# Index

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There is a verified coll. from FAYE (KY-Agr.), but other reports may be doubted (M). R. pulcher has been confused with altissimus or other species, but it is an alien closely related to obtusifolius (FNA 5).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,9? D? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BRumex salicifolius: see R. triangulivalvisB|


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|BRumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f.B|   	264


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Polygonaceae: Rumex <Axillares> triangulivalvis ("mexicanus"; salicifolius var. t..)


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This diploid (2n = 20) species has a wide northern and western range. R. mexicanus is a closely related tetraploid (2n = 40) with a southwestern range. There may also be some confusion or intergradation with altissimus, which is a widespread diploid in eastern and central North America. Further verification is desirable (FNA 5). R. triangulivalvis differs from altissimus in its narrower leaves (ca. 1-4 cm versus 3-5.5 cm), widest near middle (versus below middle); its smaller inner tepals (mostly 2.5-3.5 x 2.5-3 mm versus 4.5-6 x 3-4.5 mm); and its smaller achenes (ca. 1.7-2.2 mm long versus 2.5-3.5 mm).


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|BSabatia angularis (L.) PurshB|   	1587


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A patch of about 30 plants was discovered in 1994 by J. Kiser (KY), on a roadside by a large powerline on uplands at Duck Run in se. MCRE. Some plants had white flowers. These have not reappeared in recent years; fire or soil disturbance is probably required to allow fresh establishment.


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|BSabatia campanulata (L.) Torr.B|   	1589


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A coll. from CALL (MUR) is verfied as this southwestern species: with accession number 558 but the collector's name lacking, 20 June 1940, from "Kentucky Wildlife Refuge" [presumably along the Tennessee Rv. before impoundment]. It was initially determined as S. angularis.


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|BSagina decumbens (Ell.) Torr. & GrayB|   	357


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This has been reported from BRAC (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and BOON (Poindexter & Thompson 2008). S. procumbens is a widespread weedy Eurasian species, but it may be native in some northern regions (FNA 5).


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|BSagittaria australis (J.G. Sm.) SmallB|   	2600


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Alismataceae: Sagittaria australis ("longirostra"; engelmanniana ssp. l.)


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Some coll. are difficult to distinguish from the more mid-western species, brevirostra, and should be rechecked. Typical S. engelmanniana (which is largely on the southeastern Coastal Plain) and the related S. cuneata Sheldon (which is largely in northern regions) have also been reported, but probably based on misidentifications (M).


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|BSagittaria brevirostra Mackenzie & BushB|   	2601


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Alismataceae: Sagittaria brevirostra (engelmanniana ssp. b.)


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Alismataceae: Sagittaria <Lophotocarpus> calycina (montevidensis ssp. calycina)


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Colls. from CALD (R. Athey; check EKY), CAMP (KNK) and elsewhere have been named forma depauperatus (Engelm.) Fern. (in Lophotocarpus). However, such plants are often mixed with typical plants and do not appear worth distinguishing (see also B).


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|BSagittaria engelmanniana: see S. australis & S. brevirostraB|


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Alismataceae: Sagittaria graminea (var. g.)


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Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from platyphylla or rigida, and should be rechecked.


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|BSagittaria latifolia Willd. var. latifoliaB|   	2602


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Alismataceae: Sagittaria latifolia var. l.


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Records of var. obtusa (Engelm.) Wieg. are included.


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|BSagittaria latifolia Willd. var. pubescens (Muhl. ex Nutt.) J.G. Sm.B|   	2604


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Alismataceae: Sagittaria latifolia var. pubescens


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This southeastern variety needs to be reassesed using recent treatments (W). The coll. from CALL (MUR) does appear correctly determined.


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|BSagittaria longirostra: see S. australisB|


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|BSagittaria montevidensis: see S. calycinaB|


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|BSagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G. Sm.B|   	2596


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Alismataceae: Sagittaria platyphylla (graminea var. p.)


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The only confirmed records are from FULT (perhaps all at EKY): R. Athey and KSNPC colls. from Fish Pond and Reelfoot Lake. There has been confusion with graminea and rigida; records from MCRA (KY-Agr.) and especially JEFF (BT) should be rechecked. This species is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley and reaches its northern limits in or near s. Mo (F), nw. Tenn. (Ch) and w. Ky.


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The only known locality is a pond in EDMO, where it has been recently collected (M. Medley at WKY; R. Seymour, pers. comm.). Other reports are not confirmed (F, BT). A related southern species, S. falcata Pursh (S. lancifolia var. media) was reported from Ky. by Fassett (1940) but seems rather unlikely (Cr, M).


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The first records were by Pr (1893), Nelson (1919), Slack (1941) and B (1942). It is not clear if some records are from truly naturalized plants, but this species does seem to be spreading slowly along major rivers. S. alba is abundantly naturalized in more northern regions, but much less common in southeastern states (PL). Some colls. from DAVI, HEND, FAYE, FRAN and MADI have been determined as hybrids with fragilis (X rubens Schrank) by Argus (1986). Some colls. from FAYE,  HENR (KY) and elsewhere (CW) appear to be hybrids with babylonica (X sepulcralis Simonkai). See also X ehrhatiana.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 1 D 4.   |BABU B| +5*.


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The only record of this western species is a 1930s coll. of E.J. Palmer (#16502) from BALL (MO, US). Reports from central Ky. (M) have been based on misidentifications of alba x pentandra (X ehrhartiana C. Mey.), according to Argus (1986) and others.


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This mapping is provisional. It is not clear if these records are from truly naturalized plants; see also alba for possible hybrids. S. babylonica (the common "weeping willow") is widely cultivated, and some colls. may come from plantings.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 1 C? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BSalix candida Flueggé ex Willd.B|   	879 R


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This southeastern species is widespread along larger streams and rivers with scoured shrubby banks, but generally absent along smaller streams.


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Most of these records may not be from truly naturalized plants. The coll. from HICK (MUR) is from a spontaneous plant, and identified as ssp. oleifera (Sm.) Macreight by Clark et al. (2005).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 1,2? C? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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This northern species is rare in Ky., and it has not been relocated at several recorded localities. Colls. of B from Appalachian regions were not mapped by Argus (1986) and need to be verified (check US etc.).


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Salicaceae: Salix <Vetrix> eriocephala (var. e.; rigida, "cordata")


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In Ky., this species mostly occurs on cobble bars along medium-sized streambanks, especially on calcareous rocks in the northern Bluegrass region. However, in its broad definition, this complex, widespread North American species is known elsewhere from several other types of habitat (Dorn 1995; W). Plants in eastern U.S.A. and adjacent Canada are referable to typical var. eriocephala (including S. cordata Muhl. non Michx. and S. ridiga (Muhl.) Andersson). There is also a coll. from MENI (DHL) determined by Argus (1986) as S. eriocephala x sericea.


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The extent of naturalization is not generally clear based on collection data. See also alba for records of hybrids.


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Salicaceae: Salix <Vetrix> humilis (var. h.)


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This small "upland" or "prairie" willow is a widespread eastern species (Argus 1986, PL). In Ky. it was formerly abundant in transitions to native grasslands (e.g. Michaux 1793-96), often in association with species like Corylus americana on drier sites or Spiraea tomentosa on damper sites. S. humilis has remained relatively common in old fields of some localities, but it is not particularly weedy. See also notes under S. occidentalis, which is easily confused.


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Salicaceae: Salix <Longifoliae> interior (exigua* var. sericans)


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Some colls. from the smaller streams in the Bluegrass regions (CAMP, HARR, JEFF, OWEN and elsewhere) have been referred to var. wheeleri Rowlee. Although not recognized by Argus (1986), this taxon may be somewhat distinct; its leaves are "more or less permanently silvery-silky" (F).


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In addition to its original swampy habitats, this species has become widespread around artificial impoundments, along roadside ditches, and similar places. Its twigs can easily break off, which may lead to local clonal spread.


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Salicaceae: Salix <Vetrix> occidentalis (tristis, humilis var. microphylla)


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This is generally distinct from typical humilis, but some colls. are difficult to determine and variety status may be preferred. Its ecology is similar but in Ky. at least it tends to be more restricted to acid infertile soils. Its range is similar locally and globally, but it is less extensive and less weedy.


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The extent of naturalization is not clear from available data. There are only old colls. from KENT (NCU) and LYON (NY); both were verified by Argus (1986). However, the hybrid with alba (X ehrhatiana) does seem to be established.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 1,2? D? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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It is not clear if this species is truly naturalized in Ky. A tree formerly grew by a branch of Jessamine Creek near Wilmore in JESS (KY), and the species was reported from BOON by Nelson (1919). S. purpurea is naturalized across northeastern regions, but it is rare to absent in southeastern states (Argus 1986; PL).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 1 E? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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Although widely distributed over northeastern states, this species is generally restricted to streambanks on relatively acid inertile soils. Records from the Bluegrass and Shawnee Hill lowlands were mapped by Argus (1986) and CW, but further verification is needed.


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|BSalix X ehrhartiana Sm. (pro sp.)B|   	868


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Salicaceae: Salix <Salix> alba x pentandra (X ehrhartiana)


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This cultivar is locally frequent, and may be spreading along major rivers. It has been confused with amygdaloides or other introduced taxa (Argus 1986).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 1 D? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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There has been some confusion with tragus, which is a distinct species (FNA 4). It is a less problematic weed, and generally rare to absent outside the Great Plains.


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Salsola tragus (australis; kali var. tenuifolia)


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This noxious "tumbleweed" (or "Russian thistle") of western and northern regions is relatively infrequent in southeastern states. The earliest report from Ky. was in 1914, when Gr noted: "appeared in a planting of alfalfa from North Dakota seed." There have been few records after 1950.


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|BSalvia pitcheri Torr. ex Benth.B|   	1865


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Salvia pitcheri (azurea var. grandiflora*)


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This largely Ozarkian species has been confused with typical S. azurea Michx. ex Lam., which is a more western species that does not occur in the state.


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Perhaps also belonging here is a coll. of B from KENT (check US) that was referred to S. nemerosa L. or the hybrid of nemora with pratensis (= X sylvestris L. pro sp.).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 D? 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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Although known from few sites in Ky. that are mostly historical, this southeastern species persist along rights-of-way and other stable edges, spreading by very tough rhizomes. The only confirmed post-1970 records are from MCRE (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988), where T. Barnes also a large patch under a powerline on Rattlesnake Ridge in 2006.


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|BSambucus canadensis L. var. canadensisB|   	2076


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Sambucus canadensis var. c. (nigra ssp. c.)


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This species is widespread across North America, except the northwest, and it has been combined as a subspecies with the European S. nigra L.


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|BSambucus canadensis L. var. submollis Rehd.B|   	2077


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Sambucus canadensis var. submollis


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This densely pubescent variety has a somewhat southwestern range centered on the Ozark region (F, Cr), but its distinction has been doubted (Y). In Ky., the few records are from rather swampy wetlands that may occasionally dry out in summer-fall.


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Sambucus pubens (racemosa* var. p.)


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This is the Appalachian segregate of a widespread circumboreal species-complex: S. racemosa L., sensu lato. Within the southern Appalachians, it is occurs mostly in or near the Blue Ridge, but there are also small disjunct populations on the Appalachian Plateaus from Tenn. to Ohio (PL). In Ky. the only verified records are from HARL (EKY) and MENI (LY). Reports of Linney (1880, 1882) and Gr from several other counties remain dubious.


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Samolaceae [Primulaceae*]: Samolus floribundus (valerandi ssp. parviflorus)


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Although typically found along small streams in partial shade, this species can also occur in various damp upland situations, sometimes growing from dormant seed when soil is disturbed.


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Colls. from FRAN and perhaps CLAR (KY) are referable to var. grandis Fern., which may be a somewhat distinct, relatively northwestern taxon. Further study is study.


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|BSanicula marilandica L. var. petiolulata Fern.B|   	2007


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Apiaceae <Saniculoideae>: Sanicula marilandica* var. petiolulata


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This disjunct southern variety needs further examination for potential species status; it should not be combined with the typical northern variety.


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|BSanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. PhillippeB|   	2003


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Apiaceae <Saniculoideae>: Sanicula odorata (gregaria)


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Ga noted: "Everywhere along pikes, railroads, and about old premises... It is one of the old-time ornamentals belonging to the period of the Star-of-Bethlehem, periwinkle and blackberry lily."


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|BSassafras albidum (Nutt.) NeesB|   	140


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Although widely scattered in the state, this species is virtually absent on the most fertile base-rich soils. It was formerly more abundant in old fields and other transitions to farmland, before suppression of fire and invasions by Pinus viriginiana and Juniperus virginiana. Gr noted: "sprouts of this plant, with persimmon, green brier and others make work for those desirous of clearing land quickly." The "sassafras-persimmon forest cover type" of ca. 1900-1950 that was outlined by Society of American Foresters (Eyre 1980) is now virtually all gone, at least in Ky.


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|BSatureja: > Acinos, Calamintha, ClinopodiumB|


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|BSAXIFRAGE: Boykinia (BROOK), Chrysosplenium (GOLDEN), SaxifragaB|


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|BSceptridium biternatum (Savigny) LyonB|   	25


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Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] biternatum (dissectum var. tenuifolium)


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|BSceptridium dissectum (Sprengel) Lyon var. dissectumB|   	22


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Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] dissectum var. dissectum


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|BSceptridium dissectum (Sprengel) Lyon var. obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) ?B|   	23


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Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] dissectum var. obliquum


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A variant with long parallel-sided lower pinnules was provisionally named B. johnsonii or B. parallelum by W.H. Wagner, but it was never formally described (Johnson 1960). Such plants are known from ADAI, BOYD, FLOY, JOHN (with provisional type), PIKE and ROWA (M). Potential distribution in other states remains unknown.


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|BSceptridium jenmanii (Underwood) LyonB|   	27 R


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Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] jenmanii (alabamense)


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Although this southeastern species is mapped for Ky. in FNA 2, no verified colls. have been located. M reported a possible coll. from MARS at MUR in the 1980s, but that coll. now appears to be misplaced. The species is scattered across e. Tenn. (Ch).


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|BSceptridium oneidense (Gilbert) HolubB|   	26


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Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] oneidense (dissectum var. o.)


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|BSchisandra glabra (Bickn.) Rehd.B|   	127


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Schisandraceae [Illiciaceae]: Schisandra glabra (coccinea)


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|BSchizachne purpurascens (Torr.) SwallenB|   	3168


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Poaceae <Meliceae>: Schizachne [Melica] purpurascens (M. striata)


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|BSchizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) NashB|   	3434


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Schizachyrium [Andropogon] scoparium (var. s.)


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This species probably varies much across its diverse and often disjunct habitats within the state: glades, deeper soils, and riverbanks on different substrates. However, no definitive analysis has been undertaken. Glaucous plants are widely scattered, and may be relatively common on rocky riverbanks.


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|BSchizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. divergens (Hack.) GouldB|   	3435 R


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Schizachyrium [Andropogon] scoparium var. divergens


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This has been reported by B, Cr and others, presumably based on B's colls. from CHRI and GRAY (check US). However, further examination is needed with modern treatments. This a southern taxon typical of pinelands, north to Ark. and Miss. but no further according to FNA 25. It appears to intergrade with var. scoparium, especially in Miss.


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|BSchoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A.& D. LöveB|   	2935


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The coll. by R. Athey from FULT was confirmed and accessed at Memphis, SIU and elsewhere (Browne & Athey 1978). This northern and western species is close to tabaernaemontanum, and hybrids appear to be locally frequent (Arnold & Beal 1980); see FNA 23 for details.


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|BSchoenoplectus hallii (Gray) S.G. Sm.B|   	2937


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Cyperaceae: Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] hallii (supinus var. h.)


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Within Ky., this rare mid-western species is known from only one locality, in ephemeral sinkhole ponds within corn fields, where it is threatened by development.


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|BSchoenoplectus heterochaetus (Chase) SojákB|   	2936


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In addition to a coll. by R. Athey (#3272) from CRIT (EKY), this largely northwestern species was reported from "centr. Ky." by F. It is close to tabernaemontanum and may be confused; see FNA 23.


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|BSchoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) PallaB|   	2931


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This is known from some artificial ponds in PULA (KNK), where it may have been introduced with cultivated water lilies. Although omitted by Cr, this European species has become "firmly established" at several localities in North America, especially in the mid-west, and it may be increasing (FNA 23). It is easily confused with purshianus.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 2 ~? C? 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BSchoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) PallaB|   	2933


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Cyperaceae: Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] pungens ("americanus")


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The name Scirpus americanus Pers. was misapplied to pungens in some older treatments (e.g. F). The name Scirpus olneyi Gray was applied to true americanus, which is a largely southern species of alkaline or saline marshes, unknown in Ky. (FNA 23).


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|BSchoenoplectus purshianus (Fern.) M.T. StrongB|   	2930


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Cyperaceae: Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] purshianus (var. p.; "smithii"; debilis)


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The names Scirpus smithii Gray or S. smithii var. williamsii (Fern.) Beetle have been erroneously applied to some Ky. plants in the past (BT, M). These names belong to more northern taxa; plants in Ky. now appear referable to typical Schoenoplectus purshianus (FNA 23).


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|BSchoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) PallaB|   	2934


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Cyperaceae: Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] tabernaemontanii (validus var. creber)


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This widespread species is part of a somewhat intergradient complex that includes acutus, heterochaetus and lacustris (FNA 23).


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|BSchoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) PallaB|   	2932 R


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This northeastern species has been reported from Ky. (Muenscher 1944; F; FNA 23). There is a verified coll. of C.W. Short (check PH) made in 1830, which may be from Ky. but with an uncertain locality. Across much of the southern and western range, it is generally imperiled, and several other old state records remain uncertain. Its habitat is: "emergent in fresh ponds and marshes, often with fluctuating water levels" (FNA 23).


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Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Schwalbea americana (australis)


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Plants from Ky. were placed in the segregate named S. australis by Pennell (1935), but that taxon has generally not been distinguished by subsequent authors. In Ky. americana is known only from two colls. of B in MCRE. This globally endangered species is known to be highly dependant on fire or other disturbance to maintain open grassy woodland, especially on seasonally damp, sandy soils with pines and oaks (e.g. Townsend 1997).


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There is an apparently naturalized population in CAMP, but this needs to be documented (J. Thieret, pers. comm. to M). It can increase from seed locally in gardens.


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|BScirpoides holoschoenus (L.) SojákB|   	2929 W


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This was collected from MARS in a "chrome ore pile" (Browne & Athey 1976; coll. perhaps at Memphis). It is a Eurasian species typical of damp sandy coastal flats. It remains virtually unknown elsewhere in North America.


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|BScirpus americanus: see Schoenoplectus pungensB|


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Cyperaceae: Scirpus atrovirens (var. a.)


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See notes under georgianus and hattorianus; the mapping here is provisional.


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|BScirpus cyperinus (L.) KunthB|   	2946


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Cyperaceae: Scirpus cyperinus {with vars.}


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Several colls. are referable to var. rubricosus (Fern.) Gilly (= S. eriophorum Michx.), which is a southern form; a few may be referable to var. pelius Fern., which is a northern form. However, these two taxa have been hard to distinguish (Arnold & Beal 1980), and they are not recognized in most recent treatments (FNA 23). Colls. do need to be rechecked for the slightly more distinct species, pedicillatus; see under that name.


