6179.

See also McKinney et al. (2000) for records at EK: HARL & LETC.
EK: HARL KNOX LESL PERR

Footnote:
This Appalachian taxon is close to rosea (2n = 52 in both), and colls. should be rechecked, especially in more western regions. The clearest difference in appalachica is its relatively narrow widest leaves (0.9-1.5 mm versus 1.8-2.6 mm). In some cases narrower culm bases (0.7-1.4 mm versus 1.5-2.2 mm) and smaller perigynia (2-3.4 x 0.8-1.3 mm versus 2.6-4 x 1.1-1.8 mm) also can be useful (FNA 23). Lower bracts are often longer, up to 11 cm (versus 6 cm). Based on leaf width alone, this species is also easily confused with radiata.


Comment:
Recheck FAYE, JESS, SIMP; not common in central Bluegrass?

SCOT (DO); along stream bottom; correct !!

EK: BULL CLAY CLIN FLEM HARL JEFF LAUR LEWI MADI MCLE NELS OWSL

Footnote:
This widespread northeastern species is difficult to distinguish from rosea in some cases, especially with immature specimens. C. radiata has relatively straight stigmas except for the basal reflex (versus clearly coiled); its perigynia have broad subtruncate bases (versus cuneate to rounded), with achenes well above the spongy bases (versus subsessile), and they tend to reflex when ripe; its lowest bracts are relatively short, on average (Cr, FNA 23). C. radiata is typical of seasonally wet, medium acid soils. It is virtually absent from the largely calcareous Bluegrass region, but it does occur locally on relatively siliceous stream terraces.


Comment:
A few colls. are immature or need to be rechecked versus mesochorea. FNA relies on the pistillate scale bodies being no more than half the length of perigynia; does not indicate consistent difference in exsertion of spikes from leaves. Some "mesochorea" and "leavenworthia" are redet as this at NK by Naczi. Check LAUR (BE); some redet as mesochorea.

LO: JEFF, CRIT.

EK: CLIN CRIT ESTI FLEM FRAN HARL JACK JESS LETC MONT ROCK SHEL

JF: MEAD

Footnote:
This is widespread in dry woods across eastern North America; 2n = 48. See notes under mesochorea and leavenworthii, which are often confused.


Comment:
Some colls. are too immature or overmature to determine var. certainly. In addition to pistilllate scale length, the perigynia tend to be larger; spikes usually but not consistently exceeding the leaves. A clearer key is needed. The WAYN (NK) collection has relatively short inflorescence stalks.

I misided some leavenworthia as mesochorea initially; eg LETC (EK).

LO: JEFF! (+immat.); CALL?

EK: GRAY LESL MADI MERC

Footnote:
This robust relative of cephalophora is typical of grassy open areas, often in pastures or lawns on relatively damp fertile soil; cephalophora is largely restricted to woods, especially subxeric types. Distinction of these two species is difficult with some colls., especially when immature, but careful study of good material shows that they are clearly distinct (F, FNA 23). 

   Compared to cephalophora, pistillate scale bodies in mesochorea are 2-3-3.1 mm long (versus 1-1.8 mm), with bodies ca. 70-100% as long as bodies of perigynia (versus 40-60%), usually with three distinct green nerves (versus only the midnerve distrinct). Perigynia are 3-4.1 x 1.7-2.6 mm (versus 2-3.2 x 1.4-2 mm). Spikes are relatively large (ca. 1 cm wide versus 0.5-1 cm), on culms up to 60-100 cm tall (versus usually no more than 60 cm), usually well above the leaves (versus about as tall or little exserted), but those are less reliable characters.


Comment:
LO: MEAD (check); OLDH, JEFF ("ceph" "muhl")

EK: FULT LAUR LETC LYON MADI TRIG

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, like cephalophora, but it tends to occur in more open habitats. C. leavenworthii is often confused with cephalophora, but its perigynia have bodies widest at 25-40% from base (versus 40-55%). Also, the beaks are shorter (0.3-0.8 mm versus 0.7-1.1 mm), with shorter teeth (0.1-0.3 mm versus 0.3-0.5 mm) and generally less serrulation.


Comment:
HART (mm) is tentatively identified from the same location as C. alpina; there is a need to study material from other alpina sites.


Comment:
There may also be a hybrid with C. canadensis: HART (MM). 

EDMO (WK) is by K. Nicely from outside MCNP; check location! 

Check ROWA (MO, assumed A. Risk collection).

HARL (NP): 2006 map; check EKY Jones etc.

Footnote:
This is a northern (circumboreal) species that extends south along the Appalachians at higher elevation, and occasionally lower in cool ravines. In Ky. there are remarkable disjunct sites in a few sinkholes of the Mammoth Cave area (EDMO and HART). Apparent hybrids with canadensis have been reported at a few sites, and deserve further study.


Comment:
Distinction of varieties needs further study.

KY: May 2011--now only good americana mapped here from KY:glabrous exceot midrid; more/less deep notched; small frts; SIX HAVE FRTS!!!! (and one flw)
CLAR HENR BREA MCLE FAYE MCRE FRAN SCOT TRIM WOOD; 6/10

EK: Jun 2011; smaller leaflets? some/most have hairly midribs; * SEEDS
CLIN* X 2 ; CALL CLAR* BREC* ADAI GARR FRAN* FAYE* JESS* X 2 LETC MADI MADI* WOOD; 9/15

NK: Aug 2011; broadly cuneate leaflets!! generally glabrous surface; "whitish" unclear in some cases--can fade with drying!!! (a coll from OK "whitish green below, the white disappearing upon drying"; samaras stramineous, notably paler than seed (vs yellowish-orange tint in penn), seed much less elongated l/w < penn!!!; BOYD CLIN* CAMP* BOON* KENTx2** ROWA* BOON*; 7/8 sd/fl

1= Nesom: CALD TRIG HENR BOON PEND LEWI BOYD LAWR JOHN BATH MONT CLAR MADI ROCK CLIN WHIT KNOX

US: SCOT WAYN (pub below) JEFF (CMohr 26May1855 rich woods Louisville)

Footnote:
In its broad sense this widespread eastern species is highly variable, including polyploids (Wallander 2008, Nesom 2010c, W). Nesom has revived division into three species: americana (2n = 46), smallii (92) and biltmoreana (138). All three taxa differ from other eastern ashes in their minutely reticulated, waxy-whitened lower leaf surfaces. 

   F. americana, sensu stricto, has a relatively northern range, being rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It differs from the other two taxa in its generally smaller fruits (mostly 25-32 mm long versus 33-54 mm), deeply notched petiole bases usually wrapped around buds (versus shallow-notched to truncate, the sides no more than level with tops of buds), usually glabrous leaves except along major veins (at least in Ky.), and glabrous twigs (versus glabrous or hairy). Its leaves tend to be smaller, on average, with upper surfaces usually plain yellowish-green (versus bluish) and less glossy. In Ky. confirmed records of americana, sensu stricto (mapped as solid symbols), are concentrated in the Bluegrass region and surrounding Knobs; some of the uncertain records mapped here (open dots) may be smallii instead. Typical americana appears to be much less frequent to virtually unknown in western regions of Ky. and Tenn., except along larger valleys of the Cumberland Rv. and Tennessee Rv. (Nesom 2010c).

   Hybrids between the americana group and the pennsylvanica group are often suspected, but there is no conclusive evidence from the wild. Nesom found virtually no indication of hybrids, based on examination of many herbarium colls. JC has found a few specimens (< 1%) that cannot be confidently assigned, and suspects that sun-leaves may have more waxy lower leaf surfaces.


Comment:
PD: JEFF loc fre dry poor soil in Iroquois Park

1 = Nesom : BRAC HARD HENR JEFF KENT MARS MCRE MCRE OWSL PIKE

KY: May 2011; hairy all over lf rach petiole fresh twig; 
HARR CARL ROWA HARD MORG BATH BULL FLOY POWE MADI BREA JESS HENR CLAR FLEM FAYE MASO MCRE GARR PULA; MERC not relocated but in old notes from KY; 0/20

EK; biggest lvs in shade? but also sometime v narrow sun lvs
in a few cases hairy pet = rach but alm glab blades
sev cases hairs widespread but quite short or sparse on rachis...
ESTI CUMB CLIN CLAYX2 CLAR CARTX2 CASE CALD BREA ANDE HARR GARR FRAN FLOYX2 FLEM JACK X 4; JESS JOHN KNOTX2 LEEX2 LETCX2 LINC MADIX2 MARI MCRE* MCREX2 MENIX3 MERC MONT OWSLX2 PIKE POWE* POWEX2 PULAX3 ROCK SCOT SPEN TAYL WAYN WEBS WOOD*
3/58

NK: 
BRAK* KENT* CAMPx2; 2/4

US: CLAY LB!!!

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional; see notes under americana and smallii. F. biltmoreana occurs widely in eastern states south of the Great Lakes and New England, and may be most frequent on rocky soils in the Ohio Rv. watershed and in the Ridge-and-Valley region (Nesom 2010c). Fresh twigs, petioles and rachises are densely to sparsely hairy; lower leaflet surfaces are usually covered with dense hairs, but in a few colls. hairs are confined to midribs and primary veins. F. biltmoreana tends to occur more frequently on relatively dry sites. In Ky. it appears to be about as frequent as smallii, based on provisional examination of colls. at KY and EKY. However, flowering or fruiting specimens form only ca. 1-5% of the colls. in those herbaria; compare data noted under smalii.


FullName:
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. pennsylvanica

Comment:
Colls. from EK need rechecking. Distinction of varieties needs further study.

EK ESTI CUMB CRIT HART MADI

NK: CAMP? (seedlings) CALL

FAYE: Shady Lane woods swale!!!

KNOT: Oxford Miami Univ Alice Lloyd Colleg (pub twig suggests profunda); no flw/frt; WOLF similar

Footnote:
These relatively hairy plants extend less into the Great Plains than var. subintegerrima, and less onto the southeastern Coastal Plain (F, RAB, St). Within Ky. they tend to occur on sites with more seasonal drying, including streamheads on limestone and drier terraces on sandy alluvium. Mapping here is somewhat provisional, pending more detailed assessment; pubescence may vary continuously (from glabrous to tomentose) and tends to be overlooked in field and herbarium. Lower leaf surfaces are often pale due to hairs, causing misidentification as americana.


FullName:
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.

Comment:
hg = penn in general HGarman woody plants
LO: JEFF

KY: rechecked May 2011
note: sometimes sharply serrate (never pronounced in am?)

Marshall Seedless? = 
KY: Kansas coll "Topeka, planted Gage Park" RWMohr 30May1962
"nigra" platypoda!!!! seeds with short calyx and narrowed wings; base of leaflets hairy but little/no hairs across rachis; petiole bases more/less inflated; buds orange-brown pointed; grey twigs with numerous pale lenticels

NK: gen pub along midvein; narrow seed!!!
CAMPx4** PENDx3*** BRAC* LEWI* KENT BOON*

US: SCOT HANC CHRI

Footnote:
This diploid species (2n = 46) ranges widely across eastern North America and into the Great Plains. Its leaves vary much in size, shape, serration, pubescence, and length of petiolules, but the taxonomic significance remains uncertain (Cr, Nesom 2010b). Trees mapped here with largely glabrous leaves and twigs are much more common than hairy ones in Ky., especially in riparian zones and nearby sloughs. Open dots mapped here indicate colls. of the species, but with uncertain assignment to variety. 

   Cultivars from western states, especially the largely male "Marshall's Seedless" from Utah, have been widely planted in developed areas of eastern states within the past 50 years but tend to grow poorly in southeastern states (Stoutamire & McArdle 1983; Gilman & Watson 1993). Leaflets of trees like Marshall's Seedless clearly differ from var. subintegerimma of east-central states in their shorter petiolules (0-2 mm versus 1-12 mm) and deeper serration (ca. 0.5-1 mm versus 0-0.5 mm); also, they tend to be fewer (mostly 5-7 versus 7-9), smaller and often broader in shape. Their occasional samaras tend to be shorter (mostly 2.6-3.7 cm versus 3.4-4.6 cm), broader/blunter (often spathulate-oblanceolate versus linear-lanceolate) and more prominently veined. These trees may include the types of F. campestris Britt. and var. austinii Fern. (F, Gl); they probably deserve a distinct varietal name, to be determined. Seedlings are sometimes found that appear partly derived from these planted trees. "Marshall's Seedless" has sometimes been confused with species of sect. Fraxinus, which generally have subsessile leaflets.


Species:
profunda (tomentosa; pennsylvanica var. profunda)

Comment:
This species is often difficult to distinguish from americana without fruit. CALL & TRIG (jc) are based on vegetative material tentatively identified. Check POWE (EK); see Weckman et al. (2003); out of range.

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 138) is widely distributed over eastern states, but concentrated in more permanent wetlands and with a fragmented range similar to that of Populus heterophylla (Little 1971; PL). In addition to being locally frequent in swamps of the lower Ohio Valley, there are scattered populations on base-rich soils further upstream. 

   F. profunda has often been confused with pennsylvanica or americana (sensu lato), but hybridization has not been demonstrated (Nesom 2010b). It has larger fruits (mostly 40-70 x 6-11 mm versus 20-45 x 4-8 mm), and larger leaflets (mostly 9-15 x 3.5-7 cm versus 7.5-11 x 2.5-5 cm), usually with more rounded bases and longer petiolules. Young twigs, rachises and leaflets are tomentose (versus glabrous to tomentose).


Comment:
All colls. should be rechecked; those from BALL (DHL), KENT & LEWI (KNK) are vegetative. Despite intensive previous treatments (e.g. F), there has been continued confusion with typical P. pusillus and P. foliosus (FNA 22).

The CALD (LO) coll. could not be found, but is cited in the KSNPC database. 

The LEWI and KENT colls. are non-flowering and seem to lack glands, suggesting P. foliosus. 

1 = Fernald (1932); see also Braun (1943)

JEFF (LO): G.D. Kellerman #233, 5 Jul 1957, grows submerged in the shallow area of the lake, 1-2 ft deep; [no Co. specified but assumed JEFF).
BALL (LO): D. Chai & J. Eckstein #5 & #25, 3 Jul 1982, Ballard Co. Wildlife Management area, found in Center Lake, #25 in Caster Lake).

NICH: (EK) det RHaynes but mixed in with Naias guadalupensis.

Footnote:
This has a more northern range than typical pusillus. Although treated as a distinct species or subspecies of pusillus in several treatments (from F to FNA 22), it may be preferable to treat these plants as var. tenuissimus F.K. Mertens & W.D.J. Koch; see also W. Most records from Ky. remain uncertain, and they are provisionally mapped here with typical pusillus. FNA 22 mapped typical pusillus across Ky., but indicated virtually no records of "ssp. tenuissimus." The only known colls. verified by authorities are from JEFF (DHL) and NICH (EKY).


Comment:
The colls. from HART, BULL, OLDH (above sources) plus KENT (LB) appear to be var. macellus. Most other colls. need checking for var.

MEAD (LO)

KY: WEBS CLAR "Alexander" FAYE WOOD BULL
not scot barr ?kent?

EK: ANDE BELL ?BREC CASE FAYE FLEM FRAN JACK LINC MADI ?MERC POWE SCOT

Footnote:
This widespread  North American diploid (2n = 28) is the most common narrow-leaved species of Potamogeton in Ky. Colls. from BULL, HART, KENT and OLDH are referable to var. macellus Fern, but that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
Includes Polycodium candicans. Another FLEM (LB) was determined as  "approaches V. floridanum Nutt." Records of var. neglectum are included here provisonally, with lower case codes. LB sight records are excluded. Weakley indicates that east-central plants with white-glaucous leaves (most or all Kentucky material) should be placed in a new variety, based perhaps on Polycodium candicans.

Footnote:
This small shrub is widespread in eastern states but generally absent on base-rich soils. In the Bluegrass region, the few records are from old high terraces, riverine or glacial. Lower leaf surfaces in the species are hairy or smooth (as in "neglectum"), but that character is probably not relevant (FNA 8, W). Many plants in Ky. match var. neglectum (Small) Deam or other varieties, as defined in previous treatments (e.g. F), but further study is needed with reference to recent revision. The widespread group of plants in east-central states with whitish-glaucous leaves (which would include most or all Ky. material), should probably be placed in a new variety, including Polycodium candicans Small; see notes of W.


FullName:
Vaccinium stamineum L. var. melanocarpum C. Mohr

Comment:
Not clearly identified in Kentucky; this name should probably be included under var. sericeum; see Weakley.


Comment:
1 = Greenwell (1935).

This species can hybridize with scoparia according to Reznicek 9406, Shannon Co., Missouri (NK).

Footnote:
This is distinct from most other species, but see notes under alata; 2n = 74. C. straminea has a relatively narrow range from east-coastal states (D.C. to Mass.) to the Ohio Valley and adjacent glacial plains. In Ky. it is generally rare but locally common on less disturbed marshy or boggy soils.


Comment:
NELS (JC) is from Gethsemani, in woods west of Monks Creek; check collection accession. 1 = Jones (1985b).

JEFF: Pat Haragan has found much along Floyd's Fork in 

JESS: JC found on low slopes at Jim Beam preserve.

Footnote:
This unusual conservative species of mesic woods is concentrated in parts of the southern Interior Low Plateaus and Cumberland Plateau, but with curious extensions and disjunctions in some adjacent regions (K, PL). Though close to old dwellings, the few disjunct populations along the Kentucky River Palisades appear to be native; Short (1828-9) noted Pachysandra in FAYE. Further discoveries may be expected to in n. Ky., since it is known from a few sites in s. Ind. (Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources database). However, the one site in e. Mo. may have been introduced (Y).


Comment:
Reported only from cultivated material, or occasionally persistent at homesites (Chester 1992), but not naturalizing.

Footnote:
This is a commonly cultivated shrub ("crape-myrtle") that occasionally persists at abandoned homesites (Chester 1992). There is no definite evidence of naturalization in Ky., but occasional escapes from seed have been reported in s. Ohio (M. Vincent, pers. comm.).


Comment:
This sometimes appears weakly differentiated from georgianus, with many uncertain records. The absence of bristles seems clearcut in georgianus but other characters overlap sometimes.

LO: JEFF? check.

??EK: BATH CASE CLAR CLAY CLIN ESTI FAYE FRAN FULT GARR JACK LAUR LEE LETC MADI MONT MUHL NELS OWEN OLDH OWSL PIKE ROBE WOOD

Footnote:
This is widespread in base-rich marshy sites across eastern North America, but is less common on the southeastern Coastal Plain. See notes under georgianus and hattorianus; further study of some colls. is needed for reliable separation of records.


Comment:
Presence not confirmed except perhaps the CLAR (GH) coll of Beckett #643 determined by G.C. Tucker. This northern taxon is in the atrovirens group and may not be distinct in Kentucky.

Check FNA.

JC FAYE: Moberly Spring? get better coll.?????

Footnote:
Though initially described from Japan, this taxon is widely scattered across northeastern states and adjacent Canada, where it probably originated (Schuyler 1967; FNA 23, W). S. hattorianus is a cryptic relative of atrovirens that has been combined by some authors (e.g. Cr). It has less septate-nodulose lower blades and sheaths; spikelets tend to be more broadly ovate, with more blackish (versus brownish) scales; achenes are usually shorter (0.7-1.1 mm versus 1-1.3 mm), with bristles somewhat intermediate between atrovirens and georgianus; 2n = 56. A coll. from CLAR (GH) was determined as this species by G.C. Tucker and others: M.R. Beckett #643, 6 Jul 1955, margin of stream, Elkin Station Road. It has also been found nearby in Adams and Sandusky Counties, Ohio (colls. of A. Cusick at DOV).


FullName:
Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. maxima Chapman

Comment:
Distinction from var. stipata may be difficult; the MADI and MONT colls. at least tend towards var. maxima. CAMP (NK) is det by Naczi.

EK: CALD CASE FRAN

Footnote:
This relatively robust, glaucous southern variety appears somewhat intermediate between typical stipata and crus-corvi (FNA 23); see notes under crus-corvi.


Comment:
Did this originate from hydrization of C. stipata and a member of the "muhlenbergii" group (especially aggregata)? Another BOON (NK) was redetermined as aggregata by Naczi.

LO: LEWI, OLDH.

HARR (US/KW): JC coll for Millenium Seed project

EK: CAMP CLAR CLIN ESTI WOOD

Footnote:
This is locally common in open areas on wet fertile soils in east-central states. It has been confused with aggregata or sparganioides, which can sometimes have slightly compound spikes (F).


Comment:
See Naczi et al. (2002). This is a narrow-leaved, smooth ventral-banded relative of conjuncta. Did this also originate from hydrization of C. stipata and C. muhlenbergii? 

Following were previously called C. stipata?
MCRA (NK,MU) was given as dupe to NK: R. Athey 932; wet ditches on the Ichneidman [?Schneidman] Road, 24 May 1970.
MARS (MU): R. Athey 1666; Sharp-Elva Rd off US 68, wet woods, 10 May 1972. 
CALL (MU): J. Grubbs 1501; Snipe Creek embayment, wet fallow field; 5 Jun 1989.

Footnote:
This southwestern species appears to have spread into northern and eastern states during recent decades (FNA 23). It has been confirmed in Ky. by R.F. Naczi, based on colls. of R. Athey and J. Grubbs from CALL, MARS and MCRA (MUR), which were previously named stipata. It may also be confused with conjuncta.


Comment:
The MADI (BE) coll. may not yet be accessed; from a Thompson coll??

the MORG (MI) records is from Reznicek (check source). 

This was reported by Gunn (1959) and Browne & Athey (1992) based on a collection from BULL (KY) but this seems to have been misidentified or was not located; check.

Check FNA

Footnote:
This distinct northern species is unlikely to occur in Ky. (R. Naczi and A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). It was mapped in the state by FNA 23, but colls. have not been seen or verified. Colls. have been reported from BULL (KY--mislaid?), MADI (BEREA--in processing?) and MORG (sent to MICH?). C. alopecoidea (2n = 68) is close to conjuncta, but differs in its sheaths, with smooth fronts and with faint or absent abaxial veins (FNA 23). Also, it sometimes has a simpler non-compound inflorescence as in section Phaestoglochin.


Comment:
Some POWE (KY) material may suggest C. angustior.

Check MO for BATH/ROWA; assumed from work of Risk, Reznicek; but may intergrade with C. howei and C. seorsa.

EK: POWE WHIT WOLF

Check JESS (KY)--none there must have been redet...????

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern North America, except for most of the midwest (FNA 23, K). A few colls. from Ky. suggest intergradation with howei, seorsa or other species. Cr concluded that most members of the section Stellulatae are "more or less confluent" in eastern North America. A. Reznicek has insisted that they are identifiable but "it is best to examine the third or fourth perigynium above the staminate part of the spikes" (FNA 23).


Comment:
FNA states: leaves <1.6 mm wide; versus atlantica >1.6 mm. This taxon may be difficult to separate from C. atlantica; colls. need to be rechecked. 

Also CALL (EK): McKinney et al. (2000).

EK: CALL


.........erroneous old note: The ROWA (NK, MO) collection has narrow leaves but perigynia perhaps too large for typical capillacea; see also C. seorsa.

Footnote:
This southeastern taxon can be difficult to distinguish from the more widespread atlantica in some cases. It is often combined as a subspecies or variety, but W has maintained it as a generally distinct species. In addition to the typically narrower leaves of howei, its spikes and perigynia tend to have smaller dimensions (Cr, FNA 23). There has also been confusion with seorsa. In Ky. howei appears to be rare and restricted to well-developed acid seeps with high floristic interest.


FullName:
Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata

Comment:
May be other records under E. crus-gallii.

Footnote:
This native species is widespread o n wet soil in temperate regions of North America. It has often been misidentified as the Eurasian crus-gallii, which has a higher chromosome number (2n = 56 versus 36). In muricata, the stout papillose-based hairs of spikelets have often been considered diagnostic, but a more reliable difference (FNA 25) may be the acute to acuminate apices of upper (fertile, coriaceous) lemmas, which pass directly into the tip (versus rounded to broadly acute apices with a more distinct, early-withering, hairier tip). Hybrids have not been demonstrated; but see note under muricata var. microstachya.


Comment:
This is not confirmed, though presence in Kentucky is suggested by Fernald (1950) and Gleason (1953), following the treatment of Hitchcock (1950).

Footnote:
This ranges widely from southern states to South America. It is close to the more northern longispinus, and there has been confusion in nomenclature, with inconsistent mappings among states (FNA 25, K); 2n = 34 usually in both species. It has not been verified in Ky., but reported distributions suggest that it may well occur along the Mississippi River (F, Gl, FNA 25, K). Further collection and revision is needed. C. spinifex differs from longispinus in having shorter spikelets (usually 3.5-5.9 mm versus 5.8-7.8 mm), with fewer bristles overall (8-43 versus 45-75), wider inner bristles (usually 1-3 mm at base versus 0.5-0.9 mm), and outer bristles that are usually flattened rather than usually terete.


FullName:
Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern biennial is the most common native thistle in Ky., but it is not a significant problem for farmers. It mostly occurs in old fields and roadsides. Hybrids are not documented in Ky., but may be expected with altissimum and muticum; 2n = 20.


FullName:
Cirsium carolinianum (Walt.) Fern. & Schub.

Comment:
1 = M. Evans (pers. comm.). 

2 = sources of Medley (1993). 

Braun's records are of "virginianum", a misalignment of her time.

Also at PU: EDMO Hussey "virginianum" 26 May 1874; to recheck id.

Footnote:
In some treatments before 1950 (e.g. B), this widespread southeastern diploid (2n = 20) was misnamed C. virginianum (L.) Michx., a closely related species that occurs just on the southeastern Coastal Plain (2n = 28). In Ky. carolinianum appears to be a somewhat conservative biennial in remnants of thin woodland and grassland, especially on sandy soils in Appalachian regions with a long history of disturbance.


Comment:
The Kentucky plants referrable to this species appear to be distinct from the typical northern plants. 
1 = sources of Medley (1993); probably most/all are MM.

Footnote:
Although ranging widely across eastern North America, this biennial occurs mostly in somewhat base-rich wetlands of northern regions. Variation deserves further attention; 2n = 20-23 and 30 (FNA 19, Y). In Ky. and some other Appalachian states (Tenn., N.C., Va., W.Va. and perhaps further northeast based on colls. at GH), muticum usually occurs on relatively mesic sites with medium acid soils, especially along roads and trails on lower slopes in the Rugged Hills of the Appalachian Plateaus. In these hills, it is often more robust, with relatively large heads and less deeply pinnatifid leaves. 

   These plants with less deeply pinnatifid leaves have been treated as var. subpinnatifidum (Britt.) Fern. (or a forma in F). However, variation may be too continuous across the whole range of muticum for segregates to be readily recognized. (A somewhat parallel ecological distinction may exist within Eutrochium maculatum.)


Footnote:
This annual crop plant (flax) is a widely grown cultigen (2n = 30) that may be not be truly naturalized, but there are records from FULT (R. Athey), MADI (KNK) and PULA (BEREA). Although not much cultivated in Ky. during recent decades, it has been widely distributed across southeastern states for ornamental use along roads. 

   Two other blue-flowered species may be expected and confused with usitatissimum. L. perenne L., from Europe (2n = 18); and L. lewisii Pursh, from western states but often distributed as a "wildflower" in eastern states and apparently native in W.Va. Both have smaller capsules than usitatissimum, distinctive capitate stigmas, and eciliate inner sepals (W). Further checking of identifications is needed.


Comment:
It is not clear if this is truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This robust red-or pink-flowered species is occasional grown for ornament, but there is little evidence of naturalization in North America. There are colls. from CAMP and MADI (KNK), which are presumed to represent local escapes from "wildflower" sowings.


Footnote:
This perennial occurs mostly in eastern states, centered on the Appalachians (from e. S.C. and Mass. to s. Mo. and s. Ont.). The few records from w. Ky. need to be  rechecked.


Footnote:
This annual (2n = 30) of rocky glades and prairies occurs mostly in the northern Great Plains and midwest, but with scattered populations east to the hills of W.Va., Va. and N.C. (W). Eastern plants are largely restricted to dry calcareous glades or associated remnants of native grassland. A. Cusick's disjunct coll. (# 28309; check CM) from BATH comes from Sand Road (Ky. 1269) west of Hedrick Church, together with anothetr rare plant, Orbexilum onobrychis.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM, RA.

Footnote:
This perennial is a widespread southeastern species of wet acid soils.


Comment:
Browne & Athey (1992) cite specimens from the Coastal Plain at ME, perhaps now at EK; but none have been located and this species is unlikely in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This perennial and the closely related L. intercursum Bickn. are concentrated on the Coastal Plain to the south and east, respectively. However, disjunct occurences do occur to the north in both cases (K, PL). BA reported floridanum from the Coastal Plain of Ky., but colls. have not been located.


Footnote:
This perennial is widespread in eastern states (except the upper midwest), usually on dry, medium-acid soils. It tetraploid (2n = 36) like most others in sect. Linopsis. However, it is often combined as a variety with the closely related octoploid (2n = 72), L. medium (Planch.) Britton, which is known only around Lakes Erie and Ontario (Cr.).


Comment:
1 = collection listed by Medley (1993): C. Baskin & J. Baskin 1758 (KY); but not found at KY yet; check APSU??
 Check RA for FULT.

Footnote:
This annual weed with spiny fruit originates from southern Europe, and is now widely scattered across western states, but less frequent in the southeast.


Comment:
The colls. from HART (LO), PULA (KY), CASE (KY), HENR (KY) etc. are var. trichophora (or close),

Footnote:
This bulbous perennial is widespread in eastern and central states. usually on rather dry, medium acid soils. In Ky. and elsewhere in southeastern states, it is largely restricted to woodlands, but further west it often grows in grasslands. However, segregates have generally not been recognized; 2n = 28.


Comment:
Check MM & JC for LEE, PULA, ROCK; there may be older NP collections or only sight records instead.

GH: BELL, ELLI.

IndUnivSE: JEFF report CHECK!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
This rhizomatous taxon is restricted to mesic woods in cool temperate, subalpine or boreal zones of northeastern North America. In Ky. it occurs only on strongly acid soils in ravines of the Appalachian Cliff Section, and in the Cumberland Mts. O. montana is close to the Eurasian O. acetosella L. and sometimes combined; 2n = 22 in both taxa (Cr).


Comment:
Western colls. needs rechecking for possible O. macrantha and illinoensis.

1 = Wiegand (1925); cited by Braun; now seen at NY: T.H. Kearney 11 & 470, Aug 1893.

GH: CART, CLARE, HARL, WAYN.

MB: MADI

LO: SPEN ANDE MEAD MENI JEFF BULL CLAR OLDH confirmed in general 2008; but perhaps slight intermediate degree in some colls.

Garman 1914: Tyrone, Jackson.

Footnote:
Although this species occurs widely in Appalachian regions and nearby hills, it was not generally recognized until Small's description in 1894. Rafinesque's (1836, 2:26-27) "rupestris" may have been grandis, collected "On the cliffs of the River Kentucky"; but see Nesom (2009) and notes under illinoensis. In Ky. some western records of grandis need to be rechecked for possible transitions to illinoensis, which is mixed with grandis in s. Ind. (Heikens 2003) and c. Ky. (e.g. the colls. from BREC at KY).


Comment:
BULL (mh); Mike Homoya; check his records
CALD: (MB) EJPalmer-22567 7May1923 moist sandy soil, wooded hillsides, near Dawson Springs.
CARL: (EK?) RAthey-1564; (WK!) RAthey-1689.
CLIN: (WK) TThacker-26.
CRIT: (KY) tentatively trransferred from grandis; (WK!) RAthey-1324
FAYE: (MB) FTMcFarland-97 19May1923 moist rich thicket, Elk Lick Falls.
JEFF (LO): TLAdams #29 May1954 woods, Jefferson Hills; PADavies #1174 13May1944 moist bottom land, Goose Creek; DWBlevins #69 9May1948 woods, US 42; (PD) PHaragan from Cherokee Park.
WARR: (MB) SFPrice 14Jun1903 Bowling Green; (WK) KNicely &TLeibfreid-56.
KY: EDMO CRIT BARR JEFF ?BREC (mixed w/grandis)

GH: none from Ky.; but recently det as this by D. Estes from Tenn. Smith Co., Grundy Co., Cheatham Co., Montgomery Co.--- yes, leaves lacking purple margin, paler, larger leaflets, etc.
MB: sev from w Tenn
SI: only one coll from IL "grandis" coll by Schwegman.

Old bad notes: See Schwegman (1982). Medley cites Athey 1564 at Memphis from CARL. This may be the correct name for most material referred to "macrantha" under priceae.. Some records may need to be transferred from priceae.  The relationship to priceae needs clarification. Medley (1993) notes that illinoensis intergrades with grandis, and could be combined as a variety; perhaps it is intermediate between grandis and priceae.

Footnote:
This is known only from s. Ill., s. Ind., w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (Schwegman 1982; Heikens 2003; Nesom 2009; D. Estes, pers. comm.). In Ky. few colls. have been identified, but Oxalis in general needs more revision. There may be some intergradation with grandis. There has also been some initial confusion with priceae, but that species now appears clearly distinct.

   O. illinoensis reportedly differs from grandis in its single, terminal, fleshy fusiform tubers connected by relatively slender herbaceous rhizomes (versus more continuous lignescent rhizomes); however, tubers sometimes cannot be found in the woods. Its leaflets are usually rather pale yellowish-green and lack purplish margins (versus usually deeper green and purple-margined), more or less straight-edged above the base (versus clearly concave), and with relatively shallow, less acute terminal notches. Its peduncles are mostly shorter, with flowers usually among the leaves (versus clearly extending above). Flowers are often larger (petals ca. 12-18 mm long versus 10-14 mm), and more strongly red-lined within.


Species:
priceae (colorea, ?macrantha*; recurva var. m.)

Comment:
GH: "Bowling Green" (Price, 3 sheets); also colls from AL, TN (Marshall Co., Rutherford Co.), MS. --- all these under macrantha folder.

SIMP: (MB) "ESAnderson & REWoodson, Jr.-34  22May1926, cedar barren near Franklin.

WARR: (MB) SFPrice 17May1897 Bowling Green, rocky open woods; 20Nov1898 [sic]; 20May1899.

Old notes: These match plants known as O. macrantha in having umbelliform flws, stems villous, leafs lacking purple margin but the leaves are larger than described in floras. The name macrantha appears to have been misapplied to some of these plants; see literature cited by Weakley. Further confusion has occurred due to combination under the western species, O. suksdorfii. Also, Schwegman (1982) has described O. illinoensis, which appears close or synonymous with priceae. See also Wiegand (1925) cited by Braun; and Price (1893). In Tennessee, the name illinoensis may be applied to widely scattered western material, while priceae is considered more restricted to the vicinity of cedar glades.

Footnote:
This is typical of rocky calcareous woods and glade margins on the southern Interior Low Plateaus (especially c. Tenn. and n. Ala.), and on the Gulf Coastal Plain. There has been uncertainty over the correct name for these plants, and much confusion with florida (W; Nesom 2009). Rafinesque's (1836, 2:27) "cespitosa" evidently applied to this species: he found it in "Glades of West Kentucky and West Tennessee, abundant, vernal, found in May and June 1823." This note predated Small's description of priceae in 1898, but "caespitosa" had already been used for a different species of Oxalis (Nesom 2009). 