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This northeastern species is known from three sites in ROWA (MDKY). It is close to atrovirens but has long reddish rhizomes.


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Cyperaceae: Scirpus georgianus (atrovirens var. g.)


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This largely northeastern species often appears weakly differentiated from the largely north-central species, atrovirens. Treatments range from complete combination (Cr), to varieties (F, BT; Arnold & Beal 1980), to separate species (FNA 23, K, W). However, georgianus is diagnosed by usually having 0-3 bristles around each achene (versus 5-6); the bristles are short or rarely up to 0.7 as long as the achene (versus short to about as long), smooth or barbed only near tips (versus barbed in distal 0.3-0.6). Vegetative characters are less clearcut, but S. georgianus usually has deep green to brownish lower sheaths and leaves (versus pale green to light brown), and the sheaths usually have relatively few clear septae (versus becoming conspicuously nodulose-septate on drying). S. georgianus tends to be less robust, with narrower leaves and smaller clusters of spikelets, on average.


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|BScirpus hattorianus MakinoB|   	2943 T


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A coll. from CLAR (GH) was determined as this species by G.C. Tucker and others: M.R. Beckett #643, 6 Jul 1955, margin of stream, Elkin Station Road. It has also been found nearby in Adams & Sandusky Counties, Ohio (colls. of A. Cusick at DOV). This obscure relative of atrovirens has been combined by some authors (e.g. Cr). It lacks septate-nodulose lower blades and sheaths; spikelets tend to be more broadly ovate, with blackish (versus brownish) scales; achenes tend to be shorter, with bristles somewhat intermediate between atrovirens and georgianus (FNA 23; W). Though initially described from Japan, it is widely scattered across northeastern states and adjacent Canada, where it probably originated (Schuyler 1967).


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|BScirpus microcarpus J.& K. PreslB|   	2940


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This northern and western species is close to S. expansus. The single record is a coll. from BRAK (KNK), det. by A.E. Schuyler.


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|BScirpus pedicellatus Fern.B|   	2947 T


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Cyperaceae: Scirpus pedicillatus (cyperinus var. p.)


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This northern species has been reported from JEFF (Gunn 1968b; see GH), MONT and POWE (Wharton 1945; see MICH), but colls. have not been verified. It is known from all states north of Ky., where it "often hybridizes with S. cyperinus and forms hybrid swarms" (FNA 23). In pedicillatus, spikelets are usually pedicillate except for the central one in each cyme (versus at least some sessile in addition to central ones); scales are usually pale brown (versus reddish-brown or blackish); and fruits mature in Jul (versus Aug-Sep).


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|BScirpus smithii: see Schoenoplectus purshianusB|


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|BScirpus supinus: see Schoenoplectus halliiB|


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|BScirpus validus: see Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanumB|


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|BScirpus: > Bolboschoenus, Isolepis, Schoenoplectus, TrichophoraB|


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Cyperaceae: Scleria ciliata (pauciflora var. glabra)


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This southeastern species (largely on the Coastal Plain) is close to the more widespread (south-central) S. pauciflora and has often been confused, but it should not be combined (FNA 23). In addition to its six separate tubercles at the base (hypogynium) of its achenes (versus 3 more or less lobed tubercules in pauciflora), its achenes are usually longer (2-3.5 mm versus 1-2.5 mm), and leaves are often relatively wide (1-7 mm versus 1-2.5 mm). Colls. from MCRE (KY, MO, US) and TRIG (KNK) have been verified, but the others should be rechecked. S. ciliata was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 23; and it may be unknown across n. Tenn. (Ch).


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|BScleria muehlenbergii Steud.B|   	2964 R


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Cyperaceae: Scleria muehlenbergii (reticularis* var. pubescens)


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There is a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) that is determined as this species by N.L. Britt., and is labeled Ky. but with no other data. FNA 23 does not map the species in Ky., but does for all adjacent states except W.Va. S. reticularis Michx. is a distinct species on the Coastal Plain, but closely related.


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This may deserve no more than varietal status, and has not been separated at all from triglomerata in some recent treatments (Cr, FNA 23). However, while admitting much "hybridization or incomplete hybridization" in the genus, R. LeBlond (in W) considered that nitida is a distinct species (see also: F). S. nitida differs in its frequently longer rhizomes; its leaves are yellowish-green (versus bluish geen) and narrower on average (ca. 4-6 mm wide, versus 6-8 mm); its sheaths are usually purplish (versus bluish-green, except for the band at summit), and the ventral surface is pubescent, especially on the "membranous band" (F) at the summit (versus glabrous, or nearly so); and its achenes are longer (2.8-4 mm versus 2-3.3 mm). S. nitida occurs largely on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, typically growing on dry infertile soils. S. triglomerata has a widespread eastern range, and often occurs on calcareous soils. Further examination of Ky. colls. is needed for mapping. There are colls. at GH from CALL, HARL and MADI that are det. as nitida by authorities.


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|BScleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. caroliniana (Willd.) WoodB|   	2963


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Cyperaceae: Scleria pauciflora var. caroliniana


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This southern variety is recognized in FNA 23. In addition to the confirmed colls. by R. Athey from LIVI and MARS (NCU), other colls. of the species need to be rechecked.


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|BScleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. paucifloraB|   	2962


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It may be reasonable to consider this a variety of ciliata; see also Cr.


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|BScleria reticularis: see S. muehlenbergiiB|


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|BSclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv.B|   	3171


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This has been recently found in heavily trampled athletic fields and similar areas (Brandenburg & Thieret 1996), often with Poa annua and other annuals (all aliens except P. chapmanniana & Veronica peregrina). Although present in North America for many decades, this species has only recently been extensively documented; it is widely found in Ohio, especially at fair grounds and similar places (A. Cusick, pers. comm.).


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria arguta (saxatilis var. pilosior)


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This Southern Appalachian taxon is known also from Va., Tenn., N.C. & Ga. It may intergrade with typical saxatilis, which is somewhat more widespread, from the Appalachians north to Ind., Pa. & Del. S. arguta has more pubescent stems and petioles; also, more acute and sharp-toothed leaves. Some colls. have been hard to assign, and further study is needed. Data from Ky. suggest that arguta usually occurs on drier, mesic to subxeric slopes; saxatilis is on mesic slopes and terraces, usually on talus or logs.


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|BScutellaria australis (Fassett) EplingB|   	1829


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria australis (parvula var. a.)


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|BScutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. var. ellipticaB|   	1823


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria elliptica var. e. (ovalifolia)


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All material needs further study. Var. elliptica may not be clearly disitnct from var. hirsuta in Ky. The latter has a more northern range overall, but there is much overlap (F).


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|BScutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. var. hirsuta (Short & Peter) Fern.B|   	1824


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria elliptica var. hirsuta


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Most material of this species is clearly var. hirsuta, but some of these records need checking.


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|BScutellaria epilobiifolia A. HamiltonB|   	1827


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria epilobiifolia (galericulata var. e.)


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The coll. from ROCK (KY-Agr.) is dated 8 Jul 1915, and states "Conway, Ky.", but with no collector. This species was also reported by Greenwell (1935) from NELS. It has a northern and western range, with local extension down to the southern Appalachians. It is closely related to the Eurasian species, S. galericulata L.


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|BScutellaria galericulata: see S. epilobiifoliaB|


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|BScutellaria incana Biehler var. incanaB|   	1820


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria incana var. i.


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Distinction from var. punctata needs to be checked in some cases. Colls. from CLAR and MERC (KY) appear to be hybridized with ovata. A coll. from BULL (DHL) has unusually small leaves, with short petioles, suggesting hybridization with parvula or a related species.


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|BScutellaria incana Biehler var. punctata (Chapman) C. MohrB|   	1821


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria incana var. punctata


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This smooth-leaved variety is largely Appalachian.


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria leonardii (parvula var. l.)


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Early records of S. ambigua Nutt. (= S. nervosa var. ambigua or S. parvula var. missouriensis) have not been confirmed and were probably based on leonardii (B, F, M). Moreover, ambigua is combined with leonardii in most recent treatments (W).


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|BScutellaria nervosa Pursh var. calvifolia Fern.B|   	1832


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria nervosa* var. calvifolia


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This somewhat northern or western variety (without hairs on upper leaf surfaces) may be worth recognizing, but more comprehensive revision is needed.


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|BScutellaria nervosa Pursh var. nervosaB|   	1831


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria nervosa* var. n.


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|BScutellaria ovata Hill var. ovataB|   	1816


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria ovata var. o. (bracteata)


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Colls. from EDMO and HART (WKY) may be var. ovata in its strict definition. Colls. from EDMO and HICK (NCU) have been referred to var. bracteata Benth., which was treated as a subspecies by Epling (1942), but combined with var. ovata in more recent treatments. See also notes under var. versicolor.


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|BScutellaria ovata Hill var. versicolor (Nutt.) Fern.B|   	1815


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria ovata var. versicolor (calcarea, pseudovenosa)


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Variation in this species needs further study. Most material is referable to the largely mid-western var. versicolor (Nutt.) Fern., which has relatively broad leaves (8-12 cm versus 5-8 cm) and short branches, compared to the largely southwestern var. ovata. A few colls. with relatively sparse eglandular (versus dense glandular) hairs have been treated as var. calcarea (Epling) Gleason (including ssp. pseudovenosa Epling). That taxon has a rather restricted south-central range (Ky., Tenn. & N.C), but may not be clearly distinct from var. versicolor (F, Cr).


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria parvula (var. p.)


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This is close to australis; some colls. from BULL and WAYN (MDKY) may be partly intermediate.


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Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria saxatilis (var. s.)


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This is also known from close to BELL on Cumberland Mountain in Lee Co., Va. (mapped in GIS of J. Campbell).


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This species (rye) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


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|BSecurigera varia (L.) LassenB|   	1204


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Fabaceae <Loteae>: Securigera [Coronilla] varia


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This is from southern Europe and has become widely used for stabilizing ground cover, especially along roads. Some records may be from persistent plantings, but the species does often spread by seed as well as by rhizomes. Although it has been generally known as Coronilla varia L., the segregated genus Securigera has become widely applied in recent years (W, PL).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 ::? D 5.   |BABU B| +6*.


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|BSEDGE: Bulbostylis (HAIR-), Carex, Cymophyllus (FRASER'S), Cyperus (UMBRELLA-), Dulichium (THREE-WAY), Kyllinga (SPIKE-), Lipocarpha (HALFCHAFF)B|


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This is often cultivated and may be locally escaped; 2n = 80.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-12 == C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BSedum glaucophyllum R.T. ClausenB|   	468 R


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There is a possible poor coll. of this species from CART (KY): C. Weller, 3 Aug 1961, limestone ledge, roadside. The plant is fruiting, with relatively short, straight, ascending inflorescence branches, and basal offshoots bearing a few small glaucous young leaves. S. glaucophyllum is known mostly from base-rich outcrops in w. Va. and se. W.V., with outliers in w. Md. and nw. N.C. It has the lowest chromosome number of the genus in eastern North America: 2n = 12.


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This variable species occurs mostly in the Ozark-Ouachita region and the Interior Low Plateaus, on various types of rock; 2n = 22, 44, 66. In Ky. it is largely restricted to limestone outcrops in three separate narrow zones: (1) clifftops and rocky pastures along the Kentucky River Palisades of the central Bluegrass region; (2) similar sites along the Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries downstream from the Appalachian Plateaus; (3) flat-rock glades or similar nearby sites in the Pennyrhile Karst Plain around the Shawnee Hills. There may be considerable genetic differentiation among these populations and others across the species' range. Plants of flat-rock glades in c. Tenn. appear to be distinct in several characters (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


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In some cases, it is uncertain whether the plants were originally planted, but this species is clearly persistent on rocky site; 2n = 72.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| R-12 == D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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This widespread eastern species has varied chromosome numbers; 2n = 16 to 48. However, segregates have not been generally recognized.


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Selaginellaceae: Selaginella <Lycopodioides> apoda (ssp. a.)


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It is likely that the genus Lycopodioides will become used for this species (as reviewed by W), to be renamed L. apoda (L.) Kuntze.


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Selaginellaceae: Selaginella <Lycopodioides> eclipes (apoda ssp. e.)


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This cryptic taxon is closely related to apoda, and combined or reduced to ssp. eclipes (W.R. Buck) Skoda in some treatments. It occurs mostly in regions around the Great Lakes, and is also known from the Ozark region (FNA 2). However, it has generally not been recognized in southeastern states (W). In Ky., the only record is a coll. from Eastview Barrens in HARD (KY); see Cranfill (1980, 1991). S. eclipes differs in its median leaves with long attentuate to bristled, veined and frequently recurved apices (versus acute to attentuate, usually keeled but without midrib extension); its megaspores are usually larger, relatively shiny, and more coarsely reticulate (Buck 1977, Haines 2003). It is generally reported from calcareous substrates, in contrast to apoda.


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|BSelaginella rupestris (L.) SpringB|   	18 R


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Martindale (1876) reported a coll. by "Miss Rule" from  Rockcastle Springs (LAUR), but this has not been located. This northern species occurs on outcrops in the southern Appalachians and Ozark Mts. It will probably become known as Bryodesma rupestris (L.) J. Sojak (W).


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|BSenna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & BarnebyB|   	1167


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Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Senna [Cassia] hebecarpa


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This northeastern species is widely scattered in the Ohio Valley, but virtually unknown in Mo., Ark., Miss. and Ala. Although scattered across Ky. and Tenn., it appears to be generally rare in these states. However, there has been some confusion with marilandica. Included here is the hairy var. longipila E.L. Braun, which was collected in KNOT (GH).


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Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Senna [Cassia] marilandica


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This is widespread across eastern states south of the Great Lakes. It is sometimes confused with hebecarpa, but there is no evidence of hybridization here or elsewhere (Y).


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|BSenna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & BarnebyB|   	1165


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Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Senna [Cassia] obtusifolia (C. tora)


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This is a widespread weed from tropical to warm-temperate regions that may be adventive up into the Ohio Valley. S. occidentalis (L.) Link is another weedy annual that may be expected; it has a similar range but is relatively infrequent or rare to the north (PL).


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|BSericocarpus asteroides (L.) B.S.P.B|   	2405


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Sericocarpus [Aster] asteroides (A. paternus)


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The rare hybrid with linifolius has been collected in LEWI and elsewhere (MM for WKY).


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|BSericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S.P.B|   	2407


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Sericocarpus [Aster] linifolius (A. solidagineus)


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|BSesbania herbacea (P. Mill.) McVaughB|   	1279


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Fabaceae <Sesbanieae>: Sesbania herbacea (exaltata, macrocarpa)


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] faberi


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This abundant troublesome weed in cropped field was unknown until recorded by Beckett (1956).


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|BSetaria italica (L.) Beauv.B|   	3429 C


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] italica


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This species (foxtail millet) may have been artificially selected from S. viridis to produce large numbers of relatively large disarticulating seeds (Cr, FNA 25). It is often cultivated for wildlife or livestock and can occasionally escape, but it may not be truly naturalized in the state. Colls. that are probably persistent from plantings are excluded.


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|BSetaria parviflora (Poir.) KerguélenB|   	3423


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] parviflora (geniculata)


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Some colls. without roots are difficult to distinguish from S. pumila, and should be rechecked. In additional to its short knotty rhizomes (versus annual roots), S. parviflora differs in its usually shorter spikelets (2-2.8 mm versus 3-3.4 mm in typical pumila), its frequenly shorter spikes (up to 8 cm versus 15 cm), usually without strong yellowish bristles (as in typical pumila), and its frequently glaucous leaves (versus usually plain green); but see also FNA 25 for similar taxa.


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|BSetaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	3424


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] pumila (glauca, lutescens)


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This alien has probably been present since early after settlement (M'Murtrie 1819, Short & Peter 1835), although there was early confusion in nomenclature with Pennisetum americanum (M).  In 1914 Gr noted: "A common weed in all fields and elsewhere."


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|BSetaria verticillata (L.) Beauv.B|   	3427


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] verticillata


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This weed has a northern range in North America (FNA 25). In Ky., the only verified colls. may be from FAYE and WOOD (mostly at KY-Agr. Sch.). In 1914 Gr noted: "frequent in cultivated ground, but not so often seen as [S. pumila]." Anderson (1924) listed colls. dated 1833 to 1919, only from Lexington (FAYE).


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|BSetaria viridis (L.) Beauv. var. major (Gaudin) PospichalB|   	3426


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] viridis var. major (robustapurpurea)


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This robust variety is a relatively aggressive weed in corn and bean fields, often rivalling faberi. Var. robustapurpurea Schreib. differs only in the purplish coloration of its spikes. It was unknown in Ky. until colls. of P. Haragan and others during 1980-2000 (KY, EKY).


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|BSetaria viridis (L.) Beauv. var. viridisB|   	3425


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] viridis var. v.


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This widespread weed was first reported by Pr in 1893, but omitted by Gr in 1900-1914. Anderson (1947) noted: "fairly common, but reported [with colls.] from only two localities."


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Malvaceae: "Sida" [new genus required] hermaphrodita


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This species may be transferred to the South American genus, Sidasodes, or more likely to a new genus (J. Beck et al., Univ. of Tenn., pers. comm.).


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This weed invaded from the south to become common by the mid-1800s (Gray 1864; Gr).


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|BSida: > {to be determined; aff. Sidasodes for now}B|


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|BSideroxylon lanuginosum Michx.B|   	1459 R


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Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon (Bumelia) lanuginosum (ssp. l.)


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This southeastern species is generally restricted to base-rich soils, and is most common in Ky. on subxeric sites. The more southern S. lanuginosum Michx. tends to occur in more mesic to hydric habitats, and may be expected in Ky. and Tenn. It is supposed to have been collected ca. 1979 by R. Hannan & L. Phillippe (KSNPC) at Floyd's Woods in MCLE, but the plant has not been relocated in herbarium or field (M). There has probably been some confusion between these two species in regions of overlap; see Ch, Y and maps currently provided by PL.


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Although this may have spread from the west, Gr considered it native: "a rather common weed in Kentucky meadows" including clover fields.


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Caryophyllaceae: Silene dichotoma (ssp. d.)


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Although widely distributed across North America, especially northern states, this may generally be just "an occasional adventive weed" (FNA 5).


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Caryophyllaceae: Silene latifolia (pratensis; Lychnis alba)


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S. alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause is closely related and often treated as a subspecies in Europe. In North America, intermediate plants predominate and the name latifolia takes precedent (FNA 5), but plants have often been named Lychnis alba Mill. in older literature. Another closely related, intergrading species, S. dioica (L.) Clairville (= Lychnis d.), has been reported from Ky., but no coll. has been located (M). There has also been confusion in nomenclature with S. vulgaris.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BSilene nivea (Nutt.) Muhl. ex OtthB|   	375


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This was reported by Abbott et al. (2001) from Manchester Island, in the Ohio River (LEWI). It is a native species of fertile alluvial woods, local in mid-western states and eastward to Pa. and Tenn. It may only be adventive further east.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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This largely southern Appalachian species also occurs in scattered disjunct localities westward to Ark. It is generally rare and deserves global listing for protection.