   Flowers and leaves of typical priceae are distinctly larger than florida. Like grandis and illinoensis, priceae has relatively large flowers, more or less red-lined in the throat. Flowers of priceae are particularly large (the petals 14-20 mm long) with strong red-lines, produced in umbelliform cymes well above the leaves. Also, stems are covered with dense non-septate hairs, and plants tend to produce several woody rhizomes.


Comment:
Listed by Browne & Athey (1992) but no collection can be located; perhaps this is a rare escape from cultivation.

Footnote:
This ornamental with pink-purple flowers was listed for Ky. by BA but no collection has been located. It does rarely persist or escape from cultivation in southeastern states (W).


FullName:
Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. macrantha Pennell

Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928). Recheck eastern outliers. The varieties may not be distinct in Kentucky, but there is a weak geographic separation.

Footnote:
This western variety is not reliably distinguished from typical flava among some of the plants mapped here, and some authors have not recognized it at all (W). There may be little difference in range (D, St). Superficially, these larger flowered plants suggest a transition to the distinct midwestern species, grandiflora (see notes under patula).


FullName:
Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. pedicularia

Comment:
Reported apparently in error by Browne & Athey (1992); see Medley (1993).


FullName:
Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. austromontana Pennell

Comment:
The ROWA (MO) coll. may have dubious label data (Campbell et al. 1992). See also Pennell (1928) for HARL. Medley (1993) cited PULA (JC) in error. Braun collections from Pine Mt in LETC may be at CI and PH; check also US.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian annual is typical of thin oak woods on dry sandy soils, especially with fires, roads or other disturbances. Some records from Ky. are old and dubious, but these plants are well-known to be scattered along Pine Mt. in BELL, HARL and LETC. Typical pedicularia is a more northern taxon that has been reported in error (M).


Comment:
This is a southern species with no confirmed records in Kentucky; however, Steyermark (1963) and Cronquist (1991) include Kentucky in the range. 
Medley cites CALL (MU, LO) but no collection has been found by JC.
1 = Grubbs (1989). 

GH: there is a coll of albescens (!!!! confirmed) but with no proper label; "ex herb. George Thurber; "Pycnanthemum Kentucky" [perhaps hand of Short or an exchange specimen).

LO: May 2006 at LO: BARR, Fuller et al. 487 is misided P. pilosum; CALL (also at MU), L.G. Hickok 445 is probably incanum (or perhaps pyc.)

MU: July 2006 still none at MU, just misided incanum/pycnanthemoides.

US: LEWI (LB) needs checking.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 38) of the Ozarks and Gulf Coastal Plain has been confused with the incanum group in Ky. and elsewhere. The diagnostic character of albescens is that its calyx teeth and subtending bracts lack apical bristles (Cr); also heads and leaves tend to be relatively small. It is widespread on uplands in s. Mo., where the incanum group is absent (St), and it is known from s. Ill., where their ranges abut. It has been reported from CALL (M), HICK (Grubbs 1989) and perhaps elsewhere in Ky. (St, Cr), but no verified colls. from Ky. or Tenn. (Ch) have been located. The report from LEWI (B) was based on misidentified pycnanthemoides. There is an old verified coll. at GH ("ex herb. George Thurber"), with "Kentucky" written on the label; this might be a coll. of C.W. Short from within the state, or it might have been sent to him from elsewhere.


Comment:
There are only dubious reports by Fuller (1980) and Linney (1882).


Footnote:
This occurs in dry woods on acid soils of east-central states, from Appalachian to Ozarkian regions. It is a powerful mint ("dittany") that can cause allergic reactions in a few people, as discovered by JC after recommending a chew to a field-trip participant.


Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species in swampy woods and marshy places.


Comment:
The CAMP (NK) det. as this species may not be correct; given the immature nutlets, it could be L. virginicus. 

us: 1 = Davies (1955); presumed based on US: HWLix 653, 30Sep1949 MCNP Beaver Pond, edge of pond; id as uni x vir hybrid by NCHenderson. 

The ROWA (LB) coll. should be checked: US!!!
LB 1738 17Oct1937 wet flat, N Fk Triplett Cr ROWA; id confirmed by NCHenderson

Footnote:
This widespread northern species can be confused with typical virginicus without flowers or fruits, through it is distinctly tuberous. Extensive hybridization is known where ranges overlap (Henderson 1962; Cr). For Ky. the only definite record is a coll. of B from ROWA (US). There is also a somewhat immature coll. from KENT (KNK) that may be uniflorus (BT), and an apparent hybrid with virginicus from EDMO (US).


Comment:
Unconfirmed and dubious; reports are probably referrable to L. americanus (Medley 1993).


FullName:
Solidago flexicaulis L. var. flexicaulis

Comment:
All material needs further study for separation of supposed var. "latifolia".

GH: BELL, CLAR, CART, FAYE, MERC, PEND, FRAN.

EK: WOOD WOLF TODD MONT MERC MADI LETC JESS ?JACK GARR FRAN FAYE ESTI CUMB CALD BOYL ANDE

WAT: Univ of Waterloo diploids south of PA mapped by Cook & Semple 2008 only in e KY perhaps MCRE/WHIT; but colls at WAT only from LESL: as follows
= US 421 S of Hyden at Meadow Lane
= US 421 S of Stinton by where road crosses river
= US 421 0.2 km S of jct with co rd 2009.
Note one coll they map as 2n = 27 from n Va/Md border.

Footnote:
S. flexicaulis is a widespread species in eastern North America, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. In Ky. typical flexicaulis mostly occurs on toe slopes and terraces with more base-rich soils, often with trees such as sugar maple and white ash. Plants mapped here may largely correspond to the widespread tetraploid race of flexicaulis (Chmielewski & Semple 1985; Cr, FNA 20; Cook & Semple 2008). Diploids occur mostly in northeastern regions, but are known from e. Ky. They appear difficult or impossible to distinguish from tetraploids, based on study of material at Univ. of Waterloo (WAT). A similar cytogeographic pattern occurs in Helianthus decapetalus.


Comment:
These have more tapered leaf bases, more often glabrate foliage, and more terminal inflorescences; see also Braun (1943); deserving at least variety status. There has been confusion of flexicaulis, latifolia, flaccidifolia, etc.; types need checking.

Braun noted "This species varies greatly in leaf shape; specimens from Letcher, Menifee and Powell counties have the leaves broadest near the middle, and tapering to base."

GH: none from KY.

EK: WOLF POWE LINC LETC LEE HARL FLOY CLAR CASE BELL 
EK: ?BARR (lack lower leaves; might be transitional); 2 colls (1) Starr Farm 1/2 mile S of Skaggs Creek Bridge on US 31E, then 1/2 mile E on Dover Church-Browning Rd; edge of meso woods; (2) Oil Well Rd 100 yds S of Skaggs Cr.
EK: CLARK Lower Howards Creek!!!

WAT: MENI POWE LEE

Footnote:
In Ky. this variant was first suggested (in print) by B. Based on study at several herbaria, these plants occur widely in Appalachian regions, at least between N.Y. and N.C. Compared to typical flexicaulis, they have more tapered leaf bases, generally less hairy foliage, and often more extended terminal inflorescences. They have often been confused with flaccidifolia. Based on material at WAT, most or all plants are tetraploid (2n = 36), as in typical flexicaulis across east-central states. Plants mostly occur on slopes with medium acid soils in woods with beech and tulip poplar. The types of flexicaulis, latifolia and others need to be reviewed in order to determine correct names.


Comment:
Further study is needed; narrow leaved plants that appear to be this species are locally frequent in the Big South Fork corridor. 

The PIKE (NC) coll is by F. Levy, 1982/10/12, recently disturbed woods, mainly beech-mesic, Sportsman's Club, Harmon's Br.

GH: ?BELL Kearney #585 nr Wasioto "arguta"; this is a smooth form close to flex-App but not that; "flaccidifolia" is good for now.

GH: ?HARL McFarland #87 under curtisii seems to tend to flacc being robust and with heavy terminal inflorescence).

See also Braun #3780 from HARL which she noted as intermediate between latifolia and curtisii; not found at GH; check US (Braun 1943).

EK: ??POWE TJWeckman-8956 22Sep2004 wooded NE-facing slopes and ridgetops, 74 acre addition to Natural Bridge State Resort Park [Bryant-Henson tract]; JC seems = flex-App x flacc with intermediate leaves in general; teeth larger less numerous that flexicaulis.

EK: ??BELL AVMNcIntosh-1485 25Sep2005, Golden Tract, N-facing slope of Pine Mountain, disturbed edge of mixed mesophytic forest, NW edge of site along weedy edge of forest; very similar to POWE coll.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian taxon is locally frequent in the Big South Fork corridor (MCRE), and there are scattered records elsewhere in southeastern counties. Further comparison with flexicaulis is needed to clarify the status of some plants. S. flaccidifolia is a polyploid (2n = ?36, 54) that appears generally intermediate between flexicaulis and curtisii, and possibly of hybrid origin. Some outlying records may be confused with forms of those two species, especially robust plants of curtisii and the "Appalachian variant" of flexicaulis.


Footnote:
This has a much broader range than maculata, also centered in the Appalachians but extending further into adjacent regions. There is a remarkable extension along the Cumberland Rv. into w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (K, PL). P. lanuginosa typically occurs on slightly drier, less fertile soils than maculata, and differs in several useful characters; 2n = 18 versus 12 (FNA 26, W).


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, except most of the Gulf Coastal Plain, usually growing in damp woods on floodplain terraces and toe-slopes with medium acid soil. Despite extensive potential habitat in Ky., sessilifolia is uncommon to rare and largely restricted to sites that have escaped intensive agricultural disturbance, clearance and drainage. The genus Uvularia is endemic to eastern North America, with 5-6 remarkably distinct species, and has been placed in Colchicaceae based on firm evidence; 2n = 14 in all taxa (see sources of W).


FullName:
Commelina erecta L. var. angustifolia (Michx.) Fern.

Comment:
Separation from var. erecta needs more careful study.

Footnote:
This is southeastern but perhaps most common in Tex., and it may be typical of drier sites in general (Brashier 1966; FNA 22, W). The two varieties of erecta are generally separable in Ky., but further checking and assessment is needed.


Comment:
Colls. need rechecking; care is needed to separate from C. communis, especially var. ludens (see WK colls.). There appears to have been nomenclatural confusion with Murdannia nudiflora (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
This weedy variable annual (2n = 36-90) is widely scattered on damp fertile soils in southeastern states. In Ky. there has been some confusion in appearance with C. communis (especially var. ludens). Also, there has been some confusion in nomenclature with C. nudiflora L. (M), which is an old synonym of Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan.


Comment:
see Tucker 1989 for note on "southeast Ky" but no ref... perhaps Shinners 1962. Sida 1: 100; no no referebce there... he (tucker) must have seen a coll?

Footnote:
This weedy species is widespread in warmer regions of southeastern states, mostly from Va. to Ga. (K, SE, W).


Comment:
CALL (EK): RAthey; 13Jul1984; Hamlin. Terraces bordering Kentucky Lake at Albert B. Chandler State Park.
HEND (EK): RHannan 3Sep1980; ditch Along Rt. 60. The eastern most Jct. of 811 with Rt. 60. S side of Rd.
JEFF (LO): PADavies-129 18Aug1943 off Poplar Level Rd, Illinois Av, roadside field.
LOGA (LO): RAthey-3413 12Jun1976 Reidsville, wet ditches, roadside under powerlines at 8 mi post on Ky 178W.
LYON (EK): RAthey; 28Ju1979; Land-Between-the-Lakes. At edge of kentucky Lake at Pisgah Point; wet soil.
METC (EK) RJones: 27Aug1997; At Jct. of Iron Mountain Rd. and Kidd Rd.; Roadside fields; red soils--Cumberland Cherty Silt Loam; bulldozed within last year; [between Center and Three Springs in karst plain].
TRIG (EK): RAthey; 2Jul1979; Land-Between_the-Lakes. Side road off US 68; Drainage pattern.

get data for other outlying populations...

Anderson 1924: "not common"
"Cumberland Falls" 14 Jul 1892 CWMathews (Agr Sch);
"Bowling Green" 1917 colls of WEKister and MOHughes (Agr Sch)

Footnote:
This was formerly common in low grasslands from Central America to southeastern states. There is much regional variation (Newell & de Wet 1974, FNA 25); 2n = 36, 54 and 72, with 72 more frequent to the east (? = var. dactyloides). In Ky. this species is generally rare but locally abundant in grassland remnants, especially to the west. There are also scattered records from rocky river banks in Appalachian regions, including the Cumberland River near the Falls (MCRE & WHIT); along the Ohio Rv. in s. Ohio (PL; D. Boone, pers. comm.); and along the New Rv. in W. Va. 

   The old name "beargrass" may have been applied to this unusually robust grass during the pioneer era, as at the mouth of Beargrass Creek above the Falls of Ohio Rv. (JEFF), and on "Beargrass River" that was later named Powell Rv. in se. Va. (T. Walker's journal of 1750). Short (1840) was told that "beargrass... grows abundantly on the Cumberland Mountains in the s.e. corner of Kentucky." Although unknown on those uplands today, patches of Tripsacum are known further south in Tenn. (Fentress Co. in Ch), suggesting former grassy openings across the Cumberland Plateau. 

   This grass is highly palatable, and livestock may have eradicated it from most of the former range. Short (1840) noted: "A luxuriant grass to which public attention was drawn a few years since, as an excellent example or provender; a character which further experience has proved it not to deserve. It occurs, as a native, among the grasses of the barrens; and has been introduced into different parts of the state."


FullName:
Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. boscii

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species has sometimes been confused with the northeastern latifolium (see notes under that species). Within both species, 2n = 18 and 36, but segregates are not generally recognized.


Comment:
Recently reported by Weckman et al. (2003); need to check collection at EK; Jan 2009 this = ischaemum!!!

This southern native species may be easily confused with D. sanguinalis; it is widespread in states to the south and west of Kentucky; see FNA.

Footnote:
This was recently reported by Weckman et al. (2003) from POWE (EKY) and by D. Boone (pers. comm.) from BOON (for KNK), but further verification is needed. Although older manuals largely neglected ciliaris, J.K. Wipff (FNA 25) indicated that it is native to warmer regions of the Western Hemisphere, common in southern states and extending north in the Ohio Valley to s. Ill. and s. Ind. D. ciliaris appears to have been confused with sanguinalis, and may intergrade (Cr).

   D. ciliaris differs from typical sanguinalis in its generally larger upper (fertile) lemmas (2.5-4 mm versus 1.7-3 mm), lower lemmas with lateral veins glabrous or scabridulous in the distal third (versus scabrous in the distal two-thirds), and its blades with papillose-based hairs generally restricted to the base of adaxial surfaces (versus usually distributed over both surfaces); 2n = 54 (versus 28-54). Further complicating the situation is the reported presence of the southeast Asian D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara (Fig. & De Not.) R.R. Stewart, which has distinctive "glassy yellow hairs" on lower lemmas between the inner veins; the coll. from BOON does appear to be that taxon.


FullName:
Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.

Species:
ischaemum (?glabra; + var. mississippiensis)

Comment:
mv "Andropogon ischaemum" on label in database; check.

Footnote:
This alien weed is widespread in eastern states and more scattered in the west (FNA 25). The earliest report from Ky. was under the old synonym D. glabra Beauv., by Short & Peter (1835). 

   Variation in this species needs further review. Although not recognized by J.K. Wipff (FNA 25), var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fern. was previously considered to be a robust native variant in the eastern U.S.A., especially southern regions (F). Colls. from HARD (Medley et al. 19778-92 for WKY) and probably elsewhere do fit the description of var. mississippiensis.


Comment:
The var. paleacea is not well separated from these records; needs further study.

= Anychia fastigiata Raf (Raf 1836 4:42)" "On the knob hills of Kentucky."

Footnote:
Segregates of this widespread eastern annual are not well understood; 2n = 32 and 36 (FNA 5, W). Further review of colls. across the state is needed to assess the degree of distinction. Colls. from BUTL, FLEM and MADI have been referred to var. paleacea Fern. BA reported P. montana (Small) Pax & K. Hoffmann (= P. fastigiata var. pumila (A. Wood) Fern.), based on a misidentified coll. of typical fastigiata from MARS (WK).


FullName:
Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. var. paleacea Fern.

Comment:
Colls. recorded under var. fastigiata need rechecking for this var. (at least those at KY).

Distinction of this variety from typical fastigiata may need further study. It was not recognized in FNA 5.


FullName:
Paronychia montana (Small) Pax & K. Hoffmann

Comment:
Browne & Athey (1992) reported this, based on misidentified typical fastigiata; see MARS (WK).


Comment:
jc JESS; see C and Meijer 1989; need to relocate; was found on eroding upper slope (in central part of ravine?)

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is typical of thin dry woodland, especially on exposures of non-calcareous shaley soils. It is scattered across Ky., but there are few verified records from the Bluegrass region.


Footnote:
This is a cosmopolitan annual of saltmarshes that has spread inland along salted highways.


Comment:
Reported by Medley (1993), based on this collection from LAWR (KA), which was not relocated at KA by JC: Northrup s.n..

Footnote:
This alien is widely scattered across North America, especially along roadsides, but it is uncommon to rare in southern states. The only Ky. record is a coll. from LAWR (KY-Agr.), but this appears to be mislaid or on an extended unofficial loan (M).


Comment:
FAYE (KA): H. Garman, 23 Jun ...., Lexington; recheck. There is also a Short coll (CI) without locality.


Comment:
This species may have been misidentified as S. longifolia in some cases. 

1 = F. Levy (check NC).

WOLF is definitely graminea not lonigfolia as stated in Medley 1993.

Footnote:
This alien is widely scattered in eastern North America, and it has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement (Short 1840; Gm). However, it has remained rather uncommon and largely restricted to less fertile soils, especially in marginal pastures and old fields. S. graminea is a variable species that has sometimes been confused with longifolia, but it has more diffuse, many-flowered inflorescences; larger, strongly-nerved sepals; and larger, more tuberculate seeds; 2n = 26 or 39 versus just 26 (Cr, FNA 4, W).


Comment:
The FAYE (KA) coll. is old; WM and JC have never seen this species in FAYE.

Footnote:
After settlement, this bitter grazing-repellant annual (2n = 30) spread north and east from its original range in Tex., La. and Ozarkian regions (Cr, Y, W and their citations). It was first recorded from Ky. during the 1930s (Harvill 1941, B), and is now a widespread weed of overgrazed areas.


Comment:
The CARL coll. has unusually small spikelets (ca. 1 mm  long); this and other colls. from Mississippian Embayment need checking for longiligulatum.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern taxon has been treated as a subspecies of acuminatum (FNA 25). It appears to be relatively distinct in Ky., often concentrated on somewhat xerohydric flats. But some colls. from western regions (e.g. CALL at KY-Agr.) appear transitional to the closely related longiligulatum, which may not be clearly separable in Ky. Intergradation with acuminatum var. fasciculatum and var. implicatum can also be expected (FNA 25).


FullName:
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. var. compacta Terrell

Species:
longifolia* var. compacta {"Appalachian group"}

Comment:
Needs further study; these scattered plants are possibly derived from hybridization of canadensis and purpurea or lanceolata. Kentucky plants may all be var. compacta; Terrell (1996) combined all varieties, but Weakley disagrees.

GH: 
BOYD (L.B. Smith et al. #3437, 4 Jul 1937, W of Catlettsburg, shady ledge);
ESTI (W.A. Anderson #333, 5 Jul 1926, Irvine, Estill Springs); also Anderson 1947.
LEWI (ELBraun #4017, Big Sulphur Cr, 18 Jun 1941, "forms large patches"; perhaps a transition to "lanceolata").

1 = Terrell (1996) did not cite any collections from the group in Kentucky, but appears to have mapped: BULL, NELS, OLDH, WHIT, ?LETC, ?PERR, ?KNOT, and others already included in the Atlas here.

w/MM June 2007; apparent this is at glade in Chicamauga Nat Bat Field (with Rud tenax).

ELLI: WK: MM-78-163 18Jun1978 volcanic intrusion exposure, on Ky 202 2.2 mi from jct w/Ky 486 at Stephens, on hill on S side of Ison Cr;  [?tending to tenuifolia?]

Footnote:
W's treatment is followed here, but further work is needed. Terrell (1996) indicated these largely central Appalachian plants could be named var. compacta (?= H. geniculata Raf. 1836, 4:102), but he ultimately combined them with the more northern var. longifolia. These plants tend to have "stems densely puberulent, especially near base, internodes (4-) 6-12 (-13), usually 15-40 mm long; inflorescences especially of northern and central Appalachian populations indeterminate and continuing to produce flowers into the autumn." Several of the scattered records mapped here are tentative, pending further analysis of the longifolia complex. Some may be transitional to (or confused with) tenuifolia, canadensis, lanceolata or purpurea.


Comment:
The CALL (MU) coll. is unusually pubescent. 
An added MCLE (EK) coll. seems transitional to var. calycosa. 
Braun notes a MCRE (LB) coll det as "f. pubescens". 
This species is typical of non-calcareous soils.

AP: CHRI, TODD; both extra hairy.

GH: ADAI, CART, CLAR, LINC, LEWI, PULA.

Terrell (1996): BATH (MICH), CUMB (KANU).

WK: much intergradation to lanceolata: HOPK; BARR; WARR; HART.
WK: MM!! MCRE POWE KNOX PULA.

EDMO: also PU Hussey 1874; to check id.

Footnote:
This widely distributed species of southeastern states is generally distinct from lanceolata, but several colls. in western regions seem transitional; see notes under lanceolata. Some plants of southern regions are unusually hairy: from CALL, CHRI, MCRE and TODD. Smaller plants from rocky areas can also appear distinct locally, somewhat resembling H. montana Small of the southern Blue Ridge. Further revison of this whole complex is needed; 2n = 12 and 24 in most taxa of sect. Amphiotis (Church & Taylor 2005).


Comment:
These plants appear to be a distinct species in Kentucky, typical of calcareous soils. Some lower case collections, plus ANDE (ka), may be transitional to H. purpurea; but intermediates are relatively uncommon. HARL (KY) appears transitional to "H. rigida" [?longifolia compacta]. Some colls. are especially pubescent, e.g., TRIG (MU).

AP: RUSS "canadensis"; TRIG, LYON.

GH: ANDE, CALD ("canadensis"), FRAN, GRAN, GRAY, HANC? (Cloverport to Hawesville), MADI, MCRE, NELS, UNIO.

WK: HART (JC 2007); BARR, EDMO, LIVI, SIMP.
WK: MM HARL [but blackening!!!]l HANC WARR CUMB.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern segregate of purpurea differs in its narrower leaves, with l/w 3-7 (versus 1-3.2), which usually dry to a pale hue (versus uniformly darkening). Also, its calyx lobes are (3.5) 4-7 mm long (versus 2-3.5 mm), and often broader at their base. H. lanceolata occurs typically in open woods, fields, and rocky glades, usually on base-rich soils; whereas purpurea typically occurs in somewhat mesic woods or at edges, on acid soils. 

   Clarification of segregates within the pupurea complex is needed. Terrell (1996) treated lanceolata as H. purpurea var. calycosa A. Gray, noting that it "intergrades with var. purpurea in many localities, particularly at the northern part of its range (e.g. in Illinois)." But he also noted: "Anyone observing var. calycosa in the cedar glades [of Ala. and Tenn.] is likely to be impressed with its distinctiveness there." In Ky., only ca. 1-5% of colls. suggest transitions to pupurea. Other variants may deserve further study, including some unusually hairy plants within both purpurea and lanceolata. Colls. mapped here from HARL (KY, WKY) are possibly transitional from lanceolata to longifolia or a distinct variant.


Comment:
1 = Ed Hartowicz (pers. comm.); locally frequent at HENR-FRAN border.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. The name A. canadensis (L.) Medik has been misapplied to arborea in older treatments, causing continued confusion in academia and horticulture. Typical canadensis is a more shrubby species, with narrower leaves and more ascending racemes of relatively small flowers (F). It occurs in wetlands from northeastern regions to the Coastal Plain of Ga., and it has been reported on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.). Although canadensis or its hybrids may sometimes be planted, there is no evidence that it is native or naturalized in Ky. But see note under intermedia.


FullName:
Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. var. alabamensis (Britt.) G.N. Jones

Comment:
Braun notes that a coll of hers from POWE was identified as "A. alabamensis ?" by E.J. Palmer.


Comment:
lb 1 = Braun (1943) citing Rhodora 14:156. 

This taxon may not be consistently differentiated from A. arborea in Kentucky. Some plants with both glabrous and pubescent foliage have been collected from in MCRE (KY) and elsewhere. They needs further study.

EK: LAUR? KNOX? TAYL (glabrous and long pedicels but pale green)

Footnote:
This is a northeastern species, extending south along the Appalachians. Some material is difficult to distinguish from arborea; there may be introgression in some regions. It is reported (F, Cr) to flower a little earlier, with leaves already about half-grown (versus usually much less than half); leaves are glabrous or nearly so (versus tomentose at least when young), deeper green "with a  prominent coppery-red cast that disappears before maturity"; fruits become relatively dark and juicy, on pedicels up to 2.5-5 cm (versus mostly 1-2 cm). Large distinct populations may not be well-developed in Ky., in contrast to higher elevations of the Southern Appalachians, where trees can reach 10-15 m tall.


Species:
umbilicata (intermedia, patellaria; radiata var. i.)

Comment:
Needs careful reexamination; perhaps in drier and more open habitats than radiata. Most colls. appear to be f. intermedia; added colls. that may be f. patellaris are from JEFF (KY) and WOOD (EK). See also Gunn (1968a).

Pat Haragan says the main sp in Cherokee Pk (JEFF) esp in open old fields with dampness, perhaps hydric with Juncus etc locally; not in deeper shade.

Footnote:
This largely northeastern species has been confused with radiata, and colls. need to be rechecked. V. umbilicata differs in its largely eciliate bracts, usually larger corollas (ca. 3-5 mm long versus 1.5-2 mm, with lobes 1-2 mm versus 0.4-0.8 mm), and often less elongated (suborbicular) fruit (F, Cr). 

   Previously segregated species are now combined as no more than forms, since they were based on genetic fruit polymorphisms (Ware 1983). Using F, most colls. in Ky. were formerly referable to V. intermedia Dyal, and some colls. from CLAR, JEFF and WOOD (KY) were  referable to V. patellaria (Sulliv.) Wood. No clear local differences in ecology have been described between any of these taxa, including radiata.


Comment:
1 = other records (Martin et al. 1979, Wharton & Barbour 1991, etc.); see Medley (1993). 

This northern species needs careful reexamination; it may not occur in KY; or perhaps typical of drier rocky sites.

Footnote:
This may be largely restricted to the southern Great Lakes region (PL), but it has received varied taxonomic treatments and mappings (e.g. compare D for Ind. with Co for Ohio). In Ky. the name has been applied to colls. from FAYE, JESS, MADI and MERC (EKY, KY), but further revision is needed to see if these plants are just forms of umbilicata. V. chenopodifolia has distinct fruits with relatively wide fertile locules (Ware 1982; Cr, W), and like umbilicata it differs from radiata in its relatively eciliate bracts and larger flowers (F).


FullName:
Pilosella officinarum F. Schultz & Schultz-Bipontinus

Comment:
Reported from Mammoth Cave National Park by Faller (1975), but there is no known voucher; a dubious record.


Footnote:
This large showy relative of campestre is established across northern North America (2n = 16). In Ky. it was reported as early as 1893 (Pr), but it has remained much less frequent. In 1914, Gm did not list it.


Footnote:
This annual ("low hop-clover") is widespread across North America (2n = 14). In Ky. it has been common in pastures for over a century (Gray 1864; Gm).


Comment:
1 = Vincent (2001). 
Some records may need rechecking (MCRA?); there has been confusion with campestre.

Footnote:
This small, variable relative of campestre is widespread across North America (2n = 16, 28, 32). It is probably more frequent in Ky. than colls. indicate. There has been some confusuion with campestre and even Medicago lupulina.


Footnote:
This biennial or annual is widely established across North America. In Ky. it has been common for a century or more, especially along roadsides and in rocky old fields. Though not generally cultivated, Gm noted: "I believe it is sometimes planted for bee pasture." M. albus is close to officinalis, but differs (Isely 1998, W) in its white flowers (versus yellow), ca. 3.5-5 mm long (versus 5-7 mm), the wing petals about as long as the keel (versus generally longer). In Ky. albus mostly flowers later (Jun-Jul versus May-Jun) and occurs in drier sites. The spelling "alba" is incorrect for the epithet (W).


Comment:
1 = Matthews (1962); 2 = Anderson (1924).

EK: BALL BUTL CALD CALL CHRI ESTI JACK LYON TODD PIKE

Footnote:
This annual polyploid (2n = 50, 100) is closely related to frankii. Both have ranges centered in east-central states, but capillaris is slightly more southern and typically occurs on drier, poorer soils, often with much sand or gravel. 

   Compared to frankii, capillaris can be distinguished based on its deeply grooved seeds. Also, its panicles are larger (ca. 10-50 cm long versus 4-20 cm), forming most of the plant's height (versus less than half), with longer pedicels (4-25 mm versus 1.5-5 mm). Plants are pilose along sheath margins (versus mostly glabrous), but stems lack glandular pits as found below nodes in frankii.


Comment:
Most or all coll. may be var. hirsuta, though the HICK and LIVI colls. are labeled var. laevivaginata.

METC: for WK JC coll in 2008 at Dry Fork Gorge.

EK: BALL RAthey 3842 sand banks of Ohio Rv at Olmstead Ferry Rd
EK: FULT RAthey 3848 sand banks of the Miss Rv pff Hickman Bottom Rd

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern perennial polyploid (2n = 100). In Ky. most records of come from sandy banks of larger rivers or nearby disturbed areas. However, it has also been found in rocky parts of an eroded cherty old field (METC at WKY). Colls. from HICK (MUR) and LIVI (R. Athey) may be referable to var. laevivaginata Fern., but that relatively eastern variety is not recognized in recent treatments. 

   The related western species, E. trichodes (Nutt.) Wood, is expected in w. Ky., since it occurs in s. Ill. and in w. Tenn. (FNA 25, K).


Comment:
The BARR and LIVI colls. are labeled var. sparsihirsuta.

Footnote:
This widespread, variable weedy perennial extends from eastern states to Belize; 2n = 20, 40, 42 (FNA 25). Colls. from BARR and LIVI (MUR) may be referable to var. sparsihirsuta Farw., but that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


Species:
obliqua (purpusii; amomum ssp. o.*/var. schuetzeana)

Comment:
Recheck MU. Also known as C. amomum var. schuetzeana.

EK: my "obliqua" from KNOX is foemina instead; Sep 2008.
EK Browne "alternifolia" from WOLF then det RCClark "sericea" is obliqua.

CW: amomum apparently switched with obliqua...

Footnote:
There has been much confusion with amomum, which appears to intergrade in some regions east of Ky. (Z.E. Murrell in W). Some authors have combined these taxa as varieties or subspecies (e.g. J, Y). Occasional hybrids have also been suspected elsewhere with drummondii or racemosa (Y), but these are not documented in Ky. C. obliqua is a largely midwestern species, which generally occurs in Ky. on rocky river banks and cobble bars with rheophytic vegetation. C. amomum is a largely southeastern species, which generally occurs in Ky. on more hydric soils along slowly moving streams, river pools, sloughs and ponds. However, both taxa are well-dispersed by birds and can sometimes be found in atypical habitats. Also, obliqua has been widely planted (as "silky dogwood") along smaller streams and uplands for so-called "restoration" or other "landscaping" projects.


Comment:
The HENR (bt) record may be dubious; no collection has been located.

EK: ADAI BELL CALD CALL FLEM FLOY HARL LAUR LEE LESL LETC MAGO MCRE POWE ROCK WHIT WOLF

Also Anderson 1924: "Blue Lick" July 1835 RPeter KY; was this really???

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in marshy or boggy sites of Appalachian regions, with local extensions west to the Ozarks (FNA 23, K). In contrast to the atrovirens group, polyphyllus is largely restricted to acid soils, and often extends into streamheads with some shade; 2n = 58.


Comment:
Also CART (LB).

LO: JEFF.

EK: ANDE BARR BULL CASE CLIN ESTI FLEM FRAN HARL JACK JESS LEE LINC MADI MCRA MENI NELS POWE PULA WAYN WHIT WOOD

Footnote:
This ranges across much of eastern and central North America, but usually associated with base-rich soils; it is most common in the midwest and rare to absent on much of the southeast Coastal Plain (K, W). It usually grows in areas that are wet or damp in spring, but that dry out severely during summer to fall. S. lineatus Michx. (= S. fontinalis Harper) is a more southern species that has more pendulous inflorescences than S.pendulus and lower chromosome number (2n = 36 versus 40).These names were muddled in F and some earlier literature (FNA 23).


Comment:
Includes var. rubricosus and others. Collections needs rechecking for potential S. pedicillatus, which "often hybridizes with S. cyperinus and forms hybrid swarms" (FNA).

EK: ADAI BATH BARR BELL CASE CLAR CLAY CLIN ESTI FRAN GARR HEND JEFF LAUR LEE LETC MAGO MCRE MENI MONT OHIO PIKE POWE PULA ROCK TRIG WHIT WOLF WOOD

Footnote:
This variable species is widespread in wet soil and shallow water across eastern and central North America; 2n = 60-70 (FNA 23). Several colls. from Ky. are referable to var. rubricosus (Fern.) Gilly (= S. eriophorum Michx.), which is a southern form; a few may be referable to var. pelius Fern., which is a northern form. However, these two taxa have been hard to distinguish (Arnold & Beal 1980), and they are not recognized in most recent treatments. Colls. do need to be rechecked for the slightly more distinct species, pedicillatus; see notes under that name.


Comment:
Needs further study; there are several tentative identifications.

LO: CAMP, JEFF, OLDH.

Footnote:
This shrub from southern Europe is widely naturalized in North America, but concentrated in humid mid-temperate regions to the north of sinense (K). In Ky. vulgare was first planted for ornamental hedges a century ago or more (Gm), and it became locally naturalized. Some colls. should be rechecked for related species that have been more recently introduced; see especially notes under sinense.


Comment:
LO: JEFF.

FLOY: jc at Beverly May Wilson Cr 2008

Footnote:
During recent decades, this Chinese species has rapidly become the most abundant species of Ligustrum across southeastern states (Ch, W). It was first reported from Ky. by Browne (1967), much later than vulgare, but it has now become more common in some regions, especially to the south. Most records in Ky. come from the recent work of CW. 

   L. sinense has been much confused with vulgare. Its leaves tend to be more ovate (widest below the middle versus more or less elliptic), less acute (often obtuse or retuse versus often slightly acuminate), less rigid, and more hairy below on the mid-vein (versus mostly glabrous). Twigs tend to be more pubescent (in density or hair length). Panicles tend to be longer (ca. 4-11 cm versus 3-6 cm) and more open. Corolla tubes are relatively short, often barely exserted from the calyx (versus distinctly exerted), and often allowing anthers to be more exserted (versus included).