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This globally threatend grassland species occurs in scattered localities of mid-western and southeastern regions, often along rights-of-way rather or in other degraded habitats rather than good remnants of native vegetation. In Ky. it is currently known from just HARD and HART, but there are old records from at least four other counties; see M and KSNPC for details.


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This species mostly occurs under sandstone cliffs in the Appalachian Plateaus, but in Ky. it also occurs further west under limestone along the Kentucky River Palisades, and in sandstone ravines of the Shawnee Hills.


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A few colls. have been referred to var. scabrella Palmer & Steyermark (e.g. B), but this taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


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|BSilene vulgaris (Moench) GarckeB|   	378


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Caryophyllaceae: Silene vulgaris (cucubalus; latifolia var. pubescens)


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Early reports of "latifolia" generally refer to this species instead; see notes under S. latifolia.


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Caryophyllaceae: Silene wherryi (carolinana ssp. w.*)


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This taxon is restricted to disjunct regions of s. Ohio, c. Ky., c. Ala., s. Mo and perhaps elsewhere. A few colls. from ROWA and MONT (KY) may be transitional to the northeastern S. pensylvanica Michx. Both taxa have been combined as varieties or subspecies with the strictly southeastern S. caroliniana Walt., but treatments have been inconsistent and further revision is desirable (FNA 5, W). Recent molecular analysis indicates that these three taxa are about as distinct from each other as they are from virginica, with which they can hybridize (Burgleigh & Holtsford 2003).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium asperrimum ("radula")


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This southwestern taxon has been combined with more scabrous forms of S. asteriscus L. (e.g. FNA 21) or with S. radula Nutt., a long-haired relative of S. integrifolium (e.g. Cr). Like integrifolium, the involucral bracts of asperrimum have pubescent surfaces and its leaf bases tend to be sessile, cordate-clasping (Sm, F; G. Nesom, pers. comm.). It occurs nearby in Mo. and Tenn., and may be expected on the Coastal Plain in Ky. In addition to its distinctive bracts and leaves, asperrimum differs from asteriscus in its achenes, which have relatively broad ca. 2 mm wings and deep 2-4 mm sinuses (as in integrifolium); its leaves are harshly scabrous-hispid (versus usually thinly scabrous-hispid to glabrous), mostly opposite to alternate, especially above (versus whorled to opposite); its stems have spreading hairs up to 1+ mm long (versus essentially glabrous, often glaucous).


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|BSilphium asteriscus: see S. trifoliatumB|


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|BSilphium brachiatum: see S. wasiotenseB|


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|BSilphium dentatum: see S. wasiotenseB|


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|BSilphium glabrum Eggert ex SmallB|   	2228


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium glabrum (laevigatum, asteriscus/trifoliatum var. latifolium)


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This differs from typical trifoliatum primarily in having leaves all opposite (versus often trifoliate, at least below), and relatively broad (mostly 2-5 cm versus 1-3 cm). Also, lower leaf surfaces (except main veins) and stems are consistently smooth (versus sometimes scabrous-hispid), and plants are often relatively short. In the southern segregate known as S. confertifolium Small, leaves are much reduced from base upwards, the larger ones mostly 3-7 cm wide (versus 2-4 cm), with petiole ca. 2-5 cm long (versus 0-2 cm). Although species status may be reasonable (Sm; G. Nesom, pers. comm.), there has been much confusion with trifoliatum, and probably some intergradation. In its strict sense, glabrum appears largely restricted to calcareous regions of the southern Appalachians and southern Interior Low Plateaus (Miss., Ala., Tenn., Ga., N.C., ?S.C.), but it has been reported north to Ind. (D), Ky. and W.Va. (FNA 21). It is verified just south of the border, from east (Cumberland Mt.; JC for KY) to west (Fort Campbell; D. Estes for APSU). Within Ky. colls. from banks of the Big South Fork Cumberland Rv. in MCRE (KY) appear to be typical glabrum, but the others mapped here may just be transitional to trifoliatum. Further revision is needed.


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Varieties have not generally been recognized within eastern states, but further study is needed. Most or all plants in Ky. may be assigned to the relatively hairy, small-headed var. integrifolium. More hairy forms have sometimes been misidentified as S. asteriscus L.; see notes under trifoliatum. Harvill (1941) reported var. deamii Perry (from GRAV), which has glandular phyllaries, and var. gattingeri Perry (based on the coll. from SIMP at KY). BA and J reported the largely western var. laeve Torr. & Gray, now assigned by G. Nesom (pers. comm.) to S. trachopus Raf. (= S. speciosum Nutt.), which is less hairy and has larger heads. However, var. laeve has probably been confused with var. gattingeri, a poorly known entity that was described from c. Tenn. and deserves further attention (R. Kral & D. Estes, pers. comm.). The coll. from LIVI (MUR) may be a hybrid with trifoliatum.


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|BSilphium laciniatum L. var. robinsonii PerryB|   	2232


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium laciniatum var. robinsonii


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This occurs mostly in or near the lower Mississippi Valley. Typical var. laciniatum occurs mostly in the Mid-west and is unknown in Ky., though a coll. from CALL (US) appears transitional. There also appears to be some hydridization with pinnatifidum.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium perfoliatum (var. p.)


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This widespread, laegely mid-western species is one of the few tall native herbs that prospers locally within the soybean lands of the central Mississippi Valley, where it appears be a remnant of open woods and edges. Its tall stems can push through thickets and vines along weedy gullies, ditches and fencerows. Some authors (e.g. FNA 21) have distinguished plants named S. perfoliatum var. connatum (L.) Cronq., or even as a species (W). These have more pubescence (especially on the stems), leaves less narrowed to a petiolar base, and heads usually bearing only ca. 8 or 13 rays (versus 21 or 34). They are known from central Appalachian regions (W.Va., Va., N.C.), including the Kanahwa Rv. and New Rv. valleys of s. W.Va. (SC), and are expected in Ky. (Michaux 1803; M). However, Y noted more complex variation across the range, which needs further analysis.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium pinnatifidum (terebinthinaceum var. p.)


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This species has a rather narrow range, centered in the Big Barrens region of Ky. & Tenn., with outlying populations in some other southeastern states. It may not occur north of the Ohio Rv. (D); similar plants in Ind. and Ohio can be interpreted as terebinthinaceum, but perhaps introgressed with laciniatum. Further revision in Ky. and elsewhere is be needed to clarify distinction among various hybrids and introgressants involving this species and others. Apparent hybrids with typical terebinthiaceum have been collected by MM (for WKY) from HART and WARR. Apparent hybrids with laciniatum have been collected from LOGA (B) and perhaps TRIG (APSU).


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|BSilphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. var. luciae-brauniae SteyermarkB|   	2236


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium terebinthinaceum var. luciae-brauniae


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Some western colls. are not clearly distinct, but plants of this species in the eastern Knobs region are all var. luciae-brauniae. This taxon is known only from n. Ky. and se. Ohio (F). As late as 1920-1950, it appears to have been locally abundant in the calcareous or dolomitic foothills between the eastern Knobs and western Bluegrass region, where extensive strips of grassland occurred before settlement. There are virtually no intact remnants of that vegetation, but this Silphium and other conservative associates do survive in a few rights-of-way and old fields that have not been converted to fescue. There are also scattered patches associated with limestone cliffs within the Knobs.


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|BSilphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. var. terebinthinaceumB|   	2235


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium terebinthinaceum var. t.


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This occurs mostly in the upper Mid-west, but with disjunct populations in parts of southeastern states. There may be some hybridization with laciniatum and pinnatifidum; see notes under those species.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium trifoliatum (asteriscus var. t.)


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The circumscription of S. asteriscus L. has varied; see also notes under asperrimum and glabrum, which have been combined in some past treatments. S. trifoliatum may just be a northern segregate, and was combined as S. asteriscus var. trifoliatum (L.) J.A. Clevinger in FNA 21. However, typical astericus reportedly (Sm) differs from typical trifoliatum in its opposite lower leaves (versus whorls of 3-4); generally broader leaf-shape, often elliptic (versus just lanceolate); generally rougher, scabrous or hispid pubescence on leaves and stems (versus scabrous or, especially on stems, glabrous); and perhaps more numerous, smaller rays. Typical asteriscus has a southeastern range, concentrated on the eastern Piedmont (RAB), but also extending west to Tenn. and Miss. Typical trifoliatum occurs mostly in Appalachian regions and the Interior Low Plateaus. Although typical asteriscus has been reported from Ky. (Harvill 1941; BA; FNA 21), no clearly identified colls. have been seen. Plants mapped here as trifoliatum do vary considerably, often with more rough pubescence in western regions, where perhaps transitional to asteriscus. Some eastern plants have been referred to var. latifolium Gray (F), but that name appears now to be a synonym of S. glabrum (FNA 21; G. Nesom, pers. comm.). There has been no clear separation of smooth versus hairy segregates of trifoliatum in Ky. and records are combined here pending further analysis.


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|BSilphium wasiotense M. MedleyB|   	2226


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This recently described species (Medley 1989) was formerly referred to S. brachiatum Gattinger (which occurs further south on the Cumberland Plateau), S. dentatum Ell. (a southeastern segregate of S. asteriscus), or S. incisum Greene (an obscure plant known only from the type in the Ridge and Valley of Ga.).


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Brassicaceae <Brassiceae>: Sinapis [Brassica] arvensis (B. kaber)


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This weed of crop fields ("charlock") is widespread across North America, but herbarium records are thin (PL). It is probably undercollected (Y) due to misguided botanical boredom with brassicaceous weeds. The cultivated S. alba L. ("white mustard") is also widespread but even less often recorded (PL), and should be expected in Ky.


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This weed is widespread in northwestern regions, especially in association with sheep and wool, but virtually unknown in southeastern states. There is only one certain record from Ky. (Cranfill & Thieret 1981; KNK).


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|BSisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.B|   	732


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This common weed was recorded early after settlement (M'Murtrie 1819). Most material matches var. leiocarpum DC., but that segregate has generally not been recognized in recent treatments. Colls. from MEAD (DHL) and MERC (KY) would match the typical variety.


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Flowers are generally white, but some colls. have violet flowers: from ADAI, FAYE, JESS, LEWI and MORG.


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|BSisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill.B|   	2755


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This polyploid species (2n = 96) is widespread but varieties are not recognized (F, Cr, FNA 26). A few colls. (e.g. from FLOY at KY) are hard to distinguish from atlanticum (2n = 16, 32), but hybrids between species with different ploidy may be unlikely in this genus.


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Iridaceae: Sisyrinchium atlanticum (mucronatum var. a., "bermudiana")


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With older treatments, some colls. have been incorrectly named as S. bermudiana auct. non L.


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|BSisyrinchium mucronatum Michx.B|   	2757 R


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Iridaceae: Sisyrinchium mucronatum (var. m.)


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Typical mucronatum occurs to the north and southeast of Ky. (FNA 26; W), but there are no confirmed records from the state. There has been confusion with atlanticum, and further review is needed..


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|BSisyrinchium mucronatum: see S. atlanticumB|


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|BSmallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex SmallB|   	2220


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Smallanthus [Polymnia] uvedalius


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The coll. from CARL (MUR) is referable to var. densipilis Blake (within Polymnia), but this is not generally recognized.


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|BSmilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.B|   	2698


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Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilacina [Maianthemum*] racemosa


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This includes var. cylindrata Fern., which has not been recognized in recent treatments.


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|BSmilacina stellata (L.) Desf.B|   	2697


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Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilacina [Maianthemum*] stellata


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|BSmilaspecies  tamnoides: see S. hispidaB|


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|BSmilax biltmoreana (Small) J.B.S. Norton ex PennellB|   	2690 T


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> biltmoreana (ecirrhata var. b.*)


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There is a coll. from WARR (NCU) determined by Mangaly (1968) as this species; see also FNA 26. S. biltmoreana is generally rare, known mostly in the Blue Ridge region but also disjunct elsewhere in southeastern states. It is close to ecirrata, differing in its fewer chromosomes (2n = 26 versus 52); its leaves less numerous (5-7 versus 8-13), narrower (l/w ca. 1.8-3 versus 1.4-1.7), glabrous and glaucous beneath (versus pubescent and green); and its lowest peduncles usually from leaf axils (versus from bract axils). While the record from WARR may be valid, it is desirable to review all material that has been referred to ecirrata, hugeri or biltmoreana in the state, before a definitive treatment for these taxa.


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|BSmilax bona-nox L. var. bona-noxB|   	2694


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> bona-nox var. b.


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The northern limit of this southeastern species is fairly abrupt. In Ky. there are virtually no records north of the Kentucky River Palisades, except for a coll. from PEND (KY) and sight records of B from CART and ROWA. Distinction from var. hederifolia has not been determined in some of the counties mapped with open dots. The species is restricted to southern parts of Ill. and Ind.; it is unknown in Ohio and W.Va. (PL).


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|BSmilax bona-nox L. var. hederifolia (Bey. ex Kunth) Fern.B|   	2695


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> bona-nox* var. hederifolia


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Although not recognized in most recent treatments (including FNA 26), this taxon seems distinct (F, Gl). It differs from typical bona-nox in its broadly ovate-deltoid leaves, at least on fertile branches, with no virtually no lobing (versus deltoid to panduriform, with distinct lobes). Also, there are fewer or no spinose cilia along the leaf margins (versus typically spinose-ciliate). However, younger shoots are often more like typical bona-nox. In both taxa, leaves are generally distinct from other species in their more or less concave distal tapering, margins with distinctive thickening, and their drying to a uniform "tan" color; stems are consistently angled, with stellate-scurfy bases. Especially without flowers, hederifolia has often been misidentified as rotundifolia (with entire- to irregularly rough-margined, ovate to reniform leaves that dry pale-brownish green), or with hispida (with terete stems that have numerous, unequal bristly prickles at the base, but often lacking bristles completely on fertile branches, and with thin-margined, minutely serrulate, ovate to rounded leaves that dry to an "olive-gray" or blackish hue). It has a south-central range similar to typical bona-nox, but F noted that it often climbs relatively high, in "rich or damp woods and wet thickets", whereas typical bona-nox occurs on "dry to moist sands of dunes, clearings, fields and thickets" [or calcareous soils in Ky.]. In Ky. hederifolia appears largely restricted to bottomlands along the Mississippi Rv. and Ohio Rv. or nearby, and to rich calcareous soils of the Inner Bluegrass.


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|BSmilax ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S. Wats.B|   	2688


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> ecirrata (var. e.*)


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This largely midwestern, tetraploid species may have been confused with the more southeastern diploids, hugeri and biltmoreana; see notes under those supposedly distinct species, which have relatively few leaves (on average) that are distinctly narrow. Also, in the upper midwest at least, there are real transitions to asioneura, with apparently stabilized hybrid populations known as S. illinoensis Mangaly. S. illinoensis is unknown in Ky., but may be expected. It differs from ecirrata in its more numerous flowers (usually more than 25), on longer peduncles; its taller stems, with more leaves and frequent tendrils (versus virtually never); and its narrower leaves.


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|BSmilax glauca Walt. var. glaucaB|   	2691


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> glauca var. g.


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Colls. mapped as open dots are not assigned to variety.


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|BSmilax glauca Walt. var. leurophylla BlakeB|   	2692


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> glauca* var. leurophylla


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This relatively northern variety, with leaves glabrous beneath, may not deserve local recognition; there are no clear differences in distribution or habitat within Ky.


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> herbacea (var. h.)


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Some colls. of this variable Appalachian species are not easily distinguished from pulverulenta or lasioneura, and need to be rechecked; see notes under those segregates.


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|BSmilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr.B|   	2693


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> hispida (tamnoides var. h.)


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This is widespread in eastern North America, but uncommon to absent in regions with acid infertile soils, such the southern Cumberland Plateau. It has been combined with the strictly southern S. tamnoides L. in some recent treatments (FNA 26, W). S. hispida differs in its "regularly ovate to elliptic or rounded" leaves (versus narrowly to broadly ovate, some or all panduriform), and perhaps other characters (F). Variety status may be appropriate, with tamnoides included under hispida var. australis (Small) Coker, but there are nomenclatural problems (Wilbur 2003).


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|BSmilax hugeri (Small) J.B.S. Norton ex PennellB|   	2689 T


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> hugeri (ecirrata var. hugeri*)


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This may be expected in Ky., but there are no confirmed colls. Much material of ecirrata in Ky. has been erroneously referred to hugeri, due to misleading treatment in G and elsewhere; the leaves of both species are green and more or less puberulent beneath. S. hugeri is a closely related southeastern species, with lower chromosome number (2n = 26 versus 52) and little or no intergradation. It differs in its generally less numerous leaf blades (usually 4-8 versus 5-13), which are narrowly ovate or elliptic (l/w ca. 1.7-2 versus 1.4-1.7), with a cuneate base (versus broadly ovate, with a cordate base); its usually less numerous flowers (up to 12 per umbel, versus 25); its tepals, 3-3.5 mm long (versus 3.5-4 mm); its stamens, shorter than filaments (versus more or less equalling); and its berries, glaucous (versus not glaucous) with 2-3 seeds (versus 3-5). S. hugeri is verified in e. Tenn. (Grundy Co. at GH), but some colls. from Tenn. are difficult to distinguish from ecirrata (Mangaly 1968).


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> lasioneura (herbacea var. l.*)


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This largely western species is close to typical herbacea, and differs most clearly in its leaves, which are pale green beneath and puberulent on veins (versus glaucous, glabrous). However, W noted that "material from Virginia is ambiguous."


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> pulverulenta (herbacea var. p.*)


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This species is centered in calcareous regions of east-central states; the Appalachian-Ozark disjunction claimed in FNA 26 may just reflect lack of data recorded from Ky. and Tenn. S. pulverulenta is distinct from herbacea and lasioneura in the relatively dark, shiny green color of lower leaf surfaces (which are pubescent like lasioneura); its relatively long petioles, more or less equalling blades (versus shorter), a third to as long as peduncles (versus 1/10 to 1/3); and its berries black (versus blue, glaucous). Some colls. of pulverulenta have relatively glabrous leaves, and may be transitional to herbacea. Although these three taxa have been treated as species in several treaments, doubts linger. While ranges are different, there is considerable overlap, and habitats are quite similar.


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Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> rotundifolia


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Although peduncles are relatively short, more or less equalling petioles, in contrast to hispida and bona-nox, there is considerable variation in this character; see also notes on foliar differences under hispida var. hederifolia. Most colls. are referable to var. quadrangulata (Muhl.) Wood, with angled stems, but that taxon has not been recognized in F or more recent treatments. Nevertheless, variation may deserve further study, since rotundifolia occurs in a wide range of habitats, from swamps to dry upland woods. Two southern wetland species are closely related, sharing relatively short peduncles: S. walteri Pursh (with red versus black berries and prickles concentrated at stem bases) and S. laurifolia L. (with narrower leaves and unilocular ovaries). Reports of those two species from Ky. have been erroneous (M), but walteri is known from nc. and w. Tenn. (Wilbur 1967; Ch).