Comment:
Not confirmed; collections are tentatively identified.

Footnote:
Although often called "California privet" this shrub is native to Japan. There are purported colls. from FAYE (KY), FRAN (EKY), LAWR (EKY) and MADI (BEREA); see also Gm and CW. However, distinction of ovalifolium from other species needs further study, as well as the extent to which it is truly naturalized. It is similar to sinense but has glabrous, glossy branchlets; leaves tend to be larger and more narrowed at base; flowers are said to be irritably fragrant.


Footnote:
This shrub from northern China is closely related to obtusifolium and may be combined as var. suave (Kitagawa) H. Hara. It is less hairy, and has shorter corolla tubes (W). Colls. have been provisionally identified from BARR (WKY), CART (MDKY), WARR (WKY) and WAYN (MM for WKY). However, CW did not verify any naturalized plants in Ky.


Comment:
See Abbott et al. (2004). Probably overlooked; other Ligustrum collections need re-examination.

LO: OLDH.

Garman 1914: L. ibota listed as well as vulgare, ovalifolium.

JC FAYE along Wolf Run near Moberly Spring; May 2010

JC: dense hedge of this (or ibollium?) along parking lot S of Education Bldg on UK campus.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This Japanese species was first recorded from Ky. by Woodward (1967), and most records come from the recent work of CW. It has often been confused with other species, including amurense. Some of the colls. mapped here may also refer to the popular hybrid with ovalifolium known as "Ibolium Privet" (X ibolium Coe), which has been grown in Ky. (perhaps including "ibota" of Gm). 

   Compared to sinense and vulgare, typical obtusifolium has relatively long corolla tubes (ca. 2-3 x lobes versus 0.8-1.2). Inflorescences are relatively short (1.5-4 cm versus 3-11 cm) and dense, but showy and early. Leaves tend to be narrower (l/w mostly ca. 2.5-3 versus 2-2.5) and more deep glossy green.


Comment:
MADI (EK) needs to be checked; this species was not included by Jones (2005); must have been redet since no in separate/A-Z folder Sep 2008.


Comment:
BOON Co arboretum "virginicus" = retusus? (colls at NK male and female)

Footnote:
This small tree species is widely scattered over southeastern states, but it is most common in Atlantic states and rare to absent in the central and lower Ohio Valley (K). In Ky. it occurs mostly on or near cliffs and rocky riverbanks, usually on medium-acid well-drained soils. Populations are generally thin, with mature individuals often separated by 100-1000 m.

   C. virginicus is sometimes confused with the East Asian species, C. retusus Lindl. & Paxton, which is a popular cultivated ornamental that can become invasive (Dirr 1997; Flora of China Vol. 15; R. Olsen, pers. comm.). Panicles of retusus are on leading shoots (versus lateral branches), tend to be smaller (ca. 3-12 cm long versus 10-25 cm long), and usually appear in May about 2-3 weeks earlier than virginicus; its fruits are smaller (ca. 1-1.5 cm long versus 1.5-2 cm). Leaves of retusus typically tend be smaller (ca. 3-12 x 2-6.5 cm versus 7-20 x 2.5-10 cm), broader in shape, more lustrous dark-green above and more uniformly pubescent below. However, there is much variation in leaves of both species; a global revision is still needed.


Footnote:
This shrub is centered on the Gulf Coastal Plain, Ozarks and southern Interior Low Plateaus, usually growing in thin woods and thickets on dry calcareous soils. It is probably the plant Rafinesque (1836, 3:92) described as Nudilus paradoxus: "from West Kentucky to Texas, very rare, a small shrub 3 to 5 feet high..."


Footnote:
This large shrub of southeastern states is restricted to swampy woods and thickets, usually on base-rich clayey soils.


Comment:
MCRE (MM) is only a sight record; but perhaps naturalized in a sandstone ravine. Although persistent at home sites, there is no clear evidence of self-seeding.

Footnote:
This commonly cultivated species sometimes persists at old home sites, but it has generally spread into the wild. There are colls. of this species or the closely related F. viridissima Lindl. from persistent or escaped plants in BALL, DAVI, JEFF, LYON, MCRE and TRIG (M, CW; APSU).


Comment:
Distinction from ssp. aspera needs reexamination. In addition, a coll. from MCRE (KY) appears to be var. sphagnophila. Also, some plants may key to var. villosa, a possible transition to ssp. aspera.

GH: BATH ("C.W. Short No. 1 Solidago altissima L. Old fields, Mud-Lick, Ky. fl. Sept. Hol. infl. is quite serrate!"--this is an older handwritten label than typical...?

EK: HARL BFields!!!

Footnote:
This species is widespread on acid soils across eastern North America, except in the upper mid-west, and there is significant variation; 2n = 18, 36, 54 (Cr, FNA 20). Separation of var. rugosa (largely diploid) versus var. aspera (largely tetraploid) remains somewhat provisional in Ky. and needs further checking. Some colls. have been referred to var. villosa (Pursh) Fern., which may be transitional to var. aspera. Colls. from HARL (EKY) and perhaps MCRE (KY) are at least transitional to the largely glabrous northeastern var. sphagnophila Graves, but further review is needed before definitie mapping.


FullName:
Solidago rugosa Ait. var. aspera (Ait.) Fern.

Comment:
Medley (1993) includes OLDH (LO), initially named var. villosa, but this was not refound at LO.

GH: MENI, BELL (Kearney #531, 2 sheets, one named/filed under var. celtidifolia but not that).

Footnote:
This taxon (often treated as a subspecies) is about as widespread as var. rugosa, but more common to the south. Reports of the strictly southern var. celtidifolia (Small) Fern. (which has lax leafy panicles) from the Ohio Valley appear to be based on atypical var. aspera (GH, M, FNA 20). The "Fireworks" cultivar of var. aspera, which has recently become popular in gardens across eastern states, was selected from the southeastern Coastal Plain via the North Carolina Botanical Garden.


Comment:
Some colls. need to be rechecked for possible var. serotina.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern and central North America. Chromosome number varies (2n = 18, 36, 54), generally increasing from east to west, but it may not be clearly associated with morphological segregates (FNA 20). Although much less abundant in Ky. than altissima, gigantea is occurs along larger streams and in lowland meadows across most the state. 

   S. gigantea is distinguished from the canadensis-altissima complex in Ky. by its completely glabrous stems below the inflorescence (versus puberulent at least above middle), often with glaucus bloom at first then turning purplish (versus just yellowish-green). Leaves are generally glabrous, except (at least in var. gigantea) for hairs along the three main veins on lower sufaces (versus usually pubescent across the surface). Flowers are similar, but usually develop a month or so earlier, in August (versus September).


FullName:
Solidago gigantea Ait. var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronq.

Comment:
This taxon seems to grade into S. rupestris at some sites.

EK: HARL to be checked again with whole species; var g is also present in locality.

Footnote:
This smooth-leaved variety may be weakly defined. It is about as widespread as typical gigantea, but with a more northern, overlapping range (F). Some plants can be difficult to distinguish from rupestris, since they often flower later than typical gigantea and stems can lack clear glaucous or purplish surface.


Comment:
Distinction from var. hargeri is not clear in some cases. 1 = Harvill (1941).

Footnote:
Further checking in Ky. is needed for potential transitions to altissima or other variants. However, it is reasonable to treat canadensis and altissima as distinct species (FNA 20; Y, W). S. canadensis is a diploid (2n = 18 versus 36 or 54) with more northern range. It differs in its stems glabrate or sparsely hairy distally (versus usually hairy throughout); mid- to distal cauline leaves clearly serrate (versus minutely serrate to entire), usually glabrous or sparsely hairy below (versus densely hairy); inflorescence broadly pyramidal (versus narrow to broadly); involucres 1.7-2.5 (3) mm long (versus 2.5-4.5 mm), usually produced in Aug-Sep (versus Sep-Oct); insect galls are usually lacking (versus common).

   Colls. included here from HENR (KY) and perhaps elsewhere (CARL, FULT & HICK at MUR) have been referred to the relatively hairy var. hargeri Fern., which often resembles altissima. That variety is prevalent in some midwestern regions, including most of Mo. (Y).


FullName:
Solidago altissima L. var. gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Semple ?

Species:
altissima cf. var. gilvocanescens (pruinosa, canadensis* var. g.)

Comment:
See also ROWA (LB). 1 = Harvill (1941). 2 = McFarland (1941). 3 = Anderson (1947).

Footnote:
This taxon is known mostly from the Great Plains. It has smaller involucres (ca. 2-3 mm long versus 3-4 mm), and includes some diploids, appearing somewhat transitional to canadensis (FNA 20). The plants mapped here appear somewhat distinct, with a clustering of records in northern regions of the state, but further verification is needed.


FullName:
Solidago canadensis L. var. hargeri Fern.

Comment:
The western colls. (CARL, HICk, FULT) appear transitional to S. altissima, from which they appear to differ only in their smaller heads.  It seems possible that var. hargeri has originated from such hybridization. Transfer to gilvocanescens!!!


Comment:
Occasional hybrids with S. gigantea appear to occur, e.g., a coll. from MCLE (EK).

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern and central North America, but has not been recognized in some manuals; see notes under canadensis. There may be some intergradation with canadensis in Ky., and there appear to be occasional hybrids with gigantea (e.g. from MCLE at EKY). Insect galls are common on altissima, but rare on canadensis and gigantea (as cited in Y).


Comment:
Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from S. gigantea var. serotina. Check HART (JC); collection may be mislaid.

NY loan at WAT: SFPrice 19Sep1899 Bowling Green; CWShort cliffs of Ky River;  HTShacklette, HJRogers & AMHarvill 9Oct1940 FAYE, moist limestone cliffs, mouth of Raven Run.

Footnote:
This is known only from rocky riverbanks, generally on calcareous material, in disjunct localities of Md., Va., Ky., Tenn. and Ind. It is locally abundant and has often been overlooked. Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from gigantea var. serotina, which often occurs in the same habitats, and intergradation has been suspected. In eastern regions both taxa may be largely diploid (2n = 18), but polyploids also occur across their ranges (Cr, FNA 20). 

   In rupestris, flowering heads tend to be smaller than in gigantea: involucres average ca. 2-3 mm high (versus 3-4 mm); florets numbers 2-7 (versus mostly 7-12). Flowers tend to open later in Ky. (late Aug-early Sep versus mid-late Aug), and form on longer branches (primary ones mostly 10-20 cm versus 5-10 cm). Without flowers, rupestris can usually be distinguished from gigantea by its leaves, which are narrower (the largest mid-cauline ones ca. 10-15 mm wide versus 15-30 mm) and deeper green. Also, its stems are more clustered, without the glaucous bloom and purplish hue of typical gigantea.


Comment:
Also, a coll. from ROBE (KY) appears to be a hybrid with S. altissima. The JEFF coll, is by Short, from "Falls of the Ohio", and may have been on the Indiana side of the river.

Footnote:
This highly restricted endangered species is known from a cluster of sites in the Blue Licks area of Ky. (FLEM, NICH, ROBE), in cedar glades and adjacent old fields (Baskin & Baskin 1985). It was also present on Rock Island at the Falls of the Ohio River (JEFF) during the 19th Century, and it has been recently rediscovered nearby along the Blue River in Harrison Co., Ind. (Homoya & Abrell 2005). Its habitats along these rivers are--or were--scoured rocky riverbanks, often in close association with Hypericum sphaerocarpon. Orbexilum stipulatum, probably now globally extinct, was also closely associated at the Falls of Ohio.

   The historic plants from Falls of the Ohio fall largely within the range of variation exhibited by plants from the Blue Licks locality (Beck et al. 2001). However, despite its rarity and uniform chromosome number (with 2n = 36), shortii displays considerable variation, and some material from ROBE (KY) appears hybridized with altissima (with 2n = 36 or 54). S. shortii differs from altissima in its glabrous leaves, and its fewer (5-7 versus 8-13), broader (0.6-1.2 mm versus 0.1-0.5 mm) ray florets. Its strong similarities to gigantea and rupestris also deserve further study.


Comment:
Braun's JEFF (LB) coll is from "along railroad tracks."

Footnote:
This scrambling perennial herb is considered native to western North America, and apparently became associated with native people in east-central states. It was perhaps used for ornament, rattles and other minor domestic purposes, but there is no clear evidence of cultivation or selection; see F.B. King in Ford (1985). For Ky. there is only one old record, by B from "along railroad tracks" in JEFF (check US).


Comment:
Probably not persistent for long.

Check also MEAD (LO); see Medley (1993); was this NELS???

Footnote:
This "bottle gourd" is a climbing or scrambling annual that may have originated in Africa, but has been cultivated widely by mankind and dispersed across the world. It was one of the earliest domesticated plants in North America (Ford 1985); see also citations by M. It is largely tropical to subtropical, and does not persist after cultivation in Ky., but there are records of waifs from MEAD, NELS (DHL) and TRIG (APSU).


Comment:
This widespread mid-western species may intergade somewhat with urophyllus (sagittifolius) in Kentucky.

RS = R. Seymour coll. (to Mammoth Cave NP). 

NICH (LB) should be checked.

LO: TODD RAthey 3634 "drum" seems to be cordifolius.

MB: BALL, CARL.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species is generally distinct, but may occasionally hybridize or introgress with urophyllum, cordifolium, shortii and undulatum (Cr; FNA 20, Y). Introgression with cordifolium may have increased after settlement in Mo. (St). Compared to urophyllum, drummondii is densely hairy (versus thinly); phyllaries have less elongated green blazes (l/w ca. 2-3 versus 4-5); and rays are usually bright blue (versus pale bluish, lilac or white); FNA 20 reported 2n = 16 and 32 versus just 16.


Comment:
This largely Ozarkian species differs from drummondii in more open, minutely bracteate inflorescence branches. 

1 = sources of Medley (1993); RA assumed for MCRA. and LYON.

LYON: (EK) RAthey-473 is urophyllus!!! 2008

HARD (RC at KY) may need further study; no coll there (2008); perhaps RC listed in 1988 draft then dropped in pub.

Gunn's (1968) BULL record has no located collection. More study is needed

Footnote:
This southwestern taxon has been treated as a species (Cr), subspecies (M), or variety (FNA 20, J) of drummondii. Plants are relatively short, with long minutely bracteate flowering branches; rays are bluish-white; cypselae are strigillose; 2n = 32 (FNA 20). S. texanum is virtually unknown east of the Mississippi Rv., except in Miss. and perhaps Ala. It may not even be verified in Mo. (Y). There have been several reports from Ky. (M), but these are erroneous or remain dubious.


Comment:
MB: WHIT PULA BELL LYON WARR MCRA

JTGrubbs 1214 from HICK (MUR GA) may be transitional but not clearly patentissimum.

US: regular patens non glandular lvs/stems
HART LB 3606 cedar barrens 2 mi W of Munfordville; 10 Sep 1940

US: widespread typical... get data

US: largely Appalachian somewhat glandular
CART LETC MCRE MADI ROWA WHIT

KY: largely App somewhat gland
PULA MCRE LETC POWE CART
PULA road from Rt 192 to Jugernot Hollow seems to have rhizome!!!
EK: App form glandular: LAUR LAWR LEE LETC MORG PIKE

KY: typical
LOGA HARD PULA GRAY MADI ROWA CART MCLE
EK typical
GARR LAWR LETC MADI MENI PULA ROCK RUSS MCRA HART FRAN (!!! us127 5.7 MI SW JCT HW 41); ESTI ELLI CART CALL

Footnote:
Virtually all material of this variable (2n = 10, 20) southeastern species in Ky. may be referable to var. patens but further study is needed. See also notes under phlogifolium


FullName:
Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom var. patentissimum (Lindl. ex DC.) Nesom

Comment:
This largely Ozarkian species is not confirmed here, but has been reported in western Kentucky.

JEFF  1 = MM that may be A. phlogifolius (only slightly glandular but not strongly sericeous-strigose).  

2 = RA catalog (coll. not seen); his coll. at MU (HICK) named this var. is var. patens  (old JC note needs to recheck)

NCU: RAthey 2143 MCRA is var patens!!! ("patentissimus")

A coll. from HICK (J.T. Grubbs #1214 at MUR) may be transitional to var. patentissimum.

Footnote:
The largely Ozarkian var. patentissimum (Lindl. ex DC.) Nesom is a tetraploid that has been reported from Ky. by several authors (e.g. Cr, FNA 20), but there has been some misidentification (Jones 1983; M). There is at least one coll. that is clearly referable to this taxon, from GRAV: R. Athey #466 (EKY), 19 Sep 1968; Mayfield, end of by-pass on Hwy 45 between highway and railroad, dry banks. Other colls. may be transitional to typical patens (e.g. from HICK at MUR) or need further examination. These colls. are mostly from the Mississippian Embayment.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom var. gracile (Hook.) Nesom

Comment:
Although recorded from Kentucky by Braun (1943), Fernald (1950) and others, this is now considered a largely Coastal Plain taxon, know north to w Tennessee but not Kentucky; see Cronquist (1980), Jones (2005) and others.

POSSIBLE
EK: TODD TRIG LOGA

JC noted in field potentially fre at HART (MCNP glade NE of HQ), LOGA (road w of Athey Barrens),

Footnote:
Circumscription of var. gracile is not generally agreed on (J, FNA 20; Nesom 2006). It may be a diploid taxon concentrated on the Gulf Coastal Plain, characterized as having smaller mid-cauline leaves (3-5 cm long versus 5-7 cm), usually smaller heads (ca. 7-11 mm wide versus 9-12 mm), and shorter overall height (ca. 40-80 cm versus 80-160 cm). There are reports from w. Tenn. (Cr, FNA 20; but not Ch+), and several colls. from w. Ky. may also be referable to this taxon (e.g. from LOGA, TODD and TRIG at EKY). Older records from se. Ky. remain more dubious (B, F, M).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum phlogifolium (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nesom

Comment:
ah = Harvill (1941); 

2 = other literature (Medley 1993). 

CLAR (jc) is on bluffs of Boone Creek; see mapped location.

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian taxon has been confused with patens, but it is generally considered to be a distinct species (Jones 1983). In Appalachian regions patens tends to be somewhat glandular, with relatively short inflorescence branches and disc corollas often purple-tipped. These characters might suggest some intergradation with phlogifolium; both taxa are tetraploids (2n = 20). Better documentation of true phlogifolium is needed along the western margin of its range.


Comment:
HART pink form grown by Seymours: from roadside/powerline near community of Wax in Hart Co.

Footnote:
This robust diploid (2n = 10) is widespread across eastern and central North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It can prosper on damp to dry, fertile soils, especially in old fields, but it is greatly reduced by browsing animals. There is considerable variation in overall size, form, pubescence and flower color, and several selections are used in horticulture, but natural segregates have not been recognized in most treatments. 

   An unusual short, bushy, white-flowered variant with low seed production has been recently discovered growing wild in MADI (J. Perry, pers. comm.), and a relatively smooth, short, pinkish variant in HART (T. Barnes, pers. comm.). The latter is similar to cultivar "Alma Potschke" but seems to be spontaneous in a population with much variation in color. There may be rare hybrids with pilosum, which have been erroneously named  X amethystinum (Nutt.) Nesom in Ky. (Short & Peter 1835; F, St, BA, M). That name applies to hybrids with ericoides (FNA 20).


Species:
novae-angliae x ?pilosum (X amethystinum)

Comment:
There is a Short collection (PH): "high broken ground on Ky. River" that is mounted with Nuttall's type of amethystinus, and determined by L.H. Shinners. This is an obscure taxon in Kentucky, perhaps hybrid of novae-angliae with pilosum, ericoides or related species. Fernald (1950) consider it a "recurrent hybrid" of novae-angliae and ericoides.


Comment:
All may be var. radiata. Several colls. at MU have pubescent fruit (erroneously named stenocarpa in some cases). LB records should be checked; reported as "intermedia" or "radiata of auth. not L."; most likely this.

PU: SHEL Kreibel 1942.

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species, occuring in a broad range of habitats from floodplains to rocky glades. Variation deserves further study. Some colls. with hairy fruits have been named V. stenocarpa (Engelm. ex Gray) Krok in error. There has also been much confusion with other species in the genus.


FullName:
Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard var. floridana Munson

Comment:
This taxon may be transitional to V. labrusca; these determinations are tentative but the tomentum is clearly reddish.


Comment:
This largely Appalachian-Ozarkian species has been neglected in Kentucky; it often appears closer to V. vulpina than cinerea, and is difficult to separate in some cases.

LO: BELL, PIKE ("vulpina" Clark), PULA ("vulpina" Clark)

1 = Nick Hill (pers. comm.); buried seed study under way (2006).

2 = Duncan 1967 interpreted "cinerea".

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian-Ozarkian taxon has been neglected in Ky. and needs further study. It is sometimes treated as a variety of cinerea, close to var. floridana but with less arachnoid pubescence (Moore 1991, J, W). However, baileyana often appears closer to vulpina (F), and hybrid origin is suspected. It differs from vulpina in its leaves permanently pilose and sometimes slightly arachnoid (versus glabrous or glabrate), usually more rounded and with shorter teeth; its branchlets are angled (versus terete), usually with reddish nodes (versus green); pedicels are usually <3 mm long (versus ca. 5 mm). N. Hill (pers. comm.) found that the seed-bank in old growth forest of LETC contains frequent baileyana, but virtually no vulpina.


Comment:
The lower case records from KY mostly appear superficially transitional to V. baileyana or V. aestivalis.

LO: ANDE, BULL, FLEM, FRAN, JEFF, MEAD, MONT, OLDH, OWEN, PERR.

1 = Duncan 1967.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, with a range centered between palmata and riparia. Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from palmata, riparia, baileyana or aestivalis, and the potential for hybridization need investigation; 2n = 38 in all (?) of these species. Distinctive features of vulpina include: leaves moderately large and rotund (ca. 5-15 x 5-15 cm) with relatively shallow lobes and blunt teeth; mature branchlets usually subterete, grayish or brownish (but often purplish when young), with diaphragms ca. 1-3 mm thick.


Comment:
Braun: "wet soil, meadows and wet "barrens"". This is the parent of Concord grapes and various hybrids, known as V. labruscana, which may persist from cultivation but not naturalize. 

Some collections may be referred to labruscana: especially OLDH (lo).
JEFF (LO) may be cultivated.

HANC: (LO) also det cinerea by Clark he may be right.
HARD (LO) is det "cinerea" by Clark but it has reddish tomentum & fairly deep lobes suggesting labrusca.

Duncan 1967: JEFF METC GARR.

Footnote:
This largely northeastern species is a parent of the Concord grape and various other cultivated hybrids, often known collectively as V. X labruscana L.H. Bailey. Further review of colls. is needed. True labrusca does seem to be locally native (as mapped with solid dots), especially on damp acid soils in eastern hills or near the Ohio Rv. But the status of some colls. remains dubious as wild plants, or needs closer examination for distinction from cinerea. V. labrusca differs from other eastern species in the permanent dense rusty pubescence of its lower leaf surfaces (versus largely deciduous to glabrous), and the more frequent tendrils or inflorescences along stems (at 3-7 successive nodes versus usually 1-2).


Comment:
This taxon might be of hybrid origin from M. frondosa and M. bushii. 

The BALL coll. is more like M. bushii; mapped here provisionally but should perhaps be removed.

Footnote:
This taxon has generally been treated as no more than a form of frondosa, but it deserves further attention. In Ky. it is known only from the Mississippian Embayment, and in Mo. it is widely scattered (St). It appears somewhat intermediate between frondosa and bushii, suggesting potential origin from hybrids.


Comment:
Most colls. need rechecking for S. pallida.

Footnote:
Introduced during early settlement, this virtually inerradicable annual has become a pervasive weed across North America on damp rich soil in woods and fields. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "In this locality it prefers rich woods or cultivated places, frequently covering patches of considerable extent."

   S. media is a variable tetraploid (2n = 40, 42, 44), and colls. filed under this name need to be rechecked for pallida and neglecta; see notes under those names. Those two species are closely related diploids (2n = 22) that are easily overlooked (FNA 5, Y, W and cited literature). There is no evidence of interbreeding among these three species.


Comment:
Records of S. media need reexamination for S. pallida. This species has smaller flowers, with petals usually absent, with 2n = 22 (versus 40-44).

Footnote:
This differs from media (FNA 5) in its 0-3 stamens (versus 3-5 (8)); sepals 3-4 mm long (versus 4.5-5 (6) mm); seeds mostly 0.5-0.9 mm wide and yellowish-green (versus 0.9-1.3 and brown); petals usually absent (versus present); and plants usually yellowish-green (versus regular green). It has certainly been overlooked, and further examination of colls. filed under media is needed. It is widely scattered in Mo. (Y) and Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.). In Ky, the only records are colls. of J.W. Thieret (KNK).


Comment:
BULL (NP): S side Mud Run and W of Blue Lick Rd S of Phelps Knob.

DAVI: (KY) "graminea" also cited by Garman 1914 "Crow Hickman" May 4 1912.

JEFF (NP): 1981 along Bee Lick Cr betw New Cut Rd and Brown Austin Rd.

KENT (PH) coll is by Short; see also Short without locality at CI.

MARI (NP): 1980 limestone wooded slope on Cloyds Cr.

However, the CALL & MARS (MU) collections are definitely correct.

Plants of S. graminea have been misidentified as S. longifolia, e.g. WOLF (KY). 

M states erroneously that JC considers CALL & MARS = graminea!!!

Footnote:
This northern (circumboreal) species of wet meadows and open woods on base-rich soils is rare to absent in most of Ky., Tenn. and more southeastern states (NS, PL, W). See notes under graminea.


Comment:
LO coll. need rechecking for var. sylvatica. Braun notes that her BELL and GRNP colls "do not have the mat form which is usual in typical S. pubera."

Check NK: CAMP; dupe at LO eaten.

Footnote:
This is widespread in southeastern states, but only east of the Mississippi Rv.


Comment:
Some records (ek,lo) may be transitional to var. pubera. The colls. from MENI, OWEN and WOLF (KY) were det. as S. pubera (s.s.) by Rabeler, but JC disagrees.  Colls. from LO need rechecking.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the central Appalachians and Interior Low Plateaus, on more base-rich soils than the closely related species, pubera. S. corei differs in its larger, smooth-backed sepals and its larger, more petiolate leaves on flowering shoots; 2n = 60 versus 30 (Cr, FNA 5, W). Some incomplete colls. are difficult to assign. Both species produce relatively tall, persistent, non-flowering summer shoots, but corei often forms more extensive rhizomatous patches of these shoots.


FullName:
Stellaria fontinalis (Short & Peter) B.L. Robins.

Species:
fontinalis (Sagina, Arenaria, Alsine f.)

Footnote:
This globally imperiled species is an early spring annual that is restricted to wet cliffs and seeps on limestone in c. Ky. and c. Tenn. Its numbers can vary much from year to year, and several small populations in Ky. appear to have disappeared during the past 30 years. The species is often treated in Stellaria, and it also appears close to Sagina and Minuartia (FNA 5).


Footnote:
This Eurasian species (in a monotypic genus) has spread to wetlands of northeastern regions. It remains infrequent in Ky., with records only from northern counties bordering the Ohio Rv.


Species:
vulgare (triviale, "vulgatum"; fontanum ssp. vulgare)

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan weed from Europe is an octoploid (2n = 144) that is often combined as a subspecies with C. fontanum Baumg., sensu stricto, which occurs only in cooler regions of Europe. C. vulgatum L. is an ambiguous name proposed for rejection (FNA 5). 

   Altough vulgare is often described as perennial, that character is not obvious in most colls., and biennial or annual behavior may also occur. It can usually be distinguished from glomeratum and allies (Cr, FNA 5) by its larger capsules (mostly 8-10 x 2-3 mm versus 6-8 x 1.5-2 mm), sepals that lack long distal hairs, and longer pedicels in mature old inflorescences (up to 5-12 mm versus 1-5 mm).


Comment:
1 = Bryant (1973). 2 = Price (1893). Further study of the infraspecific taxonomy is needed; some of these taxa are rare in several regions. Our plants may be var. villosum.

Footnote:
This tetraploid perennial (2n = 72) of rocky woods on base-rich soils occurs in scattered, somewhat disjunct regions from northeastern states to the upper midwest (FNA 5). In Ky. the only locality with an extensive well-documented population is in JESS at Jessamine Gorge (Campbell & Meijer 1989). C. arvense L., strictly defined, is a more northern diploid, but further revision is anticipated (Morton 2004). Ky. plants are similar to C. arvense var. villosum (Muhl. ex Darl.) Hollick & Britt., which may deserve distinction from typical velutinum under a new combination.


Footnote:
This native diploid (2n = 34, 36) is typical of moderately disturbed submesic to subhydric woodlands and edges on fertile soils. However, it is rather uncommon and appears to have been generally grazed, mowed or choked out of more heavily farmed, weedy landscapes.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered across southern states but concentrated on the Gulf Coastal Plain and adjacent uplands. It usually grows on seasonally damp sandy soils that dry out in summer, often in association with remnants of native grassland or rocky glades.


Comment:
This southern (to tropical) species was reported by Fassett (1940), but no collection has been located; presence in Kentucky is unlikely.


Comment:
Check my field notes for GREE and HART; along Green River and major tributaries.

PD: in Floyds Fork of JEFF; coll in 2008 with EKY.

EK: KNOX RLJones-4277 20May1984 along creek at Hazel Fork Rd, off county road 830, wooded stream banks.
EK: PULA

FRAN: Benson Cr patch cannot be relocated 2000-2011, seems all scoured out down to rocky bars--much erosion of banks (?)

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the Great Plains and Midwest, with extension to southern New England. It has been confused with stricta, but has distinct cytology (2n = 72 versus mostly 68), morphology and habitats. It occurs in calcareous seeps and marshy shoals along streams and (especially in Ky.) rivers with relatively base-rich substrate (F, FNA 23). It tends to occur on the wetter downstream side (or back side) of cobble bars, where scouring is less intense. A large patch discovered in 1986 along Benson Creek (FRAN) appears to have been scoured out and lost after intense flooding during 1990-2010. 

   Compared to typical stricta, emoryi has a stoloniferous habit, forming extensive colonies (versus large dense stools). Its bladeless lower sheaths are not ladder-fibrillose and lack evident veins on the inner side (versus prominently fibrillose); they are often deeper purplish-red but lack spots on the inner side (versus spotted red-brown); and they have a prolonged convex apex (versus obtuse), forming sharp dormant shoots. Its ligules are as long as broad (versus longer). Its pistillate spikes are strongly overlapping (versus more widely separated) and lack staminate tips (versus often staminate); perigynia are green-stramineous (versus pale brown-tawny). Differences in spikes and perigynia are less clearcut than the vegetative characters.


Comment:
EDMO (EK): Hannan & Phillippe 03483, Bylew Cave area, 3.75 air km NW of SR 1827 X SR 728.

EK: BATH CASE EDMO HARL JACK LESL LETC MADI OWSL POWE ROCK

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in Appalachian regions, but extends west to the non-calcareous parts of the Interior Low Plateaus and to Ozarkian regions (FNA 23, K). In Ky. it is generally restricted to acid gravelly or sandy soils along scoured banks of small to medium-sized streams. The disjunct coll. from BOON (DOV) was made by R. Naczi (#8021) at the same location as prasina, in a seep along Gunpowder Creek.


Comment:
EK: ADAI BALL BATH CALL CALD CART CLIN HARL JACK JEFF KNOX LAUR LEE LEWI MCRE MENI MONT MUHL POWE PULA ROCK WHIT WOLF

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but partly replaced by var. brevicinis on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Comment:
M. Medley collected the HARL (KY) specimen; apparently a roadside waif.

Footnote:
This widespread western species occurs only as a rare waif in eastern states. The only Ky. record is a coll. from a roadside in HARL (KY).


FullName:
Pascopyrum smithii Barkworth & D.R. Dewey

Comment:
Generic placement remains somewhat controversial.

Anderson 1924: "doubtfully escaped in the neighborhood of the Experimental Farm at Lexington."

Footnote:
This widespread western species occurs as waifs in eastern states, or perhaps locally adventive plants along railroads and similar sites. It is a rhizomatous octoploid (2n = 56), probably derived from hybridization of Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould with Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilg., and its generic name has been uncertain (FNA 24).


FullName:
Persicaria amphibia (L.) S.F. Gray var. stipulacea (Coleman) Hara

Species:
amphibia var. stipulacea (Pe. hartwrightii, Po. natans)

Comment:
The WHIT (BE) collection was made by R. Abbott, working with JC on the London District inventory; check report and notes. There is also a record (without details) from McFarland (1942) as P. natans forma genuinum.

Footnote:
P. amphibia is a variable polyploid is widespread across North America (2n = 66 to 132). In some recent treatments, the northern var. amphibia is combined with typical Eurasian amphibia and the more southern segregate, coccinea (FNA 5; W). That segregate is more aquatic than coccinea. Its only verified Ky. coll. is from WHIT (BEREA, Abbott et al. 2001); see also McFarland (1942).


FullName:
Persicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) Greene

Comment:
Check MADI & JACK (BE).

EK: FRAN GRNP HEND

Footnote:
In some recent treatments, this widespread North American species has been combined with the Eurasian species, amphibia (FNA 5), but it should probably be recognized, at least as P. amphibia var. emersa (Michx.) Hickman. Morphological and genetic differences may be small and gradual, but deeper analysis is needed.


Comment:
MADI (BE): Red Lick Reservoir No. 2, ca. 2.2 km W of US 421 and KY (25?); in cattail marsh near the earthen dam; Thompson 03-1208. Also reported by Browne & Athey (1992) based on collections at ME, KY & KA; see not found.

Footnote:
This variable weed has a pantropical range (2n = 40, 60). Plants native to the Americas have been segregated as P. densiflora (Meisner) Moldenke, but were combined with glabra in FNA 5. There is only one confirmed Ky. record: from MADI (BEREA) in an artificial reservoir. Other colls. may exist but have not been relocated (BA, BT, M).


Comment:
Non-KY colls. need rechecking for var. setaceum; see records provisionally separated under setaceum.

LO: BALL, HARD, LAUR, LYON, MUHL.

Footnote:
This subaquatic tetraploid (2n = 40) is widespread across North and Central America. Typical hydropiperoides in Ky. (including var. buschianum Stanford) has largely whitish calices (not roseate or purplish as stated in F). P. setaceum is closely related and needs further study for reliable separation in the state; see notes under that name. 

   Another southern segregate to be expected has been named P. opelousanum Riddell, but this reportedly intergrades with typical plants (FNA 5) and may also be confused with typical punctatum. P. opelousanum differs from setaceum (F) in its calices, which are dull purple to green (versus white to roseate), rhomboid to subglobose at maturity (versus elongate), the achenes slightly exserted (versus included); its leaves are no more than 1.5 cm wide (versus 2.5 cm).


Comment:
More checking of P. hydropiperoides is needed to reliably separate this taxon. Much material may be transitional (Cronquist, Braun); it should probably be treated as a variety. 

1 = Garman (1914): Guthrie Ky Aug 11 1902.

All material may match var. interjecta, which is not recognized in some recent treatments.