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This is a common weed to the north, but in Ky. it is generally rare and limited to northern counties. It was reported as early as 1893 (Pr) and 1914 (Gr).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-8 D 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BALI B| W.   |BHAB B| G-10 :: D? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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Solanaceae: Solanum <Lycopersicon> lycopersicum (L. esculentum)


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Replacement of the "tomato" genus (Lycopersicum) into the "potato" genus (Solanum) must surely be one of the most useful acheivements of cladistic thought so far! Despite much cultivation and occasional escapes of tomatoes from gardens across the state, this species does not seem to have become independently naturalized. Many cultivars are known, and the "cherry tomato" is often treated as var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen (= L. esculentum Miller var. leptophyllum (Dunal) D'Arcy). This variety tends to reseed itself rather frequently within gardens, but does not spread significantly away from gardens.


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The name S. sarrachoides Sendtn. has been applied to this species, but may best be reserved for a more southern, tropical relative.


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| G-10 :: D? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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Solanaceae: Solanum ptychanthum ("americanum"; nigrum var. virginicum)


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Nomenclature has been confused (see Cr, W and citations). Virtually all previous reports of S. nigrum L. should be included with this native diploid (2n = 24). The true S. americanum Miller appears to be more southern (and perhaps diploid). Typical nigrum is a hexaploid from Europe and has not been verified in Ky. A cultivar in this complex known as "Burbank's Wonderberry" was widely distributed a century ago or more, about which Gr stated: "The berries are edible, if one desires to think so,"


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Most records date from before 1950. This western weed first appeared in 1893-1902 (Pr, Gr), when it became locally common in the central Bluegrass. Gr noted that it was probably introduced with alfalfa hay and seed.


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|BSolidago albopilosa E.L. BraunB|   	2294


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> albopilosa


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This species is known globally from only 80-90 sites under sandstone cliffs in the Red Rv. Gorge, where some populations have been eliminated by excessive recreational disturbance (White & Drozda 2006). It is a tetraploid that probably diverged from typical flexicaulis; 2n = 36 in both species.


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|BSolidago altissima L. var. altissimaB|   	2335


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> altissima (canadensis* var. scabra)


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See notes under canadensis. There may be some intergradation with canadensis, and there appear to be occasional hybrids with gigantea (e.g. from MCLE at EKY). Insect galls are common on altissima, but rare on canadensis and gigantea (as cited in Y).


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|BSolidago altissima L. var. gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Semple ?B|   	2334


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> altissima cf. var. gilvocanescens (pruinosa, canadensis* var. g.)


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This largely western taxon seems somewhat distinct, with a clustering of records in northern regions, but further verification is needed. It has smaller involucres (ca. 2-3 mm long versus 3-4 mm), and includes some diploids, appearing somewhat transitional to canadensis (FNA 20).


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|BSolidago arenicola B.R. Keener & KralB|   	2307


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Humiles> arenicola ("randii* var. racemosa")


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These plants have been treated in various ways, generally with the basionym "racemosa" in combinations with the more northern or western relatives, S. simplex Kunth or S. spathulata DC.; e.g. as the unnecessarily complicated name, S. simplex ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius. S. arenicola was recently described from Ala. (Keener & Kral 2003). It also occurs in the southern Cumberland Plateau of Tenn. and Ky. along rocky banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries, plus the Obed Rv. and Emory Rv. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Nevertheless, while typical arenicola appears distinct from typical racemosa, there is variation that needs further study. Plants along the Rockcastle River (LAUR & PULA), main Cumberland Rv. (WHIT & some MCRE), and Obed Rv. have glabrous achenes, as in typical arenicola. Plants along the Big South Fork (including part of the MCRE material) have hairy achenes that are relatively small and numerous per head (13-19), with involucres only 5.5-7.5 mm long, suggesting a transition to racemosa. Typical arenicola is similar to the widespread upland species, erecta (Keener & Kral 2003), but differs in its less numerous heads per stem (<30 versus >40), and larger individual heads, with longer involucres (7-9.5 mm versus 4-6.5 mm), more disc flowers per head (12-16 versus 6-10), and longer disc corollas (ca. 6 mm versus ca. 4 mm). Both arenicola and erecta are similar to S. plumosa Small along the Yadkin River in N.C., which differs in its glabrous inflorescence branches, and its smaller achenes (2-3 mm versus 3-4 mm).


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|BSolidago arguta Ait. var. argutaB|   	2310


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> arguta var. a.


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Further study of colls. is be needed to clarify separation of varieties in this largely diploid (2n = 18) species; see also, notes on the polyploid relatives, harrisii (2n = 36) and faucibus (2n = ca. 90).


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|BSolidago arguta Ait. var. caroliniana GrayB|   	2311


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> arguta var. caroliniana ("bootii", "yadkinensis")


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These southern plants differ from the more northern var. arguta in their hairy (strigillose) seeds; leaves remain glabrous, and both taxa are probably diploids (2n = 18). F and others have erroneously treated such plants as var. bootii (Hook.) E.J. Palmer & Steyermark, which is a more distinct southwestern taxon, with hairy leaves as well as seeds (FNA 20). The name S. yadkinensis (Porter) Small also appears to have been sometimes misapplied to these plants (Cr, W).


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> bicolor (var. b.)


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|BSolidago buckleyi Torr. & GrayB|   	2309


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Thyrsiflorae> buckleyi


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This globally rare species is known mostly from the Ozarks Mts. of Ark. and Mo., but there are disjunct populations in s. Ill., s. Ind. and w. Ky.; perhaps n. Ala. and n. Ga. (Nesom 1990; FNA 20; W). The eastern plants appears to be introgressed with S. speciosa (to the north), S. petiolaris Ait. (to the south) or similar species. The correct name remains somewhat uncertain, since the type consists of fragments from n. Ala.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> caesia (var. ca.)


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In Appalachian regions, there is sometimes confusion with S. curtisii, and intermediates may occur. A few scattered colls (e.g. from FLOY, HICK, HARL; EKY) appear to be simple hybrids or introgressants with flexicaulis. The southern var. zedia R.E. Cook & Semple probably does not occur as far north as Ky. (FNA 20; Y), but it may resemble broad-leaved plants of caesia or hybrids of caesia with flexicaulis.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> canadensis (var. c.)


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Further checking in Ky. is needed for potential transitions to altissima or other variants. However, it is reasonable to treat canadensis and altissima as distinct species (FNA 20; Y, W). S. canadensis is a diploid (2n = 18 versus 36 or 54), with a northern range. It differs in its stems glabrate or sparsely hairy distally (versus usually hairy throughout); mid- to distal cauline leaves clearly serrate (versus minutely serrate to entire), usually glabrous or sparsely hairy below (versus densely hairy); inflorescence broadly pyramidal (versus narrow to broadly); involucres 1.7-2.5 (3) mm long (versus 2.5-4.5 mm), usually produced in Aug-Sep (versus Sep-Oct); insect galls are usually lacking (versus common). Colls. from HENR (KY) and perhaps elsewhere (CARL, FULT & HICK at MUR) have been referred to the relatively hairy var. hargeri Fern., which often resembles altissima. That variety is prevalent in some mid-western regions, including most of Mo. (Y).


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|BSolidago curtisii Torr. & GrayB|   	2295


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> curtisii (caesia var. cu.)


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This Appalachian species (mostly at higher elevation) appears generally distinct from typical caesia, with little or no intergradation, but these closely related taxa are often confused. Robust plants may also be confused or hybridized with flaccidifolia (or even flexicaulis). Harvill (1941) reported var. pubens (M.A. Curtis) Gray from HARL (coll. burned at KY); this is a relatively hairy, broader-leaved variant that may be transitional to flaccidifolia, and is verified only in the Blue Ridge of Va. and N.C. (FNA 20).


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> erecta (speciosa var. e.*)


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A coll. from HARL (MDKY) may be transitional to roanensis.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> faucibus ("macroarguta" ined.)


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This decaploid (2n = ca. 90) endemic species of central Appalachian regions was recently described by Wieboldt & Semple (2003), but had been known informally as "macroarguta" by M and Campbell et al. (1993). S. faucibus has distinctly larger involucres, 4.5-6 (7) mm long (versus 2.5-4 (5) mm in arguta), with 3 veins usually evident on phyllaries (versus only the mid-vein enlarged). It also tends to have shorter inflorescence branches, with less secund character and without naked bases. Also, its basal leaves tend to abruptly truncate (versus broadly cuneate), and its caudices form extensive clonal patches, often 1-10 sq. m or more (versus < 1 sq. m). It mostly occurs in relatively mesic sites at the base of forested slopes (versus more widely distributed in mesic to subxeric woods). Colls. from JACK, OWSL and MCRE (KY) are vegetative, and they may just be abnormal arguta, but Wieboldt did include the one from MCRE.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> flaccidifolia


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This southern Appalachian species is locally frequent in the Big South Fork corridor (MCRE), and there are scattered records elsewhere in southeastern counties. Further comparison with flexicaulis is needed to clarify the status of some plants. This species appears generally intermediate between flexicaulis and curtisii, and possibly of hybrid origin with continuing introgression. Some outlying records may be confused with forms of those two species, especially robust plants of curtisii and the "Appalachian variant" of flexicaulis (var. ?latifolia).


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|BSolidago flexicaulis L. var. flexicaulisB|   	2291


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> flexicaulis var. f.


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Colls. need to be studied further for careful separation of the apparent "Appalachian variant" (cf. latifolia; see below). The typical plants mapped here may correspond to the generally more western tetraploid race of flexicaulis that has been identified in Canada and perhaps elsewhere (Chmielewski & Semple 1985; Cr, FNA 20).


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|BSolidago flexicaulis L. var. latifolia (L.) new comb. ?B|   	2292


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> flexicaulis var. ?latifolia {tentative name}


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Compared to typical flexicaulis, these Appalachian plants have more tapered leaf bases, generally less hairy foliage, and often more extended terminal inflorescences (see also B). They mostly occur on slopes with medium acid soils in woods with beech and tulip poplar; typical flexicaulis mostly occurs on toe slopes and terraces with more base-rich soils, often with trees such as sugar maple and white ash. The Appalachian plants deserve at least variety status, and may correspond to the diploid race of flexicaulis (see note under var. flexicaulis). The type specimens of flexicaulis, latifolia, latissimifolia, flaccidifolia and others need to be rechecked in order to determine correct names.


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|BSolidago gigantea Ait. var. giganteaB|   	2329


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> gigantea var. g.


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Chromosome number varies in this species (2n = 18, 36, 54), increasing from east to west, but it is not clearly associated with morphological segregates (FNA 20). Although much less abundant in Ky. than altissiima, gigantea is generally distributed along streams and in lowland meadows across most the state. It is distinguished from the canadensis-altissima complex in Ky. by its completely glabrous stems below the inflorescence (versus puberulent at least above middle), often with glaucus bloom at first then turning purplish (versus just green). Leaves are generally glabrous, except in var. gigantea for a line of hairs along the three main veins on lower sufaces (versus usually pubescent across the surface in Ky.). Flowers are similar, but usually developed a month or so earlier, in August (versus September in Ky.).


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|BSolidago gigantea Ait. var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronq.B|   	2330


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> gigantea var. serotina (leiophylla)


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This smooth-leaved variety may be weakly defined. It is about as widespread as typical gigantea, but with a more northern, overlapping range (F). It appears to intergrade with rupestris at some sites, with relatively late flowering and stems lacking clear glaucous or purplish surface.


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|BSolidago gracillima Torr. & Gray ?B|   	2305


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Maritimae> cf. gracillima (austrina, stricta ssp. g.)


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These plants, initially reported as S. uliginosa Nutt., were discovered along the lower Rockcastle Rv. (often associated with Eurybia saxicastellii) and the lower Laurel Rv. (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988). There has been considerable confusion between S. gracillima (largely on the Coastal Plain), S. uliginosa (a northern species that extends south to the Blue Ridge) and their relatives (Sm, FNA 19, W). It is possible that the Ky. plants, like some other Southern Appalachian plants, are distinct and closer to the nebulous taxon, S. austrina Small (W). Further revision is needed.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> harrisii (arguta var. h.)


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These plants occur only in the eastern Knobs of Ky. or nearby. They are highly disjunct from other populations of the species in Ridge and Valley region of Md., W.Va. and  Va. (Campbell et al. 1993). The Ky. plants appear somewhat distinct, with leaves less coriaceous (versus clearly coriaceous), glabrous or slightly scabrous above (versus clearly scabrous), and averaging wider at plant bases (ca. 7-13 cm versus 5-10 cm); variety status might be considered. S. harrisii is a tetraploid (2n = 36), and deserves separation from the diploid arguta (F, W).


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|BSolidago hispida Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2303


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> hispida (bicolor var. hispida, concolor)


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There is little or no consistent observable difference from bicolor (Cr), other than flower color (yellow versus white). On average, hispida reportedly tends to have broader inflorescences (Y), broader phyllaries and less distinctly clavate pappus bristles (FNA 20). S. hispida has a more northern and western range, but there is much overlap, and there are no clear differences in habitat. Yet hybrids have not been proven to exist.


Line:
|BSolidago jacksonii: see Oligoneuron rigidumB|


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Junceae> juncea


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Some western colls. (GRAV & MCRA at MUR) are difficult to distinguish from missouriensis.


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Junceae> missouriensis


Line:
These plants can probably all be referred to the midwestern var. fasciculata Holz, with less pubescent achenes, but that variety may not be worth distinguishing (FNA 20). Typical missouriensis is even more western. Some plants may be hybridized with juncea; see also F. The coll. from EDMO (US) was initially misidentified as the closely related S. gattingeri Chapman, which is known only from the Ozarks of Ark. and Mo. except  for a few disjunct sites in c. Tenn.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Nemorales> nemoralis


Line:
Variation deserves further study. Several colls., especially in eastern regions, appear transitional to the southern var. haleana Fern., with more robust, branched habit, and more reduced leaves on the branches. However, that variety intergrades broadly with typical northern plants (Cr), and it may not deserve recognition (FNA 20). The western var. longipetiolata (MacKenzie & Bush) Palmer & Steyermark, recenly treated as ssp. decemloba (DC.) Brammall ex Semple (FNA 20), is a more distinct tetraploid; 2n = 36 versus 18 in typical nemoralis. It has been reported from Ky. by Harvill (1941), F and others (M), but no convincing colls. are known (check for C.W. Short at PH).


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Venosae> odora


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|BSolidago patula Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2315


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> patula


Line:
Colls. from BELL (GH) and CALL (MUR) may be transitional to var. strictula Torr. & Gray, which has relatively small, narrow leaves with less serration. It occurs further south (Cr).


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> puberula


Line:
This species has been confused with other pubescent species in the erecta group. Hairs on stems, in particular, are dense, minute and stiff, as in nemoralis but unlike the longer looser hairs of hispida or bicolor. Previous records from ESTI and MONT have been based on misidentifications; those from EDMO, ELLI and ROWA are not verified, and may be doubted (M).


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Humiles> racemosa (spathulata/simplex ssp. randii* var. racemosa)


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This northern species is known from EDMO (DHL): A.T. Hotchkiss 69-9-27-3, 27 Sep 1969, in rocky crevices, moist sandstone cliffs above east end of Nolin River dam. It has also been reported from se. Ky., where there may be intergradation with arenicola. See notes under arenicola.


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Nemorales> radula


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This largely Ozarkian species was reported with a well documented coll. (Cranfill & Medley 1981, M), but the coll. cannot now be located, and the area has been revisited with no success. Nevertheless, Cronquist (Cr) may have confirmed the coll. since he included w. Ky. in the range.


Line:
|BSolidago randii: see S. arenicola & S. racemosaB|


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> roanensis


Line:
A few colls. suggest hybridization with erecta.


Line:
|BSolidago rugosa Ait. var. aspera (Ait.) Fern.B|   	2328


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Venosae> rugosa var. aspera


Line:
Variation within this species needs further attention. Var. aspera (often treated as a subspecies) is more common to the south, but both this and var. rugosa are widespread eastern taxa. Reports of the southern var. celtidifolia (Small) Fern. (which has lax leafy panicles) from the Ohio Valley appear to be based on atypical var. aspera (GH, M, FNA 20). The "Fireworks" cultivar, which has recently become popular in gardens across eastern states, was selected from the southeastern Coastal Plain via the North Carolina Botanical Garden.


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|BSolidago rugosa P. Mill. var. rugosaB|   	2327


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Venosae> rugosa var. r.


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A coll. from MCRE (KY) has been referred to the essentially glabrous, northeastern var. sphagnophila Graves, but it is probably no more than transitional. Some colls. have been referred to var. villosa (Pursh) Fern., which may be transitional to var. aspera.


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> rupestris (canadensis var. r.)


Line:
This species is known only from rocky riverbanks, generally on calcareous material, in disjunct localities of Md., Va., Ky., Tenn. and Ind. However, it is locally abundant and has often been overlooked. Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from S. gigantea var. serotina, and intergradation is suspected; in eastern regions at least both taxa may be diploid (2n = 18; Cr; FNA 20).


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|BSolidago shortii Torr. & GrayB|   	2336


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> shortii


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This highly restricted endangered species is known from a cluster of sites in the Blue Licks area of Ky. (FLEM, NICH, ROBE). It was also present on Rock Island at the Falls of the Ohio River (JEFF) during the 19th Century, and it has been recently rediscovered nearby along the Blue River in Harrison Co., Ind. (Homoya & Abrell 2005). A morphometric analysis by Beck et al. (2001) showed that the historic plants from Falls of the Ohio fall largely within the range of variation exhibited by plants from the Blue Licks locality. Despite its rarity and uniform chromosome number (with 2n = 36), shortii displays considerable variation, and some material from ROBE (KY) appears to be hybridized with altissima (with 2n = 36 or 54).The clearest differences from altissima are its glabrous leaves, and its fewer (5-7 versus 8-13), broader (0.6-1.2 mm versus 0.1-0.5 mm) ray florets. Its strong similarities to gigantea and rupestris also deserve further study. Its habitats in the Blue Licks area are cedar glades and adjacent old fields (Baskin & Baskin 1985). Its habitats along the Ohio Rv. (formerly) and Blue Rv. are scoured rocky riverbanks, often in close association with Hypericum sphaerocarpon. Orbexilum stipulatum, probably now globally extinct, was also closely associated at the Falls of Ohio.


Line:
|BSolidago simplespecies : see S. racemosa & S. arenicolaB|


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|BSolidago speciosa Nutt. var. rigidiuscula Torr. & GrayB|   	2301


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> speciosa var. rigidiuscula (angustata)


Line:
This western segregate of speciosa has leaves that are distinctly narrower, sometimes more scabrous, and less persistent at the plant base (Cr). However, no other differences have been discovered. There is no overlap in range within Ky., and closer examination across its range is needed to determine if full species is warranted.


Line:
|BSolidago speciosa Nutt. var. speciosaB|   	2300


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> speciosa var. s.


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This has been combined with var. rigidiuscula and S. erecta in some recent treatments (K, J), but these are fairly distinct taxa (Cr, FNA 20).