Footnote:
Further study of colls. is needed. This diploid (2n = 20) segregate of hydropiperoides occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain of southeastern states, but it has probably been overlooked inland. It tends to occur in or around ponds that dry out more than typical habitat of hydripiperoides. Although variety status has often been preferred (B, Cr), little or no intergradation is reported (F, FNA 5, J, W, Kim et al. 2008). Mapped records include var. interjecta Fern (to which most material is referable) and var. tonsa Fern., which are not generally recognized in recent treatments.

   P. setacea differs in its whiter calyx (versus usually pink or roseate towards the base); ocreae long-strigose, the fringing bristles ca. 5-15 mm long (versus short-strigose, 1-7 mm); larger leaves 12-35 mm wide and usually strigose (versus 5-25 mm, glabrous or scabrous); stems erect, 2.5-6 mm thick at base, strigose, often branching  near middle, from rhizomes (versus ascending, 1-4 mm thick, usually glabrous, mostly simple, decumbent at base).


FullName:
Persicaria setacea (Baldw.) Small var. interjecta (Fern.) C.F. Reed

Comment:
Not recognized in most recent treatments; combined with typical setaceum, which is difficult enough to separate from hydropiperoides.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America and East Asia. Its generic assignment remains controversial. The name Persicaria sagittatum (L.) Gross ex Nakai has been used in some recent treatments (W).


Comment:
These are occasional hybrids (or perhaps transitional material); not forming distinct populations; see also Medley (1993).


Species:
compositus (compositus var. co., asper var. a.)

Footnote:
This widespread variable species occurs on dry base-rich soils in most temperate regions of North America, but concentrated in the Great Plains. In its broad sense, 2n = 54, 88 and 108; segregates still need cytological comparison.


Species:
drummondii (compositus var. d., asper var. hookeri)

Comment:
The BOON (NK) coll was initially named S. macer by Thieret and Campbell; it may have been redetermined as S. drummondii (compositus var. d.); drummondii was included in Jones (2005) but not macer; check FNA.

Footnote:
This is a relatively slender southwestern segregate of compositus that is treated as a variety by some authors (FNA 25). A coll. from a roadside in BOON (KNK) is referable to drummondii or perhaps the more rhizomatous S. macer (Trin.) A.S. Hitchc. (= S. compositus var. m.). There are no other records from Ky. for either taxon.


FullName:
Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc.

Comment:
EDMO (US): 1940 Mammoth Cave; check also JC notes, colls.

Footnote:
This is widespread in southeastern states, and extends north locally to the southern Great Lakes region. S. clandestinus can be confused with compositus and drummondii, but it is generally considered a distinct species (FNA 25). S. clandestinus tends to occur on drier sites in rocky glades, and is infrequent to absent in old fields or regular roadsides on deeper soils.

   Compared to compositus and drummondii, the fruits of clandestinus are usually larger (1.5-3.5 mm versus 1-2 mm); pericarps are dry and tight (versus gelatinous and loose when wet); lemmas are usually glabrous and hyaline (versus scabrid to puberulent and opaque). Also, its inflorescences tend to be smaller (4-11 cm x 0.4-3 mm versus 5-30 cm x 4-16 mm) and usually become largely exserted from the sheath (versus remaining largely included).


Comment:
CAMP (LO,NK; check): GFBuddell (&JWThieret)-1418 7Aug1983 infreq in sandy soil of Silver Grove RR yard.

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable species of central North America, but extending locally to both Pacific and Atlantic coasts; 2n = 36/38 and 72 (FNA 25). It usually occurs on dry sandy soils. In Ky. it appears native and locally abundant on high sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. and lower Ohio Rv. The coll. from CAMP (KNK) is presumably from an adventive plant, found by Budell & Thieret in a railroad yard at Silver Grove. 

   The related southeastern species, S. junceus (P. Beauv.) Kunth, is known from banks of the Obed Rv. in e. Tenn., and may be expected along the Big South Fk. of Cumberland Rv.


Comment:
1 = M. Evans (pers. comm.) from "Rosenfield Glade".

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 72) occurs mostly in prairie remnants of the upper midwest, with only a few disjunct localities in eastern states (FNA 25, K). In Ky. it is known only from three localities: in BULL (Cedar Creek Glades, at KY); CRIT (Crittenden Springs Glade, at EKY); and LIVI (Rosenfield Glade, pers. comm. of M. Evans).


FullName:
Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex Gray) Wood

Comment:
SIMP and FAYE colls. have lemmas only 2-3 mm long. The MEAD (LB) coll., with  pilose leaves, was det. as S. ozarkanus by R. McGregor; the BULL (KY) coll. maybe similar.  However, the spikelets of these colls. may not match ozarkanus.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread on xeric base-rich soils in eastern North America, but less common to the southeast (FNA 25, K). It is close to neglectus; see notes under that name. Some colls. from Ky. are hard to assign, especially if lemmas are only 2-3 mm long (e.g. from FAYE and SIMP at KY). 

   Some other colls. (e.g. from BULL at KY and MEAD at US) have pilose leaves, and may approach the more western var. ozarkanus (Fern.) Shinners. However, their spikelets do not indicate ozarkanus, which has glumes longer than lemmas (versus shorter); 3-nerved lemmas (versus 1-3 nerved); and obtuse paleas (versus acute to acuminate). No records of ozarkanus from Ky. are accepted here, although it has been reported by Cr, R. McGregor (in annotations) and others. The occurrence of ozarkanus east of the Mississippi Rv. remains somewhat uncertain (FNA 25, PL, W).


Comment:
The ROWA coll. has marginally pubescent lemmas.

Anderson 1924: roadside, and beach of the Ohio River, North Bend, Sep 1833 RPeter.

Footnote:
This annual is similar to vaginiflorus and often confused. Both species are widespread on rocky base-rich sites across east-central North America and differences in ecology are not obvious. S. neglectus may be more frequent on disturbed sites such as exposed riverbanks and roadsides, but typical vaginiflorus can also be locally abundant along roads. 

   Compared to vaginiflorus, neglectus has smaller spikelets with glabrous (versus strigose) lemmas and free-falling (versus enclosed) grains; 2n = 36 versus 54. A few Ky. colls. suggest transitions to vaginiflorus, especially if lemmas have marginal hairs (e.g. from ROWA at KNK).


Comment:
BSF site is at Big Shoals on w side of river at downstream end of the cobble bar.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly along rocky riverbanks in the Ozarks and Ouachitas. It was recently discovered along the Big South Fork in MCRE (EKY) by N. Drozda and others of KSNPC. In Tenn. it is known from several other sites further up this river and along the Obed Rv. These Appalachian localities are highly disjunct from the main range of this species. There is evidence that Calamovilfa could be reasonably included within Sporobolus (W).


Comment:
There is a C.W. Short coll. at KY with two labels: (1) "alluvium of the Ohio", Ky 1840; (2) "rocky woods...map" (initial det. as Agrostis lateriflorus). M. frondosa has often been misnamed M. mexicana in older treatments. LAUR (jc) is vegetative; see DBNF inventory notes.

Footnote:
This widespread western and northern species probably occurs in Ky., but documentation is inadequate, and there has been confusion in nomenclature with frondosa. M. mexicana is reported from close to northern and eastern borders of the state (FNA 25, K, W). There is a coll. of C.W. Short (KY) with two labels; (1) "alluvium of the Ohio", Ky. 1840; (2) "rocky woods... map" (initially determined as Agrostis lateriflorus). Also, plants that may be this species have been recently found along wooded streamheads in LAUR (JC for KY), but flowering has not yet been observed.


Footnote:
This is widespread in most of eastern North America, except the southeastern Coastal Plain. However, it is largely restricted to mesic and riparian woods on medium-acid soils. See notes under tenuiflora, which is sometimes confused. Both species are minutely hairy below nodes, as in glabriflora and mexicana. Hybrids may be expected; reportedly, 2n = 40 for all of the rhizomatous "muhly-grasses" in eastern forests (FNA 25).


Comment:
1 = Epling (1942); including all forms noted by Braun. 

EK material is not checked thoroughly for varieties; collections coded as "ek" could be var. punctata. 

CLAR (KY) and MERC (KY) appear atypical, perhaps suggesting hybridization with S. ovata; but typical incana seen 2011 at Howards Cr above Halls Rest.

Footnote:
This occurs in east-central states, usually in thin woods and edges on medium acid soils; it can increase greatly after fire (M. Homoya, pers. comm.). In Ky. distinction from var. punctata needs to be checked in some cases. Also, colls. from CLAR and MERC (KY) appear to be hybridized with ovata. A coll. from BULL (DHL) has unusually small leaves, with short petioles, suggesting hybridization with parvula or a related species.


FullName:
Scutellaria incana Biehler var. punctata (Chapman) C. Mohr

Comment:
This smooth-leaved variety is generally Appalachian.

Footnote:
This smooth-leaved variety is largely restricted to southern Appalachian regions.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); perhaps MM

2 = Anderson (1947).  

BELL (KA) and MENI (KA) records were misids. of S. elliptica; the species is known however from Lee Co., Virginia, close to BELL.

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is rare in Ky., where it usually occurs on toe-slopes or terraces in the Appalachian Cliff Section and in the Cumberland Mts. It also known from close to BELL on Cumberland Mountain in Lee Co., Va. (mapped in GIS of J. Campbell).


Footnote:
This southeastern perennial typically occurs in thin woods on dry base-rich soils.


Comment:
This rarely reported southern weed may be easily overlooked or mistaken for a Houstonia. The assignment to family remains uncertain; it has also been placed in Buddlejaceae, but that family is now disbanded, and Buddleja can be grouped with Scrophulariaceae; see Weakley for discussion.


Comment:
LO: CAMP, JEFF, MEAD, MENI, NELS, OLDH, OWEN, POWE, SPEN, WOLF

Footnote:
This is a widespread perennial (often short-lived or even biennial) in eastern and central North America. It has been divided into eastern (typical) and western varieties The latter (var. ludoviciana DC.) is indistinct in Mo. (Y), but it might be looked for in w. Ky. The white-flowered form has been found in FAYE (C. Chandler, pers. comm.) and WOOD (E. Carr, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This "balm" from western Asia is widely cultivated and locally persistent or escaped in eastern states.


Comment:
The initial collections of this Cumberland Plateau endemic were made by Braun (LB @ US).

Footnote:
This decumbent shrub (subshrub) is known only from open boulder-cobble bars of the Cumberland Plateau: along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in Ky. and Tenn.; along the Obed and Emory Rv. in Tenn. [Another globally rare species in ths habitat is Marshallia grandiflora.] The five other species of Conradina occur only in scrubby vegetation on sandhills in s. Miss., s. Ala. and Fla. (Sm, W).


Footnote:
This southeastern species is most common in Va., N.C. and S.C., especially on soils which are relatively base-rich for that region (F, W). In Ky. occidentalis does not overlap much in range with the more southwestern species, helianthoides and virginica. This pattern appears partly related to substrate, with occidentalis concentrated on more acid soils, but historical factors may also be involved. V. occidentalis is often especially abundant in old rough pastures, where cattle avoid the plants.

   Reported extensions or disjunctions of occidentalis to the west of Ky., Tenn. and Ala. are largely anomalous and deserve further verification (Cr, FNA 21, K, PL). The species is not verified in Ark. or Mo. (Y). It has apparently been confused with alternifolia or helianthoides, leading to erroneous reporting of ranges. Identifications have often relied too much on the tendency of occidentalis to have largely opposite leaves, and the other species to have largely alternate leaves. A better key is needed, emphasizing differences in head dimensions, components and numbers. V. occidentalis has the smallest heads of yellow-flowered species in North America, with involucres only 3-5 mm wide, and rays numbering only (0) 1-3 (5). Verbesina is a large diverse genus of warmer American regions. Several sections have been established (W), in some cases recognized as separate genera (Sm, Gl).


Comment:
NICH jc near Lake south of Carlisle; roadside local abundant!!!... may have coll...

Footnote:
This is broadly distributed in base-rich regions across southeastern states, but extends north only as far as a line from e. Va. through Ky. to e. Kans. (FNA 21, PL). The rather abrupt northern edge of this species range in Ky. is curious, given no clear relationship to topography or soils. Could its tenderness be related to the peculiar watery extrusion from frosted stem remnants in winter?


Comment:
Check label data; this may not be truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This culinary herb (fennel) is a short-lived perennial from the Mediterranean region that has been widely cultivated. It is locally escaped, especially in southern states. In Ky. there are colls. from MCLE (KY) and PIKE (EKY), but probably just waifs from nearby cultivation.


Footnote:
This culinary herb (dill) is an annual from southern Europe that is widely cultivated, and escapes have been reported across much of North America. In Ky. there are colls. from BULL (DHL) and ROWA (MDKY), but it may not be truly naturalized. Other culinary herbs from Europe that are more or less related to Anethum are also widely cultivated but with no confirmed records of escapes in Ky. (M): the perennial Apium graveolens L. (celery); the biennial Petroselenium crispum (Miller) Mansf. (parsley); and the annual Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander).


Comment:
Collected by JC in Devil's Elbow quarry on LBL in TRIG (for KY or EK?); check data. 

Jones (2005) reports from Appalachian Plateaus (mine?); check data at EKU...
not in recent IK dump...

Footnote:
This southeastern species is most common on seasonally wet soils of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The only Ky. records are two recent colls. from a roadside near mines, and an old quarry. It is probably adventive in the state.


Comment:
MADI: (EK) GWLibby-OB125 & RLMears 15Sep1993 Bluegrass Army Depot, section N (urban area), wet ditch of golf course along "Kentucky Boulevard", infreq.

PERR: NK JWThieret 62050a parking lot edge Days Inn Hazard 22Jul2005 (mixed with acuminatus)

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern tetraploid (2n = 80) has been found at scattered sites on or near the northern Cliff Section of the Appalachian Plateaus. In additiion to some more or less natural shorelines, its habitats include disturbed roadsides and ditches, sometimes associated with oil or gas extraction. It is easily confused with related species (especially debilis) and must often have been overlooked. Its capsules are distinctive when mature, exserted about a third longer than the perianth, and glossy chestnut- or purplish-brown (FNA 22). It is somwhat rhizomatous.


Comment:
LO: MARS.

EK: BALL CLIN FRAN LINC MADI MONT MUHL POWE PULA ROWA RUSS; ESTI not refound Jan 2009.

Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states, but most common in the central and lower Mississippi Valley and rare in south Atlantic states (K, PL, W). It usually grows on damp medium-acid soils; see notes under scirpoides.


Footnote:
This is widespread on wet medium-acid soils in humid temperate regions of North America. In gross morphology, it is a strictly cespitose species (without rhizomes or tubers), generally moderate in its degree of inflorescence branching and head size. 

   J. acuminatus typically has semi-globose heads, which are unusual among Ky. species of Juncus, and similar only to articulatus. But F noted: "In members of this section [Ozophyllum] the inflorescence is often changed to masses of horn-like galls." Psyllid insects are often involved (Hodkinson & Bird 2000). In acuminatus such inflorescences are frequent and sometimes interpreted as "pseudo-viviparous." This phenomenon has not been noted much within floras, and deserves more research in this and other wetland species (e.g. Leck & Leck 2005).


Comment:
The BALL coll. needs checking: R. Athey #950; this may be at ME (perhaps transferred to EK).

Footnote:
This southeastern species with distinctive tubiferous roots occurs mostly on damp to wet acid soils of the Coastal Plain. The single Ky. record is based on a coll. from BALL that was confirmed by KSNPC in the 1970s (M): R. Athey #950, wet meadows and slough margins [?Ballard Wildlife Management Area]. This coll. may be at MEM and should be rechecked.


Footnote:
This robust species occurs mostly on the Gulf Coastal Plain and up into the central Mississippi Valley, usually growing at the edge of ponds and sloughs with frequent flooding.


Footnote:
This robust relative of debilis has a more widespread southeastern range, and it Ky. it is much more frequent, with less restriction to strongly acid soils.


Comment:
Records for BALL and EDMO in Beal and Thieret (1986) were based on misids.

HARL: (EK) Pine Mt Cupp Tract near creek by old homestead by entry road to pond.

PULA: (EK) Curt Pond.

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions, usually growing on damp acid sandy soils.


FullName:
Luzula acuminata Raf. var. carolinae (S. Wats.) Fern.

Comment:
Although there are reports of the typical var. acuminata from Kentucky (Gleason & Cronquist 1991, Medley 1993, Jones 2005), no collection has been verified.

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern variety is restricted to Appalachian regions. It is generally distinct from the more northern var. acuminata (= L. saltuensis Fern.) and may merit species status (W). Although there are reports of var. acuminata from Ky. (Ebinger 1962, Cr, M, J), no verified colls. are known. Braun (1937) reported L. saltuensis from MCRE (check US), but later apparently combined this with all other records of acuminata (B).


FullName:
Packera anonyma (Wood) W.A. Weber & A. Löve

Comment:
GH: ANDE (mixed with and filed under obovata); WOLF.

PU: PULA FTMcFarland 1939.

Footnote:
This is a common, somewhat weedy species on dry acid soils in southeastern states, but only east of the Mississippi Rv.


FullName:
Packera paupercula (Michx.) A.& D. Löve ?

Comment:
The ROBE (CI) coll from "Blue Licks" was cited by Braun (1943); it needs checking versus S. plattensis, which is more likely based on habitat.

Check source of "PULA" in old version of database--a typo??? should have been WHIT (KY).

Footnote:
In Ky. this name has been applied to plants on damp soils of sandstone cobble bars along the Cumberland Rv. (mouth of Bunches Cr. in WHIT) and its Big South Fk. (at Big Shoals in MCRE). However, circumscription of this widespread northern species and its segregates remains somewhat uncertain, and further revision is expected (Mahoney & Kowal 2008). In southeastern states, typical paupercula may be largely restricted to seasonally dry base-rich soils (W). The name Senecio crawfordii (Britt.) G.W. & G.R. Douglas has been applied to a rare segregate that occurs in "bogs and fens" of eastern states, centered in Appalachian regions (W).


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); check MM and RA catalogs. Probably native though generally found in weedy situations, in or near former glades and barrens.

Footnote:
This largely southwestern species is considered native at scattered sites in the Interior Low Plateaus. Ky. records are mostly from weedy situations but in or near former glades and barrens.


Comment:
Mapped in Kentucky by FNA; there is supposed to be a collection of Short at PH, but this needs checking; see also Kellerman (1965), Short et al. (1833).

Footnote:
This highly variable northern, circumboreal species is known to hybridize with several other tetraploids (2n = 52) as well as the octoploid illinoensis, which has been confused. P. gramineus was mapped in Ky. by FNA 22, but no verified colls. have been seen. It was reported from Ky. by Short et al. (1833) and Kellerman (1965); a potential coll. of C.W. Short (PH) needs checking. Another coll. of C.W. Short (dated 1837 at GH) was previously filed under gramineus (and originally labelled "heterophyllum") but appears to be tennesseensis instead.


Comment:
BALL (LO)

WK: HART (JC in Green Rv).

EK: ESTI FLEM FULT JACK MADI MARI NICH ROCK

Footnote:
This widespread North American species is known to form hybrids with several other tetraploids (2n = 52; FNA 22). The closely related northern species, P. natans L., is not verified for Ky. but may have been confused with nodosus in some earlier records (M).


Comment:
CLIN (RC) coll. (see Cranfill and Thieret 1981) is supposed to be at KY,  but cannot be found: "S of Brown's Pond along SR 639 1.25 mi N of SR 1590."
CLIN (EK) MGorton 2000: KY 639 0.3 km N of Jct. of Caney Branch Rd. and William School Rd.
CLIN (EK) GLibby-953 15Jun1995 marshy pond (Lawrence Pond) west side of Ky 639 0.3 mi south of Wago, ca. 1.4 mi north of US 1590/Ky 639 intersection.

LAUR: (EK) RJones-4669b 7Jun1986 Happy Hollow Rd ca 0.5 mi off Hwy 25; wooded swampland along stream.

METC (NP): 1999 ca 1.9 aimi SSE of Savoyyard (jct of Ky 1243 and Ky 314); also ca. 0.75 aimi SSE of Savoyyard

WOOD: EK MWharton-9357 12Aug1955 Cummins Ferry Rd nr Nonesuch; on surface of pond.

Footnote:
This has a rather fragmented range from Atlantic states to the Ozark region. It is rare in Ky., generally found in old ponds with stagnant oligotrophic water. P. pulcher has distinctive purple spots on stems and petioles; otherwise it is similar to amplifolius but with smaller leaves.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 26-30) has rarely been found in North America. It has been collected once in Ky., on a revegetated stripmine in BELL (BEREA; Thompson & Thieret 1986). The plant may have been a waif with other planted seed.


Footnote:
This has been widely sown and naturalized in temperate regions of North America, except in drier regions and on much of the southeastern Coastal Plain.  In Ky. it was probably present early after settlement, and has been a frequent favorite for making hay (Gm). P. pratense is a highly variable species; North American plants are ssp. pratense, which is usually hexaploid (2n = 42).


FullName:
Anthoxanthum hirtum (Schrank.) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp

Comment:
Presence of this northern, circumboreal but non-Appalachian species is unlikely; KSNPC has record of a student collection at EK from LEE, but this cannot be found.

A coll. from LEE (EKY) was seen by M and recorded by KSNPC ca. 1980, but it cannot now be relocated. This northern circumboreal species occurs at scattered locations in the southern Appalachians of Va. and N.C. (W). North American plants may be better treated as Anthoxanthum hirtum (Schrank) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp ssp. arctica G. Weim. (FNA 24).

FOUND JAN 2009!!!!! = Poa cuspidata (woods, Nancy Hill Apr 1968 acc no 00476)


Comment:
Also a FAYE (KA) coll. may be from cultivation.

Footnote:
This alien is widely scattered across eastern North America, but strongly concentrated in Appalachian regions and New England. It is also common in the Pacific northwest. In Ky. it was first noted by Short (1840): "becoming gradually naturalized in our meadows." 

   A. odoratum and A. aristatum include diploids (2n = 10) and tetraploids, but only tetraploids are known in North America (FNA 24). The related species, A. hirtum (Schrank.) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp, is a circumboreal polyploid (2n = 56). That species has been erroneously reported from Ky. by M, K and others, based on a misidentified coll. of Poa cuspidata at EKY.


Footnote:
This is uncommon in North America, being scattered over southeastern, Atlantic and Pacific states. In Ky. it has been collected by Abbott et al. (2001) from TRIG (BEREA), at the entrance to the Elk-Bison exhibit at Land-Between-the-Lakes, where various grasses have been seeded. A. aristatum may have been introduced by accident along with such seeding.


FullName:
Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) J.J.N. Campb.

Footnote:
This occasional variety may be generally distinct, but in Ky. there does not seem to be a clear difference in distribution. It tends to be more frequent in southern and western parts of the species' range.


FullName:
Elymus macgregorii R. Brooks & J.J.N. Campb.

Species:
macgregorii (interior ined., virginicus var. minor)

Comment:
This correct name is in honor of the Clan, not "macgregoriorum"; "interior" was an early provisional name not published. Some colls. from FAYE(KY) and all colls. from CAMP(NK,LO) have pubescent spikes, perhaps deserving recognition as a variety.

LAUR (JC): also collected recently.

HARR (US/KW): JC coll for Millenium Seed project.

EK: LINC FRAN(+ x hystrix?) CLAR WOOD WOLF ROWA MCRA MADI ROWA CLIN ESTI

JC: MCRE seed coll July 2010; Rock Cr West and East

Footnote:
This species of eutrophic woodlands was recently described, but R. Brooks and others have been aware of its distinctiveness for several decades (Campbell 2000). The correct name is in honor of the singular Clan MacGregor, not plural as in "macgregoriorum" (J). (E. "interior" was an early provisional unpublished name). 

   Variation deserves further study Some colls. from CAMP, FAYE and elsewhere have distinctly pubescent spikes, sheaths or other plant parts, but these may not be common enough to deserve recognition as a variety. E. macgregorii can form occasional hybrids with virginicus, and more rarely with the later flowering glabriflorus, which it most resembles; 2n = 28 in these and most other eastern Elymus species (FNA 24).


FullName:
Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball var. glabriflorus

Species:
glabriflorus var. g. (virginicus var. g.)

Comment:
Misprinted as E. glabrifloris in Jones (2005).

EK: LYON CHRI PULA MCLE

Footnote:
[The specific epithet was misprinted as "glabrifloris" in J.] This species is largely restricted to southeastern states, but it extends up the Atlantic coast to Maine (A. Haines, pers. comm.). It usually occurs in native grassland or associated thin woodland. Var. glabriflorus tends to occur on relatively damp soils, especially lowlands in more southern regions. 

   Although glabriflorus is distinct, it has often been confused with other species. The name glabriflorus has often been applied to macgregorii, and this error has persisted in some cases (e.g. much of Ind. in FNA 24). Also, glabriflorus has often been misidentified as canadensis (e.g. in ML). In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids with virginicus and other species. Some colls. from MCLE and WEBS (EKY) may be hybrids with villosus.


Comment:
EDMO (np): 2006 website.

GARR KY my coll mislaid for a while but now returned!! Jan 2009

JESS (1): possible "pedatifida" of McFarland (1941); 1940 coll noted in thesis. ca. 2 mi N of Wilmore and Jewells Corner, at base of stone fence with WSW exposure...

LINC (np): T. Bloom (pers. comm.) etc; in the barrens there.

LOGA (np): M. Evans (pers. comm.); Russellville Glade.

NELS (US): Braun collection misidentified as pedatifida.

EK: BULL, HARD, NELS

MERC (NP): A Berry & T Littlefield found 100s on his farm in 2008; 2006 website also shows an historic record to check....

Footnote:
This is restricted to limestone glades in s. Ind., c. Ky., c. Tenn., n . Ala. and n. Ga. It appears closely related to V. septemloba LeConte, and has been combined as a subspecies by McKinney (1992). However, septemloba typically occurs in piney woods on sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, and there is virtually no known overlap or intergradation with egglestonii; see also Gil-ad (1997, 1998). There has also been some misidentification as the more western species, pedatifida. An apparent hybrid with palmata (or perhaps sororia) has been collected from NELS (Gunn #2058 at EKY).


Comment:
This species has been reported several times but apparently in error; plants of V. eggelstonii or V. palmata have been misidentified as this species (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
This species of the Great Plains, with deeply lobed leaves, is recorded east to sw. Ohio and wc. Va. (K, NS, PL, W; but see McKinney & Russell 2002). It should be looked for further in Adams Co., Ohio, and Lewis Co., Ky. It has been reported a few times from Ky. but apparently based only on misidentified plants of eggelstonii or palmata (M), with which it may intergrade (Cr).


Comment:
GH: POWE

DBoonbe found in Hamilton Co OH recently

Footnote:
This northeastern species extends south into Appalachian regions, where it is typical of mesic acid soils under Tsuga canadensis, Betula lenta and associated trees. Although largely Appalachian in Ky., it does occur further west in a few disjunct sandstone ravines of the Shawnee Hills. It is also known from several sites in s. Ohio and s. Ind. (K).


Comment:
See reports of incognita from EDMO (US) and elsewhere (Russell 1955, 1965); these are dubious (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon differs little from blanda, and is not distinguished in some recent treatments (e.g. Cr; McKinney in J). Its petioles and peduncles are green (versus often reddish or purplish); its leaves are ascending (versus soon spreading), rugulose (versus flat), and more or less pubescent below (versus glabrous). V. incognita occurs in somewhat open areas with more moisture stresses, while blanda is largely restricted to mesic forests (F). In Ky. colls. have been reported from EDMO (US) and perhaps elsewhere (Russell 1965), but these records remain dubious (M).


Comment:
Reports have not been confirmed; they may all be based on misidentifications of blanda; see Medley (1993). 

But check reported NC collections from TRIG and EDMO. 

See also the reports of incognita from EDMO (US) and elsewhere (Russell 1955, 1965); these are dubious.

Footnote:
This northeastern species (sometimes combined with the western V. macloskeyi F. Lloyd) extends south into the Appalachians, mostly at higher elevation. It is absent from most of the Ohio Valley. There have been a few reports from Ky. but at least partly based on misidentifications of blanda (M). There is a reported coll. from Cumberland Mt. in BELL (TENN) that needs verification; see also NCU. 

   Compared to blanda, pallens is a more northern diploid (2n = 24 versus 48) typical of somewhat hydric sites. It differs in its completely glabrous blades; blanda has scattered small appressed hairs on upper surfaces, at least toward the base when young. In pallens, peduncles are usually longer than leaves and green (versus peduncules more or less equal to petioles, with both usually reddish or purplish). Its upper petals are typically less reflexed or twisted and broader; and its capsules are green (versus more or less purple).


Footnote:
This southeastern species is closely related to lanceolata, which has a more widespread eastern range (F, Cr, W). Both occur in boggy soils but lanceolata typically occurs in more open and seasonally drier sites. Hybrids have been reported but need better documentation; 2n = 24 in both species.


Comment:
Not reported by Braun. 
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check FI for RUSS (Gibson 1971); also MI for Wharton (1945); Russell (1965).

JEFF: (LO) RJBell 3May1936 between 38th & 39th at Duncan & Bank [Louisville].

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across eastern North America, but concentrated in coastal regions and around the western Great Lakes (K). Inland, its populations are more fragmented, in associatioin with seasonal wetlands on acid soils. See notes under primulifolia.


Comment:
See also LETC & MCRE (LB). 1 = sources of Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This distinctive Appalachian and northeastern species is restricted to relatively acid infertile soils, especially in mesic coniferous woods (2n = 12).


Comment:
Separation from P. pycnanthemoides is unclear; most or all of these records may be referable to var. loomisii.  Further study is needed; see notes under loomisii.

Miami: BELL, HARD.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional; several records should probably be transferred to loomisii, and separation from pycnanthemoides is also difficult. P. incanum is considered  by some authors (W) to be a distinct tetraploid species (2n = 76) in the Ohio Valley and Appalachian regions. P. incanum reportedly differs from the other two species in its calyx lobes, which are deltoid (versus acuminate) and relatively short, the lower ones 1-1.5 mm (versus 1-3 mm) and less than half as long as the tube (versus usually more than half). Superficially, the name "incanum" is often applied in Ky. to plants with relatively small yellowish green leaves (versus deeper bluish-green), less open branching, smaller cymes, and generally less spreading pubescence. Such plants may be typical of relatively dry and open sites.


Comment:
Immature specimens are not easy to distinguish from var. aggregata.

LO: JEFF

EK: FRAN MONT SHEL WOOD

KY: ESTI a "gravida" coll. redet as sparg by Naczi; JC!!
LEE FAYE WOLF moved from var agg?

Footnote:
This is close to aggregata; see notes under that name. Some immature specimens are difficult to distinguish. Both are widespread in eastern states, and centered in midwestern regions on base-rich soils, but sparganioides is largely restricted to woodland (versus grassland).


Comment:
A ROWA collection was apparently noted by J. Campbell at Morehead, but it cannot now be found there. Data are: L. Meade, 7/6/73, wet field near mouth of Laurel Br. of Upper Lick Fk., about 7 miles SE of Morehead.

Footnote:
This is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley. Colls. from HARD (UC, ?KY; see Cranfill & Thieret 1981) and ROWA (MDKY) have been verified but are now mislaid or awaiting accession, and should be rechecked. The more western records from CARL, GRAV and MCRA are reliable (EKY, WKY). C. triangularis differs from other Multiflorae in its relatively short abrupt beaks on broad perigynia (ca. 2.5-3 mm wide versus 1.3-2.6 mm), which have "crystalline inclusions" that become reddish when mature; see also F and FNA 23.


FullName:
Carex annectans (Bickn.) Bickn. var. annectans

Species:
annectens var. a. (vulpinoidea var. ambigua)

Comment:
Some colls. are not determined to var. or need rechecking.

EK: BULL FAYE FRAN MADI LOGA

Footnote:
Separation of this eastern species from vulpinoidea has been based on various characters, with somewhat inconsistent treatment (Cr, FNA 23, W). But it is clearly distinct in Ky., with concentration on drier ground.


FullName:
Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. var. xanthocarpa (Kükenth.) Wieg.

Comment:
Some colls., e.g. LAUR (BE), PIKE (NC), are not easily assigned to var.; Weakley indicates more calcicole for this versus calcifuge for var. annectans but this is not clear in Kentucky--perhaps the opposite is true; Jones (2005) indicates more western range in Kentucky. Could this be a species?

EK: LYON

Footnote:
This relatively western taxon may not be consistently distinguishable from typical annectans, and it is combined in some recent treatments (FNA 23). Several colls. from Ky. are hard to assign.


Comment:
LO: CARL, JEFF.

EK: ADAI BARR BELL CALD CASE CLAY CLIN CRIT ESTI FLOY FRAN GARR GRAV GREE JACK JESS LARU LAUR LETC LINC MADI MAGO MCRA MENI MONT OLDH POWE PULA ROCK TRIG WASH WAYN WHIT WOLF WOOD

Footnote:
This is widespread in wetlands across temperate North America; 2n = 52.


Comment:
There is a coll. by C.W Short at NY from Kentucky with no further data.

Check FNA.

Footnote:
There are colls. of this northeastern species by C.W Short (NY, PH) that may be from Ky. (M). The coll. at PH is labeled "near Cincinnati" and it is may be from Hamilton Co., Ohio (see also PL). Within the Ohio Valley, prairea is virtually restricted to calcareous wetlands in glaciated regions.


Comment:
1 = Davis et al. (1968). Provisionally included with R. enslenii (see Cronquist 1991).

w/MM 2007: closer to flagellaris.. see F.
F accepted rosagnetis with included deamii ("differs chiefly in glandless petioles of primocane-leaves"): Ohio, Ky., Tenn., Ind.
Davis also lumped with deamii but priority to deamii; see also K under deamii; check pub dates priority...


Comment:
1 = Davis et al. (1968); 2 = Medley (1993); 3 = Bailey (1944). 

jc = included records of invisus, exsularis, deamii, centralis
Davis & Davis 1955: rosagnetis from JACK

This is included with the enslenii group by Cronquist (1991).

w/MM 2007: but closer to flagellaris? see F.
pedicels, rachis, petiols, often young canes glandular but with leaves glabrous for both d and k; k has long-acuminate terminal primocane leaflet versus grad taper to subacute in d.

Footnote:
This taxon is known mostly from mid-Atlantic states to the Ohio Valley and southern Great Lakes (F). These plants differ from typical flagellaris in having dense glands on pedicels, rachises, petioles and often canes. Most colls. from Ky. have been referred to R. kentuckiensis Bailey, which is combined here and by several previous authors (M, K). 

   Some relatively hairy colls., mapped here as uncertain records, have been referred to R. invisus (Bailey) Britt. (BULL, CLAR, MADI, MCRE), R. exsularis Bailey (CLAY), R. deamii Bailey (= R. rosagnetis Bailey; JACK, NELS, OLDH) or R. centralis (MCRE). All of these glandular plants have been united by Gl, St and others under R. invisus, which itself had been initially described as R. flagellaris var. invisus Bailey. Further revision is needed.


Species:
brevisepalus {canescens* var. b. suggested comb.}

Comment:
PH are all cited in Pennell (1935). P. pallidus (with paler flowers), brevisepalus and canescens (with larger flowers) are difficult to distinguish in KY. P. brevisepalus appears mostly Appalachian but it may introgress with pallidus to the west. It is combined with pallidus in recent BONAP lists (Kartesz), or with canescens in Jones (2005).

Clements (1995) combines with pallidus.

Feb 07 @LO: HARD Cranfill coll eaten; not sent to KY!!! includes his "tenuiflorus" (#558).

WK: MM CUMB, HARL.

PU: PULA Kriebel "cana var brev" 1942

Footnote:
This has been combined with canescens in some treatments (e.g. J, W) or with pallidus in others (e.g. K), and it appears intermediate in some characters; see notes under those species. However, it does appear to have some geographic segregation, being centered on the Appalachian Plateaus in W.Va., Ky. and Tenn. (Pennell 1935; D. Estes, pers. comm.). Variety status may be reasonable.


FullName:
Carex digitalis Willd. var. macropoda Fern.

Comment:
This taxon is generally distinct and may even deserve species status; it is locally abundant in the LBL area (LYON, TRIG, etc.), with no digitalis. See also LYON (NK). It may be difficult to separate from var. asymmetrica; the mu collections may be var. asymmetrica. However, the latter is combined with the southern var. floridana in FNA, which differs from digitalis in larger perigynia, excurving at apex. ROCK needs rechecking.

See also CALL (DO).

LO: TRIG.

EK: CALL EDMO LYON ROCK TRIG

rs: HART maybe; early coll 2010; ro recheck...

Footnote:
This southeastern taxon is generally distinct and may deserve species status (Ford et al. 2006; R. Naczi, pers. comm.). It is locally abundant in relatively mesic woods of LYON, TRIG (WKY) and nearby, often without typical digitalis. Some colls. (CALL & CARL at MUR) have been considered transitional to var. asymmetrica Fern., which was combined with the more southern var. floridana (L.H. Bailey) Naczi & Bryson in FNA 23.

   Var. macropoda differs from typical digitalis in its terminal (staminate) spikes usually exceeding upper bracts (versus the upper bracts exceeding the spikes), with longer well-developed peduncles (usually 8-15 cm versus 1-7 cm); perigynia usually have fewer nerves per face (7-10 versus 11-15); and well-developed leaf blades are usually narrower (2-2.9 mm versus 2.7-4.5 mm).


Comment:
Mapped  for KY in FNA; need to check with Naczi et al. (2001) and other sources. Most Kentucky records of this species are now segregated as the new species, C. cumberlandensis; but collections from the Coastal Plain are expected to be this species. FNA indicates this has more ca. 8-13, spirally overlapping perigynia in spikes; versus ca. 4-8, distichous in cumberlandensis; and other differences.

CALL: (EK) L. McKinney #4198 & TLHamilton 22May1990 seep along Dalton Rd off Ky 260, parallel to lake shore; also dupe of McK 4198 at VDB and perhaps another coll at MU (not sure where this info comes from; Naczi??).

DOV: TN Fentress Co. Naczi!

Footnote:
In Ky. the only verified record of this southeastern species is a coll. from CALL: L. McKinney #4198 (EKY; Naczi et al. 2001). All other previous records of this species were segregated as the new species, cumberlandensis. C. abscondita has ca. 8-13 perigynia (versus 4-8), spirally overlapping (versus distichous) in the spikes, and other differences.


Comment:
Not mapped; widely planted with occasional waifs but not truly naturalized.

LO: HARD (RC).

Footnote:
This annual grain crop (rye) is widely grown in North America, and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


Comment:
Probably only sown or a waif from spilled seed; need to check Medley's collections.This species is sometimes cultivated for foarge and grain to feed livestock (Hitchcock & Chase 1950); there are collections from HARD, LOGA and METC, but it probably does not persist (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
This annual grain crop (spelt) is widely grown in North America, and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized. Waifs of T. durum Desf. (durum wheat) may also rarely occur, but that species is generally grown in drier regions further west.


Comment:
Probably only sown or a waif from spilled seed.

Footnote:
This annual grain crop (wheat) is widely grown in North America, and plants sometimes establish from accidentally scattered seed, but it is not independently naturalized.


Footnote:
This annual weed is native to the Mediterranean region and central Asia. It is widespread across the mid-temperate zone of North America, especially in winter-wheat (FNA 24).


Comment:
Probably not truly naturalized; not included in the accepted list of Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This subtropical grass has been widely used in lawns, but it is not clearly naturalized in the U.S.A., except perhaps in the warmest regions (FNA 25, K, W). It has been mapped in Ky. by K.


Comment:
1 = W. Bryant (unpubl.); sight record.
2 = W. Martin (unpubl.); listed for the Environmental Analysis of JKSmith Power Plant by United Engineers and Constructors, Inc. (1980); relocated by JC & EKPC in Sep 2007.
3 = W. Bryant (unpubl.); sight record.

4 = Medley (1993)--based on Short coll from Blue Licks at MI or PH? (check); also Anderson 1924 lists "Blue Lick" June 1835 CWShort KY

??FAYE Anderson 1924: Kentucky River Aug 1835 CWShort KY

LINC Anderson 1924: Lexington-Crab Orchard Road 1836 CW Short KY

WARR Anderson 1924 1893 SPrice p. 647; also Bowling Green Jul 20 1904 HGarman Agr Sch

HARD (np): DWhite had record ca. 1990 (?); but not now in database.

MADI: BEREA coll from southern exit, w side by road in 1993/94; not refound.; also came up in Tom Edwards back yard; D Taylor's backyard.

Footnote:
This is widespread but concentrated in arid southwestern regions and the Great Plains. It is disjunct in scattered regions of more eastern states, where it occurs locally in xeric calcareous glades and glasslands (FNA 25). Variation deserves further research; reportedly, 2n = 20 to 103 (FNA 25).


Footnote:
This common variable weed of the southern Great Plains is only adventive in eastern states.


Comment:
1 = Treiber (1980); Medley (1993). Also listed for Kentucky by Kartesz (unpublished); source not checked.

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon has been reported from BELL by Treiber (1980) and others, but no coll. has been located.


Comment:
There are also LB colls. from LETC and HARL.

Footnote:
This poorly understood diploid taxon occurs locally in southeastern states, from the mountains of Tenn. and N.C. to disjunct sites from Tex. to Fla. (FNA 22, W). In Ky. it is known only from the Cumberland Mts. or nearby.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, usually growing in low woods but also occasional on uplands. Segregates are not defined, though 2n = 28 and 56 (FNA 22).


FullName:
Hyacinthoides nonscripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm.

Comment:
The ESTI (EK) coll. was by R. Guetig; it is the white flowered form. 
1 = Grubbs (1989) but collection not located at MU.

Footnote:
This is the "English bluebell" of western Europe, formerly treated in the genus Endymion. There are colls. from ESTI (EKY) and perhaps HICK (check MUR), apparently from naturalized plants but associated with old home sites and plantings. Generic placement of this species (2n = 16, 24) has been controversial; Scilla (sensu lato) is a large complex genus with several polyploid series.


Comment:
1 = J. Thieret (pers comm to M.E. Medley); sight record from an apparently naturalized population  (Medley 1993).

JEFF: Seneca Pk bad escape (Pat); also one plant in Cherokee Pk

Footnote:
This is the "Siberian squill" that is often planted in North America and sometimes increases with seedlings in or near gardens. There are naturalized populations in CAMP (J. Thieret, pers. comm. to M) and JEFF (P. Haragan, pers. comm.), but further documentation and monitoring is desirable.


Footnote:
This "Star-of-Bethlehem" has become widely naturalized across eastern North America since early settlement. In 1914 Gm noted: "Common in old lawns about dwellings...It seems to have been much planted in former times as an ornamental and still clings to old premises when not wanted." Disperal of bulbs may occur locally more often than seeds (Y). Like several other genera in Hyacinatheae, Ornithogalum contains polyploid series based on 2n = 18, but chromosome number of umbellatum in North America remains undocumented (FNA 26, Y).


Comment:
Some colls. may not be from truly naturalized plants.

Footnote:
This is the common "grape-hyacinth" of gardens, now locally naturalized in northeastern states and elsewhere. Some records here may come from persistent plantings rather than truly naturalized populations, but this species does appear to be the most widely escaped hyacinth in Ky.


Comment:
NOTE: check FNA; glumes can be stripped off if rather old, wet and weathered!! (based on seed coll in 2010 kept in bag moist)

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in mid- to cool-temperate regions of eastern North America, especially on sandy alluvial soils of Appalachian regions and southern New England. In Ky. there are occasional apparent hybrids with virginicus or other species. It has sometimes been misidentified as canadensis.


FullName:
Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. villosus

Footnote:
This distinct species occurs mostly in the mid-temperate zone of eastern North America, usually in thin woods on relatively dry, base-rich soil (FNA 24). Var. villosus is predominant, but see also var. arkansanas. Apparent hybrids with other species are relatively rare.


Footnote:
This alien is locally well-established in some eastern states, but it remains virtually unknown in the Ohio Valley and midwest (PLs). The two Ky. colls. date from ca. 1930-1950 (B, M). Within Calamintha, these plants have been referred to typical ssp. nepeta, as opposed to ssp. glandulosa (Riquien) P.W. Ball. However, this segregation may not be reasonable (M, W).


Comment:
1 = E. Carr report (coll. Perhaps at Pine Mt. Settlement School); to check in field at Buckley Hills.

JEFF (LO): Maro Kranz 131 26May1964 near small stream at the Farmington Home; "Oldenlandia boscii"

OLDH (LO): JJMathews #365 10Jul1957 rocky dry hillside at Shiloh Lane and Harrods Creek.

OWEN (LO): EWLovell #25 30May1955 wet weather creek flats; #67 4Jun1955 damp flats near wet weather creek in 40 acr tract; #82 25Jun1955 bank of Elm Creek; #350 12May1956 bank of Cedar Cr; #375 17Jun1956 bank of Elm Creek; ALL in Kleber Sanctuary.

EK: FRAN (sev but variable some narrowish); HENR; GARR of Will&Mason record but narrow lvs like ark

Footnote:
Typical glabellum may be restricted to three disjunct areas, in the Bluegrass of Ky., Central Basin of Tenn. and a few glades in Ala. (K). Records from the Ozarks of Mo. and Ark. remain dubious (W and citations). It usually grows on calcareous soils in thin woods and edges of cedar glades, often disturbed by various factors, including stream scouring and dirt roads. The distribution of glabellum in Ky. suggests an association with bison trails or other megafauna before settlement. It appears to have been uncommon even in Short's time, when he knew it as Cunila glabella: "only on the borders of a rivulet emptying into Elkhorn, at the Forks near Frankfort, Ky." (Short & Peter 1834).

   C. glabellum, in its strict sense, has been confused in some literature with the closely related C. arkansanum (Nutt.) House (= Hedeoma glabra Nutt., Satureja glabella (Michx.) Briq. var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svenson). The latter is reportedly more widespread across east-central states but most common in the Ozarks. It is not verified in Ky., but a coll. from GARR (EKY), made by W. Overbeck in 2011does appear at least transitional to arkansanum.


Comment:
Most records may be from persistent plantings at old home sites, e.g. POWE (ek), as indicated by lower case.

Footnote:
This is a commonly cultivated shrub (as Hibiscus, Rose-of-Sharon or "Althaea"), 
with much variation in flower color. Most records mapped here are probably persistent plantings at old home sites. It is not clear if the species spreads from seed.


Species:
lasiocarpus (moscheutos ssp. l.*; m. var. occidentalis)

Comment:
See also O'Dell & Windler 1439 from HICK (SI).

Footnote:
This close relative of moscheutos occurs in southern states, mostly on the Gulf Coastal Plain and in the lower Mississippi Valley. Where ranges overlap, it may tend to occur in sites with more seasonal drying. In Ky. it is known only from colls. in HICK (KY, SIU).


Comment:
A red color form is collected from HARD (MM?).

Footnote:
This is widespread in southeastern states, extending north to Wis. and Mass.


FullName:
Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var. rafinesquianum

Comment:
Medley (1993) also cites his collection from CLAR (MM); but this needs to be verified; JC has seen only affine along the Palisades from CLAR to JESS. Distinction from affine needs study; plants from the Chapel Hill area (NC) suggest species status.

GH: PULA (Braun #2309; mixed with V. dentatum).

MB: CART CReed Herb coll SConley-49-16; CReed-13429; CReed-10597.

PULA (KY): Buck Cr mouth (east side)--also some transitional affine here.
PULA (KY): Buck Cr slopes near Merritt Hollow
CART (KY): Tygarts Cr east slope upstream from Ky 182 crossing
MCRE (KY) Little S Fk at Freedom Ford
Short (KY) "mountains of Kentucky"

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 36) species is fairly widespread in eastern states, but with large disjunctions. Var. rafinesquianum has densely pubescent leaves, compared to the relatively glabrous var. affine; also, petioles tend to be relatively short (Cr, W). There is little overall difference in range or habitat between the two varieties, but within Ky. both are uncommon and there is little overlap. Var. rafinesquianum is widely scattered on rocky slopes of limestone and base-rich shale in or near Appalachian regions. In Tenn., it is known only from a few sites in the Ridge & Valley, and var. affine is unknown (Ch; TENN). [A somewhat parallel situation exists in Lonicera dioica.]


Comment:
Synonymy needs to be checked; this plant may be var. rydbergii; it was collected from sandy banks of the Mississippi River. This is a native species in North America, but also circumboreal to Eurasia. It may be native to the Mississippi banks, but is reportedly adventive further east in the USA.

See also Browne 7640 (MEM) from FULT (Medley 1993).

Check JC records from Westvaco Project???

Footnote:
This is a northern and western species that appears native along the Mississippi Rv., but more eastern records may be adventive (FNA 4). The genus has previously been considered native only in Eurasia (e.g. Cr), and the name C. hyssopifolium L. was misapplied to much American material.The only Ky. records are colls. of R. Athey and E.T. Browne (for possible accession at EKY), from sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. in FULT. These plants have been erroneously reported as var. rydbergii Mosyakin or C. villosum Rydb. (BA).


Comment:
Spreading along banks of the Ohio River; rarely elsewhere. See Abbott et al. (2004). Check Medley (1993) etc. for other records along Tug Fork.

Note: LAUR was transcription error in earlier atlas draft for LAWR; this has crept into SE-EPPC maps

np: rumored/reported must be there

BOON: DBoone Boone Co Cliffs uplands along trail also

Footnote:
During 1980-2000, this Japanese perennial gradually invaded riparian woods along the Big Sandy Rv. and central Ohio Rv.(Medley et al. 1985, Abbott et al. 2004; PL, W). It has recently been reported from Tenn., Ala. and Ga. (SE; C. Evans at www.rtrcwma.org). 

   This species is well established at several sites in s. Ind. (M. Homoya, pers. comm.), and it has probably been overlooked in many areas of Ky. near the Ohio Rv. Further documentation is needed in both JEFF (J. Wysor, pers. comm.) and BOON (D. Boone, pers., comm), where extensive patches have been observed in recent years. At the Boone County Cliffs Nature Preserve, Achyranthes is even spreading locally onto uplands along some trails. 

   A. japonica is similar to Iresine rhizomatosa in vegetative form, but it lacks stolons and its leaves are usually less broad-based and less long-acuminate. Plants in North America may all be referred to the relatively glabrous var. hachijoensis Honda.


Comment:
See Chester (1988).

HART: WKU 2008 Plan; check herbarium.

Footnote:
This floating subaquatic weed is becoming a serious invasive problem along shorelines in southeastern states.


Comment:
Recheck collections given past misuse of graecizans for this and A. albus.

BALL (KY) FTMcFarland-233 15Sep1949 near La Center; !!!JC

Garman 1914: as "Tumble Weed (Amaranthus graecizans).  Not very common in Bluegrass Kentucky, Lexington. Native." JC check perhaps = albus...

Footnote:
This western species may just be a rare adventive, but there has been some confusion from misuse of the name "graecizans" for both this species and A. albus. The only confirmed record is a coll. from BALL (KY): F.T. McFarland #233, 15 Sep 1949, near La Center.


Comment:
Occurrence in Kentucky of this Coastal Plain species seems doubtful; the coll. was by R. Peter, and must be checked; the locality data may be misleading (Medley 1993).


Comment:
In some cases (especially OLDH), it is not clear if plants were naturalized.

Footnote:
This is the common garden iris, with many cultivars; 2n = 36-48, In Ky. several colls. (including OLDH and ROBE) are probably from persistent plantings rather than true naturalizations.


Comment:
In some cases, it is not clear if plants were truly naturalized. 1 = Miller (1986).

Footnote:
This yellow iris is often planted in semi-natural vegetation of eastern North America, and it tends to spread from rhizomes. In Ky. there is no evidence of any independent spread from seed. Without flowers, pseudacorus is almost indistinguishable from virginica (sensu lato), but hybrids are unknown; 2n = 24-34.


Comment:
Is this really spontaneous? This Asian species is cultivated for grain, birdseed and forage; it is probably not naturalized in North America except in the deep south.

= "Panicum glaucum L." of RAthey 2631 (old synonym).

Footnote:
This is an ancient diploid cultivar ("pearl millet"); 2n = 14 (FNA 25). It is widely grown across North America for grain, birdseed and forage, but it is probably not truly naturalized except in the deep south (W). There is a coll. from Ky. associated with plantings in MCRA (R. Athey #2631 at EKY).


Comment:
The location not certain; it may have just been cultivated. This Mediterranean species is cultivated as an ornamental; it is naturalized in the desert southwest, but not in eastern states.

Footnote:
This species of arid Mediterranean regions is a popular ornamental, naturalized in southwestern states but rarely in eastern states; 2n = 27 (FNA 25). Reports from Ky. and Tenn. need further investigation (Ch, FNA 25, W). The Southeast Asian species, P. alopecurioides (L.) Sprengel, is another common ornamental that has become locally naturalized in s. Ohio (M. Vincent, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Taxonomy has been confused. The AC colls from BOYD and LEWI are at "CM" (check acronym).

BOON: DBoone 2008 founf in sandy upland cemetary with Digitaria ciliaris etc.

Anderson 1924: Valley Station and Orell (JEFF); Grayson (CART).

Footnote:
This ranges widely across temperate regions of North America, and perhaps further south (FNA 25). However, it is largely restricted to seasonally dry sandy soils, and most common in arid western regions. In Ky. most records are from western regions along major rivers, but a few disjunct records are from eastern regions on sandy riverbanks. See also notes under spinifex, which has been confused with longispinus.


Comment:
Also CALD (jc) record was from the tops of Hunter's Bluff (sandstone cliff).

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) occurs in thin woods and natural openings from southeastern states to South America. In Ky. it occurs mostly on base-rich soils, with moisture conditions generally intermediate between those of Allium cernuum and A. canadense.


FullName:
Carex cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral & Bryson

Comment:
These plants were all referred to C. abscondita previously; that is now used only for the taxon concentrated in the Coastal Plain; but it possible that some of this Kentucky material may still be that. See also GRNP, LESL & MCRE (NK).

Lower case records are "abscondita" of McKinney et al. (2000).

EK: LESL OHIO

Footnote:
This recently described species occurs in unglaciated Appalachian regions, Piedmont, and non-calcareous sections of the Interior Low Plateaus (Naczi et al. 200; FNA 23). It was segregated from the more southern abscondita, which occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain. Records of abscondita from Palmer-Ball et al. (1988), Cusick (1989), McKinney et al. (2000) and others should generally be transferred to cumberlandensis.


Comment:
Some of the FULT and HICK colls. have relatively narrow leaves; these should be checked for potential crebriflora, kraliana or other relatives.

Some colls. from FULT and HICK (MUR) have relatively narrow leaves; these should be rechecked for potential crebriflora, kraliana or other relatives.

EK: ANDE FRAN FULT HARD LESL MERC OHIO ROCK SHEL WOOD

sp: Anderson 1924 cites

Anderson 1924: "In deep woods. "Stock fond of it."--Garman."

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but largely restricted to less disturbed wooded slopes on base-rich soils. Although it is clearly a distinct species (2n = 44), immature or incomplete colls. have often been misidentified as laxiflora or other relatives; see also notes under kraliana.


Comment:
Recently described; to be detailed from Naczi.

Herbaria to be rechecked! May be notes/records from NK for CAMP, PULA; check. Naczi et al cite NK for ROWA but not seen there/accessed yet??? (also DO for ROWA).

JC from HART (2006, 2010 Kinney Tract) & METC 26 Apr 2006
PD from JEFF Apr 2006

LO: 
CAMP: Buddell 1167; recheck KNK.
JEFF: and Pat Haragan has also from Cherokee Park...
MEAD (R.C.H. #107 13 Jun 1950, edge of dry woods just north of Ky 228 about 1.25 m w of Brandenburg).

EK: CALD CART CLAY TODD TRIG

Also at LO: North Carolina, Madison Co., Leonard & Radford #1462.

Footnote:
This was recently described by Naczi et al. (2002b). It is apparently widespread in mesic woods on medium-acid soils in east-central states, but data need to be accumulated. Superficially, kraliana appears intermediate between albursina, laxiflora and blanda. Most colls. in herbaria have been previously named blanda, but kraliana differs in its upper lateral bracts broader and hiding spikes (like albursina), and its perigynium less bent (more like laxiflora). Lower leaves are generally similar to laxiflora. C. laxiflora var. serrulata F. J. Herm. was considered a synonym of kraliana in some initial work, but it should be included with typical laxiflora (R. Naczi, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Comment:
Includes the weakly differentiated var. mucronulata, which may be represented  by the colls. from JEFF, BULL, etc.

LO: MUHL.

EK: BATH FLEM FULT HICK LAUR LINC LEWI MADI POWE PULA WHIT

Anderson 1924: "beach, Kentucky River" Aug 1833 and 1834 RPeter KY.

Footnote:
This pantropical annual extends north throughout most eastern states. Despie its great range, segregates are not generally recognized; 2n = 10 (FNA 23). Colls. from BULL (KY), JEFF (DHL) and elsewhere are referable to var. mucronulata (Michx.) Fern., but that widespread southern (to tropical) variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
Much in Shawnee State Forest--Pike Scioto ?Adams etc in Oh fairly common perhaps (DBoone).

Footnote:
This is distributed widely in northeastern, central Appalachian and Ozarkian regions, usually growing in thin woods on dry acid soils (FNA 23, Y). In Ky. it is known only from LEE (Campbell et al. 1989), but it has probably been much overlooked. It is locally common in se. Ohio (e.g. Shawnee State Forest; D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This halophyte is widely scattered across North America, including southeastern coastal marshes, but it may just be alien (F, Cr, W; FNA 4).


Comment:
Found along salt treated interstate; to be expected more with continual treatments. This is a western species. See also S. maritima.

Footnote:
This halophyte is widespread in western North America, and rarely adventive in eastern states. It has been found along a salted interstate in BOON (KNK), and it may be expected to increase with further saltings.


Comment:
Includes all varieties; these are not generally recognized in current treatments.

SI: CALL, MCRA

Footnote:
This largely biennial weed is widespread across temperate North America. Although leaves vary much, no associated segregates are generally recognized (FNA 19). Included here are var. integrifolia (Bigelow) Gray, var. latifolia Kuntze, var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw. and var. obovata Wieg. of older treatments (e.g. F.).


FullName:
Lactuca canadensis L. var. obovata Wieg.

Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993). Taxon may not be worth recognizing.

SI: BALL, CARL


FullName:
Lactuca canadensis L. var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw.

Comment:
Taxon may not be worth recognizing.

SI: CALL


Comment:
A TRIG (AP) collection was reported by Ellis et al. (1971) but this may have been erroneous, based on confusion in nomenclature with Cyperus virens (= C. pseudovegetus); see Medley (1993); however, this still needs checking. Not listed in Jones (2005). C. divulsa is a Eurasian species adventive from Mass and DC to Ontario (Cronquist 1991); check FNA.


FullName:
Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. stipata

Comment:
Some CALL (MU) material was be transferred to C. oklahomensis (leaves only 2-3 mm wide), but other material is stipata: R. Athey 5106, 27 May 1985; see dupe at NK, EK

Check MARS & MCRA which should perhaps be oklahomensis in part at least.

EK: CALL (RA-5106) CASE CLIN FRAN HARL HICK LAUR LIVI OWSL LEWI POWE ROCK

Footnote:
See notes under crus-corvi and laevivaginata, which are sometimes confused.


Comment:
NCU: ex Jessup Herbarium; ex National Herbarium
"Carya amara Nutt." near Lexington, Kentucky. H. Garman + J.N. Rose Aug 15 1895.

NCU: LYON

Footnote:
This "bitternut" is a widespread eastern tree, concentrated on more mesic, fertile soils than most other hickories. In Ky. there are rare apparent hybrids with ovata, glabra and perhaps other species. 

   In early documents from Ky., names for this tree included "white hickory" (e.g. by early land surveys of the central Bluegrass) or "pignut hickory" (e.g. by Short 1828-29). In the central Bluegrass, Short noted: "Carya porcina (Pig-Nut Hickory, brown hickory). It is in every respect the least valuable of the family, the wood being not fitted for useful application to the arts, less valuable as fuel; and the nut unfit to eat in consequence of its bitterness and astringency. Young trees of this kind are, however, more common around Lexington than any other Hickory."


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); check MM. 

2 = sight record from Lee Nelson (pers. comm. to Medley). 

It is notable that this species is so far unknown from CARL, HICK & FULT, in the Mississippi lowlands. This species appears to associate more with back waters that have less frequent or less intense flooding and alluviation from larger rivers.

Footnote:
This southeastern tree occurs mostly in swamps of the Coastal Plain, but it also extends into some larger valleys of the southern Interior Low Plateaus (PL). In Ky. it is recorded mostly near the lower Ohio and lower Green Rivers, and remains unknown on the Mississippi lowlands (CARL, HICK & FULT). Along cypress/tupelo sloughs, this species appears to associate with backwaters that have less frequent, or less intense, flooding and alluviation. Hybrids with illinoinensis can be expected (FNA 3). 

   Without flowers or nuts, distinction of aquatica from illinoensis is sometimes difficult. Its leaflets tend to be fewer (usually 7-13 versus 9-19), on shorter petiolules (0-2 mm versus 0-7 mm in laterals), less clearly serrate (versus often double-serrate), with less branched secondary veins (about 1 per tooth versus 1 per 2-3 teeth), and more villous below along veins (Sargent 1926; Cr, FNA 3, St, W).


Comment:
There is inadequate label data for a PERR (ek) coll., probably planted.

A putative tree in ANDE (JC) on farm of Lee Crawfort is apparently hybrid of ovata and cordiformis (or perhaps ovalis/glabra...???); it does have edible nuts. 

1 = Price (1893). See also Garman (1913) for other records.

There is also a HICK (NC) coll named X nussbaumeri (illinoinensis x laciniosa): R. Athey, 21 May 1972.
TRIM (LO): AT Hotchkiss & R Van Stockum 75-9-7-1, 7 Sep 1975, power plant site, rich terraces below bluff along Ohio River (nuts stored separately).
TRIM (LO): RR VanStockum 75-5-13-7, 13 May 1975, banks of several oxbows near Corn Creek.
JEFF: check historical records from JEFF: Shippingport Island (see depositions of Allen Campbell in 1870s? fide Jim Holmgren at Filson Club...)
KENT (lb) "trees near Latonia, irregular spacing suggested native"; BDalton & LBrewer found one tree 6 dbh along Bank Lick Cr just N of I-275 left side; need to collect for NK.
MONR (KY): "near Gamaliel" no indication of habitat--probaly planted.

Where is HARD (RC)????? Did he keep in Berkley???
KY: May 2011 cant find BALL or FULT but must have been there for old notes; JC?

Footnote:
The native range of this commonly planted species (pecan) was originally centered in the lower Mississippi Valley, but even before Virginian settlement it is likely that people extended its distribution. In Ky. native trees appear to have been locally frequent near the Ohio Rv. upstream to at least JEFF, and a few colls. suggest native status as far as TRIM (DHL) and KENT (B). C. illinoinensis also extended up the Cumberland Rv. to the Nashville Basin (Ch), but its status further upstream in Ky. remains uncertain. Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gm. Excluded are colls. that probably came from planted or escaped trees; see also CW. Various cultivars or selections are often planted or grafted. There are also rare natural or artificial hybrids with laciniosa, ovata and other species. Note that the old spelling "illinoensis" (F) was incorrect (Cr, FNA 3).


Comment:
I stand with my brother & sister botanists to resist the inexcusible change from tomentosa to alba; over 50 years of attempts to retain tomentosa, from Rehder (1945) onwards, have been rebuffed by the bureaucratic pseudobotanists--nomenclatural nitwits of the International Code. Foresters throughout the south now laugh again at botanists; what shame!

Sorry, I do not mean to insult anyone...

Footnote:
This tree is widespread across eastern states, but concentrated on moderately dry, warm sites with a history of burning or browsing. The confused name C. alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. has been applied in some literature (W), but there is a proposal to reject that name (Ward & Wiersema 2008). 

   During Virginian settlement of Ky. (Campbell 1989), the common name "white hickory" was applied to this species and to cordiformis (bitternut), which does have a distinctly whitish bark, more so than tomentosa (mockernut). In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "Carya tomentosa (White heart hickory, Mockernut, &c.).  Less common than either of the preceeding [C. ovata, C. laciniosa] in this neighbourhood, and a smaller tree... This is the species so abundant in the barrens of Kentucky where the growth being obstructed by annual fires, whilst the root continues to extend itself, an immense and solid mass is found beneath the soil attached to a bare shrub above it. This species, moreover, is characterized by the large amount of hard, close-grained, white sap-wood which it bears, and which is especially fitted for axe helves and axle-trees. It is thought a superior fuel to all the other hickories."


Comment:
CLAY jc notes to check near Manchester with Q shumardii also and cane...

Footnote:
In Ky. this tree of east-central states occurs on deep fertile soils, especially in the Bluegrass region and on western lowlands, but it also occurs locally along some river valleys within Appalachian regions. Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gm and B. The closely related ovata has a more widespread range across eastern North America, mostly on uplands or drier terraces, but there is much overlap in habitat and probably some introgression. 

   C. laciniosa differs from ovata (F; FNA 3; W) in its nuts laterally flattened and obovoid (versus globose and sharp-pointed at apex), with the shell typically thicker (ca. 3-6 mm versus 2 mm) and reddish-brown (versus whitish-brown). Leaflets are usually (5-) 7 (-9), versus (3-) 5 (-7) in ovata, deeper glossier green, and lack the persistent subterminal tufts of hairs on serrations (as found in ovata and carolinae-septentrionalis). The petiole and rachis is often persistent in winter on young vigorous trees (but never so in ovata; Meijer 1972a). Bud scales are glabrous (versus partly hairy); and young twigs are orange- or pale tan (versus reddish- or olive-brown). The bark is hard to distinguish, but peeling plates may be typically narrower and shorter.


FullName:
Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.

Comment:
1 = also for HART in Medley (1993); check MM. [JC coll for WK in Jul 2007).

2 = Price (1901).

TRIG (ap): not the colls prev called this here (which = ovata); but there is a good coll from Stewart Co TN, so expected in LBL area...

Footnote:
This occurs locally on base-rich soils in or near southern sections of the Interior Low Plateaus, Ridge and Valley and Piedmont (PL). In Ky. records from TRIG (APSU) and FULT (CW) remain uncertain, but the species is known from Tenn. adjacent to TRIG (Ch). Although this taxon has often been treated as a variety of ovata, complete colls. show that it is distinct and intermediates are unknown in Ky. 

   C. carolinae-septentrionalis differs from ovata (FNA 3, W) in its smaller fruits, averaging ca. 2.5-3 cm long (versus 3.5-4 cm); shorter staminate catkins, up to ca. 6 cm (versus 13 cm). Leaflets are generally narrower in shade (the terminal one ca. 2-5 cm versus 6-15 cm), and virtually glabrous (versus pubescent). Terminal buds (6-15 mm long versus 9-18 mm) and twigs (ca. 1-3 mm thick versus 3-6 mm) are less stout, virtually glabrous, maturing or drying to a blackish hue (versus more persistently hairy, brownish).


Comment:
There may also be locally abundant introgressants with glabra, laciniosa and tomentosa.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern tree can be confused with laciniosa and carolinae-septentrionalis; see notes under those species. In Ky. some colls. suggest hybridization with glabra, laciniosa and perhaps tomentosa.


Comment:
Probably widespread where both species occur; often not clearly distinct from C. tenuifolia though; needs further study.


Comment:
A weed in greenhouses and occasionally disturbed rich soils elsewhere. 

1= Vincent (2004) JKAS also indicates: ?WHIT on his map.

It is not clear if this species is truly established in the wild independently of its inadvertant propagation as a greenhouse weed, and distribution of horticultural material to flower beds.

JC SCOT from nursery on US 62.

Footnote:
The first North American record of this annual weed was in 1950, and it has now become a local weed in greenhouses and flower beds across much of the eastern U.S.A. (Vincent 2004). It has become locally established in the wild, especially along woodland roads and trails, edges and streams. In Ky. it is locally frequent in urban areas of JEFF and perhaps elsewhere.


Footnote:
There is no evidence that this tree was present in Ky. before being widely planted in the 19th Century for thorny hedges (Rafinesque 1836, 3:43), especially after 1880 (Shacklette 1937). It is sometimes speculated that native people could have planted this species locally for its useful wood, but at the time of European conquest of North America, Maclura was documented only in Ark, Okla., Tex., perhaps La. (FNA 3, W) and perhaps Miss. (Brown 2003; J.L. Seltzer, Cobb Institute of. Archaeology, Starkville). Yet there is paleobotanical evidence that Maclura occurred as far north as Ontario during a previous interglacial period (Terasmae 1960). 

   The unusual large fruits of this species are relished by several mammals, especially horses and other larger species; they can cause cattle to choke (observations of JC, L. Crawfort, R. Seymour and others). Also, deer occasionally appear to have dispersed the seeds. It is likely that extinct equine species or other megafauna formerly dispersed Maclura around North America. The tree is dioecious and males tend to have a more upright habit, without branches weighted down by the fruit crops. Plants sometimes spread with lateral root-suckers, and can be easily raised from cuttings and layers.


FullName:
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.

Footnote:
This dioecious tree is widely planted across eastern states and often escapes, especially in warm regions on moist fertile soils. Although "paper mulberry" has traditional economic uses in East Asia, it is generally considered a weed in North America. Its reddish, somewhat edible fruits are often overlooked, and there are few colls. in herbaria. There appears to be little establishment from seed, but trees persist through vigorous suckers, sometimes spreading from the original stump.


Footnote:
This is widespread across central and eastern North America but it is rarely abundant. Gm noted: "moderately common in Kentucky, but generally occurs singly or a few in a place, never constituting any large proportion of the woody growth." Although it often grows into subcanopies of old field thickets and woodland pastures, browsing appears to limit it, and trees usually die at relatively small size due to diseased bark; see also Burns & Honkala (1990). 

   In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "Owing to the depradations of stock upon this valuable tree, whose bark is a favourite food with horses and sheep, it is becoming rare in this quarter where it once abounded; young trees are never met with in exposed situations, and the old ones have generally a decaying aspect...The wood of the mulberry is more durable when exposed to the vicissitudes of weather than any other timber of this region, except the red-cedar and black-locust; hence, in those parts of the country where those trees are not found, this is much used as posts for fencing."