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Brachychaetae> sphacelata


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> squarrosa


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This northeastern species has been collected at two sites on Pine Mt., here at the southern edge of its range: in PIKE (US), E.L. Braun #2048, 26 Sep 1938, steep slopes, woods, near Millard; and LETC (MDKY), A. Risk #2013, 11 Aug 1988, Elkins Br., non-forested wetland near head of stream, wet clay soil, elev. 2510 ft. These colls. may be somewhat atypical, and need further comparison with associated species. Braun's coll. was made at the same locality as her colls. of faucibus (#2049/2050); see also patula, which may be easily confused.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Maritimae> uliginosa


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This widespread northern species has been recently reported by KSPNC (J; T. Littlefield, pers. comm.) from boggy openings in the Cumberland Mts., but verified colls. have not been seen. S. uliginosa is reported from higher elevations in the Blue Ridge, south to at least Tenn. and N.C., but it is rare there and some identifications remain uncertain (FNA 19, W, PL). See also notes under S. cf. gracillima.


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|BSolidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2324


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Venosae> ulmifolia (var. u.)


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This is variable, especially in the Ozark region. Most or all plants in Ky. are referable to var. ulmifolia, but colls. from HICK (JC for KY) and UNIO (GH, KY-Agr.) may be transitional to the largely Ozarkian var. palmeri Cronq., with relatively broad and hairy leaves. The coll. from UNIO was misidentified as S. drummondii Torr. & Gray by Shacklett (1937) and Harvill (1941). A few colls. from BREC and BULL (KY) appear to be hybrids with altissima. S. ulmifolia has also been reported to hybridize with rugosa and other species (F), but there has often been outright misidentification, even by expert solidaginists (Y).


Line:
This is known only from colls. in JEFF (MM) and ROWA (MDKY). Colls. from ROWA appear to include both var. arvensis and var. glabrescens (Gunth.) Grab. & Wimmer (= ssp. uliginosus (M. Biebertein) Nyman; FNA 19, Y). S. arvensis is much more common in more northern and western regions, where it can be a persistent weed due to its perennial running roots.


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This common weed has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833).


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This common weed is widely scattered and has probably been present since early after settlement (Gray 1864; Gr), but it has remained less abundant than asper. It may be more restricted to damp eutrophic soils, often in ruderal settings of little interest to most botanists. As observed in Mo. (St, Y), this species is undercollected and much more widespread than records indicate.


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|BSorghastrum nutans (L.) NashB|   	3456


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This has become widely sown for wildlife and revegetation in recent decades; such plantings are excluded here, but will become more difficult to distinguish from native plants in the future. As a native plant Sorghastrum is virtually unknown in the Bluegrass region, except for a few colls. along low rocky banks of the Kentucky Rv. and some transitions to surrounding hills and valleys.


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Sorghum bicolor (vulgare)


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Typical ssp. bicolor is the common "sorghum" or "milo", with several cultivars. More weedy plants known as ssp. drummondii (Steud.) de Wet (= S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf.) or "shattercane" may be derived from hybrids between ssp. bicolor and the original wild progenitor, ssp. arundinaceus (Desv.) de Wet. (FNA 25). However, there is much interbreeding between these taxa. Most colls. are probably ssp. drummondii, which is a widespread weed in corn crops. Further study is needed.


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|BALI B| AF.   |BHAB B| H-10,8 :: D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BSorghum halepense (L.) Pers.B|   	3453


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This weed from the Mediterranean region was first reported in 1893 (Pr). In 1914 Gr noted: "not as common in Kentucky as it is farther south, but is likely to be encountered anywhere in small quantities... Its known value as a forage plant is decidedly in its favor..." It has become abundant locally along roads and in farmland that is not regularly mowed or grazed.


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|BSORREL: Oxalis {large-flowered spp.} (WOOD), Oxalis {small-flowered spp.} (FIELD)B|


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|BSparganium androcladum (Engelm.) MorongB|   	2837


Line:
|BSparganium emersum RehmannB|   	2839 T


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Sparganiaceae [Typhaceae]: Sparganium emersum ("angustifolium", chlorocarpum var. acaule)


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This northern species has been combined in some treatments with S. angustifolium Michx., S. chlorocarpum Rydb. or S. erectum L. ssp. stoloniferum (Graebn.) Hara. Colls. of R. Athey from BALL and CALD (check EKY) were initially identified as S. chlorocarpum Rydb., but probably in error (M); there are no other records.


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|BSparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex GrayB|   	2836


Line:
|BSpartina pectinata Bosc ex LinkB|   	3296


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This widespread North American species is now largely restricted to marshy places on some riverbanks, but a few records suggest that, before settlement, it might have occured in wet grasslands elsewhere (as in Panicum virgatum).


Line:
|BSpergularia rubra (L.) J.& K. PreslB|   	336 R


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The only record is a coll. from LAWR (KY-Agr.), but this appears to be mislaid or on an extended unofficial loan.


Line:
|BSpergularia salina J.& K. PreslB|   	335


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Spergularia [Spergula] salina (marina)


Line:
|BSpermolepis echinata (Nutt. ex DC.) HellerB|   	2013


Line:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Spermolepis echinata


Line:
This southwestern species is probably a remnant of native grassland. It is known from only two colls. of R. Athey in the 1970s, from FULT and MCRA (presumably at Memphis).


Line:
|BSphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb.B|   	3236


Line:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Sphenopholis intermedia (obtusata var. major*)


Line:
A few colls. (e.g. from GRAV at WKY) may be transitional to typical obtusata, but  intermedia is generally quite distinct. There has been much confusion among the three species of Sphenopholis in Ky. A more detailed key is needed (e.g. based on F).


Line:
|BSphenopholis nitida (Biehler) Scribn.B|   	3234


Line:
|BSphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn.B|   	3235


Line:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Sphenopholis obtusata (var. o.)


Line:
Original habitats are uncertain. This is widespread in western and southern regions of North America, and probably occurred in native grasslands of w. Ky. before settlement. S. obtusata is currently rather uncommon, even in good grassland remnants, but it seems to have spread locally along roads and railroads into more eastern regions. Records of var. lobata (Trin.) Scribn. and var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn. can be included here (FNA 24). See also S. intermedia, which has been confused.


Line:
|BSphenopholis pensylvanica (L.) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3237


Line:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Sphenopholis penylvanica (pallens; Trisetum pen.)


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|BSpigelia marilandica (L.) L.B|   	1604


Line:
|BSPINDLE: Euonymus atropurpurea, E. europeaB|


Line:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Spiraea alba (var. a.)


Line:
This northern species has been found at only two native sites, near opposite extremes of the state: a swampy meadow in BALL (coll. of R. Athey), where it cannot be relocated, and a rocky riverbank seep in PIKE (KY), where a small piece has been taken for cultivation by JC. The plant from PIKE is clearly typical S. alba, not var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel, which may warrant species status (W).


Line:
|BSpiraea japonica L. f. var. fortunei (Planch.) Rehd.B|   	926


Line:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Spiraea japonica var. fortunei


Line:
This was first collected in the 1930s (B). Virtually all escaped plants of japonica in eastern North America are var. fortunei (W, PL). S. japonica is now locally common in some Appalachian regions, and is more widespread than indicated by colls.


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 8,4,7 C 3.   |BABU B| +5*.


Line:
|BSpiraea prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc.B|   	922


Line:
There are several wilder records of this cultivated species, but most or all may be from persistent plants at old home sites rather than self-seedings. Related species of Spiraea are also cultivated, including S. thunbergii Siebold, S. chamaedryifolia L.; see also S. X vanhouttei.


Line:
This has been reported from MARS (BA) and perhaps elsewhere (as cited by M), but there is no clear evidence of true naturalization in Ky. Although salicifolia is widely cultivated in eastern states, it has rarely been reported from a wild context, and then mostly in cooler zones (PL, W).


Line:
All plants match var. rosea (Raf.) Fern., but this has not been generally recognized in recent treatments.


Line:
This widely scattered Appalachian species has been confused in Ky. with S. corymbosa Raf., which is largely restricted to the Blue Ridge or nearby; see M for citations.


Line:
|BSpiraea X vanhouttei (Briot) Carr.B|   	923 C


Line:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Spiraea X vanhouttei


Line:
Wilder records of this commonly cultivated species (known as "bridal wreath") appear to be just from persistent plants at old home sites; it has been collected from OLDH (DHL).


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|BSpiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich.B|   	2780


Line:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes cernua (var. c.)


Line:
This is a "facultatively agamospermic polyploid [2n = 45, 60] compilospecies in which unidirectional gene flow from related diploids generates a wide range of novel forms and races" (C.J. Sheviak & P.M. Brown, in FNA 26). The coll. from BELL (KY) is very robust and somewhat similar to odorata (2n = 30). Records of Ettman & McAdoo (1979) were based on herbarium colls. but need to be confirmed; they include a cluster in the Bluegrass region, where odorata has also been found.


Line:
|BSpiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. gracilis (Bigelow) LuerB|   	2787


Line:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis


Line:
|BSpiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. laceraB|   	2786


Line:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes lacera var. l.


Line:
This northern variety has its spike less spiraled, more pubescent, and produced while leaves are still evident; see also F. It appears less frequent than the more widespread var. gracilis, but some records need to be rechecked. The ranges of these taxa overlap greatly (FNA 26), with intergradation, and some authors do not consider them distinct (Y).


Line:
|BSpiranthes lucida (H.H. Eat.) AmesB|   	2778


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|BSpiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb.B|   	2781


Line:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes ochroleuca (cernua var. o.)


Line:
This northeastern and Appalachian species is close to cernua but generally distinct (FNA 26). It should be searched for further in the field and herbarium.


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|BSpiranthes odorata (Nutt.) Lindl.B|   	2782


Line:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes odorata (cernua var. o.)


Line:
This is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain, except for disjunct records from Tenn. and Ky. (FNA 26). In addition to the verified plants in WOOD (KY), this species was reported by Cranfill (1980) from the Blood River seeps in CALL, near Lycopodiella appressa. See also notes under cernua.


Line:
|BSpiranthes ovalis Lindl. var. erostellata CatlingB|   	2779


Line:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata (?montana)


Line:
These plants could be considered a distinct species (perhaps = S. montana Raf.). Var. erostellata is the only member of the genus to lack a well-developed rostellum and viscidulum, structures in the flower that oppose self-pollination (Catling 1983; FNA 26). Also, it has shorter sepals (ca. 3.5-5 mm versus 4-6.1 mm); flowers appear earlier but do not fully open, and the ovaries are simultaneously (versus progressively) swollen on each flower. It is widespread in eastern states, while typical ovalis is restricted to the Gulf Coastal Plain, with little overlap in range.


Line:
|BSpiranthes praecox (Walt.) S. Wats.B|   	2785 R


Line:
This southeastern species has been reported by Pr and others, but no confirmed colls. have been located (M). Colls. have been labelled as praecox from CALL and CARL (MUR), but these are probably vernalis. S. praecox is close to vernalis, and hybrids (= X meridionalis P.M. Brown) are known from further south (FNA 26); these hybrids were confused by F with S. laciniata (Sm) Ames. Both praecox and laciniata are largely restricted to the Coastal Plain (W).


Line:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes tuberosa (grayi)


Line:
|BSpiranthes vernalis Engelm. & GrayB|   	2784


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|BSpirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.B|   	2579


Line:
|BSporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3318


Line:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus clandestinus (compositus/asper var. cl.)


Line:
This can be confused with compositus, but it appears truly distinct when examined closely. It tends to occur in native glades on rockier sites, and much less in old fields or roadsides.


Line:
|BSporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr.B|   	3316


Line:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus compositus (compositus var. co., asper var. a.)


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|BSporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) GrayB|   	3319


Line:
The coll. data from CAMP (KNK) suggests adventive status: in Silver Grove railroad yard.


Line:
|BSporobolus drummondii (Trin.) VaseyB|   	3317 W


Line:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus drummondii (compositus var. d., asper var. hookeri)


Line:
A coll. from BOON (KNK), apparently just a roadside waif, is referable to this taxon or perhaps the more rhizomatous S. macer (Trin.) A.S. Hitchc. (= S. compositus var. m.). These taxa are both slender southwestern segregates of S. compositus, and combined as varieties by some authors. There are no other records in either case.


Line:
|BSporobolus heterolepis (Gray) GrayB|   	3320


Line:
In Ky. this species of the upper mid-west is known only from three localities: in BULL (Cedar Creek Glades, at KY); CRIT (Crittenden Springs Glade, at EKY); and LIVI (Rosenfield Glade, pers. comm. of M. Evans).


Line:
|BSporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.B|   	3315


Line:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus indicus (poiretii)


Line:
This pantropical to warm temperate species was first record in the 1930s (B). It has become widely scattered, especially along roadsides on sandy soils.


Line:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus neglectus (vaginiflorus var. n.)


Line:
This is similar to typical vaginiflorus; both are widespread on rocky base-rich sites across east-central North America and differences in ecology are not obvious. S. neglectus may be more frequent on disturbed sites such as exposed riverbanks and roadsides, but typical vaginiflorus can also be locally abundant along roads. A few colls. suggest transitions to vaginiflorus, especially if lemmas are marginally pubescent (e.g. from ROWA at KNK).


Line:
|BSporobolus ozarkanus: see S. vaginiflorusB|


Line:
|BSporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex Gray) WoodB|   	3321


Line:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus vaginiflorus (var. v.)


Line:
This is close to neglectus and some colls. are hard to assign, especially if lemmas are only 2-3 mm long (e.g. from FAYE & SIMP at KY). Some colls. (from BULL at KY and MEAD at US) have pilose leaves, and may approach the more western var. ozarkanus (Fern.) Shinners, but the spikelets are not distinctive. In var. ozarkanus, glumes are longer than lemmas (versus shorter); lemmas are 3-nerved (versus 1-3 nerved); and paleas are obtuse (versus acute to acuminate). No colls. of ozarkanus from Ky. are known, though it has been reported by Cr and others.


Line:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys clingmanii ("nuttallii")


Line:
This occurs mostly in the southern Blue Ridge (W, PL). There are dubious reports of from JESS by McFarland (1941), and from ROCK (check MICH) by Wharton (1945), with no confirmed colls. There are plants that are referrable to clingmanii or to clingmanii-ovata intermediates in s. Ind, and s. Ill. (D, Nelson 1981, Cr).


Line:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys cordata (nuttallii, riddellii)


Line:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys eplingii ("nuttallii", ?ambigua)


Line:
This rare, poorly understood species is close to cordata; the only clear difference is its obtuse to rounded leaf bases (versus cordate), with petioles only 2-5 mm (versus 10-50 mm). There has also been nomenclatural confusion in earlier literature with S. nuttallii Shuttlew. ex Benth (a synonym of cordata), S. hyssopifolia Michx (of the southeastern Coastal Plain), and perhaps S. aspera Michx. (a synonym of its var. ambigua). Records of eplingii are scattered, mostly in the Appalachians but also west to the Ozarks. In Ky. it is known only from a few colls. in the Cumberland Mountains (BELL, HARL), plus an old (1840s) disjunct coll. of C.W. Short (GH, PH) from "barrens" in MEAD that was initially det. as S. hyssopifolia var. ambigua Gray but included in S. eplingii by Nelson (1981). There is also a report of aspera from WARR (Pr; check MO). Further review of these Stachys colls. is desirable for mapping.


Line:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys hispida (tenuifolia var. h.)


Line:
This is a highly variable species, with transitions to tenuifolia. It seems most distinct and frequent near major rivers, especially in the lower Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. It is uncommon in mid-Atlantic states (W).


Line:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys pilosa (palustris var. pilosa)


Line:
This has been reported by Grubbs (1989) from HICK (recheck MUR) and by McFarland (1942), but colls. have not been located or confirmed. It is a northern and western species, reported to be adventive in southeastern states, especially on banks of shallow impoundments for waterfowl (W).


Line:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys tenuifolia (var. t.)


Line:
Variation needs further study. Some colls. appear transitional to hispida. Colls. from LYON and probably elsewhere are referable to var. perlonga Fern., with lanceolate leaves tapering from a trunctate base. Var. perlonga is known from the lower Mississippi Valley and, to a lesser extent, the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Nelson 1981), but it has not been recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. J.B. Nelson in W).


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This widespread eastern species is most common in mesic forest on rocky calcareous slopes, where thickets are characteristic at mid- to low slope positions. But it does occur on other base-rich soils.


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|BSTAR-GRASS, WATER: Heranthera <Zosterella> dubiaB|


Line:
|BSteinchisma hians (Ell.) NashB|   	3388 R


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Steinchisma [Panicum] hians


Line:
This was reported from Ky. by RAB but no coll. has been verified. It is a southern species of wet shores that extends north to se. Mo. and scattered sites across Tenn., including some counties adjacent to Ky. (Ch, FNA 25).


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria corei (pubera var. silvatica)


Line:
This tetraploid (2n = 60) is generally distinct from the diploid pubera, but some incomplete colls. are difficult to assign. It occurs largely in the central Appalachians and Interior Low Plateaus, on more base-rich soils than the more widespread southeastern pubera. See W for notes on identification.


Line:
|BStellaria fontinalis (Short & Peter) B.L. Robins.B|   	345


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria fontinalis (Sagina, Arenaria, Alsine f.)


Line:
Although this globally imperiled species is often treated in Stellaria, it also appears close to Sagina and Minuartia (FNA 5). It is an early spring annual restricted to wet cliffs and seeps on limestone in c. Ky. and c. Tenn. Its numbers can vary much from year to year, and several populations in Ky. have disappeared during the past 30 years.


Line:
This alien has probably been present since early after settlement (Short 1840; Gr), but it has remained rather uncommon and largely restricted to less fertile soils, especially in marginal pastures and old fields. It has been sometimes confused with longifolia.


Line:
|BStellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	343


Line:
This northern, circumboreal species of wet meadows and open woods on base-rich soils is rare in Ky. and Tenn. There has been some confusion with graminea.


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria media (ssp. m.)


Line:
Introduced during early settlement, this virtually iniradicable annual has become a pervasive weed on damp rich soil in woods and fields. Colls. of this variable tetraploid (2n = 40, 42, 44) need to be rechecked for pallida and neglecta, which are closely related diploids (2n = 22) that are easily overlooked (FNA 5, Y, W). There is no evidence of interbreeding between these three species.


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria neglecta (media ssp. n.)


Line:
This is closely related to media and pallida (FNA 5, Y). It differs from these species in its sepals 5-6.5 mm long (versus usually 3-5 mm); stamens 8-10 (versus usually 1-5); seeds 1.1-1.7 mm wide (versus 0.5-1.3 mm), with tubercles usually taller than broad (versus broader than tall), and with apex usually acute (versus obtuse). It is usually cross-pollinated, while media is both cross- and self-pollinated; pallida is self-pollinated or sometimes cleistogamous. S. neglecta has spread rapidly through North America since the 1980s, but there are still few available records from the Ohio Valley and the mid-west (e.g. Y). FNA 5 reported it from Ky., and there may be a coll. from FRAN to be checked (M. Medley & J. Thieret for WKY). It remains unknown in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.).


Line:
|BStellaria pallida (Dumort.) CrépinB|   	342


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria pallida (media ssp. p.)


Line:
This differs from media (FNA 5) in its 0-3 stamens (versus 3-5 (8)); sepals 3-4 mm long (versus 4.5-5 (6) mm); seeds mostly 0.5-0.9 mm wide and yellowish-green (versus 0.9-1.3 and brown); petals usually absent (versus present); and plants usually yellowish-green (versus regular green). It has certainly been overlooked, and further examination of colls. filed under media is needed. It is widely scattered in Mo. (Y) and Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.). In Ky, the only records are colls. of J.W. Thieret (KNK).