   M. rubra varies greatly in leaves and fruits, but the degree of genetic control remains largely unknown. Rafinesque (1836, 3:46-47) listed five additional species related to rubra, but none of his names were used by other authors. Plants of rubra in the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, including much of Ky., tend to have relatively large fruits (up to 3-4 cm long), and relatively large leaves (blades often 15-30 cm long). Such plants have been recently described as M. murrayana D.E. Saar & S.J. Galla (Galla et al. 2009). These authors also indicated distinctive leaf venation and genetic markers, but a range-wide analysis of rubra will be needed for any comprehensive recognition of segregates.


Footnote:
This northeast Asian tree became cultivated for silkworms in North America over 250 years ago. It has become widely naturalized in warm and mid-temperate regioin. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "The White mulberry, lately introduced by seeds from France, seems to thrive well in this climate, so far at least as four or five year's experience can show." Rafinesque (1836, 3:46) noted: "a well known tree, now widely grown with us, almost wild in some localities." In Ky. it is now locally common in mature riparian woods on base-rich soils (reaching 8 dm or more in dbh), as well as being a common weed in most urban areas. 

   M. alba is sometimes confused with rubra, but it can be distinguished based on leaves alone (FNA 3). In alba, lower leaf surfaces have hairs confined to the midvein, major laterals and axils between them (versus widely scattered in rubra); upper surfaces are glossy and glabrous or sparsely hairy (versus dull and appressed-hairy or scabrid). Leaf blades are usually smaller (ca. 8-10 x 3-6 cm versus 10-18 x 8-12 cm). Fresh female catkins are shorter (ca. 5-8 mm versus 8-12 mm). Fruits are usually ca. 1.5-2 cm long, dark or pale reddish or whitish, and somewhat insipid (versus 2.5-4 cm, deep purple-black, and more deeply flavored). 

   In Ontario, and perhaps other northern regions, there has been some hybridization with rubra and locally invasive introgression (Burgess & Husband 2006; R. Naczi, pers. comm.). M. alba and hybrids with alba mothers were consistently more vigorous in experimental shade and sun, compared to M. rubra and hybrids with rubra mothers. No hybrids have been clearly suggested in Ky., where alba usually flowers and fruits a few weeks earlier than rubra.


Comment:
This species may not become truly naturalized, although it is planted in a few areas. Cusick's label data (NCU) and field notes need to be checked for apparent status.

Footnote:
This Southwest Asian tree has been cultivated for its fruit since antiquity. There are several polyploid races, with 2n up to ca. 304-308 (versus usually 28 in rubra and alba). In Ky. it occurs at scattered sites, usually in old or abandoned gardens, but it does not seem to be truly naturalized. There is a coll. from LEWI (NCU) that may come from a self-seeded tree. 

   M. nigra differs from alba and rubra (Whittemore 2006) in its styles, which are relatively long (ca. 3-5 mm versus 1-2 mm) and densely covered with white hairs (versus glabrous or nearly so); fruits are purple-black to black (versus purple, red, pink or white), short-cylindric, 1.4-2.2 cm long (versus cylindric to subspherical, 0.6-1.9 cm); larger leaf blades are reniform-triangular to suborbicular (versus ovate to triangular-ovate), and usually unlobed (versus lobed at least on young shoots). Its leaf pubescence is generally intermediate between alba and rubra: lower surfaces have hairs along midveins, laterals and often minor veins; upper surfaces are usually deep green (not glossy) and scabrid to glabrous.


Footnote:
This occurs from Central America to southeastern states, north into much of the Ohio Valley. It tends to grow on drier sites than virginicus, generally with less intense agricultural history, but the two species are often intermixed. The valid name may still be A. elliotii Chapman, according to Ward (2004b; W).


Footnote:
This southeastern species is largely restricted to dry acid soils; 2n = 40 and 60 (FNA 25). In Ky. it is locally abundant but known only on the southern Cumberland Plateau, on the central Mississippian Plateaus, and on the Coastal Plain plus adjacent gravelly or cherty hills. It is unknown in the Ohio Valley upstream of these regions.


FullName:
Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter ssp. torreyana (Steud.) Allred & Gould

Comment:
CHRI (EK/NP) and CALD (RA) colls are clearly ssp. torreyanus; MADI (EK) needs to be checked. A. saccharoides is a more southern species (in Latin America?).

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 60) is native to the southern Great Plains and arid southwestern regions of North America. During the past 30 years, it has spread through much of the lower Mississippi Valley along roads, especially interstate highways. It is much more widespread in Ky. than indicated by the colls. mapped here. Typical B. laguroides and B. saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb. are more southern taxon in Central and South America (FNA 25). However, the name "saccharoides" (or "silver beardgrass") has been often misapplied to laguroides ssp. torreyana.


Comment:
CLAR: parking lot behind Dennys in Winchester; get coll!!!

OHIO--it was locally dominant in the HLCF site I did survey for.

2n = 36

Footnote:
This Japanese species has increased rapidly across southeastern states during recent decades. In Ky. the first colls. were made ca. 1980 (Woods 1983; M). It is now widely scattered and locally abundant on seasonally damp medium-acid soils in open disturbed areas. Dispersal may often occur on tires of vehicles; JC has observed patches in parking lots and dirt-road beds of the Bluegrass region (CLAR, HARR). However, the species does not seem to be increasing much within this region, perhaps due to the heavy calcareous soils and competition from other species.


Comment:
Generic placement remains controversial (Weakley). The MADI (EK) recently found on BGAD within edge of Bluegrass Region.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 30) is widespread across southeastern states on submesic sites with acid soils, especially at woodland edges. A coll. from BELL (T.H. Kearney #385 at US; formerly at KY) was initially misidentified as E. contortus Ell. (see also: Anderson 1924), which remains unknown in the state.


Comment:
Generic placement remains controversial. The PULA (KY) coll. may be atypical in its narrow spike, dark shiny seeds, and rather short hairs; this may suggest E. contortus (S. brevibarbe var. c.) but giganteus remains the better identification.

JC: widespread at LBL; check AP and my field notes/colls.

EK: "gig" ESTI = alo.

Footnote:
This variable species is widespread from Central America to southeastern species, usually growing on seasonally wet sites; 2n = 30, 60, 90 (FNA 25). The coll. mapped here from PULA (KY) may be atypical in its narrow spike, dark shiny seeds, and rather short basal hairs in the spikelets. This coll. has been named E. contortus Ell. (S. brevibarbe var. c.), but giganteus remains the better identification. 

   Generic assignment of the four species here treated in Erianthus has been controversial; they may become included in Miscanthidium Stapf. (W).


Footnote:
This perennial is a widely scattered weed in northeastern regions, but uncommon to absent in southeastern states. The first record from Ky. was provided by Medley et al. (1983). G. mollugo is now locally abundant in low fields and stream corridors within northern counties of Ky. bordering the Ohio Rv., but it has not yet been found elsewhere. Variation needs further study (Cr, W); 2n = 22 to 88.


Comment:
Northern liimits are clearcut; unknown from PULA, ROCK, LAUR, etc.

Harvill: "barrens of Ky." (Short)

PU: EDMO Hussey 1874.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species, but in Ky. it is largely restricted to regions where open woodland or grassland was maintained by fire before settlement. Parthenium has a remarkably clearcut northern limit in Appalachian regions; it remains unknown in PULA, ROCK, LAUR, KNOX and BELL. This limit may reflect the northern extent of more open fire-maintained woodland before settlement (Campbell et al. 1991). 

   Several segregates have been described within this polyploid species (2n = 72), but they have not generally been recognized in recent treatments (M, FNA 21). These include the relatively large-headed, hairy and rhizomatous P. hispidum Raf., which should be investigated further (Mears 1975; Y). P. hispidum is largely midwestern, but reported also from Ill. and Tenn. The closely related P. auriculatum Britt. is reported from central Appalachian regions on calcareous soils; its basal leaves are relatively small and its cauline leaves are auriculate-clasping (W). 

   Rafinesque (1836, 2:25-26) described three additional taxa in Parthenium of Ky. that not become recognized at all by later authors: (1) angustifolium, "In the barrens or glades of West Kentucky"; (2) pumilum, "In the mts. Wasioto or Cumberland"; (3) amplectans, "Glades of Kentucky." Did these perhaps match hispidum, auriculatum and integrifoilium (sensu stricto), respectively?


Comment:
A western and southern weed; formerly cultivated by native people.

Footnote:
This is a common annual weed of the central and lower Mississippi Valley and elsewhere in central North America. It is probably adventive in some eastern states but appears native in Ky. A large-seeded selection was widely cultivated in east-central states for food by native people during the Woodland period, ca. 2000-4000 years ago  (Ford 1985, Smith 2006). Based on fossils, those plants were named var. megacarpa (Blake) R.C. Jackson, but they now appear to be extinct (St, M, W).


Comment:
Pat Haragan also has in Louisville Cherokee Park (old field).

Footnote:
This is one of the few alien species of Brassicaceae in Ky. that has true rhizomes; see also Rorippa sylvestris. Although a serious weed in western North America, it is rare or absent in southeastern states (PL, W). Lepidium draba L. may become the preferred name again (Y). 

   The closely related L. chalapense L. (= C. draba ssp. chalepensis) and L. appellianum Al-Shehbaz ( = C. pubescens) may also be expected (Y). These three "hoary-cresses" are noxious weeds that include a complex polyploid series: 2n = 16 (appellianum); 32, 64 (draba); 48-128 (chalepensis).


Footnote:
This winter/spring-annual is a variable species (2n = 14-70) has become increasingly common in east-central states during recent decades. It occurs mostly on agricultural land in a relatively narrow zone from Md. and Va. to s. Mo. and e. Kans. (K). In Ky. it was first recorded in the 1930s (B), and has now become a widespread weed, especially along dry roadsides.


Footnote:
This winter/spring-annual is a diploid (2n = 14), widespread over temperate North America. In Ky. it was first recorded during 1914 (Gm), but has now become a widespread weed, especially along roads and in cropland on the best soils.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993), perhaps Cusick; check catalogs.

Footnote:
This annual weed is widely scattered across temperate regions of North America. It was first found in Ky. during the 1980s (M). It is spreading, often in association with fresh ornamental plantings from nurseries.


FullName:
Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC.

Comment:
Another BULL (LO) coll. is noted var. intermedia (and it has relatively small broad leaves); but this is not generally recognized.

Footnote:
This is a widespread weedy annual from eastern North America to South America.
Some colls. can be referred to var. intermedia Fern., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments. These include an unusual coll. from BULL (DHL) with small broad leaves.


Comment:
The CART (MO) coll. could not be refound at MO; it may have been on loan. 

ah Harvill (1941)!
2 = Nelson (1919). 
3 = Price (1893). 

GH: "Ky. Short"; "C.W. Short 1840"

TRIG: (MB): RAthey-490 26Sep1968 wet woods at Hematite Lake; (MM) also coll.

MB: FTMcFarland & WWAndersonJr-288 20Aug1923 along Cane Creek; Arlington Ky. [!RBC 1981; det LoranCAnderson FL State Univ May 1993].

MB: only nine colls in addition to Missouri itself--with 29 colls.

Footnote:
This is widely distributed on damp fertile soils in east-central states, but curiously rare to absent in some of the most productive regions, such as the Bluegrass and Nashville Basin (Ch). Historic declines seem to have occurred across large eastern sectons of its range (FNA 20, W). There are few records from Ky., Ind. or Ill. after 1950-1970 (Anderson 1994). The increasingly imperiled status of this lowland perennial is presumably due to woodland clearance, associated farming and livestock. 

   H. suaveolens may be generally more palatable than Arnoglossum to large herbivores (Anderson 1994); 2n = 40 (versus 50-56). It can spread by slender rhizomes, forming large weedy patches in gardens (D, St). However, its widely spreading fleshy roots may be highly sensitive to drought, damage or fungus during the growing season, since plants can decline or die within 20-30 days after such shocks (in repeated experience of JC).
   
   Hasteola has been recently revived as a genus, containing only suaveolens and the disjunct endangered species in Fla., H. robertianum L.C. Anderson (Anderson 1994, FNA 20). However, subsequent research has shown that this genus is "deeply embedded" within a redefined Senecio (Pelser et al. 2007), and the name S. suaveolens (L.) Ell. has now been followed by W.


FullName:
Arnoglossum reniforme (Hooker) H.E. Robins.

Comment:
GH: GRNP, MENI, NELS, POWE.

JEFF: HMcMurtrie 1819

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across east-central states but perhaps most frequent in the southern Appalachians (W). It is generally restricted to partial shade or edges in mesic to submesic woods on fertile soils. Its virtual absence from the Bluegrass region, much of the Mississippian Plateaus and the Nashville basin (Ch) suggests excessive past influences of browsing or burning in those regions. See FNA 20 for notes on nomenclature.


FullName:
Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H.E. Robins.

Comment:
The FAYE (KA) record is excluded: coll. data is just "Lexington", 22 Jul 1892, J.S. Terrell; there are no other records from the Bluegrass region.

GH: BELL, CLAR, HARL.

Footnote:
In morphology, ecology and range, this species is similar to reniforme; but 2n = 50, 52 and 56 (versus just 50). It is generally more common throughout central and southern Appalachian regions to the mid-west. It typically occurs on drier or less fertile soils, and it appears more tolerant of disturbance or even light-demanding. Cr reported hybridization, but there does not appear to be definitive evidence (FNA 20).


Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is sometimes confused with verna, but it differs in several characters and its woodland habitat. There is no evidence of intergradation (Y).


Comment:
These collections appear to be correctly identified. 

CLAR (KY) by Beckett (1956) is mysteriously missing from KY, but it was cited by Medley (1993); check LO/MM. 

1 = Rossbach (1963). 

Garman 1914: "noted in cultivated grounds at Lexington."

There are several other erroneous or unverified reports; see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This alien is widespread across northern regions of North America, but in Ky. there only a few records. Several unverified reports are not mapped (M); there has been confusion witht the native macrosperma.


FullName:
Myosotis stricta Link ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Footnote:
Within North America, this weedy alien occurs mostly in northern regions.


FullName:
Leptochloa panicoides (J. Presl) A.S. Hitchc.

Footnote:
In the U.S.A., this largely South American weed occurs mostly on damp base-rich soils near larger rivers in the central and lower Mississippi Valley, plus elsewhere on the Gulf Coastal Plain. Most or all North American plants are considered adventive by some authors (W).


Species:
brachiata (filiformis, panicea ssp. b.*)

Comment:
1 = Price (1893 as "L. mucronatus"; also, there is a BALL record (RA) as "L. attenuata". These records are dubious but should be checked; L. mucronata (= attenuata) is often treated as a subspecies of panicea, but is otherwise unknown in Kentucky.

GREE in 2008 for WKY (Akin Tract)

Footnote:
This widespread weed occurs in cropland and similar habitats from South America.to southern states, where it is considered partly adventive. The closely related L. mucronata Michx. has a more southwestern range within North America. Both taxa been combined as subspecies of the cosmopolitan weed, L. panicea (Retz.) Ohwi, in some treatments (FNA 25). There may be colls. of mucronata from BALL (R. Athey; check EKY) and WARR (Pr; check MO), but those identifications have not been confirmed.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893 as "L. mucronatus"; WARR or EDMO.

Also, there is a BALL record (RA) as "L. attenuata". 

These records are dubious but should be checked.

L. mucronata (= attenuata) is often treated as a subspecies of panicea, but is otherwise unknown in Kentucky.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893); 
2 = USFS Stanton Ranger District data (perhaps vouched by D. Taylor); 
gj = G. Johnson (1988; 1989) data (roadside, but perhaps from planting); 
jh = "chinquapin rough", an old place name for the Anvil area (J. Hays, pers. comm.). 
hg = Garman (1913); perhaps dubious reports in some cases, but an historically important reasonably authoritative source; see also his records from LETC, PIKE, RUSS, WARR. 
BELL (ky) of GPJohnson is sativa of Clark; but cultivated tree.

This species has become endangered due to fire suppression and disease. See Abbott et al. (2004) for 2nd MADI (BE) record: one plant in Anglin Hollow; apparently persistent along ROWs/field edges, probably promoted in past by fires and perhaps associated animals.

JEFF: (LO) R. Finnie & H. Bishop 12 Jun 1932, Cherokee Pk hillsides; [note this park was highly "landscaped" by Olmstead et al ca. 1900...].

OLDH: (lo); NP "0.75 m N of Crestwood 1959 Jul 26" presumably coll of JJMathews; apparently seen before but no coll at DHL in 2008...

Footnote:
Before fungal blight and fire-suppression, this southeastern shrub or small tree may have been much more frequent, at least in Appalachian regions. Solid dots indicate verified native plants. Unverified historical records are mapped here as open dots, but those of Gm and others are hard to interpret. Some colls. may have come from planted or escaped individuals; these include some mapped by Johnson (1988) and CW. Although old colls. from JEFF and OLDH from roadsides or parks have been considered native in previous databases, their status is dubious. There appear to be no verified records of native plants from Ind. (D) or Ohio, despite recent mapping in those states by FNA 3 and others. There may be rare hybrids with dentata, as indicated by a coll. from adjacent Tenn. (Johnson 1988).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check also MM for FRAN, JEFF, etc. Lower case records are correctly identified but probably only from planted trees in most cases. The species can definitely spread by seed, as evidenced by seedlings near house of JC in Lexington.

Footnote:
This has been widely planted for its nuts. Most records mapped here may be from planted trees, but occasional self-seeding does occur. Open dots indicate uncertain status. C. mollissima is often confused with dentata, but can be distinguished by the persistently dense hairs on lower leaf surfaces and twigs (versus glabrate). Iits leaves tend to be smaller (mostly 10-15 cm long versus 15-25 cm) and less acuminate; also, trees usually have multiple stems (versus one dominant). Breeding of blight-resistant trees has involved hybridization between these two species, and further confusion can be expected as these hybrids become released. 

   The European species, C. sativa Mill., may also be expected in Ky. but remains unconfirmed (Clark et al. 2005; CW). Leaves of mollissima-dentata hybrids may be hard to distinguish from sativa, which combines stellate pubescence (as in mollissiima) with minute stalked glands, when young (J; Zander 2000). In dentata, glands are not stalked but embedded between veins, and twigs are completely glabrous.


FullName:
Ceanothus americanus L. var. intermedius (Pursh) Torr. & Gray


FullName:
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. bracteata

Comment:
Relatively low number of collections considering how common this species is.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species, with perhaps two widespread varieties. See notes under var. comosa, which is seperated here on a provisional basis.


Comment:
Need to recheck for varieties. An extra collection from FULT (KY) is labeled forma glandulosum.

WK: HART (JC 2007).

EK: HARL

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species, with variation that needs further study. Most material in Ky. is probably referable to the typical variety. Also, var. grimesii Fern. & Weatherby is recorded from LETC (B); var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & Weatherby is recorded from CALL (MUR); and forma glandulosum Fern. is recorded from FULT (KY).


FullName:
Geum canadense Jacq. var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & Weatherby

Comment:
Recheck CALL (MU) and other material. This variety has larger heads, with more numerous and larger carpels; also plants are more robust and hairy; it may be typical of mid-western plains, but is widely distributed.


FullName:
Geum canadense Jacq. var. grimesii Fern. & Weatherby

Comment:
This variety has less pubescence, or shorter hairs, in the inlforescence; it may be more eastern. More study of all material is needed.


Footnote:
This is centered in Appalachian regions or nearby, with western extensions into some hills of the Interior Low Plateaus. In Ky. it is widely scattered on poorer soils than canadense but often confused and overlooked. It differs in its small pale or greenish yellow petals (versus white), 2-4 x 1-2 mm long (versus 5-9 x 2-4.5 mm). Its largest stipules are mostly 1.5-5.5 x 1-1.5 cm (versus 1-2 x 0.5-1 cm) and coarsely toothed to lobed (versus subentire to toothed). Its leaves tend to be more coarsely toothed, with more obtuse tips, and are more abruptly reduced from base to summit. Lower stems and petioles are relatively long-hirsute (versus smooth to sparsely short-hirsute).


Comment:
FRAN (KA) is correctly identified but the only locality data is "Frankfort"; perhaps this was planted. There is also a coll from OLDH (LO) "near an old house site on Harrods Creek near Shiloh Lane" that is probably persistent from cultivation.
1 = source of Medley (1993); check Garman (1913).

RECHECK TAYL (KY).

Small made a genus Rubacer... check with Alice...

Footnote:
This is a distinct and relatively uniform northeastern species. It is locally common in the Cumberland Mts. of Ky. but rare further west. Some of the outlying colls. from FRAN (KY-Agr.), OLDH (DHL), MASO (M), MEAD (PH) and TAYL (KY) might be from escaped or cultivated plants, but the species is considered native in s. Ind. (D; M. Homoya, pers. comm.).


Species:
pumila (sylvestris ssp. mitis; P. malus)

Footnote:
This is the common cultivated apple. It is widely reported as escaped in North America but less frequently in warmer or drier regions, including s. Ky. and further south or west (PL). There has been some confusion in nomenclature between this species and M. sylvestris P. Mill. (the wild European crab apple), which is not verified in the state (M). Also, pumila can rarely hybridize with native apples (Sargent 1926; Cr).


Comment:
sp = Price (1893); also Anderson 1924 cites.

JEFF (LO): PADavies-73 17Sep1943 Beargrass Cr dry ground; -74 28Aug1943 Beargrass Cr dry hillside; -75 2Sep1943 Jefferson Hills.

JESS (jc) banks of Ky Rv below High Bridge; check colls/data; seed was grown.

Anderson: FAYE: "Clay's Ferry" 14 Sep 1834 RPeter KY; "Lexington" 6 Oct 1895 HGarman Agr Sch.

2n = 20, 40, 80

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable species in central and eastern North America; 2n = 20, 40, 80 (FNA 25). In Ky. it is locally common in remnants of native grassland, but has also spread locally into old fields and rights-of-way. It has become widely sown for wildlife and revegetation in recent decades; such plantings are excluded here, but will become more difficult to distinguish from native plants in the future. Sorghastrum is generally not native in the Bluegrass region, except for scattered plants along low rocky banks of the Kentucky Rv. and in some transitions to surrounding hills and valleys.


FullName:
Wolffia borealis (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt ex Landolt & Wildi

Species:
borealis ("punctata"; brasiliensis var. bo.)

Comment:
SHEL (LO) is almost completely consumed by herbarium insect; but it does has the subapical papilla of borealis.

Footnote:
This is widespread across the United States and southern Canada. Despite general under-collection of Lemnaceae, borealis is clearly less frequent than brasiliensis in Ky. and other east-central states (FNA 22, PL, W). W. borealis is closely related to brasiliensis and occurs in similar habitats.


Comment:
Some colls. may be x glauca, which can be difficult to distinguish.

Footnote:
This is a nearly cosmopolitan species of stagnant pond margins and marshes.


Comment:
Most colls. need more careful study. This may be confused with T. domingensis, which is recently reported from Kentucky (Jones 2005); does the latter have a similar hybrid origin?

also?? HENR EK Pitillo glauca (JC??)

Footnote:
This has increased in North America along with angustifolia, and it has been considered an incipient species by several authors (F, RAB, W). In Ky. these apparent hybrids are locally abundant and deserve to be mapped, but most colls. need further checking; see FNA 22 for detailed key. There could also be confusion with domingensis, if this is present; see notes under that name.


Footnote:
This is now about as widespread as latifolia in eastern North America, but it may have spread after colonization from coastal regions or even Eurasia (FNA 22). It is considered more tolerant of alkaline or saline conditions, and it has increased inland during the past 50-100 years, especially along winter-salted interstates. It was first documented in Ky. during the 1930s (B).


Footnote:
This southern (pantropical) species has been reported from the Ky. (J), but details are not available. It was recently found in w. Tenn. (Stewart Co.) about 10 miles from CHRI (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Hybrids can be expected with congeners; 2n = 30 (as in most/all Typhaceae sensu lato).


Comment:
BRAC (NK): 1998 etc. nr shore of Ohio Rv E side Meldahl Dam; also E end small slough nr Meldahl L&D on N side C&O RR tracks and Ky 8, ca 0.5 mi E of jct Ky 1109.

HEND (NP): RA?? 1973 Little Cypress Sloughg 4.5 mi N of Geneva.

Footnote:
This is widespread in northern and western states and adjacent Canada. In Ky. it is known only from marshy shorelines and sloughs along the Ohio Rv. (at Meldahl Dam in BRAC) or nearby (Little Cypress Slough in HEND).


Footnote:
This ranges widely over northeastern states, but it is most common along the coast of New England and along the midwestern Mississippi Flyway of migrating birds.


Footnote:
In Ky. this widespread variable eastern species (W) is the most common Sparganium but not generally abundant. It tends to occur in less stagnant water than Typha, often partially submerged in sluggish streams draining wetlands.


Comment:
This northern (circumboreal) species has been combined in some treatments with S. angustifolium Michx., S. chlorocarpum Rydb. or S. erectum L. ssp. stoloniferum (Graebn.) Hara.


Colls. are "chlorocarpum" of R. Athey 316 (BALL) and 731 (CALD); these however are said to have been misidentified and need checking (Medley 1993). This species has been combined in some treatments with S. angustifolium or with S. erectum ssp. stoloniferum.

Colls. of R. Athey from BALL and CALD (check EKY) were initially identified as S. chlorocarpum Rydb. following F (M); there are no other records.

Footnote:
This is a widespread northern species of boggy shores that has been known as S. chlorocarpum Rydb. (especially var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. to the south) or erroneously merged with the circumboreal S. angustifolium Michx. The few records of these taxa from Ky. (e.g. BA) are at least partly based on misidentified americanum (e.g. colls. of R. Athey at EKY) but deserve further checking. S. emersum is known from adjacent counties in s. Ill., s. Ind. and w. Va. (K, PL, W).


Comment:
CLIN (EK) Naczi: 4.5 mi. NW of Albany, 0.2 mi. W of Rt. 639, 0.8 mi. SW of Jct. of Routes 639 and 90; 4.5 mi. NW of Albany, ca. 0.6 mi. W of Rt. 639, 0.9 mi. SW of Jct. of Routes 639 and 90; Sphagnous opening in swampy deciduous woods dominated by Acer rubrum, Quercus phellos, and Liquidambar styraciflua.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastrern states on damp acid sandy soils, but rare to absent in much of the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys (K). In Ky. most records are clustered in or near streamheads of the southern Cliff Section, where there is probably a history of open grassy conditions.


Comment:
Discovered by A. Risk in 1991 at Hog Hollow, near Cave Run Dam.

Footnote:
This has an eastern range similar to torta, but concentrated in coastal states and completely absent from the upper mid-west (K). It is more restricted to strongly acid soils. In Ky. it is known only from the "Hog Hollow Seeps" in BATH, where discovered by A. Risk (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
This non-hardy species may not be truly naturalized.  The LIVI (NP) coll was found in 1996 by B. Palmer-Ball.

Footnote:
This floating aquatic weed has spread from tropical regions to warmer regions of southeastern states. There are a few colls. from western regions of Ky., but the plants probably cannot persist and spread unless winters become milder (W).


Comment:
FULT (NP): 1939 Reelfoot Lake; must be coll??

GRNP (NK) plants were naturalized from planting in a pond; ge

HEND (NP): 1980-1994 records but not colls???

Footnote:
This is widespread from eastern North America to South America (K, PL), with concentrations on the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains, Great Lakes region, and along its western margins in the Mississippi Flyway for migrating birds. It is rarely recorded in Ky., and more details are needed. The plants found in GRNP (KNK) to the northeast were assumed to be escaped from cultivation.


Comment:
LO: JEFF (A.T. Hotchkiss 14 Oct 1971 Falls of Ohio); MEAD (ATH Oct 1976 Doe Run stream).

NP: WAYN: 1996 Little South Fork at resurgence channel near Bell Hill School 3250 m upstream from Baldy Knob Road. (GLibby???)

1 = Price 1893 handwritten addenda; check MB

Footnote:
This narrow-leaved aquatic is widespread in most humid temperate regions of North and Central America, but it is rare to absent in more southeastern states. In Ky. it occurs in various kinds of streams, but becomes more common close to the Ohio Rv. and its major tributaries.


Footnote:
This southeastern aquatic is most common on lowlands draining into the Gulf of Mexico, and in mid-Atlantic coastal regions (K). It usually occurs along muddy shorelines of stagnant waters


Comment:
1 = L. McKinney (KSNPC). 
2 = Price 1893a handwritten addenda; check MB for coll

The LARU (bt) record may be H. rotundifolia.

MEAD (LO): ATHotchkiss 61-8-17-1, 17 Aug 1961, abundant tufts and clumps, leaves emergent, shallow water over soft mud, sink-hole pond nearly dried up, S of Brandenburg.

MEAD (LO): ATHotchkiss & DTindall, 2 Jul 1961, shallow edges of sinkhole pond, Fontaine's meadow, north side of Garrett Road.

BALL (LO): DChai & JEckstein 17 & 46, 3 Jul 1982, Ballard Co Wildlife Area, emersed in shallow water in Caster Lake.

MADI (np): ca 0.8 m w of US25 on Duncannon Rd, farm pond on S side in pasture

MARS (np): 2000 Jonathan Cr embayment of Ky Lake; E side old creek channel ca 800 ft N of Ky 80 bridge.

WOOD (KY): near Collis Tavern  on the Frankfort Road: Short?? recheck

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the southern Great Plains and lower Mississippi Valley (K). In Ky. it occurs mostly in old sink-hole ponds and sloughs. Some records should be rechecked for rotundifolia, which can be confused.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 28) is widespread in east-central states and the Great Lakes Region, but relatively uncommon. In Ky. it is largely restricted to subxeric woods on rocky calcareous slopes, especially along leached ledges or leads.


Comment:
Not confirmed. Reported by McFarland (1942); but the collection was lost in the 1948 fire. Other reports are erroneous.

Footnote:
This Eurasian weed (2n = 28) was reported from Ky. by McFarland (1942) and others, but no coll. is known and there has been some confusion with latifolium. It has not been confirmed in southeastern states (Ch, W).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check Mammoth Cave National Park records also for EDMO "seep".

GH: CALL ("corymbosum").

Footnote:
This shrub is widespread on damp sites across southeastern and Atlantic states, plus disjunct populations on the south side of the Great Lakes (K). It is closely related to the more widespread species, corymbosum, which tends to occur on drier sites, and these taxa have been combined by some authors (FNA 8). Intergradation is expected in western regions of Ky., and uncertain records mapped with open dots under corymbosum need to be reassessed. V. fuscatum differs in its black berries (versus blue); leaves pubescent below, typically with "dingy" brownish hairs (versus glabrous or thinly pubescent with whitish hairs); buds and twigs with brown to blackish hue (versus flesh to reddish).


Comment:
This coll. from ROWA (MO) needs further study; label data may be doubted also.


Footnote:
Allthough segregates have been recognized in the past (especially V. vacillans Torr.), this widespread species of east-central states has not been subdivided in recent treatments (FNA 8, W). Distinct but closely related species in this rhizomatous "lowbush" group of blueberries are known to the north, east and south of Ky. Some have occasionally been misidentified in the state, but none are verified (M): V. altomontanum Ashe, V. angustifolium Ait. and V. myrtilloides Michx. The more distantly related, creeping subshrub, V. crassifolium Andr. also appears to have been reported in error (BA).


Comment:
Most or all these would be "simulatum" of Camp. Uttal (see Medley 1993) still distinguishes corymbosum sensu stricto from CLIN (LB 2864), det . Camp; need to recheck taxonomy and identifications;. V. constablaei may be more western: CLIN, ELLI, PULA (LB).

GH: LAUR, ROWA.

Footnote:
This shrub is widespread on acid soils in much of eastern North America, but it  is largely absent in the midwest. Variation and hybridization in this species and its close relatives needs further study; see notes under fuscatum (a relatively distinct diploid with 2n = 24), simulatum (a tetraploid) and constablaei (a hexaploid). These and other segregates have been recognized in some treatments (Soltis et al. 2008; W) but lumped in others (FNA 8). In Ky. most or all wild plants are probably tetraploids. These "highbush" blueberries are generally taller than the rhizomatous "lowbush" group: up to (1) 2-3 (7) m versus no more than 0.5-1 m. They lack rhizomes but can shoot from running roots in some cases (see literature cited by W). Cultivars are becoming widely grown for blueberry production, and could escape in the future on suitable soils (Y).


Comment:
The HARL (TN) coll. is only vegetative. This species is also known from a few miles into TN within the Big South Fork NRRA. There is another recent record; check with Jones (2005) and his data.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian species has been recent discovered in HARL (EKY), on Black Mountain at ca. 3000 ft elevation, by R. Jones (Naczi et al. 2002). It is also known from within a few miles of the state line in Scott Co., Tenn. (Ch; M. Pyne, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This tree is widespread in eastern states but generally uncommon to absent on fertile base-rich soils. Further study of variation is needed to distinguish var. pubescens; see notes under that name.


FullName:
Diospyros virginiana L. var. pubescens (Pursh) Dippel

Comment:
This variety may not always be reliably seperated in the collections; it may be worth recognizing, being distributed mostly along the Mississippi and further west; see Weakley.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. Var. pubescens is recognizable mostly along the Mississippi and further west (Cr, W), where it is most distinct in wetlands (D. Estes, pers. comm.). It may be associated with the higher chromosome number (2n = 90 versus 60) that has been shown in this species (Baldwin & Culp 1941, Raymond 2006). However, variation often appears to be more complex or continuous, perhaps involving past hybridization with D. texana Scheele (2n = 30) to the southwest; more analysis is needed (Y, FNA 8). The leaves of var. pubescens are thinly but persistently covered with relatively long hairs below (versus glabrous or glabrescent), subcordate (versus cuneate to rounded) and often relatively large; also, twigs are hirsutulous (versus glabrous). 

   Another potential segregate, var. platycarpa Sarg., has been included under pubescens, as "an early ripening extreme with depressed fruits up to 7.5 cm across" (F) that is known from west of the Mississippi. In w. and s. Ky., relatively large fruits (ca. 3-5 cm across) are sometimes encountered, but never as large as reported for var. platycarpa.


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992) and Short (1840 "Little River" see TRIG), but probably based on lycioides; tenax occurs only on the southern Altantic Coastal Plain.


Comment:
FAYE (TN) was collected recently by Dwayn Estes. It is also noted from northern Kentucky by Jones (2005); check NK, EK. This has generally been overlooked or undercollected as a naturalized plant.

Footnote:
Occasional self-seeded plants of this commonly cultivated species ("golden-rain tree") have been collected in CLIN, BOYL (CW), FAYE (TENN) and JEFF (DHL). However, there do not seem yet to be increasing naturalized populations.


Comment:
Several colls. are difficult to assign to var. or have not been checked.

NY: MCRE Fuller determined.

1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979).