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria pubera (var. p.)


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|BStenanthium gramineum (Ker-Gawl.) MorongB|   	2643


Line:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Stenanthium gramineum {vars. combined}


Line:
This conservative species survives in scattered remnants of thin swampy woods and seasonally wet meadows (including some rights-of-way), especially on medium-acid soils. It occurs widely in east-central states, but is centered in Appalachian and Ozarkian regions. In Ky., its distribution is highly fragmented, and several populations have disappeared since 1950; similar declines have been documented in s. Ill. (Edgin 2004). Varieties are combined here, as in most recent treatments (e.g. Cr, FNA 26), but further study may be warranted. Colls. from CALD, FAYE, FLEM, HART, HOPK, ROCK and ROWA are referable to var. robusta (S. Wats.) Fern., which may be typical of deeper swamps or relatively fertile soils. Colls. from LAUR, MCRE, PULA and WHIT are referable to var. micranthum Fern., which may be typical of streamhead seeps on infertile soils of the Cumberland Plateau. The latter appears distinctive, and needs to be compared with S. diffusa Wofford, which was recently described from sandstone rockhouses in adjacent Tenn. (Wofford 2006) and is expected in Ky.


Line:
|BStewartia ovata (Cav.) WeatherbyB|   	1408


Line:
This occurs mostly in the southern Appalachians and Piedmont (PL, W). Reports from POWE and ROWA have not been verified (Gr; Campbell et al. 1989). Plants in Ky. may all have purple stamen filaments, and propagules have been sought after for horticultural use.


Line:
|BSTRAWBERRY: Duschesnea (FALSE), Fragaria, Waldsteinia (BARREN)B|


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|BStreptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) RevealB|   	2671


Line:
Liliaceae: Streptopus lanceolatus (roseus var. perspectus)


Line:
This northeastern species has often been treated as S. roseus Michx. var. perspectus Fassett. Reports of the southern Appalachian S. roseus var. roseus and the upper mid-western var. longipes (Fern.) Fassett appear to be erroneous (M).


Line:
|BStrophostyles helvula (L.) Ell.B|   	1303


Line:
Some plants are probably var. missouriensis (S. Wats.) Britt., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


Line:
|BStrophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & Gray) PiperB|   	1305


Line:
|BStrophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt.B|   	1304


Line:
Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Stuckenia [Potamogeton] pectinata


Line:
|BStylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt.B|   	246


Line:
|BStylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P.B|   	1272


Line:
Fabaceae <Aeschynomeneae>: Stylosanthes biflora (riparia)


Line:
Variation may deserve further study. Plants formerly known as S. riparia Kearney may be concentrated in north-central counties (CLAR, ESTI, GARR, HARD, MADI, MEAD), but are not considered distinct in recent treatments. S. riparia differs in its less ascending habit; its leaves smaller (ca. 0.5-2.3 cm long versus 1.5-4 cm) and oval to oblanceolate (versus lanceolate); and its bracteal leaves with smooth (versus usually bristly-hispid) bases and with eciliate (versus bristly-ciliate) blades (F). Colls. from CLIN (GH), MUHL (KY) and WAYN (GH) have been called S. biflora var. hispidissima (Michx.) Pollard & Ball, with the stem more pubescent.


Line:
A few more densely pubescent colls., from CALL (KY) and OHIO (GH, MO), have been referred to var. pulverulenta (Michx.) Perkins. However, that taxon is typical of more southern pine woods, and Ky. plants are probably no more than transitional.


Line:
The only reliable record of this southeastern species is a recent coll. by E.W. Chester from LYON (APSU, EKY), as reported by CW. S. grandifolius has been also been reported from WHIT (sight record of R. Jacobs) and perhaps collected elsewhere (Cr), but some data may be doubted. No plants have been relocated at the sites reported by Gonsoulin (1974), as reviewed by Palmer-Ball et al. (1988), Chester (1991) and M. However, it is known from nearby counties in s. Ill., s. Ind., se. Ohio, w. Va. and across Tenn. (PL).


Line:
|BSuaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq.B|   	409 W


Line:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Suadea calceoliformis ("depressa")


Line:
This has been found along a salted interstate in BOON (KNK), and it may be expected to increase with further saltings.


Line:
|BALI B| W.   |BHAB B| R-9 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
|BSuaeda maritima (L.) Dumort.B|   	410 W


Line:
This has been found only once, as an apparent waif in a parking lot.


Line:
|BSullivantia sullivantii (Torr. & Gray) Britt.B|   	446 R


Line:
B reported making a coll. from CART, "on wet sandstone cliff in Box Canyon", but this plant cannot be relocated in herbaria or at this site. There has been some confusion with Heuchera parviflora.


Line:
|BSUMAC: Rhus, Toxicodendron vernix (POISON-)B|


Line:
|BSymphoricarpos albus (L.) BlakeB|   	2098


Line:
|BSymphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.B|   	2096 R


Line:
This may be collected from ROWA (MDKY), but the label data are doubted (Campbell et al. 1992); this northwestern species is unlikely in Ky.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum concinnum (Willd.) new comb. ?B|   	2373


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> concinnum (laeve var. c.*)


Line:
This southeastern taxon is close to the largely mid-western laeve but considered a distinct species in some treatments (F, Cr). It is not clear if there is intergradation in Ky., as reported by B. These plants may prove to be a somewhat miscellaneous group of narrow-leaved variants adapted to local conditions, especially on non-calcareous (or highly leached) soils. Relatively extensive and distinctive populations occurs on rocky sandstone banks of the Rockcastle, Cumberland and Big South Fork Rivers.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum concolor (L.) NesomB|   	2379


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <concolor group> concolor


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) NesomB|   	2359


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> cordifolium (var. c.)


Line:
Occasional plants appear to be hybridized with undulatum (e.g. NELS & ROWA at KY), urophyllum (JESS at KY), laeve (B), or other species. Some colls. (ADAI & TAYL at Field) are referable to var. polycephalum (Porter) Nesom, which is not recognized in recent treatments.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum divaricatum (Nutt.) NesomB|   	2400


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <subulatum group> divaricatum (subulatum var. parviflorum, A. "exilis")


Line:
This was recently discovered in FULT (EKY), growing in wet fields (Clark et al. 2005).


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum drummondii (Lindl.) NesomB|   	2363


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> drummondii (A. sagittifolius var. d.)


Line:
This largely mid-western species may occasionally hybridize or introgress with urophyllum, cordifolius, shortii and undulatus, but it is generally distinct (Cr; FNA 20, Y). Introgression with cordifolius at least may have increased after settlement in Mo. (St). Compared to urophyllus, drummondii is densely hairy (versus thinly); green tips of phyllaries tend to be elongate-rhombic (versus very narrow); and rays are usually bright blue (versus pale bluish, lilac or white),


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. dumosumB|   	2397


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> dumosum var. d. (A. coridifolius)


Line:
This variable species (2n = 16, 32) needs further study. The relatively southern var. coridifolius (Michx.) Torr. & Gray, as treated in Aster, has been combined in recent treatments. That variant does not seem particularly distinct in Ky. based on reported characters: relatively narrow leaves (often reflexed), more diffuse inflorescences, and fewer wider rays (F). There are occasional apparent hybrids with pilosum (BULL at KY) and racemosum (CART at MDKY). A coll. from BELL (KY) has unusually large flowers and leaves, suggesting a distinct montane variant (or perhaps a hybrid). See also the varieties listed below.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. nov. {river bar form}B|   	2399


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> dumosum var. nov. {river bar form}


Line:
These plants appear distinct at least at the variety level, with relatively large heads, white rays (versus bluish usually in typical dumosus), generally shorter flowering branches, and more ascending leaves that remain relatively wide on flowering branches. In these characters they generally resemble S. dumosus var. strictior (perhaps confused by Sm), except that their heads are distinctly larger, with involucres ca. 5-7 mm long (versus 3-5 mm). Moreover, they appear generally disjunct from the largely mid-western var. strictior, being known only from rocky river banks in the Appalachian Plateaus of Ky. and Tenn., especially the upper Cumberland Rv. plus its tributaries, and the Obed-Emory Rv.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. strictior (Torr. & Gray) NesomB|   	2398 R


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> dumosum var. strictior


Line:
This largely mid-western variety has been reported from CALL (Fuller 1980) and elsewhere (M), but no colls. have been verified. It is known from nearby in Ind., Ill. and Mo., where there may have been introgression with racemosus (Y). Var. strictior differs from typical dumosus in its white to pale pink/bluish rays (versus usually bluish), generally shorter and less branched inflorescence, with more ascending branches, and its larger primary leaves, mostly 5-12 cm long and up to 11 mm wide (versus 3-5 cm long and up to 8 mm wide). It occurs mostly on damp lowlands and ponded sites, or occasionally uplands, often with base-rich soils (Y, W); var. dumosus typically occurs on uplands with strongly acid soils.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum ericoides (L.) NesomB|   	2385 R


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> ericoides


Line:
There are several reports of this northern and western species (M), but there has been much confusion with pilosum (or perhaps pilosum x racemosum) and other species, especially in older treatments. Colls. from CALL (MUR) and GRAY (EKY) have been referred to ericoides, but do not appear to be reliably identified.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum firmum (Nees) NesomB|   	2377


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> firmum (A. lucidulus, puniceus var. f.)


Line:
This largely mid-western species is close to puniceum, but considered distinct in most recent treatments (e.g. Cr, FNA 20). It differs in its long creeping rhizomes (versus stout caudex), forming large patches; upper stems are pubescent in lines to glabrous (versus uniformly hairy); and leaves are distinctly crowded in the inflorescence. It is typical of more calcareous sites (see also St and Y). In Ky., the only known record is an 1840s coll. of C.W. Short from FAYE (PH): "Kentucky River banks north of Elk Lick Creek".


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum juniperinum (Burgess) ?B|   	2383


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <pilosum group> juniperinum (A. pilosus var. demotus)


Line:
This has been combined with the northeastern hexaploid (2n =48), S. pilosum var. pringlei (Gray) Nesom in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20). It appears distinct (F), at least in Ky., and could be treated as a variety of pringlei or a separate species, based on Aster juniperinus Burgess. These plants are typical of dry calcareous sites in east-central states, forming relatively large uniform populations. They are somewhat similar to S. depauperatum (Fern.) Nesom, a diploid of serpentine barrens in central Appalachian regions.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum laeve (L.) A.& D. LöveB|   	2372


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> laeve (var. l.)


Line:
There appear to be occasional hybrids with undulatus, cordifolius, and probably other species.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) NesomB|   	2393


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> lanceolatum (A. "simplex")


Line:
This highly variable species of diverse ploidy (2n = 32 to 64) needs further revision in Ky., using recent treatments of J.C. Semple (FNA 20) and others (Y, W). It may intergrade with ontarione and racemosum; all three species have distinctly long rhizomes, as in dumosus but not lateriflorus or pilosus. S. lanceolatum is often confused with ontarione, especially without close examination of flowers, but leaves are usually more elongated and almost completely glabrous (versus softly short-hairy, at least on upper leaves). Most Ky. plants have been named "Aster simplex Lam." or A. lanceolatus var. simplex (Willd.) A.G. Jones, but the type of simplex suggests a hybrid with lateriflorum (Cr). The more northern A. simplex var. ramosissimus (Torr. & Gray) Cronq. has not been reported, but that taxon is now combined with what was called simplex into typical S. lanceolatum. The upper mid-western var. interior (Wieg.) Nesom has been reported from CARL (Mohlenbrock et al. 1966), ESTI (Anderson 1947) and perhaps BULL (Gunn 1968; see also FNA 20), but no verified colls. have been seen. The more southern var. latifolium (Semple & Chmiel.) Nesom has also been reported (FNA 20), but colls. have not yet been located.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A.& D. LöveB|   	2387


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> lateriflorum


Line:
This variable species (2n = 16, 32, 48) still needs further study in Ky. and elsewhere (FNA 20, Y, W). Several colls. are referable to var. angustifolium (Wieg.) Nesom, var. hirsuticaule (DC.) Nesom, var. horizonatale (Desf.) Nesom (= A. pendulus Ait.), or var. tenuipes (Wieg.) Nesom, but these taxa have not been consistently recognized in recent treatments. In Ky., narrow leaved plants with glabrous mid-veins from streamheads and seeps in BELL, MARS, MCRE and elsewhere (EKY, KY) appear to be particularly distinct, suggesting the northeastern var. tenuipes (following F).


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) NesomB|   	2361


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> lowrieanum (A. cordifolius var. laevigatus)


Line:
This Appalachian taxon is close to the more widespread eastern cordifolium, and there may be intermediates. These species have been combined in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20). However, leaves of lowrieanum are generally distinct, being glabrous and slightly glaucous, with less serrated margins, less cordate bases (at least in upper leaves), and more winged petioles (F, J). Phyllaries usually lack purplish tips (which are found in cordifolium). Occasional colls. appear hybridized with species other than cordifolium, especially undulatus (e.g. from HARL at EKY, PERR at KY). Cronquist (1980, Cr) and others have suggested that some plants known as lowrieanum are derived from hybrids between cordifolium and laeve, but in Ky. lowrieanum rarely occurs in the same habitat as laeve.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) NesomB|   	2369


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <patens group> novae-angliae


Line:
There may be rare hybrids with pilosum, which are known as  X amethystinum (Nutt.) Nesom (F, M). Also, hybrids with ericoides may be expected in western regions (FNA 20).


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nutt.) NesomB|   	2371


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <patens group> oblongifolium


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum ontarione (Wieg.) NesomB|   	2386


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> ontarione (var. o.; A. panotrichus)


Line:
This is a tetraploid (2n = 32) that may have originated from hybrids between forms of lanceolatum and lateriflorum (FNA 20, Y and their citations); its habitat is generally intermediate. The floral characters of ontarione are similar to lateriflorum. In Ky at least, ontarione seems consistently distinct; its leaves, at least the upper ones, are uniformly puberulent. However, it is sometimes confused with lanceolatum since lower leaves are occasionally glabrate or glabrous. More glabrous plants around the Great Lakes have been named var. glabratum (Semple) Brouillet & Bouchard.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum oolentangiense (Riddell) NesomB|   	2358 R


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> oolentagiense (A. azureus)


Line:
This widespread mid-western species (previously known as Aster azureus Lindl.) has been reported from western regions of Ky. (M, FNA 20), but no convincing colls. have been seen. S. oolentangiense has been confused with shortii in Ky., and some introgression may be expected with shortii and perhaps others:  drummondii, urophyllum and laeve (FNA 20; see also St). It is scattered over Ill., Ind. and Ohio, but generally rare or absent in southeastern states (PL).


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum patens (Ait.) NesomB|   	2365


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <patens group> patens (var. p.)


Line:
The largely Ozarkian var. patentissimum (Lindl. ex DC.) Nesom has been reported from Ky. (including Cr and FNA 20), but at least some of these reports are based on misidentifications (Jones 1983; M). The southern var. gracile (Hook.) Nesom, has also been reported (B, F), but although there are recent colls. from western Tenn., there are no confirmed records from Ky. (Cr, J).


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum phlogifolium (Muhl. ex Willd.) NesomB|   	2368


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <patens group> phlogifolium (A. patens var. ph.)


Line:
This has been confused with typical patens, but it is generally distinct (Jones 1983).


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) NesomB|   	2381


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <pilosum group> pilosum (var. p.)


Line:
This is an abundant weedy, late-flowering species with diverse chromosome numbers; 2n = 32, 40, 48. Several broad-leaved colls. (including CLAR, KENT, POWE, ROWA, SCOT) have been referred to var. platyphyllum Torr. & Gray, when treated in Aster, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20). Some segregates (juniperinum, pringlei, priceae, kentuckiense, depauperatum, parviceps) have been treated as varieties or species, but their degrees of distinction need further clarification. See notes under juniperorum and priceae.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) NesomB|   	2395


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> praealtum


Line:
This variable (2n = 32, 48, 64), widespread, mid-western and northern species may have been often overlooked. S. praeltum can be confused (or perhaps rarely hybridized) with lanceolatum, lateriflorum or other species. The few Ky. colls. mostly need to be rechecked and variety determined. Those from CALL (R. Athey #5022) and MCRA (R. Athey with accession unknown) have been referred to var. subasperum (Lindl.) Nesom, which is probably a distinct southwestern segregate. The coll. from MADI (R. Jones #4157 at EKY) appears to be var. praealtus.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum pratense (Raf.) NesomB|   	2380


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <concolor group> pratense (A. sericeus var. microphyllus)


Line:
This has been confused with the mid-western S. sericeum (Vent.) Nesom, which has been erroneously reported from Ky. (M). S. pratense occurs mostly in Texas and La., but with scattered disjunct populations across the southeastern states.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) NesomB|   	2378


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> prenanthoides


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum priceae (Britt.) NesomB|   	2384


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <pilosum group> priceae (A. kentuckiensis, pilosus var. pr.)


Line:
These octoploids (2n = 64) are generally distinct (especially the type of A. kentuckiensis Britt) in their relatively large bluish-violet rays ("pink-purple" in some descriptions) and glabrous foliage. However, in other plants (perhaps including type material of A. priceae Britt.) there appears to be some local introgression with the white-flowered pilosum (M) or juniperinum. S. priceae is known only from native grassland remnants and associated roadsides or old fields, especially on or near rocky limestone soils, in disjunct localities of Ala., Ga., Tenn., Ky. and perhaps Ohio (GH: W.C. Werner, 1890, "near Painesville" in Lake Co.).


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A.& D. LöveB|   	2376


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> puniceum (var. p.)


Line:
This is a largely northeastern species of open swampy woods, seeps and wet meadows on acid soils. The outlying western coll. from CALL (MUR) was initially misidentified as A. praealtus: R. Athey #5132, 14 Oct 1985, Backusburg, West Fork of Clarks River at Ky 464, in pond bordering river.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum racemosum (Ell.) NesomB|   	2392


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> racemosum (A. fragilis/vimineus var. subdumosus)


Line:
Although perhaps mostly diploid (2n = 16), this is a variable species of diverse damp open habitats, and it needs further revision (FNA 20, Y). In Ky. most plants are probably referable to var. subdumosus (Wieg.) Nesom, which sometimes appears transitional to lanceolatum (see also Y). However, the distinction of that largely mid-western variant from typical racemosum has been doubted. Several atypical colls., including a some formerly identified as typical "A. vimineus Lam." (from BATH, CAMP, GARR & ROWA), may be hybridized with lateriflorum, dumosum, or pilosum.


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum shortii (Lindl.) NesomB|   	2357


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> shortii (A. camptosorus)


Line:
Occasional plants (at least in BRAK, HENR, MADI & WOOD), suggest hybridization with urophyllum, cordifolium, or other relatives. Also, some western plants have been confused with oolentangiense and might be intermediate (from ALLE, FULT, MCLE, MEAD & WARR).


Line:
|BSymphyotrichum texanum (Burgess) ?B|   	2364 R


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> texanum (drummondii var. t.*)


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This largely southwestern taxon has been treated as a species (Cr), subspecies (M), or variety (FNA 20, J) of drummondii, and it is also close to urophyllus. It is virtually unknown east of the Mississippi Rv., except in Miss. and perhaps Ala. It may not even be verified in Mo. (Y). There have been several reports from Ky. (M), but these are erroneous or remain dubious.