EK: ADAI CALD CASE CLIN HOPK LAUR MADI OHIO ROCK WHIT

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern taxon of wet acid soils on broad terraces and streamheads, usually associated with freshly deposited clay along small empheral streams that often dry up in summer and fall. Some colls. may be difficult to distinguish from herbiola, and should be rechecked. Typical flava and herbiola appear to be the only Platantheras in eastern North America that spread clonally with "elongate fleshy tuberoids" (F; FNA 26).


FullName:
Platanthera herbiola (R. Br. ex Ait. f.) new comb.

Comment:
Some colls. are difficult to assign to distinguish from typical flava, but species status appears to be justified.

LAUR (DO) is dupe from BE.

1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979).

EK: CASE ESTI FRAN HARL LETC LINC MADI NELS ROWA POWE WHIT

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon is generally distinct from typical flava, but ranges ovelap in the Ohio Valley and some colls. are hard to assign. In Ky. herbiola is largely Appalachian and occurs along small streams that flow most of the year. Species status has been proposed for herbiola by some authors (e.g. Short 1840, Sm, Homoya 1993), or entertained by some (e.g. FNA 26, W), but denied by others (e.g. Cr, Yatskievych 1999). 

   P. herbiola differs from typical flava in the lip, which is usually narrower, oblong and obtuse (versus broadly ovate to orbicular or quadrangular, often emarginate). Also, the spike is usually more congested, with at least the lower bracts much exceeding their subtended flowers (versus about equalling). There are 2-3 (5) full-sized leaves (versus usually 2), which tend to be darker green.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993): as follows
BOON & CAMP Buddell unpubl

2 = Price (1893).

3 = Garman (1914)

Check details, dates, listing...

LO: Jun 2008
RAthey #3376, 22 May 1976: Lola, moist field where Deer Creek crosses Ky 133 N

LIVI: (EK) RAthey-141 &163 8&13May1968 flat ground near stream at Deer Creek Bridge; RAthey 17May1970 cliff edges on Mantle Rock off Ky 133, 2 ni W of jct w/Ky 135;

Footnote:
This annual is known from across southeast-central states, generally in thin woods on fertile bottomlands and adjacent uplands, but it appears to have declined greatly and is generally rare (W; NS). It is virtually unknown to current botanists in Ky. 

   Some recent treatments and listings (e.g. K, Ch) have combined E. obtusata with E. spathulata Lam., a widespread western species that has smaller seeds (1.5-1.8 mm long versus 2-2.5 mm) with a distinctly alveolate surface (versus smooth or obscurely reticulate). E. spathulata is unknown in Ky. but may be expected across eastern states as an adventive; see also the European relative, E. helioscopia L. (Cr, W). Another related species is the more robust perennial, E. purpurea (Raf.) Fern., which is a globally rare species known from disjunct localities in or near the central Appalachians (including Adams Co., Ohio), and may be expected in Ky. (PL).


Comment:
JC has never seen this in Kentucky; perhaps it has been declining for some time.  Weakley indicates this is uncommon further east, typically on on fertile lowlands.
KY: POWE (MEW shaly bank of Copperas Cr); POWE (MEW open woods between West Bend & Pilot Knob); ROCK (MEW meadow nr Copper Cr); GRAY (BBMc Ky Hwy 54); MCLE (JCon Ky 85 2.5 mi WSW Sacramento); OHIO (nr US 62 W of Beaver Dam).

MCRE (TN): D. Estes & Wofford 2006 (?); coll to be checked.

LO: 2008 all damaged badly: as follows:
BULL: PADavies 1950 Jun 10; Ft Knox
TODD: RAthey 1976 Jun 12; Kirmansville, dry woods, roadside 1.3 m on Ky 107 N from Ky 171.
POWE: PDHiggins 1969 Jun 12; open dry woods base of Pilot Knob.
POWE: MEWharton 1953 Jun 25; open woods betw West Bend and Pilot Knob.

HART: RCassell: 2007 ne part of MCNP; has photo check in ditch.

BALL: also IA Anderson 1947

EDMO: check with Dan Boone; saw along Ky 70 (or GRAY?)

IN: MHomoya says most frequent in post oak flatwoods on sw counties.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered over eastern states, but it is rare in southern regions of its range and virtually absent on the Coastal Plain (W). It may have been most frequent in thin woods and edges on fertile, submesic lowlands and terraces, now increasingly influenced by agriculture and colonized by the more weedy, closely related species, syriaca; hybrids are known (Y). In 1914, Gm noted that purpurascens was "common on low ground, along streams and ditches." But it can also occur on seasonally dry uplands. Since 1980, it has been found in Ky. (pers. comm.) by D. Boone & R. Cassell on roadsides north of Mammoth Cave (EDMO/HART); by D. White along a trail at Big Bone Lick (BOON); and by D. Estes along a road in MCRE. In 30 years of field work in the state, JC and MM have recognized this species on only two or three occasions. 

   A. purpurascens differs from syriaca in its smooth fruits (versus muricate), its more deeply purplish flowers, which have hoods without distinct lateral lobes, and its generally fewer umbels. Also, its leaves are more densely puberulent below ("velvety-downy" versus "grayish-tomentose"), more glossy above, and generally narrower (F, Cr, W).


Comment:
Added colls. from ROWA (MO), HICK (MU) and perhaps elsewhere appear to be ssp. pulchra; more work is needed to see if this mostly northeastern taxon (with broader, hairier leaves) occurs here.  An added coll. from MCRA (LO) is f. albiflora.

Footnote:
This is widespread in open wetlands across eastern and central North America, usually on somewhat base-rich soils. In Ky. some colls. from HICK, ROWA and probably elsewhere may be referable to var. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Pers., which was treated as a ssp. by Woods. However, more work is needed to determine if that northeastern taxon of more boggy soils can be consistently distinguished within the state. It is more hairy; leaves are broader; and plants are less branched (W).


Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly in thin swampy woods.


Comment:
The species is locally abundant near Wendell Berry's place in HENR (jc).

JC: JEFF Cherokee Park.

Footnote:
This often overlooked shrub from northeast Asia has become locally abundant in some rural localities of the Bluegrass region, especially in hills along the lower Kentucky Rv. It has sometimes been confused with cathartica, and hybrids are suspected in the parks of JEFF.


Comment:
Listed by Browne & Athey (1992) but no collection has been located.


Footnote:
This small tree (known as "Russian olive") has been planted for "wildlife" and "reclamation" across North America for several decades. It is now locally invasive in western states, but does not appear to have become as widely naturalized in eastern states (Ch, PL, W, Y). The few Ky. records date from after 1970. E. angustifolia has distinctly narrow leaves (l/w ca. 3-8) and sharp thorny branches. Several records of K need further verification, and are mapped here with open dots.

   A related species, E. commutata Bernh., is native in northwestern North America, and its report from Ky. by BA was probably based on misidentified angustifolia (M). Both species have yellow fruits and persistently silvery-lepidote leaves. In contrast, umbellata and multiflora have red fruits; their leaves are soon green and glabrescent above; they have shorter shrubby growth and less developed thorns.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993): JEFF probably MM

Footnote:
This has been widely planted across North America (as "autumn olive"), especially for reclamation on mines or supposed benefits to wildlife, and it is now a problematic invasive alien in eastern states. In Ky. all records date from after 1970. Most or all plants may be referable to var. parvifolia (Royle) Schneid., but further taxonomic study of the genus in North America is needed.


Footnote:
This evergreen scrambling throny shrub, with flowers in fall and reddish fruit in spring, is scattered over warmer regions of southeastern states (PL, W). In Ky. it has been planted at several sites, but there is only one record of a self-sown plant: by MM (for WKY) from JEFF in 1987 (M).


Comment:
See also FAYE (Medley 1993; check Harvill 1941). The WAYN (EK) coll may be hydridized with undulatus, as determined by Almut Jones. Another CART (LB) coll was det as var. falcatus, not now recognized. Braun (1943) noted hybrids with cordifolius.

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this species is a variable hexaploid (2n = 48), widespread across eastern and central North America. Typical laeve is most common in midwestern regions, usually growing in grasslands and thin woodlands on base-rich soils. In Ky. there are records of apparent hybrids with undulatum and cordifolium (see colls. at EKY and B). Elsewhere hybrids are known with several other species in subsections Heterophylli, Dumosi and Porteriani (FNA 20).


Comment:
Braun notes: "roadside in valley" ; this collection needs to be checked. This relatively glabrous species is widespread in northeastern and southeastern states, but has been combined with the more pubescent biennis is some recent treatments.

GH: none. AR*, GA*, MD, MS*, NY*, PA*, VA, WV.  *Munz called these other ssp. names but Dietrich made all ssp. austromontana.

1 = Dietrich et al. 1997: HARL (CU, Barbour & Barbour 182, Black Mt.; MADI (KANU, Henderson 66-1013, 5 mi ne of Richmond); they also map CALL with no data.

Footnote:
This relatively glabrous, moderately large-flowered species (with petals ca. 2-2.5 cm long) may be derived from grandiflora (Dietrich et al. 1997). It is widespread in northeastern regions and the southern Appalachians above 800 m (W); there are also scattered reports west to Ky., Ind. and Mo. (PL). Colls. have been reported from HARL (Univ. of Colorado), MADI (Univ. of Kansas), MENI (B, check US), and perhaps CALL (Dietrich et al. 1997). Further study of colls. filed under biennis and parviflora is desirable.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check RA/Munz especially; GRAV & MCRA found now at GH! CALL at SIU.

GH: GRAV, MCRA; note some colls have broad lvs like fraseri!!; TN has Hamilton Co.

SI: GRAV, CALL.

Footnote:
This midwestern species may be somewhat adventive in southeastern states; it is an octoploid segregate of the fruticosa group (2n = 56).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check RA, MM; includes MCRA.

2 = Munz (1937). There has been unnecessary confusion with O. tetragona. Separation of this species from O. perennis may be difficult.

GH: EDMO ("var. lonipedunculata"), MCRA ("var. longistipata"), MCRE ("tetragona var. longistipata"; Braun 14 June 1935, S of Pine Knot, white-oak-pine, sandy woods; also 18 Jun 1935, South Fork Cumb. Rv, river bank).

Footnote:
This is reportedly a widespread, variable southeastern species of open grassy areas on acid soils (2n = ?28, 42 and 56)). However, there has been much confusion with plants known as tetragona, partly due to complex nomenclature that remains somewhat unresolved; see also fraseri. The "fruticosa group" may differ from the "tetragona group" (including fraseri) in their capsules, dense with mostly nonglandular hairs (versus sparse glandular hairs); also, leaves are densely pubescent (versus glabrous or sparsely pubescent). Capsules are typically clavate, widest above the middle, with a ca. 3-10 mm stipe (versus oblong, widest near the middle, with stipe less than 3 mm). There are various intermediate conditions and mixtures of characters. 

   Plants known as O. tetragona var. brevistipata (Pennell) Munz may be transitional from fruticosa to tetragona, with capsules that have a mixture of glandular and non-glandular hairs, and shorter stipes. These have been reported from Ky. (Munz 1965; W), but colls. are unknown.


Comment:
This species seems to be coming back as an occasional weed/waif in KY; it may be associated with particular crops or farming trends or global warming. See also Short (CI) from "barrens of Ky."

Footnote:
This is a widespread annual weed in pantropical to warm-temperate regions. Its native or alien status in the Ohio Valley remains uncertain. Under old synonyms, there are early Ky. records from Short (1833) and Rafinesque (1836a); and B noted a coll. of Short from "barrens of Ky." at Univ. of Cincinnati.

   S. occidentalis (L.) Link is another weedy annual that may be expected in Ky. It has a similar range but is relatively infrequent or rare to the north (PL).


Comment:
Apparently an occasional waif or persistent for a few years after (accidental?) plantings; see Abbott et al. (2002); Medley (1993). Need collection data.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in sandy soils near the Great Lakes and down the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In Ky. it has only been collected from a roadside planting in ROCK (BEREA). Some European species of Lupinus (albus, hirsutus, luteus) were tried for forage a century ago at the Univ. of Ky. with varied success, but none became widely used or naturalized (Gm).


Comment:
Reported by Rogers (1941), but probably based on mercurialina.


Footnote:
This tall annual polyploid (2n = 56) from the Great Plains has had widespread ornamental use (as "snow-on-the-mountain") for over a century (Pr), but there has not been much naturalization far from residences. In 1914, Gm noted: "Some years ago large tracts of it were observed by me along the Ohio River at Hawesville" [HANC].


Comment:
PULA (ky) is photo from KSNPC; from Potato Knoll at Lees Ford Marina on Fishing Creek.

Footnote:
This is known mostly from relatively base-rich soils in or near the southern Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn., Ga. and Ala. Plants in the Piedmont of N.C. and Va. are disjunct or adventive (W). In Ky. plants are generally found on low wooded slopes, especially along trails or roads. E. mercurialina is close to E. ipecacuanhae L. of the south Atlantic Coastal Plain, which was erroneously reported from Ky. by McFarland (1942).


Footnote:
This perennial has been widely grown for ornament, and it is now widely established across northern states, especially in disturbed ground.


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern North America; var. copallinum is largely restricted to Atlantic states (PL). The spelling copallina is incorrect (Y, W).


Comment:
Includes var. illinoensis which was determined for LB colls from PULA and maybe CART.

Footnote:
This is a variable, widespread eastern species. Records mapped here include more pubesacent plants that have been called var. illinoensis (Greene) Rehd., with colls. from PULA and perhaps CART (B). However, it remains uncertain if that midwestern segregate occurs in Ky. (F, Cr).


Comment:
Clark & Bauer (2001) note that it occurs in mesic woods and low ground near the Ohio River, within northern counties.

Footnote:
This northeastern species is widely scattered across Ky., but it is frequent only in northeastern counties along the Ohio Rv. Although R. hirta (L.) Sudworth is based on an earlier epithet that Reveal (1991) showed to be entirely valid, the mysterious International Code of Botanical Nomenclature rejected it for unspecified reasons (Appendix V in http:/ ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm).


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993), citing a coll at KA that needs to be relocated (check MM): Kane s.n., Fallsburg. 

Many other counties were reported by Garman (1914), but there are few collections remaining to support these records.

Footnote:
This is the only alien species of Cuscuta known from the state, and the only one in the distinct subgenus Cuscuta (with n = 7 versus mostly 15 in Grammica).  All records in Ky. were made during 1902-1914, when several counties were listed by Gm, but few colls. have been found. C. epithymum became epidemic in fields of clovers and alfalfa, commonly contaminating seeds collected from the crops. Intensive inspection and management appears to have eradicated the species in Ky., but it may still be widely scattered across northern states and adjacent Canada (F, Cr, PL).


Comment:
Probably not really naturalized; just rare escape from cultivation.

Footnote:
This southeastern biennial has been cultivated in gardens north of its range. The only Ky. record is a coll. from MCRA by R. Athey (#347, probably at MEM; BA).


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 22) is a weedy annual native to warmer American regions, but now pantropical. It is typical of shorelines and other open or disturbed habitats on damp fertile soils. The name E. alba (L.) Hassk. has been applied to plants in the Western Hemisphere, but these may not be clearly distinct (FNA 21, Y and citations).


FullName:
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. helianthoides

Comment:
Some records may be transitional to var. scabra: ANDE, HENR, JESS, MADI, MCRA, SCOT, WOOD. However, true var. scabra is probably more distinct and strictly western.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states. In its broader sense, helianthoides is a widespread eastern species (2n = 28), but with a relatively distinct segregate in southeastern regions (gracilis) and a less clear-cut segregate in midwestern regions (scabra). See notes under scabra.


FullName:
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fern.

Comment:
GRAY pm = Peggy Measle, Third Rock (pers. comm.); 
coll may have been made; I did seee fresh specimens!!!

Most material appears intermediate to var. h. but the CHRI, HART, LOGA & GRAY plants are more distinctly scabrous.

AP: CHRI!!! McGaughey Swamp

Footnote:
This largely midwestern taxon intergrades with the more eastern var. helianthoides in Ky. and elsewhere (FNA 21). Colls. from CHRI (B, APSU), GRAY (R. Seymour), HART (P. Measle), LOGA (WKY) and perhaps elsewhere do appear relatively distinct in their narrow, scabrous leaves.


FullName:
Rudbeckia grandiflora (D. Don) J.F. Gmel. ex DC. var. alismifolia (Torr. & Gray) Cronq.

Comment:
Known from just one collection, apparently adventive; perhaps from a planting?--check data and context. This is an Ozarkian and southern species (MO, OK, TX, LA, GA).

Footnote:
This taxon occurs mostly on the Gulf Coastal Plain, west of the Mississippi Rv. 
Var. grandiflora is largely Ozarkian (FNA 21), but may be native in some disjunct prairies and glades as far as nw. Ga. (W). Var. alismifolia is known from two old colls. in JEFF (DHL), which could have been native or adventive: P.A. Davies #743/748, 2/4 Aug 1943, uncultivated field/dry hillside, Illinois Avenue. There are no other records of this species from the state.


Comment:
Reports of J. dichotomus (tenuis var. platyphyllus), a southern coastal plain species, may be referrable to dudleyi; 
1 = Greenwell's (1935) record of dichotomus; 
2 = Price's (1893, handwritten addenda) record of dichotomus.

EK: CLAR FRAN etc

NK: MADI CLAR MCRE

Braun 1967: bracteoles blunt (but not in Y etc?)
F sheaths firm stramineous-drab (rarely purplish)

Footnote:
This is widespread in seasonally wet base-rich soils across temperate regions of North America, but virtually absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain, where it is replaced by the closely related species, dichotomus. It is less tolerant of frequent disturbance than tenuis, but often occurs along scoured rocky banks of streams and rivers.

   Compared to others in the tenuis group, dudleyi is diagnosed by its short glossy yellowish-brown leathery auricles (versus pale papery), relatively blunt bracteoles, perianth ca. 4-6 mm (less in most other taxa), and longer anthers (ca. 0.6-1 mm versus 0.4-0.6 mm).


Comment:
Presence of this western close relative of dudleyi is not confirmed; colls. of R. Athey were not found at MU. But JC initiailly confused with secundus etc

LG Hickek & MJ Fuller #11 from CARL (MU,LO) is tenuis.

LO: CAMP GFBuddell & JWThieret 115, 31 May 1980; occ in sunny depressions below RR tracks near Rt 8-Rt 1998 intersection in Silver Grove. JC: this has auricles, sheath margins of interior but perianth of dudleyi... ???

EK: FLOY RAthey 4660 "interior" is anthelatus.
EK: possible interior (after id by Landon as misc spp); or are these just secundus or anthelatus etc??
ROCK HOPK FRAN CRIT LINC CLAY CLIN BATH WHIT MADI JACK
LMcKinney ids collS from WHIT (Grove Rd and Wolf Cr Church) but JC thinks secundus

B67: perianth 3-4 mm auricle stramineous drab or tinged with brown/red
DB says taller just prairies
F pale brown to drab sheaths membranaceous-margined (= ten "green or drab with whitish friable broad scarious margins"); aurlces short grad rounded following sheath (versus plat and ten)

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. Although combined with tenuis by some authors (Cr), interior it is still generally recognized as a separate taxon. It is widespread in prairies from the Great Plains to Mo., Ill. and Ind., but uncommon to rare in most of the Ohio Valley, where it is often confused with related species. Compared to tenuis, interior grows in more dry and open habitats on varied types of soil. J. interior has been mapped in Ky. by FNA 22, and R. Naczi has identified colls. from marshy shorelines and depressions in lowlands of BOYD, CAMP and GRNP. Colls. of R. Athey from BALL, FULT, GRAV and MCRA need to be rechecked (presumably at MEM). 

   Compared to other species of the tenuis group, interior generally lacks distinctive characters (F; Braun 1967; FNA 22; Y). It appears to differ from tenuis only in its shorter auricles (ca. 0.5-1 mm versus 1-4 mm), acute-acuminate bracteoles (versus blunt-acute), and its more open inflorescences (sometimes suggesting anthelatus or secundus).


Comment:
EK: CRIT!? maybe MADI no! = dichotomus?
only CRIT? seems distinct at EKY but even this NOT 3 locular capsule!!!
RA 4369 12Jul1979 dry open slopes in woods Ky 1668 2 mi from jct US 60W.

EK Landon dets checked but not right??
BELL (ex BEREA); WHIT (Grove Rd)

NK: KENT CAMP MADI all weedy sites !!! (earlier records redet by JC as anthelatus etc)

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This species occurs mostly on seasonally dry infertile soils from the central Mississippi Valley to Appalachian and northeastern regions. It is often misidentified as tenuis or other species, and further study of colls. from Ky. is needed. Some records mapped here may be transferable to interior. 

   Distinctive features of secundus, compared to others of the tenuis group in Ky., are as follows (F, Cr, FNA 22, Y): capsules subglobose, 3-locular or nearly (versus usually more united); perianth usually 2.5-3.5 mm long (versus 3-6 mm); inflorescence with flowers secund along incurving branches (versus not so), often longer than primary bract (versus usually shorter or inconsistent); leaves usually < 1/3 height of plant (versus usually 1/3 to 1/2). 

   J. brachyphyllus Wieg. (= J. kansanus F.J. Herm.) is a western relative of secundus with larger perianth and less secund branches that has been suggested in w. Ky. (J) and w. Tenn. (W), but details of records are unknown. Its nearest well-known populations are in sw. Mo and nw. Ark. (FNA 22).


Comment:
1 = Fuller (1980); but not located at MU. 
2 = McKinney et al. (report to NPS); but no Nicely & Gough 3103 collection has been located at WK (see Medley (1993). 
3 = Grossman & Pitillo (1962). 
These reports may be dubious; there has been some confusion with altissimus or other species; only the one FAYE (KY-Agr) collection can be located: PMPhillippe 1Jun1938, Lexngton.

2n = 20

Footnote:
Within North America, this alien occurs mostly in southern states. There is a coll. from FAYE (KY-Agr.), but other reports are not verified (M). R. pulcher has been confused with altissimus and other native species, but it is an alien closely related to obtusifolius (FNA 5). R. pulcher is generally less robust than obtusifolius, with more spreading inflorescence branches, and tubercles are usually verrucose (versus smooth); 2n = 20 (versus 40).


Footnote:
This robust alien weed is widespread in temperate regions of North America. See note under pulcher.


Footnote:
This widespread dioecious perennial alien weed, with creeping roots, was first reported a century ago. In 1914 Gm noted: "has of late overrun the cultivated land of Kentucky. It has been introduced in large quantities with clover and other seeds [including bluegrass], and it is being scattered still further with several of our small-seeded forage plants." However, it is not now a serious agricultural or horticultural weed. See FNA 5 for notes on variation; North American plants are generally referable to ssp. pyrenaicus (Pourret ex Lapeyrouse) Akeroyd.


Footnote:
This tall rhizomatous herb has become a widespread weed across temperate North America. In Ky. it is especially common along some Appalachian streams and rivers. Sight records of SE are mapped here as open dots.

   R. japonica and the intergrading sachalinensis comprise a polyploid complex (2n = 44 ro 132). The generic assignment of those two species remains controversial; Reynoutria may best be merged with Fallopia (as reviewed by W).


FullName:
Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) Nakai

Comment:
CART (EK): ETBRowne-11334 1965Sep11 Ky 174 low roadside 0.9 mi W of jct with US 60 near Olive Hill; base of slope at edge of deciduous woods.

Footnote:
This giant rhizomatous herb from the Sachalin Islands has spread form northeastern states down the Ohio Valley into ne. Ky. within recent decades. It deserves further attention as a potentially invasive species. The hybrid with japonica ( X bohemica J. Chrtek & A. Chrtkova) has also been reported from Ky., and is often confused with these species (FNA 5). In addition to gross morphological intermediacy, the hybrid differs from japonica in having leaf blades "obscurely puberulent along some veins abaxially, tips of hairs acute" (versus obscurely scabrous, with blunt tips).


FullName:
Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub var. scandens

Comment:
Lower case records need checking for var.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 20) is widespread in eastern and central North America, especially in riparian zones but also weedy on some uplands with damp fertile soils.


FullName:
Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub var. cristata (Engelm. & Gray) new comb.

Comment:
Some colls need rechecking. This may deserve species status as P. cristatum. "P. dumetorum" appears to have been often misapplied in North America; this is another variety, alien from Europe but unknown in Kentucky. Check MI for Wharton (1945). 

1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991) for MERC WOOD

EK: ANDE CLAR CLIN ESTI GARR LETC MERC MONT WOOD (incl Wharton colls)

Footnote:
These plants should probably be treated as a small-seeded variety of scandens that tends to occur in drier habitats (F, FNA 5, W). Horton (1972) showed that the variation may be continuous, but further study is needed in the field, garden and herbarium. It is notable that these plants often occur in acid subxeric woods with chestnut oak, while typical scandens occurs in fertile lowland woods. 

   F. dumetorum (L.) Holub, in its strict sense, is an alien from Europe that has often been confused with var. cristata and reported from Ky. (B, M, FNA 5), but no verified colls. have been seen. See also notes under convolvulus.


Comment:
Check CALD (KA) or other collections; this may just be cultivated. Perhaps just a form of F. baldschuanica an Asian cultivated and sometimes escaped (FNA 5).

Footnote:
This woody vine is cultivated, under various names, and may occasionally escape. There is a coll. from CALD (KY-Agr.) that needs rechecking for identify and provenance. F. aubertii (Henry) Holb may just be a form of baldschuanica (FNA 5, W).


Comment:
Recheck may be needed for some versus cristatum or cilinodis. Check MM for OWEN etc.

EK: FRAN MADI

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 40) is a widely scattered Eurasian annual weed, especially in or near urban areas, but it is not nearly as common in Ky. as the native perennial, scandens. There has been much confusion with scandens, especially var. cristata. Plants known as convolvulus var. subulatum Lej. & Court resemble scandens var. cristatum in their relatively large winged calices (F).

   In addition to its annual habit, convolvulus differs from scandens (F, FNA 5) in its granular-puberulent calices (versus mostly smooth); its minutely roughened achenes (versus all lustrous); its smaller flowers (up to 3.5-5 (8) mm in fruit versus 4-10 mm), on relatively short pedicels; the usually undeveloped keels on its calices (occasionally up to 0.4-1 mm versus usually 0.5-3 mm); and the more acute sagittate lobes of its typically narrower leaves.


Comment:
The ROBE (CI) is a Short coll from "Blue Licks."

Footnote:
This weedy native is widespread across North America.


Comment:
Records are only from cultivated or persistent individuals.

Footnote:
This variable polyploid (2n = 48) is the common, commercially produced plum, probably derived from P. cerasifera Ehrh. and P. spinosa L. Although widely grown and often persistent in eastern states, there is little evidence of spread from seed. Ky. records include colls. from persistent trees in LYON and TRIG (Chester 1992; APSU).


Species:
speciosa (lagenaria; "japonica"; "X superba")

Comment:
LETC (EK) is labeled C. fontanesiana; name needs checking. All records may be from persistent plantings as opposed to natualization from seed; however, the spreading root systems are a factor. Much more widespread than indicated by collections.

Footnote:
This ornamental shrub is widely grown in northeastern states (as "flowering quince" or often just "Japonica"). Some horticultural literature indicates that the common cultivar was developed in Japan as a hybrid ("X superba") of speciosa, a Chinese species, with C. japonica Lindl., but there is little difference from typical speciosa (e.g. Wang et al. 2010). Although very persistent from old plantings, this plant has not generally been considered naturalized until recent decades (after F and Cr). Browne (1974) provided the first record of persistent plants in Ky., and establishment from seed has not yet been documented.


Comment:
This ROWA (MO) coll. has correct id.: K. Carr 570, 20 Aug 1936, sandy creek bank, Elliotsville, Ky.  However, these label data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992).

Footnote:
The main range of this eastern species is to the north, but it is also widespread to the east and south of Ky. There is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) labeled: K. Carr #570, 20 Aug 1936, sandy creek bank, Elliotsville. However, these data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992). Unlike other species of Utricularia reported from Ky., cornuta is generally attached to soil, with minute bladders on roots and minute linear leaves usually hidden below ground (versus dissected and conspicuous on floating stems); 2n = 18.


Footnote:
In recent years, U. inflata Walt. has been reported to KSNPC from CASE, LAUR and POWE by T. Barnes (pers. comm.) and others, but colls. have not yet been seen. The plants in POWE were established artificially in a pond (D. Dourson, pers. comm.), but those in LAUR appear to be native. U. inflata, in its strict sense, is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain (W). It is replaced inland by the closely related U. radiata, which is more widely distributed in eastern states and probably includes any Ky. plants; 2n = 28.


Comment:
1 = R. Hines, pers. comm. (pond in Faubush swamp). 
2 = J. MacGregor (pond on Beatyville road). 
3 = Beal & Thieret (1986) but collections are not located; Mar 2007 MEAD (L0)!!
4 = JC from Jackson Pond. See also LAUR (BE): Feltner Lake.

MEAD (LO): "Beauty Bog" on Brandenburg Rd.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern states, and also occurs in Pacific states and Central America. Plants known as U. biflora Lam. and U. fibrosa Lam. may generally be included in gibba, but further taxonomic work is needed (Cr, W). There are no reliable records from Ky. of those other two taxa (M).


Comment:
There are probably several other colls. but needing more study. Though scattered widely, these do not seem to form populations.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); check RA. Most material is relatively glabrous, matching var. laevigatus; only BATH and perhaps HOPK (JC) may be typical pubescent var. verticillatus. However, this distinction is not recognized in most current treatments; there is little geographic separation.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. Most plants in Ky. are relatively glabrous, matching var. laevigatus Torr. & Gray. Colls. from BATH and HOPK (KY) match the pubescent var. verticillatus. The latter has been considered to have a more coastal range (Cr), but the distinction has not been made in some recent treatments (e.g. Graham 1975; W).


Comment:
1 = J. Grubbs (pers. comm.), based on field work with Division of Water; check collections there. 

Weakley suggests potential combination of Didiplis with Lythrum.

Footnote:
Although widely scattered across southeastern states and up the Mississippi Valley to Minn., this monotypic aquatic herb is rarely recorded. In Ky., it appears to be associated with large old mature oxbow lakes and ponds, which may draw down substantially in the summer.


Comment:
Formerly known as "pallida" in KY.

see also lb records

WK: HART (recent by AM/RN on Biorserve).

Footnote:
This occurs only in calcareous glades of the Interior Low Plateaus and Ozark Region or nearby (FNA 21, Y). It was formerly included within E. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., which has a more western and southern range, often on deeper soils. E. pallida is tetraploid (2n = 44 versus 22 in simulata); its pollen is larger and white (versus yellow when fresh), and there are other subtle differences. Another western taxon in this complex, E. angustifolia DC., has also been erroneously reported by BA from Ky. (M).


Comment:
The ROWA (NK) coll. was initially misidentified as N. marina.

Footnote:
This aquatic has spread across eastern North America, especially in eutrophic waters. The first record from Ky. was provided by Greenwell (1935). A coll. from ROWA (KNK) was initially reported as N. marina L. (Cranfill & Thieret 1981).


Comment:
There is a collection with this name at Michigan State Univ., made by R. Peter, 21 Jun 1834, "Ky. Rv."; this northern species is unlikely in Kentucky, and might have been confused with P. nodosus or other species.

To be checked; not in FNA for Ky.--could this be tennesseensis?


Comment:
There is also a C.W. Short coll. at PH, labeled "Ky." and named "heterophyllus" (an old synonym),  "indet"; see notes under tennesseensis.

Check JACK versus MADI (BE) for location in Owsley Fork Reservoir.

LAUR (NP, EK): 1996 Rockcastle Rv ca 0.65 MI S of Ky 80 bridge, 10-30 ft from LAUR shore.

LINC (ph) is tentatively based on the Short collection determined "amplifolius" (see below).

PULA: (EK) FCarter-84 30Jun1988; S side of pond at jct Hwy 328 and Goochtown Rd.
PULA: (EK) BFields-898 20Jul1996; ca. 0.5 mi south of Ky 80 bridge over Rockcastle Rv; sev clumps 10-30 ft from shore.
PULA see also amplifolius

Footnote:
This is widespread across North America. Old or obscure records of amplifolius from Ky. are provisionally included here, pending more detailed examination. Submersed and floating leaves are ca. 2-5 cm wide in both species, but illinoensis differs in several characters (FNA 22); and 2n = 104 (versus 52). Hybrids have been reported. 

   P. amplifolius is a northern and western species, not mapped in Ky. by FNA 22 but "to be expected." There is a coll. from LINC (PH) determined in 1953 by "H.A.W." as amplifolius, which needs rechecking. This coll. was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s in the "Dicks Rv near Crab Orchard", and was originally named P. lucens auct. (not L.). A recent coll. from Buck Creek in PULA (KNK) was referred to amplifolius by Clark et al. (2005), but this also needs to be rechecked. P. illinoensis is expected in the Dix Rv., since it is locally abundant in the Little South Fork, a similar stream to the south.


Species:
pusillum ("triphyllum"; triphyllum ssp. p.*)

Comment:
Perhaps typical of wetter sites but all colls. need checking in light of updated taxonomy. Are these plants really distinct from ssp. triphyllum in Kentucky? GREE (jc from Exie Woods), JACK (jc) and LAUR (jc) refer to streamhead and swampy flatwood populations that need collection.

Footnote:
This has a largely southeastern range, and is particulalrly distinct on the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain (FNA 22, W). Distinction from typical triphyllum needs further research; identification in the herbarium is difficult. Treatment as subspecies may be preferred, but intergradation is unknown. In Ky. some populations of these rather small late flowering plants appear to be associated with relatively damp and acid soils, especially in flatwoods and streamheads of the Mississippian and Appalachian Plateaus.


FullName:
Polygonatum commutatum (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) A. Dietr.

Species:
commutatum ("canaliculatum", biflorum* var. commutatum)

Comment:
Species is debatable; there are also collections from at least 25 counties throughout the state that appear intermediate between P. biflorum and P. canaliculatum.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 40) is concentrated in midwestern regions and occurs on relatively mesic fertile sites, more often on floodplains than typical diploid biflorum; it is the only Polygonatum known in Mo. (Y). Despite several general differences (F, W), this taxon may sometimes be indistinct from typical biflorum (Cr, FNA 26, W). Variety status has often been preferred, and further research is needed to clarify phylogeny and nomenclature (A. Floden, pers. comm.). 

   P. commutatum differs from typical biflorum in its greater average size, ca. 20-90 cm in height (versus usually 6-20 cm). Leaves are subpetiolar, clasping to sheathing at base (versus virtually sessile, not clasping), 3.5-13 cm wide (versus 1.2-6 cm), the larger ones with ca. 110-220 nerves (versus 50-120) and more corrugated. Peduncles have 2-10 flowers (versus 1-5); the perianth is typically 17-20 mm long (versus 7-15 mm), with 5-6.5 mm lobes (versus 3-4 mm).


Comment:
It is not clear if these colls. are from truly naturalized plants.

Footnote:
Although widely grown in Ky. since early settlement, and sometimes escaping near gardens (Gm), this "Lily of the Valley" has not spread significantly over the landscape and there is no evidence of seedlings. There are colls. from FAYE and MADI (EKY), probably from persistent plantings.


Comment:
Y. flaccida, with pubescent inflorescence, is generally combined; but this should be reexamined for possible separate mapping (Jones 2005).