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|BSymphyotrichum undulatum (L.) NesomB|   	2355


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> undulatum


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This variable species appears to form occasional hybrids with shortii (e.g. from BOUR, BULL & POWE), urophyllum (WOLF), cordifolium (CART & MCRE), S. lowrieanum (PERR), laeve (WAYN), dumosum (BULL), and other related species (FNA 20). Unusually narrow leaved plants have been referred to var. loriformis Burgess (NELS at MICH), within Aster, but might also have resulted from hybridization.


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|BSymphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) NesomB|   	2362


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> urophyllum (A. sagittifolius, cordifolius var. s.)


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This widespread species of east-central states is close to cordifolium, but is typical of more open, drier or disturbed habitats, where it appears most distinct. There may be occasional hybridization with undulatum, shortii, cordifolium, and drummondii; see notes under those species.


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|BSymphytum asperum LepechinB|   	1522 C


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In North America, this alien is largely restricted to northern regions. The only record from Ky. is the note of Gr: "seen in cultivation, or as an escape."


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Boraginaceae: Symphytum officinale (ssp. o.)


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This commonly cultivated plant ("comfrey") sometimes persists in old gardens, but it is not known to be truly naturalized (Gr, M).


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|BSymplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.B|   	2571 R


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This species of northern swamps was reported in an environmental assessment of a power plant site in BOON (Anonymous 1977). The record was accepted by BT, but plants could not be not located in further field work. There is also an old report from the Louisville area in JEFF (M'Murtrie 1819; perhaps from Rafinesque).


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|BSynandra hispidula (Michx.) Baill.B|   	1841


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This is frequently planted, and can persist at old-home sites, but seedlings have not been found; CW mapped it in CALL, LEWI, SHEL and WOLF.


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|BTaenidia integerrima (L.) DrudeB|   	2025


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Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Taenidia integerrima


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|BTalinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.B|   	325 C


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This cultivated species, native to the Caribbean region, may occasionally escape but there is no evidence that it is spreading. It has been collected as a nursery weed in JEFF (KY-Agr.).


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|BTanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.B|   	2254


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Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Tanacetum [Chrysanthemum] parthenium


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Although sometimes persistent after cultivated, this herb ("feverfew") does not appear truly naturalized.


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Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Tanacetum [Chrysanthemum] vulgare


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This commonly cultivated herb ("tansy") appears more or less naturalized in some residential areas and old home sites.


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|BTaraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex BessB|   	2541 T


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Taraxacum erythrospermum (laevigatum)


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Although widely reported across North America, this species was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 19 and there has been uncertainty about its identification and nomenclature. T. erythrospermum is close to officinale, but differs in its leaves lacerate (versus usually just lobed or toothed, at least in lower leaves), with petioles slightly winged distally (versus broadly winged); also, seeds are brick red, reddish-brown or purple (versus olive, olive-brown, tan or gray). It has been reported from Ky. (M), and several colls. have been noted with reddish seeds (from BULL, CALL, FAYE, FLEM, FRAN & SHEL). However, most or all of these lack the distinctive "hooded appendage near the tip" of the inner involucral bracts (Cr); they may just be forms of officinale.


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|BTaraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers (sensu lato)B|   	2540


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Taraxacum officinale (palustre var. vulgare)


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This cosmopolitan weed ("dandelion") has been common since early after settlement, when Short (1828-29) noted: "No portion of the Union is more completely overrun by this naturalized foreigner than this section, being so abundant as to give a yellowish hue to pastures in early spring." Many apomictic microspecies have been named in Europe, but such nomenclature has not been applied in North America and the correct name for our common plants remains somewhat uncertain (FNA 19, Y, W).


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|BTaxodium distichum (L.) L.C. Rich.B|   	116


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Outlying records of this southeastern species in c. Ky. may all be from recently adventive or planted individuals. Some are mapped here as uncertain records, since in a few cases seedlings have been found. Not mapped are the mature trees in FAYE, JESS, SCOT and WOOD, which are probably planted (Gr), although sometimes interpreted as native (Meijer 1976b) or adventive (CW). A coll. from FULT (EKY) has suggested T. ascendens Brong. (= T. distichum var. imbricarium (Nutt.) Croom); see BA and CW. However, that taxon appears restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain, without extending far up the Mississippi Valley (FNA 2). Some colls. are difficult to distinguish (J), and there is some intergradation further south.


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Reports of this northeastern species from EDMO (Hussey 1876) and OWSL (Gonsoulin 1975) may be supported by colls., but remain unverified. Disjunct plants also occur in c. Ind. (D, PL).


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|BTaxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.B|   	121 C


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Although this Japanese species is widely cultivated, there is only one record of a self-seeded plant, from JEFF (MM for WKY). There must be factors generally preventing its naturalization. The European T. baccata L. may also rarely establish near plantings; CW note a coll. from WHIT (EKY). However, identification of young plants is problematic (FNA 2); keys are needed.


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|BTephrosia spicata (Walt.) Torr. & GrayB|   	1274


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|BTephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers.B|   	1273


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|BTeucrium canadense L. var. canadenseB|   	1809


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Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Teucrium canadense* var. c.


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This typical variety occurs along the eastern Coastal Plain and up from the Gulf into the central Mississippi Valley. Some colls. (MUR) appear transitional to var. virginicum. An atypical coll. from HICK (MUR) has leaves only 1-1.5 cm wide, and bracts ca. 15 x 3 mm, mostly longer than flowers.


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|BTeucrium canadense L. var. virginicum (L.) Eat.B|   	1810


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Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Teucrium canadense* var. virginicum


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Further study of varieties is needed. A coll. from HARD was referred to the northern and western var. occidentalis (Gray) McClintock & Epling by Cranfill (1991), but this has not been confirmed.


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|BThalia dealbata Fraser ex RoscoeB|   	2809 R


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There is a vegetative coll. of M. Medley from FULT (for WKY), and a sight record of R. Athey (M). This species of southern swamps is known from se. Mo., but it is not clear if it is more than a temporary waif in Ky.


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Physocarpum> clavatum (mirabile)


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Within its southern Appalachian range (Ky. & Va. to Ala. & S.C..), this species occurs on streambanks and seeping slopes, especially near cliffs. In Ky., it occurs only under sandstone cliffs at the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus, and furher west at a few disjunct sites along the "Pottsville Escarpment" of the Shawnee Hills. Most records match the description of T. mirabile Small, but that taxon does not seem to be clearly distinct in Ky. T. mirabile reportedly has a more western range than clavatum, though with much overlap, and is more restricted to sandstone cliffs (FNA 3). It has been distinguished only by its shorter achenes (ca. 2.5-4 mm long versus 3-5 mm), which are about equal to the longer stipe (ca. 2.5-3.5 mm versus ca. 1-3 mm) and have a straight upper margin (versus concave). But in Ky. this character is often mixed or intermediate within populations. Walck (2000) found that a population of mirabile in POWE has the same chromosome as reported for clavatum; 2n = 14.


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|BThalictrum coriaceum (Britt.) SmallB|   	214


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Heterogamia> coriaceum


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|BThalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall.B|   	216


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> dasycarpum


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This widespread, variable, polyploid (2n = 168) mid-western species is typical of wet meadows, shores or streambanks. Although still widespread in sw. Ohio (especially along the Ohio River; A. Cusick, pers. comm.), it appears to have become rare in Ky., with virtually no records after 1970. However, it may often have been misidentified as the eastern species, revolutum (2n = ca. 134) or pubescens (2n = 84, 154), with which it may intergrade (FNA 3). Compared to pubescens, flowers are rarely bisexual in dasycarpum (versus often so). Its anthers are usually longer (1-3.6 (4) mm versus 0.5-1.5 (2.1) mm), and strongly apiculate (versus blunt or slightly apiculate), with filaments filiform and drooping (versus rigid, prominently clavate, ascending). Also, achenes have a beak that is more or less straight, about as long as the body (versus straight to distally coiled, about half as long), and an obtuse, sessile to subsessile base (versus narrowed, stipitate).


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Heterogamia> dioicum


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|BThalictrum mirabile: see T. clavatumB|


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> pubescens (polygamum, perelegans)


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> revolutum


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium aureum (trifoliatum var. flavum*)


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Nomenclature needs further research (Gr, F, K, W). In Ky., this taxon is clearly more common than typical trifoliatum, but some records need to be checked. Species status may be warranted. According to F (but see Y), aureum differs in its larger fruits (ca. 4-5 mm long versus 3-4 mm), bright yellow flowers (versus dark purple), larger umbels (usually 3-9 cm wide versus 1.5-3 cm), cauline leaves ternate to quinate (versus simple to ternate) with larger central leaflets (3-8 cm long versus 2-4.5 cm), simple basal leaves larger (3-10 cm long versus 1.5-5 cm), stems taller (3-15 dm versus 2-6 dm) and rarely purplish (versus often), and rhizomes thicker (5-15 mm versus 3-5 mm). These plants are often confused with Zizia aptera.


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|BThaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt.B|   	2046


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium barbinode (var. b.)


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|BThaspium chapmanii (Coult. & Rose) SmallB|   	2047


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium chapmanii (barbinode var. angustifolium; ?b. var. garmani)


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This mapping is somewhat tentative. F, B, M and others (B.E. Wofford & D. Estes, pers. comm.) have pointed out the distinction of these rather poorly understood plants, which are locally abundant in relatively dry open areas on calcareous soils, especially in regions west of the Appalachians. Superficially, they appear transitional from typical barbinode to pinnatifidum in the size of their ultimate uncut leaf segments (not counting divisions less than half way to midribs). The ultimate leaf segments are moderately numerous on larger leaves (ca. 15-75 versus ca. 9-15 in barbinode), ca. 5-10 mm wide (versus ca. 10-20 mm in barbinode and 1-3 mm in pinnatifidum), ca. 8-15 mm wide long (versus 15-30 mm and 5-10 mm), usually grayish-granulose green (versus deeper green in barbinode and pinnatifidum) and often more hairy. Plants are often relatively tall (ca. 1-2 m versus 0.5-1 m). Mature fruits are often smaller, usually averaging ca. (3-) 4 mm long (versus ca. 4-6 mm in barbinode). The most distinctive character may be the creamy-white color of fresh flowers (versus sulphur-yellow in typical barbinode), but this usually becomes yellowish-brown in dried colls. of both species. There is considerable variation in both taxa, and further work is needed to clarify differences; D could make no consistent division in Ind. T. chapmanii was originally known only from calcareous bluffs in Ala., Ga. and Fla. The apparently synonymous barbinode var. angustifolium Coult. & Rose is known from somewhat xeric calcareous woods and glades in central states (Ill., Ind., Ky., Tenn., Va., ?N.C.). T. barbinode var. garmani Coult. & Rose may be an intermediate; it was described from the Palisades section of the Kentucky Rv. (JESS), but field work here in recent decades has revealed little clear differentiation.


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|BThaspium pinnatifidum (Buckl.) GrayB|   	2048


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium pinnatifidum


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These rather poorly known plants can be distinguished from T. chapmannii and T. barbinode by their relatively deep green (versus yellowish-green) leaves, 3-4-ternate (versus 2-3-ternate), with numerous ultimate pinnatifid segments only 1-3 mm wide (versus serrate to laciniate segments 5-20 mm wide). Bractlets are mostly longer (ca. 3-6 mm versus 1-4 mm). Flowers may be white initially (versus pale yellow to pale maroon), but can fade to "yellowish-tan" in older colls. (W). Fruits are usually 3-4 mm long, 2-3 mm wide with relatively narrow wings, and often puberulent (versus 3-6 mm long, up to 4 mm wide with some relatively broad wings, glabrous). T. pinnatifidum has a restricted range in ne. Ky. and se. Ohio, disjunct from its main range in the Ridge and Valley region of Tenn., N.C. and Ala. Leaf shapes appear to vary between these ranges. Some genetic differentiation may be expected (as in Solidago harrissii).


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|BThaspium trifoliatum (L.) GrayB|   	2044


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium trifoliatum (atropurpureum)


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This southeastern taxon, mostly found in Appalachian regions, is distinct from aureum, which is mostly west of the highest Appalachian mountains and widespread in mid-western regions. See notes under aureum.


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|BThelypteris dentata (Forsk.) E. St. JohnB|   	91


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Thelypteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Thelypteris <Christella> dentata


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This is considered adventive from tropical regions (Cranfill 1980).. There are colls. (DHL) from BELL (14 Jul 1940, Clear Creek Springs) and NELS (Oct 1940, Nazareth College Gymnasium).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 10? C? 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BThelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl.B|   	90


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Thelypteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Thelypteris <Parathelypteris> noveboracensis


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|BThelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern.B|   	89


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Thelypteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens


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|BThermopsis mollis (Michx.) M.A. Curtis ex GrayB|   	1176


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In addition to two localities in thin upland woods of CLAY, this species has been recently found in an old-field of MADI, where seed might have been introduced with "wildflower" sowings (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; G. Dandeneau, pers. comm.). T. mollis occurs mostly on the Piedmont from Va. to Ga., with only scattered records in Appalachian regions further west.


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|BThermopsis villosa (Walt.) Fern. & Schub.B|   	1177


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This largely southern Apppalachian species was discovered by J. Thieret on a roadside at the head of the Green Rv. valley in CASE (KNK). It appeared native at this locality, but villosa is sometimes cultivated and can escape. Its original range and habitats remain somewhat mysterious (W).


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|BTHISTLE: Carduus (PLUMELESS), Cirsium, Cnicus (BLESSED), Onopordum (SCOTCH)B|


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This annual is relatively new to North America. It appears to have spread into the Ohio Valley from the east during the 1980s (Thieret & Baird 1985), including the Scioto Valley at first in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.). Increase occurred rapidly in the Bluegrass region of Ky. during 1990s, especially along mowed roadsides and in adjacent fallow fields. It now occurs in virtually all counties, though it remains infrequent or rare in more hilly regions (R. Thompson, pers. comm.).


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This annual was first recorded in 1914 (Gr), but has now become a widespread weed, especially along roads and in cropland on the best soils.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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In Ky., this northeastern species occurs in the wild mostly on calcareous bluffs of the Cumberland Rv. and its Big South Fork. It has also been widely planted. East Asian relatives classified in the genera Thuja or Platycladus have also been planted but escapes from seed are virtually unknown in Ky. (CW) or elsewhere in North America (FNA 2, PL, W).


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|BThyrsanthella difforme (Walter) PichonB|   	1607


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Reassignment of this species from Trachelospermum to Thyrsanthella is supported by global analysis of Apocynaceae (Livshultz et al. 2007). Thus circumscribed, Thyrsanthella is a monotypic genus restricted to the southeastern United States, whereas Trachelospermum is largely East Asian.


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Colls. west of Appalachian regions appear generally valid, but the coll. from WOOD (KY) was made by a student and a label error is possible.


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Tiliaceae [Malvaceae]: Tilia americana (var. a.*, neglecta)


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Included here are the data of Jones (1968), (as triangles) Little (1971), and (as open dots) Ga. See notes under heterophylla, which intergrades in Ky. Much of the intermediate material has been previously treated as var. neglecta Spach (or even a species). A few colls. of B were referred to more glabrous forms of T. caroliniana P. Mill., but this was erroneous (Jones 1968, Hardin 1990); they are included here as uncertain records of americana, but probably transitional to heterophylla.


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|BTilia caroliniana: see T. heterophyllaB|


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|BTilia floridana: see T. heterophyllaB|


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Tiliaceae [Malvaceae]: Tilia heterophylla (americana var. h.*; monticola, michauxii)


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Included here are records of Jones (1968); as triangles, Little (1971); and as open dots, Ga. Much material (including from BALL at KY) is less densely stellate-pubescent than typical plants, suggesting transitions to americana, or perhaps just shade leaves. For some purposes, it is reasonable to treat these taxa as varieties or subspecies, together with the southern T. carolinianum P. Mill. and the Mexican T. mexicana Schltr. The largely Appalachian heterophylla is distinguished by "a predominance of stellate or fasciculate trichomes [hairs]" on lower leaf surfaces, peduncles and pedicels; simple "acicular" hairs are also present. The more northern americana typically has only acicular hairs, but in apparent introgressants, the more complex hairs are mixed to various degrees (Hardin 1990). Ky. and Tenn. (Ch) are in the zone of overlap between these two taxa, and there is probably much genetic exchange. They have similar distributions in Ky. and Tenn., both being rare to absent in much of the Mississippian Plateaus and Coastal Plain. In the original forests of Ky., Tilia was most common in Appalachian regions; it was much less common elsewhere, except locally in ravines along the Ohio Rv. and its major tributaries (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989).


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|BTipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.B|   	2804


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Leaves of the "crane-fly" orchid appear about the time that sand-hill cranes fly over in Nov.


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|BTOADFLAX: Chaenorrhinum (LESSER), Linaria (YELLOW), Nuttalanthus (BLUE)B|


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|BTomanthera auriculata (Michx.) Raf.B|   	1746


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Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Tomanthera [Gerardia] auriculata


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This is also known from Tenn. (Montgomery Co.), adjacent to TRIG, on Fort Campbell (Ch).


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|BTorilis arvensis (Huds.) LinkB|   	2015


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Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Torilis arvensis (anthriscus)


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Torilis was first reported as "japonica" during the 1940s (B, Slack 1941, Wharton 1945), but these were based on misidentifications of arvensis; see notes under japonica. T. arvensis has become a locally abundant weed on fertile base-rich soils, especially in the Bluegrass Region.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 :: E 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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|BTorilis japonica (Houtt.) DC.B|   	2016 T


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Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Torilis japonica


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This widespread Asian alien has been confused with the largely European arvensis in much previous North American work (W, Y). There are virtually no confirmed records from Ky., but further study is needed. T. japonica differs in having (3) 4-10 (12) bracts at the base of the involucre (versus 0-1 or occasionally 2); also, the bristles on fruits tend to be shorter (0.4-0.8 mm versus 0.6-1.1 mm) and more ascending (versus nearly perpendicular).


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|BTorreyochloa pallida (Torr.) ChurchB|   	3169


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Torreyochloa [Puccinellia] pallida (Glyceria p.)


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|BToxicodendron pubescens P. Mill.B|   	609 R


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Anacardiaceae: Toxicodendron [Rhus] pubescens (R. toxicodendron, toxicarium)


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This largely southeastern species (the eastern "poison oak") is known from s. Mo, c. Tenn. and s. W.Va. (Gillis 1971). In Ky., it has been reported from BRAC, HARR and MARI (EKY), but colls. were not complete enough for verification (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW). T. pubescens differs from radicans (F, Cr, W) in its strictly shrubby stoloniferous habit, only 0.5-6 dm tall (versus often high-climbing with aerial roots). Its leaves are "approximate on long erect petioles at summit of stems and branches, thus appearing falsely verticillate" (versus alternately scattered). Leaflets usually have 2-4 blunt lobes or deep teeth (versus acutely shallow-lobed, dentate or entire). Its fruits, lower leaf surfaces and petioles usually have dense hairs, but radicans is highly variable in pubescence.