M: "Infrequent, locally established on roadsides, in oldfields, in open glady areas, and on limestone cliff edges in Hickman County on the Coastal Plain; Barren, Breckenridge, Edmonson, Hardin, Hart, and Pulaski counties on the Highland Rim; Grayson County on the eastern margin of the Shawnee Hills; and Carter County on the Allegheny Plateau.  Probably more widespread.  The statement "grows abundantly on the Cumberland Mountains in the s.e. corner of Kentucky" which Short (1840) quoted from Rev. Mr. Jones of Hopkinsville, is certainly an error."

Footnote:
Typical filamentosa is native to the southeastern Coastal Plain (centered in Va. to Ala.), but it is also cultivated inland, and has become widely naturalized. There is no conclusive evidence that is was native in Ky. before settlement, though there were references to a potential common name for it, "beargrass."  Short (1840) noted: "A showy and ornamental plant, frequent in garden; and which I am informed by the Rev. Mr. Jones, of Hopkinsville, grows abundantly on the Cumberland mountains, in the S.E. corner of Kentucky." However, early use of the name "beargrass" may have implied Tripsacum dactyloides (see notes under that name) or some other coarse grass (Short suggested Echinochloa). See also notes under Y. flaccida.


Species:
flaccida (smalliana, filamentosa var. s.)

Comment:
See Y. flaccida for comments; further study is needed to determine if this taxon is naturalized in the state.

Footnote:
The native range of this taxon is centered on the Gulf Coastal Plain (especially Ga. to Miss.), but it has also been widely cultivated and naturalized, perhaps as far north as filamentosa (FNA 26; J, W). It has often been combined or confused with filamentosa, and may best be treated as a variety. Colls. generally need to be reexamined. 

   Y. flaccida differs from typical filamentosa in its smaller flowers (with tepals ca. 3-5 cm long versus 5-7 cm) and pubescent (versus glabrous) inflorescence branches. Also, its leaves tend to be narrower (ca. 1.5-4 cm versus 2-6 cm), thinner and more pliable, flat (versus concave upwards), and with the apex attenuate to a spinose point (versus acute to obtuse).


Comment:
Plants from ROBE, FLEM and LEWI are all f. tigrinum (leaves purple maculate).  Elsewhere, this forma is rarely if ever recorded: HARD (mm)?

FLOY (jc): check notes and colls: curious rich soil on upper slope/ridge.

Footnote:
In Ky. and Tenn. almost all records of this southeastern species are from calcareous sites, but to the south and west it also occurs on non-calcareous sites (Y, W). Leaves vary much in shape and coloration. Colls. from FLEM (KY-Agr.), LEWI (B), ROBE (B) and perhaps HARD (KY) are referable to var. tigrina Engelm. (as named within Agave), with purple-maculate leaves. That segregate was considered a distinct species by Sm, but it is not recognized at all in recent treatments.


Footnote:
This commonly cultivated rhizomatous vegetable (asparagus) often persists in abandoned gardens and it appears to have spread by seed in many areas.


Comment:
See also Abbott et al. (2004). 

1 = J. Aldrich (sight record at Cave Hollow). 

There is a KA coll. from "Filson, Ky." which may be in Fleming Co.

CLAY and ROCK (LO): not there in 2008; were these KSNPC colls assumed here; check at EKY instead...???

POWE: jc (in NBridge area?); weckman (EK) in new tract...

Footnote:
This is known mostly from the central and southern Appalachians, in mesic woods on fertile soils. In Ky. it is uncommon to rare, even within suitable habitat.


FullName:
Celtis occidentalis L. var. crassifolia (Lam.) Gray

Comment:
To be evaluated; see notes under the species. This taxon is generally combined with typical occidentalis in recent treatments.


FullName:
Celtis occidentalis L. var. canina (Raf.) Sarg.

Comment:
To be evaluated; see notes under the species. This taxon may be somewhat distinct, and more widely distributed in the state, whereas typical occidentalis seems more common in the Bluegrass region, perhaps more on uplands.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); check RA, MM.

CLAR (jc): Sep 2007 few plants on JK Smith glade; to check.

MADI: EK Gumbert coll Ky 1986 3 mi NE of Ky 374 in grassy gas pipe line

Check: also at Blue Licks???

CALL: "coccinea" or "angustifolia" of RAthey but recheck.

Raven & Gregory 1972: Filipes: BARR (B, CM); EDMO (ILL); HART (WISC); NELS (B); PULA (MO+); WAYN (B)

Footnote:
In Ky. this perennial is probably all var. major Torr. & Gray, which has not been distinguished from typical filipes in recent treatments but deserves further attention (Munz 1938, 1965; F). Var. major has larger petals (ca. 6 mm long versus 4-5 mm), larger calyx segments (8-10 mm long versus 5-7 mm), and larger leaves (mostly 3-7 cm long versus 2-5 cm). It occurs mostly in the Interior Low Plateaus (except the Bluegrass region) and perhaps other calcareous localities in southeastern states. In Ky. it is restricted to calcareous glades or nearby, whereas the habitat for typical filipes further south is "sandy pine-barrens" (F) or "sandy fields, disturbed areas and clearings" (W). 

   Reports from Ky. of the southern biennial, G. angustifolia Michx., have probably been based on filipes (M). There has also been confusion with longiflora in southeastern states; see notes under that name. Identifications can be unreliable when based simply on stipe length, which is usually (0.5) 1.5-3 (4) mm in filipes, versus usually 0-1 mm in other native eastern species, but often up to ca. 2 mm in some longiflora and angustifolia. The slender "clavate-obovoid" shape of the fruit in filipes is also important to note; in other eastern species, the shape is fusiform to ovoid and usually less tapered to the base.


Comment:
Collections need locating: 
ah 1 = Harvill (1941); recheck sources...
2 = S.B. Jones (1972); Brittonia 24: 28 yes one dot in HEND
sp 3 = Price (1893). 

Garman 1914: like altissima but smaller heads (ca. 20 flw/head); leaves narrower (to linear above), sometimes scarcely serrate, smoother; JC seems to fit.

Also reported from JESS by McFarland (1941) but dubious given recent surveys of this county. 

This mid-western species occurs in s Illinois; like gigantea but more glabrous.

Footnote:
This midwestern species of wet prairies has been reported from Ky. (e.g. Jones 1972; FNA 19), with reference to colls. in BALL, HEND, WARR and perhaps elsewhere (M), but details of these colls. are not available. V. fasciculata does occur nearby in s. Ill. It differs from gigantea in its leaves glabrate below, with pits that contain awl-shaped hairs or glands (FNA 19). Jones included the coll. from HEND within the rather disjunct, northern ssp. corymbosa S.B. Jones (with relatively small scabrous leaves and shorter stems). However, that segregate has been hard to distinguish from hybrids between fasciculata and gigantea (St, Y), and it was not recognized in FNA.


Comment:
Needs to be verified. CARL (si): O'Dell & Winkler 986; closer to gigantea according to Medley (1993). See also Browne & Athey's (1992) note of a collection at ME. This Ozarkian species is close to gigantea but has more pointed recurved phyllaries.

SI: 2008 NO not the CARL coll which is missurica; but YES the following!!!
CALL: DO'Dell & DWindler-1080 21Jul1962 roadside NW of Murray.

Footnote:
This largely Ozarkian species is known nearby in Mo. and s. Ill. It is close to missurica, but has more hemispheric (versus somewhat urceolate) heads only ca. 4-6 mm high (versus 7-10 mm), with phyllaries more resin-dotted, usually more pointed and recurved, but highly variable (FNA 19). The only known Ky. coll. is from a roasdside in CALL (SIU); reports from CARL and FULT were based on misidentified missurica (Mohlenbrock et al. 1966; SIU). V. baldwinii has also been reported from Ky. in BA (check EKY) and FNA 19. The coll. from CALL appears at least transitional to var. interior (Small) B.G. Schub.


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): HARL (BE), near Pine Mt. Settlement School, also reported by Ben Begley (pers. Comm.); 

 Some records are dubious. 
1 = Ettman and McAdoo (1978); 
2 = Greenwell (1935); check dispersal of her collections and what she says.

CART (np): "Carter Caves SP S-face sandstone slope near Raven Bridge (Natural Arch)" id tent
EDMO (np): check sources 1941 ?? col??
LAUR (BE), Rock Creek.
MENI (LO): PDHiggins #1252 9May1969 rich woods along Ky 715.
MORG (ky): perhaps trans to pubescens; BSMiller & CGOldfield 36 (2 sheets), 12May1963 high slope near base of cliff, trib of Blackwater Cr ca 3 mi nw of Ezel 
MORG: see also Morehead Inventory; and np = M. Evans (?); check at KSPNP database.
ROWA (np): 1941 "near Fallen Timber Branch" and "near Morehead"; check sources.

Numbered records are not yet vouched by accessible colls.

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian and Ozarkian taxon is close to C. pubescens (see notes under that name) and to C. parviflorum var. makasin (Farw.) Sheviak of northeastern fens. These taxa are often combined to various degrees (Cr, FNA 26, W), but typical parviflorum appears quite distinct in Ky. It grows here in somewhat mesic woods on well-drained acid soils, often at the upper edge of Tsuga groves. Several records are not verifiable but historically important, such as sight records of B. This species often occurs with single plants or small groups, which should not be collected.

   C. parviflorum (sensu stricto) differs from pubescens in its smaller flowers, the lip 22-34 mm long (versus 35-54 in pubescens), with sepals and petals densely, minutely spotted dark reddish brown or "madder" (versus unmarked, spotted, striped or reticulate with same color but less uniformly dark).


Comment:
1 = Good description by USFS personnel of plants that were dug for herbal use in the 1970s at two sites; check details.  2 = sight record from 1960s by Donna Gooch; check details. The WHIT (KY) coll. was made in the 1880s at  "Corbin", and might instead be from an adjacent county.

Footnote:
This northeastern species extends into southern Appalachian and Ozarkian regions, with recent records from all adjacent states (PL), but it is currently unknown within Ky. The coll. mapped here for WHIT (KY) was made by A.R. Crandall in the 1880s at "Corbin" and might be from an adjacent county. The record from EDMO is based on Hussey's (1876) listing of C. spectabile Sw., which was reported by other authors from Ky. during the 19th Century, but the synonomy is uncertain (M). Records from LEE (reported to Campbell et al. 1989) and PULA (D. Gooch, pers. comm.) are unverified sight records from the 1960s or 1970s. There are also 1830s colls. from Hamilton Co. in se. Ohio, close to Ky. (Braun 1967).


Comment:
The CHRI (PH, KY?) coll. was by C.W. Short in 1830s, from: "wet barrens near Hopkinsville". 

1 = sight record of JC & MM at Thompson Creek Glade (north side); see GIS.

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely midwestern species is currently known from a few sites in the western and northeastern Knobs. It occurs on seasonally dry soils in calcareous glades, but usually low on hillsides with some seepage in spring. Further west, C.W. Short collected it in the 1830s from "wet barrens near Hopkinsville" (CHRI at PH, KY; see also Short 1840). At a relatively well-known site in HARD, there is clear evidence of introgression with pubescens (MM for WKU), and there has been continual digging of the whiter plants by orchid-addicts.


Comment:
Several plants at Hardin Co. Cedar Glade.


Comment:
Most or all material may match ssp. monspeliensis, but more study is needed. Weakley does not separate that subspecies, pending further analysis of this circumboreal complex, with native and alien races in eastern states.

Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 42, 56, 70) is circumboreal and widespread across northern North America. Most or all material in Ky. may be var. hirsuta (Michx.) Lehm. (= P. monspeliensis L.). It was recorded early after settlement (Short & Peter 1835), and may be native; see also Cr and M.


FullName:
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud.

Comment:
Some of these colls. may be from planted trees. Braun's records are naturalized; for OLDH, "abundant in mesophytic north slope woods." Family assignment has been controversial; Jones (2005) and others have treated this in Bignoniaceae, but it may be closer to Orobanchaceae; see notes in Weakley.

PU: ?BARR Hussey 1874

LIVI: Mantle Rock but taken out; jc sight record.

Footnote:
This Chinese tree is famous for its attractive blue flowers, unusually large leaves, and valuable light strong wood. Assignment to family remains uncertain (APG, W). Paulownia has been widely planted in southeastern states, and has became much naturalized, especially in a zone from Va. to Ark. (K, SE). In Ky. it is locally frequent along roadsides, and sometimes colonizes gaps within mature native forest. Some mapped colls. may come from planted trees, but the species is clearly self-seeded at many sites. Sight records of SE are added as open dots.


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35).

NC: ex Jessup LYON Eggleston.

Footnote:
This tall herb is widespread across eastern North America, except in Atlantic and Gulf Coastal states. It is most frequent in thin woods and edges on moist fertile soils. The closely related northern species, S. lanceolata Pursh, has been reported from CARR (Miller 1986; BA) and occurs near Ky. in Va., but no coll. has been located. In lanceolata, the sterile filament is yellowish-green (versus dark purple or brownish) and relatively broad; flowering is earlier, and capsules tend to be larger; leaves are more coarsely serrate, and 2n = 92-96 versus ca. 86 (Pennell 1935; Cr, W).


Comment:
There is a report from CARR (Miller 1986), but no collection has been found at LO or elsewhere in state herbaria.


Footnote:
This tall biennial from Europe is a widespread weed across temperate North America, especially on disturbed ground. In Ky. it has been common since early after settlement. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "Everyone is familiar with this very common plant, which though originally introduced is now but too thoroughly naturalized among us... Abundant in old fields, stony grounds, and washed hill-sides.." Rafinesque (1936, 1:31) even expressed uncertainty about its naturalized versus native status in North America.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check Garman (1914), Pennell (1935).

Footnote:
Although widely scattered in northern and eastern regions of North America, this alien is rare in southeastern states. In Ky. virtually the only records (M) are from Gm during 1888-1914: "common all along the [Nolin] river" in the counties mapped here, where it had "probably been introduced along the railroad and its seeds carried down stream." In 1914, he noted: "It has not spread to other parts of the State as was anticipated at the time, and is still restricted, as far as I have learned, to the region in which it was discovered."


Comment:
White and rarely red color forms are also coll. from JEFF (LO), etc.

Footnote:
This Eurasian biennial is a widespread weed across temperate North America, and it became common in Ky. early after settlement. Short (1828-29) noted: "It is found in similar situations with the common mullein, and is frequently seen growing between the bricks of pavements and moist walls." White and rarely red color forms are collected from JEFF (DHL) and elsewhere. Reports from Ky. of the closely related V. phoenicium L., which has purple flowers, appear to have been based on misidentified blattaria (as reviewed by M)


Comment:
Reports appear to based on misidentified V. blattaria; see Medley (1993).


Species:
priceae (A. kentuckiensis, pilosus var. pr.)

Comment:
CHECK TYPES AT US!!! AND/OR GH??? (NOT NY). The correct name could be changed to S. kentuckiense, since M pointed out that the type coll. of A. priceae is pubescent and thus appears transitional to S. pilosum.

LOGA & WARR: known from Athey Barrens, Petros-Browning Road, other old fields and roadsides west of Bowling Green.

GH: just photo of type; also from AL, GA, TN
GH: from OH ("ericoides" det aff. priceae by Semple; from "near Painesville, Ohio. with purple rays. 1890 herb. of Wm. C. Werner #21 1/4"). JC notes yes could be priceae, with purple rays; but it has more lower larger leaves--perhaps an earlier collection in the season?

LOGA: (MB) JCSemple & BASuripto-9438 Russellville glade... "rays range from deep violet to white on different plants."

WARR: (MB) SFPrice Oct1900 "Buckner Place"; Oct1900 "Bowling Green"; 1Oct1900 BG (3 sheets); all these have glabrous leaves stems glab or slightly pub.

MB: AL Marshall Co; TN Rutherford Co [both glabr leaves]

WAT: GA Walker Co. jct Ga-193 and Ga-341, Davis Crossroads, cedar glade.

Footnote:
This rather poorly researched species (FNA 20) is known only from native grassland remnants and associated roadsides or old fields, on or near rocky limestone soils in disjunct localities of Ala., Ga., Tenn., Ky. and perhaps Ohio (GH: W.C. Werner, 1890, "near Painesville" in Lake Co.). In contrast to pilosum and juniperinum, priceae is typically octoploids (2n = 64) with relatively large bluish-violet to pink-purple rays (versus white or rarely colored), larger heads (with involucres usually 5.5-7.1 mm versus 3.5-5.1 mm), narrower leaves (the larger ones ca. 3-5 mm wide versus 5-15 mm), and mostly glabrous throughout (versus pilose to glabrous). It has been suggested that some plants with paler flowers and hairier leaves, including the type of priceae (M), are hybrids with pilosum or juniperinum; the type of A. kentuckiensis Britt. is more clearly distinct.


Comment:
Varieties or subspecies are not yet thoroughly separated here. Most material in Kentucky keys to the relatively robust, pubescent var. illinoensis in Fernald (1950), now referrable to ssp. grayana or ssp. platyphylla; check. Extra collections from MCLE (KY), WARR (LO), FLOY (BE), LAUR (BE), BELL (BE), CART (KY), and probably elsewhere in Appalachian regions key to var. virginiana.

Footnote:
This is the widespread eastern strawberry, an octoploid (2n = 56). Segregates may not be well defined. F. virginiana is most common in medium acid soils, on moderately dry, sunny sites, and declines without regular trampling or rough mowing. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "...not a common plant in this vicinity: it does, however, occasionally occur in old fields and road sides... In the western part of the state it consitutes a principal feature in the vegetation of the barrens; where, in situations fully exposed to the influence of the sun, its fruit becomes matured to perfection, is darker-coloured and sweeter than the strawberry of the gardens."  In the barrens of CHRI, Ross (1882, p. 213-215) recalled: "Here the wild strawberries grew in such profusion as to stain the horse's hoof a deep red color."

   Plants known as var. illinoensis Gray predominate in Ky., but there is a need for more detailed analysis and review of potential nomenclature. F indicated that var. virginiana is more northern and tends to have shorter terminal leaflets (ca. 1.5-10 cm long versus 5-10 cm) with fewer teeth (4-8 pairs versus 8-15), and slightly shorter calyx lobes (4-8 mm long versus 5-10 mm). Colls. that match this description have been found mostly in Appalachian regions: BELL, CART, FLOY, LAUR (BEREA, KY); there may also be colls. from MCLE (KY) and WARR (DHL). The cultivated strawberry is a hybrid of virginiana and the South American F. chiloensis Duschesne; it does not persist in the wild (M).


Comment:
1 = Bryant (1973); 2 = Don Fig (pers. comm.).  Variety or subspecies status needs checking in several cases.

Footnote:
This has a rather fragmented range across northeastern states and adjacent Canada. It is rare in Ky., being largely restricted to limestone ravines of the central Green Rv. watershed, central Kentucky Rv. Palisades area, western Knobs and western escarpments of the Appalachian Plateaus. 

   Distinction from the largely Southern Appalachian taxon, doniana, is uncertain in some colls., but species status is probably justified (Robertson 1974; PL, W). W. doniana has smaller flowers, with petals 2.5-4 mm long (versus 4-10 mm) and sepals 1-1.5 mm long (versus 2-6 mm). Inclusion of Waldsteinia within Geum has gained support in recent years (FNA, in prep.); see W for alternative combinations.


Comment:
1 = Browne & Pittillo (1965). The FAYE (KY) coll. is from Univ. of Ky. campus and might have been cultivated.

Footnote:
This Mexican species has been confused with D. wrightii Regel. Both taxa may be scattered in southeastern states, or they may not be distinct enough to separate (W). There are colls. from FAYE (KY), PIKE (M) and perhaps elsewhere in Ky., but these may only be from rare garden escapes.


Comment:
Widely cultivated but probably not naturalized anywhere. Note also Nicotiana rustica, the original "Aztec Tobacco", reported by Webb & Funkhauser (1936) from excavations of native american sites in Menifee County; however, this came originally from Peru.

Footnote:
This common "tobacco" is a tetraploid (2n = 48) from warmer regions of the Americas that became widely cultivated in southeastern states after settlement from Europe. n Ky. it has occasionally been collected for herbaria, but it is not truly naturalized. N. rustica L. ("Aztec Tobacco") was reported by Webb & Funkhauser (1936) from excavations of native american sites in MENI; that species originated in Peru.


Comment:
The MO coll. from CART suggests hybridization with C. blanda. Must be on loan from NK: Nov 2005.

EK: BOYL CASE CLAR ESTI FRAN GARR HARD HENR JESS LAUR MADI MONT OLDH PERR POWE PULA

Footnote:
This is a largely Appalachian species, but it often occurs on calcareous soils and extends locally into the Interior Low Plateaus. It is a variable polyploid; 2n = 68 and 70. A coll. from CART (MDKY) suggest hybridization with blanda.


FullName:
Carex laxiculmis Schwein. var. laxiculmis

Comment:
1 = Bryant (1973); 
2 = Bryson (1982, Ph.D.).
3 = Campbell & Ruch 1995; check coll
 
EK: FLEM HARD HARL LAUR LESL MONT OHIO OWLS PULA WASH

Footnote:
This is widespread on damp acid soils in woods of eastern North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. There has been some confusion in Ky. with the more northern var. copulata, and some records need to be rechecked.


Comment:
1: BATH and ROWA localities interpreted from the old Peck map; see Morehead Inv report.

The EDMO (KY ex AGm Sch.) coll. is by Sadie Price; it has no locality data but she made a handwritten note on a copy of her 1893 publication that indicates Edmonson Co. (perhaps in the Chalybeate area). 

Recently found in RUSS (NP) by Martina Hines; check date--2001???

Footnote:
This has a widespread circumboreal range. It was discovered in RUSS during 2001 by Martina Hines of KSNPC (Clark et al. 2005). There are also 19th Century colls. from BATH/ROWA (PH; Campbell et al. 1992) and EDMO/WARR (KY; Pr, handwritten addenda). Based on historical clues, probable localities for these old records have been indicated in various technical reports (KSNPC).


Footnote:
In Ky. the single known population of this southeastern, carnivorous species was discovered in the 1970s by W. Meijer and students. Although this site at Hazel Dell (PULA) has been acquired by The Nature Conservancy, D. brevifolia and several other rare species are now threatened with lack of appropriate disturbance at the site.


Comment:
FAYE (PH): old Short/Peter coll from Ky Rv.
FLEM (np) in Licking Rv near Bath line 50-100 m down from Indian Cr.
GREE (JC) found recently in Green River; at mouth of Big Pitman; check other locations.
HARL (1): Beal and Thieret (1986), perhaps from a Kearney collection in Cumberland River; check BELL also near Pineville.
HART (NP): also in Green Rv--check my data also sev sites of AMeier!!!
JEFF (PA): Paris herbarium; type coll. of Michaux "in rupibus saltus fluvii Ohio, juxta Louisville."   
LAUR & ROCK (JC) collected in riffle at Livingston, canoe put in just up from railroad bridge; county line is here; 2 Jun 2006 (US Citizen Day); see also Harker et al. 1979 recorded from LAUR but without detail (?).
LEWI (NP): Kinniconnick Cr.
MADI (np): 1989 record unverified from Silver Creek below the Ky 52 bridge; check!!! Also do they interpret FAYE (PH) from MADI???

Footnote:
This alga-like flowering plant of rocky riverine riffles is widely distributed in rocky river beds from eastern North America to Central America. It has fascinated botanists in Ky. and elsewhere since European settlement (Meijer 1976). Short (1836) noted: "the humble but useful Podostemum ceratophyllum, confined to the shoals of the most rapid rivers, where it serves to protect the channel from the fury of the current, by binding together gravel, shells, and stones, on one impenetrable mass." 

   Podostemum has disappeared from several lower stretches of rivers in Ky., especially where impounded or locked-and-dammed. A. Michaux's type was from the Falls of the Ohio (JEFF); plants are now unknown in the Ohio Rv. bordering Ky. C.W. Short found it in the main stem of Kentucky Rv. (probably FAYE or MADI); plants are now unknown in the Kentucky Rv. downstream of the forks at Booneville (OWSL). It does remain locally abundant along the South Fork of Kentucky Rv., where flowers were collected in 1992 (KY). It also remains scattered along some tributaries of the Cumberland Rv., the Green Rv., the Licking Rv. and the Big Sandy Rv.


Footnote:
This largely southern Appalachian genus is generally considered monotypic, but two chromosomne races exist. All plants in Ky. are probably diploids (2n = 12, not 6 as reported in FNA 8); tetraploids occur in the Blue Ridge and further east (Nesom 1983). The latter have distinctly larger overall plant size, larger stomatal guard cell size, distinctive flavonoids, and they probably do not hybridize to a significant degree. However, taxonomic recongition is not generally supported (W).

   A curious character of Galax is the distinctive musky odor that emanates from leaves of living plants, especially on warm days (Andrews 1915). A secondary mystery is if, or how, this plant led to the commercial perfume component, Galaxolide, which became widely synthesized after 1965. There does not seem to be any regular literature connecting the plant and the chemical. A more established use is "galax pulling" of leaves for use by florists: "It is estimated that up to 2 billion leaves are harvested annually with a value of over $20 million to local collectors along the Blue Ridge escarpment" (Bir 2005, W). 

   The confamilial species, Shortia galactifolia Torr. & Gray, is endemic to the southern Blue Ridge, but small patches have been established from transplants, including behind the lodge at Natural Bridge State Park in Ky. (POWE).


Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states. In Ky. it is most common in mesic forest on rocky calcareous slopes, where thickets are characteristic at mid- to low slope positions. But it does occur locally on other base-rich sites.


Comment:
1 = M. Gumbert report from Maywoods (ROCK or GARR). But referenced collections here clearly have a native origin. 

2 = Wherry (1929-34); he records from several other counties, but most were probably from cultivation or escapes: FAYE, GARR, JEFF, JESS, MORG, SHEL. 

mf = Fuller (1980) for CALL but no collection found; could well have been cultivar.

JEFF (lo): DKatz-33 12Apr1956 "wood--Jefferson County Forest" [JC native???].

I still recall coll from KA??? along Palisades; check...

Footnote:
This is known only from central Appalachian regions furher east (sometimes combined with var. brittonii in var. setacea), and along the disjunct western margins of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ohio and Ky. (Wherry 1955, Cr). Similar distribution patterns are found in Paxistima canbyi and Solidago harrisii Campbell et al. (1993); see also Draba ramosissima. Typical var. subulata is more northern. 

   Records mapped here are from plants that appear native, excluding the generally more robust cultivars that occasionally persist along roadside banks. These cultivars include hybrids of subulata with bifida, some of which are known as "Stellaria" (Wherry 1955). Hybrids of subulata with P. nivalis Lodd. ("Frondosa") and P. stolonifera Sims ("Amoena") may also be cultivated.


Comment:
1 = Faller (1973); suitable habitat at Mammoth Cave National Park may occur on the steep S-facing bluffs north of the river and west of the cave.

.."Backusburg Hill..." in CALL check name

Footnote:
This occurs in midwestern regions, usually on sandy soils. In Ky it is known only from two disjunct localities in Ky.: (1) on a gravelly ridge in CALL (MUR); and (2) on limestone clifftops along the Green River in HART (KY) and perhaps EDMO (Faller 1973). The latter plants (2) appear somewhat transitional to var. cedaria.


FullName:
Phlox bifida Beck var. cedaria (Brand) Fern.

Comment:
MERC (jc) = sight record from mouth of Shaker Creek.

Footnote:
This variety is known only from c. Tenn., c. Ky. and s. Ind. In Ky. it is known only from a few populations on clifftops of narrow points along the Kentucky River Palisades. It is distinguished by its relatively glabrous, eglandular inflorescence, but there is much variation in pubescence and flower shape that needs to be studied further.


Comment:
1 = Wherry (1929-34). The HEND (ky) coll. appears transitional to ssp. laphamii.

Footnote:
This species is widespread in mesic woods of eastern states; see also under var. laphamii.


Comment:
Recheck the ROCK (ek) coll. (out of range).

CHECK div x pilo = common cultivcar "Chattahootchie" (PZale says)

Footnote:
This largely midwestern taxon with unnotched petals is generally distinct from var. divaricata, which is centered in Appalachian regions. Their ranges have little overlap in Ky. or elsewhere (Wherry 1955). But a coll. from HEND (EKY) does appears intermediate. 

   Also, occasional hybridization with pilosa and other species of eastern North America can be expected (Wherry 1955, Levin 1966); 2n = 14 in most of these species. A coll. from Backusburg Hill in CALL (EKY) suggests hybridization with amoena or pilosa. Recent analysis of DNA sequences in diverse taxa has failed to clarify some relationships, probably because reticulate evolution has played a significant role in the genus (Ferguson & Jansen 2002).


Comment:
1 =  Wherry (1929-34) (as var. virens); his FAYE record is excluded since it has dubious label data (Short collections from "Lexington"); 
2 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM. 

Following are probably var. pilosa
BATH: (GH) H.A. Griswold, May 1833, dry arid soils; (KY) Short "near Slate Furnace flw 1st May;  EK Vance Rd 1 mi ne US 60.
BULL: (KY) Bernheim Forest, Rocky Run N of Sugar Tree; Blue Spring to road to Wilson Cr.; 2.5 mi N of Lebanon Jct;  
ESTI: (jc) clifftops at head of White Oak Creek; FLEM EK jct Storey Br Rd and Happy Hollow Rd 2.9 mi W of Sharkey
HARD: (KY) Ky 2762 (Lay Glade); Lucas Grove Rd 0.5 mi N of Ky 224
HEND: Wherry
JEFF: (LO): PADavies-1397 11May1947 dry hillside near crest, near stream, Indian Hills; HKoufunge-52 7May1948 damp rich soil, Goose Cr; PADavies 8May1948 South Park; DRColes-15 8 May1948 pine knobs, South Park Rd; TThrelkeld-63 2Jun1948 yard, Hycliff Avenue; WHPowers-11 18May1950 dry soil top of hill, Bear Camp Rd; Thriqe-67 28May1950 dry open sandy ground, Jefferson Hills; Sanford-46 1Apr1953 dry soil in Jefferson Hills [var. virens]; FBell-60 14Apr1953 dry soil along Goose Neck Cr; Whitney-50 14May1954 open woods, rich neutral, Mitchell Hill; MQuin-57 22May1954 meadowside, Iroquois area; GEllis 23Apr1964 South Park Country Club, hillsides, stream margins, 700 ft and below; CDBarbee-23 5May1964 south side Finley Hill, woody area;  KRosenbaum-114 16May1964 South Park Country Club; 
LEWI: (KY) along Chalk Ridge Rd
LARU: Medley [perhaps Thompson glade etc)
MARI: (NY) Henry Gillman [of[ Detroit] 1 Jun 1869, Lebanon Junction; 
MORG: Wherry
NELS: (GH); (KY) 2 miles N of Trappist Mon.; (KY) road sw of Balltown Rd (cut off no longer used rd W side 31E). 
OLDH: (LO) JJMathews-69 15Jun1956 dry open woods at Harmony Landing; ???? Co, PU: coll but no data; check!!!; 
PULA: (KY) roadside E of mouth of Buck Cr
ROWA: (EK) Clack Mt, w of jct Hwy 519; St Rt 1274, 1/2 mi se jct of USFS 16, ca 4 mi S of Clearfield; (MO)

Following are perhaps var. amplexicaulis
CHRI: (MU) uncertain id 
GRAV: (LO) RAthey-3310 30Apr1976 Hardmoney, dry open woods, roadside 1.4 mi on Ky. 348
HICK: (MU) uncertain id
TRIG: (MU) uncertain id
WEBS: (KY) JConrad 143 11Jun1969 waste field near swamp, alluvial soil 4 mi ssw of Sebree [var amp!!!; not at all compact like amoena]

Footnote:
This early-flowering species of native grasslands and open woodlands has a widespread range in eastern North America, but often occurs in highly fragmented populations. It may be relatively sensitive to spring burning, browsing, mowing or herbiciding, compared to more late flowering wild-flowers. In Ky. it is concentrated in remnants of "barrens" and rocky glades in three disjunct regions: (1) western margins of Appalachian Plateaus and adjacent Knobs; (2) northern Karst Plain and western Knobs; (3) Coastal Plain and transitions to the Pennyrhile karst plain (mapped here with open dots). 

   Further work is needed on potential taxonomic differences between these three regions. Plants in Ky. mostly have long hairs, with frequent glands in the inflorescence, and are referable to var. pilosa of east-central states (including var. virens). At least some of the plants in region 3 have only long eglandular hairs and may be referable to var. amplexicaulis (Raf.) Wherry sensu lato (including the less pubescent ssp. pulcherrima Lundell according to Cr), which occurs in the lower Mississippi Valley and west to Texas; but see also notes under ssp. deamii. Records of the more northwestern var. fulgida Wherry and the more southwestern var. ozarkana Wherry appear to be erroneous (M).


Species:
pilosa ssp. deamii (?var. amplexicaulis)

Comment:
TYPE: Deam Perry Co IN "common over almost a half acre in a fallow field on the n side of a beech woods from which it came, on the VanBuren Ridge about 7 mi E of Cannelton."

1 = sources of Medley (1993); see also Caroline Ferguson et al 1999 Sys Bot (FNA working on Phlox); 
CALD: Medley; Levin (1966) cites Pennell 10710 (PH) nr Dawson Springs
!CHRI: 3.5 air mi SW of Empire near Liberty Cem, tributary of Castleburg Cr (EK); Levin (1966) cites 1 mi N of Empire "Wherry in 1929" (PH); !with Peter Zale collected live for him; Seems to be good deamii (intermediate habit, compactness, leaves)
HEND: Medley
HOPK: Medley; Levin (1966) 7 mi S of Nortonville, Levin 214 (CHIcago) [BUT JC finds this is in CHRI at/near the Empire locality]; JC see field noted from 1980s with GIS
!MCLE: old field and woods near 1st trib S of the jct of Abe Cr with Green Rv (EK)
MUHL: see TODD
TODD: Medley;  [BUT JC finds this is in MUHL probably at Tooley Hill; see also Sil glabrum; this locality needs more survey on ground to relocate Phl dea]
TRIG: Medley (check WK).

Note also 
CALL: RA? 3 mi W Kirksey on Hwy 464, S side road, E side of River, 450-500 ft, 882730 W 364230 N.."Backusburg Hill..." (EK)--this is glandular and perhaps has rooting sterile shoots like divaricata--perhaps divaricata x amoena/pilosa??

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. These globally imperiled plants are known only from sw. Ind., w. Ky. and nw. Tenn., usually on medium acid soils (Levin 1966, Cr). They may be derived from hybridization of pilosa and amoena, with some back-crossing into pilosa. Wherry (1955) included them within P. pilosa var. pulcherrima Lundell, which occurs mostly further south in oak/pine woods of the lower Mississippi Valley. The Ky. records are clustered between the western cluster of pilosa (which may be at least partly var. pulcherrima) and, in south-central counties, amoena. 

   These plants are similar to pilosa in their (non-glandular) pubescent corolla tubes, but approach amoena in their more compact cymes (pedicels up to 3-7 mm) and less elongated leaves (l/w ca. 7-10). The uncertain record from CALL (EKY) is based on a plant that may result from hybridization between divaricata and amoena or pilosa.