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|BToxicodendron radicans (L.) KuntzeB|   	606


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Although widespread and locally abundant, this infamous species ("poison ivy") is curiously infrequent at some west-central localities within the state. It is eaten by livestock, and it may have been largely eradicated by intensive farming at such sites. Variation may deserve further study. Most plants are relatively glabrous, matching the largely mid-western var. negundo (Greene) Reveal. Var. radicans is more common east of the Appalachians, especially on the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Cr), but probably scattered widely in Ky., with colls. reported by Gillis (1971) from BELL to TRIG (Mich. State Univ.). Slightly shrubby forms of radicans have often been confused with the southeastern T. pubescens Miller, or with the western and northern T. rydbergii (Small) Greene, which does occur at high elevation in the Blue Ridge area. Both of these "poison oaks" differ in their completely shrubby habit, without any aerial roots, and their leaflets tend to be less pointed, especially in pubescens; see notes under than name.


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|BToxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. pubens (Engelm. ex S. Wats.) RevealB|   	607 R


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Anacardiaceae: Toxicodendron [Rhus] radicans var. pubens


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This southern taxon occurs mostly in the lower Mississippi Valley, especially on the west side of the river. However, Gillis (1971) reported colls. from FAYE and Rutherford Co., Tenn. These should be rechecked.


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|BToxicodendron vernix (L.) KuntzeB|   	610


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This has been collected during recent decades in CART (KY) and MCRE (EKY). There are also unverified older reports from BARR/EDMO (Hussey 1876), FAYE (M. Flynn, pers. comm.), and perhaps elsewhere; Gr (1914) noted "not a common plant in Kentucky." T. vernix is widely scattered across eastern North America, but largely restricted to regions with extensive boggy wetlands; it is generally rare in the Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys (PL).


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|BTradescantia bracteata Small ex Britt.B|   	2821 R


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This mid-western species was reported by BA (check Memphis or EKY). It was also reported tentatively by M from BULL (Oklahoma State Univ.). It is known from s. Ind. and s. Ill. It is similar to virginiana, but differs in its glandular inflorescence.


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Commelinaceae: Tradescantia ohiensis (canaliculata, reflexa)


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Some uncertain counties mapped here are based on historical references. This species used to be widely scattered in some western and central regions of Ky. It became rare by 1900 (Gr), and is currently known from only one or two localities near Mammoth Cave (EDMO), in hills between the formerly burned "Big Barrens" on the karst plain and the Green Rv. Hussey (1876) noted that it "occurs in several localities between the railroad and Mammoth Cave...  I mention it because I have never found so many specimens in any one locality before, and also to make a note of the fine rose-pink color it everywhere had." Although still secure in some southern states (Texas to S.C.), T. reflexum has virtually disappeared from the Ohio Valley within the past 50-100 years (Campbell et al. 1989). In s. Ind. (Perry & Posey Cos.) two populations are known in burned post oak woods, and in se. Ohio (Pike Co.) one population is known, also in a burned woods (D. Boone & M. Homoya, pers. comm.). Variation in pubescence and flower color needs further study. Though not recognized in current treatments, the mid-western var. glabrum Loja may be distinct in its lesser pubescence and paler flower color. Some colls. from Ky. (HOPK, LYON) and perhaps all from Ind. have white flowers.


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This common "white clover" has been present since early after settlement. Counties reported by Vincent (2001) are provisionally included (as for other Trifolium spp.), but his collection data need to be checked. The large form known as "Ladino Clover" (forma giganteum Lagr.-Foss) is widely grown for forage, and often appears quite distinct from the typical plants.


Line:
The only record is a coll. from METC (KY-Agr.) which has been mislaid (M). It may have been just from a waif or planting.


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|BTrifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex Eat.B|   	1189


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Some uncertain county records are just historical references or sight records. More collections are needed to document this enigmatic threatened species, which appears to have been widely scattered in the Ohio Valley before agricultural developments. Plants have been found in at least 100-200 localities since 1984, but mostly in small patches. T. stoloniferum is dependant on the right combination of fertile soil, partial shade, and ground disturbance (Campbell et al. 1989). Although often surviving only along streambanks and trails, it appears to have been formerly common in browsed upland woods (with no evidence of fire), especially on deep fertile soils in the Bluegrass region. Despite federal listing as an "Endangered Species" since 1985, no populations have come under stablizing management, and there continues to be reticence by conservation organizations to use ungulates.


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium cuneatum (var. c., T. hugeri)


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The anomalous disjunct coll. from BRAC (KY) was made by a student, but wiith no other reason to doubt authenticity; it has an unusually pale, greenish ovary.  Also, some populations in MCRE and WAYN appear transitional to luteum. However, trilliologists insist that these species are distinct (FNA 26). T. cuneatum typically has purple to maroon flowers, sometimes greenish or yellowish, but never the "greenish to buttercup yellow" (F) of luteum; the odor is "musk- or spice-scented or foetid" versus "lemon-scented" (Cr). See also notes under viride.


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium erectum (var. e.)


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Several scattered colls. are referable to var. album (Michx.) Pursh, and one to var. flavum Eason (HARL for WKY). Separation from of erectum from sulcatum is difficult in several cases, and colls. should be reexamined.


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium flexipes (gleasonii)


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Many widely scattered colls. are referable to the purplish forma walpolei (Farw.) Fern., and intermediates also occur. In earlier treatments, this species was confused with the more northern T. cernuum L.


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|BTrillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.B|   	2651


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Some outlying records may be doubted, including the colls. from FAYE (KY) and NICH (EKY), which could be mislabeled or from cultivation. There are also sight records of B from EDMO and TODD, where this species might be expected in the sandstone ravines.


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|BTrillium luteum (Muhl.) HarbisonB|   	2658


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium luteum (cuneatum var. l.)


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There has been some confusion with viride, within which G included luteum and cuneatum as varieties; see also notes under cuneatum. The disjunct coll. from CLAR (EKY) is verified but it is an atypically small plant; it was found mixed with sessile near old buildings where cultivation may have occured.


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|BTrillium ozarkanum Palmer & SteyermarkB|   	2663


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium ozarkanum (pusillum var. o.)


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Although pusillum has been broadly interpreted (e.g. FNA 26), there is much variation that probably involves clinal trends and local genetic drift. The appropriate treatment of this group remains controversial (W). Recent evidence indicates that ozarkanum is closest to T. texanum Buckl., rather than typical T. pusillum or other southeastern segregates (Timmerman-Erskine et al. 2003). In Ky., typical pusillum is known only from a flatwoods in WAYN, while ozarkanum is known from a few mesic to subxeric woodland sites in hills further west.


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium pusillum (var. p.)


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Some colls. (EKY, KY) are referable (following F) to the partly yellow forma luteum Clute (GRAY, UNIO) or the completely yelliow forma shayi Palmer & Steyerm. (GRAV, LYON, TRIG, UNIO).


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This species is sometimes confused with cuneatum or (in forms with paler flowers) luteum. In addition to its relatively elongated stigmas and stamens, T. sessile generally has smaller flowers and leaves (FNA 26). Some colls. are referable to forma viridiflorum Beyer (GRAV, JEFF, JESS, MEAD) or forma luteum (CAMP). A coll. from HENR (KY) has four sets of petals and sepals.


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium sulcatum (erectum var. s.)


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A few colls. are referable to forma albolutescens Patrick (e.g. from CART and HARL at KY). In Ky., many plants appear intermediate between the largely northeastern erectum and the southern Appalachian sulcatum; the combination T. erectum var. sulcatum Barksdale is available if desired. However, these two species appear generally distinct across their whole ranges (Patrick 1984, FNA 26), and differ in chromosome morphology (Hill 2005). T. sulcatum is distinguished by its cup-shaped flowers, with "petals carried somewhat forward to recurved-spreading in distal half... ovate to broadly ovate-overlapping" (versus "spreading, carried in same plane as sepals or ascending slightly... lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or occasionally ovate"); it has larger stamens (15-18 mm long versus 5-15 mm) and ovaries (14-18 mm long versus 5-10 mm); its smell is "faintly musty, like fresh fungus" (versus "fetid, like a wet dog"); pedicels are often flexed or declined (versus erect). Without flowers, leaves may be tentatively distinguished by their "obovate to broadly elliptic shape" (versus "broadly rhombic to ovate-rhombic").


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This Ozarkian species has been reported by Browne & Athey (1992), but typical plants probably do not occur in Ky. A few western colls., from CHRI, TODD and WARR (EKY, WKY), appear transitional from cuneatum to viride, but they are probably close to typical cuneatum (M, FNA 26). The broad earlier concept of T. viride (e.g. F) has become reduced to include just Ozarkian plants. Further study is needed, including comparison with T. viridescens Nutt., which some authors combine with viride, while others separate it as a more western taxon (FNA 26).


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|BTriodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pavón) GreeneB|   	2117


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Campanulaceae: Triodanis [Specularia] biflora (perfoliata var. b.*)


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|BTriodanis leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuwl.B|   	2118 R


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Campanulaceae: Triodanis [Specularia] leptocarpa (?scabra)


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There is an obscure reference to T. scabra Raf. by Rafinesque (1836), from "glades near the mouth of the Tennessee River." T. scabra is considered to be a synonym of leptocarpa, according to Merrill (1949). T. leptocarpa is a species of the Great Plains that extends east into e. Mo., c. Ill. and Ind., but it is perhaps only adventive along rights-of-way within those states (D, Y).


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|BTriodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.B|   	2116


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Campanulaceae: Triodanis [Specularia] perfoliata (var. p.*)


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This is usually distinct from biflora, but intermediates are often found. Fertile hybrids have been documented in other states (as reviewed by Y). T. perfoliata is widespread across North America, but biflora is largely restricted to southern regions and it may occur in drier rockier sites, on average. T. biflora is virtually unknown in glaciated regions north of Ky. (PL).


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In Ky. this widespread southeastern species occurs in various habitats, but usually in or near calcareous woods. Colls. from HICK (MUR), PEND and PULA (KY) are referable to var. eamesii Wieg., which has more pubescent leaves. That segregate has not been recognized in some recent treatments (e.g. Y), but it may be


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Caprifoliaceae: Triosteum aurantiacum (perfoliatum var. a.)


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In Ky. this widespread northeastern species is generally restricted to subxeric woods and thickets on limestone, and it is relatively frequent along the Kentucky River Palisades. Variation deserves further study (Cr, Y). Colls. from BELL (BEREA), ESTI (KY) and EDMO (NCU) are referable to the relatively eastern var. glaucescens Wieg., which has glabrous leaves. Colls. from ANDE (KY), CRIT (MUR) and MERC (KY) are referable to the relatively western var. illinoense (Wieg.) Palmer & Steyermark, which has longer hairs. The only variety in Mo. is illinoense (Y).


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Caprifoliaceae: Triosteum perfoliatum (var. p.)


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This is poorly known in Ky. There has been confusion with aurantiacum, and some records need to be rechecked, but hybrids have not been documented here or elsewhere (Y). T. perfoliatum is reportedly widespread across most of eastern North America, but most common from mid-western regions to Ohio and Pa. and uncommon or rare in southeastern states (PL, W).


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|BTriphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb.B|   	2794


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This mysterious mycotrophic species is widespread in the eastern U.S.A. but rarely seen. It occurs in mesic forests (broadly defined), but mostly on rotted logs, along paths, near wetland margins, or in other interruptions of the ground vegetation, "usually developing only at remote periods" (F). Flowering appears generally sporadic from year to year, but sometimes occurs in mass about two days after large drops in temperature during July and August (Dister 2005). In Ky., most records come from Appalachian regions, especially in recent decades. The coll. from FAYE (NY) was secured by R. Peter in Jul 1833, "in grassy thin woods near Lexington".


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|BTriplasis purpurea (Walt.) ChapmanB|   	3314


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This is known only from sandy banks of the Ohio River in BALL (EKY,  WKY),  and the Mississippi River in FULT (JC for KY).


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|BTripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.B|   	2259


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Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Tripleurospermum [Matricaria] inodorum (maritimum var. i., perforatum)


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This roadside weed is widely scattered in eastern states, but there is only one old record from Ky. (B). The closely related T. maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch has a much more northern (circumboreal) range, but the two taxa have been combined as varieties by some authors.


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|BTripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.B|   	3457


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This tall broad-leaved grass was formerly common in low grasslands of several regions across the southeastern states. In Ky., it is generally rare but locally abundant in remnants of native grassland on lowlands, especially in western regions. There are also scattered records from rocky river banks in Appalachian regions, including the Cumberland River near the Falls (MCRE & WHIT). It also occurs on the Ohio Rv. bottomlands in se. Ohio (Adams & Scioto Cos.; D. Boone, pers. comm.); along the New Rv. in W. Va.., and perhaps along the Powell Rv. in w. Va. (see below). The old name "beargrass" may have been applied to this distinctive species during the pioneer era, as at the mouth of Beargrass Creek above the Falls of Ohio Rv. (JEFF), and on "Beargrass River" that was later named Powell Rv. (T. Walker's journal of 1750). Short (1840) was told that "beargrass... grows abundantly on the Cumberland Mountains in the s.e. corner of Kentucky." Although unknown on those uplands today, patches of Tripsacum are known further south in Tenn. (Fentress Co.; Ch), suggesting former grassy openings across the Cumberland Plateau. This species is highly palatable, and livestock may have extirpated it from most of the former range.


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This species (wheat) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from accidentally scattered seed, but it is not independently naturalized.


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This species (spelt) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized. Waifs of T. durum Desf. (durum wheat) may also rarely occur, but that species is generally grown in drier regions further west.


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Ky. plants are referable to var. pubescens (Keller) Fern., which has smaller seeds, but this northern segregate is not recognized in recent treatments.


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|BTruellum sagittatum (L.) SojákB|   	306


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This northeastern species is locally common in most Appalachian regions, where the old name "spruce pine" has been replaced by "hemlock" in modern usage. Barton (1919) indicated that is was most abundant in or near the Cumberland Mts., in the southern Cumberland Plateau, and in or near the North Fork of Kentucky Rv. watershed. T. canadensis also occurs in small disjunct populations further west, but reports from BARR, MCLE, TODD, TRIG and WARR (CW) are omitted pending clarification of their status. Although widely planted, escapes are not documented. It is clear that most Tsuga in Ky. is now threatened with devastation by the hemlock wooly adelgid (www.uky.edu/ ~sfei2/ hwa.htm). Although some stands are being selected for treatment with insecticide, the State itself still does not seem to have a sutainable long-term strategy for research into ecological effects of this pest, or for recovery of hemlock forest (www.forestry.ky.gov/ programs/ health). It is likely that much funding will be applied to insecticide treatments by some landowners but without a fully integrated long-term program (www.ca.uky.edu/ entolology/ entfacts/ ef452.asp). One aspect of the research we need is to document genetic variation in more detail. Initial efforts have included study of the disjunct populations to see if they represent distinct genetic lineages, perhaps from different periglacial refugia (Wang et al. 1997).


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Turritis [Arabis*] glabra


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This widespread northern and western species is apparently endangered in Ky. It is known only from OLDH (DHL) and SHEL (KY-Agr.). There is also a general report from c. Ky. by Linney (1882), under the synonym Arabis perfoliata Lam.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-9,6 :: C 4.   |BABU B| +6.


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This relatively northern taxon is considered more tolerant of alkaline or saline conditions, compared to latifolia. Its native range may have been concentrated in coastal regions, but it appears to have increased along salted interstates and elsewhere. It was not reported in the state until B.


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|BALI B| n.   |BHAB B| 2 D 5.   |BABU B| g10 s9? +1?.


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Typhaceae: Typha domingensis (angustifolia var. virginica)


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This southern (pantropical) species has been reported from the state (J), but details are not available. It was recently found in w. Tenn. (Stewart Co.) about 10 miles from CHRI (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


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|BTypha X glauca Godr. (pro sp.)B|   	2833


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Typhaceae: Typha angustifolia x latifolia (X glauca)


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These apparent hybrids are locally abundant, and deserve to be mapped, but some colls. should be examined more closely to make sure they are distinct from either of the parent species. There could also be confusion with domingensis, if this is present.


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|BALI B| n.   |BHAB B| 2 D 5.   |BABU B| g10 s8? +1?.


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Unverified data of Gr and B are mapped here as open dots. The northern limit of this southeastern species is fairly abrupt. In Ky. there are only a few records from the Kentucky Rv. watershed or further north. U. alata is restricted to southern counties within Ill. and Ind., and it is unknown in Ohio and W.Va. [A similar limit occurs in Smilax bona-nox.]


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There has been much misidentification of vegetative material; see notes under other species. U. americana varies greatly in leaf size, shape and pubescence. Plants on drier uplands often have small leaves and somewhat corky branches, but such leaves may still be distinguished from alata by their relatively broad shape, with more asymmetric base and more acuminate apex. Upper leaf surfaces are often scabrous to short-hairy, not just glabrous as indicated in FNA 3; this has caused confusion with rubra.


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These records appear to be from self-seeded plants, but it is not clear if the species will become widely naturalized.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-7,8? D? 3?.   |BABU B| +4.


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J noted that this European tree has occasionally escaped from plantings, but colls. have not yet been seen. The large tree in front of the old Agriculture Experiment Station on the Univ. of Ky. campus has been mislabelled as U. rubra for 25 years (despite the error being pointed out).


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This commonly planted "Siberian elm" was first recorded as an escape by Ellis et al. (1971; APSU). The mapped colls. appear to be from self-seeded plants, based on label data. Most data come from CW, who indicated that this species is becoming widely naturalized.


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There has been frequent confusion in vegetative specimens with U. americana and other species. Leaves of rubra can generally be distinguished by their relatively large size (ca. 10-20 cm long versus 5-15 cm), somewhat obovate with a more abruptly acuminate apex, and by the generally longer hairs on upper surfaces (up to ca. 1 mm versus 0.5 mm, like a 24 hour beard versus 12 hour). A more careful analysis of these differences is still needed. The closely related European species, U. glabra Huds. and U. procera Salisb., have occasionally been planted, and then often confused with rubra.


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There has been frequent confusion in vegetative colls. with other species, especially thomasii. Compared to thomasii (FNA 3), well-developed leaves at the ends of shoots tend to be smaller (ca. 6-8 cm long versus 8-11 cm), lanceolate to ovate (versus obovate), with a more asymmetric base; veins are fewer on each side (ca. 15-18 versus 21-24) and less closely spaced; hairs tend to be yellowish (versus whitish); buds and branches are glabrous (versus pubescent). Although corky wings are generally present on branches of both species, americana can also become somewhat corky, especially on drier sites. B's records (GH, US) from BREA, MADI & PIKE were based on misidentified americana. Compared to americana, the leaves of both serotina and thomasii are somewhat obovate (versus ovate) and broader (l/w = ca. 1.7 and 2, versus 2.5 in americana), with a more abruptly attenuate to acuminate apex (versus more gradually tapering from near the middle), softly hairy on lower surfaces (versus glabrous to slightly hairy), and consistently glabrous on upper surfaces (versus generally scabrous). A more detailed study of leaves would be useful.


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Further verification is needed in several counties. There has been confusion in Ky., Tenn. and elsewhere with serotina and other species. Some disjunct southern records are tentatively transferred to serotina. Leaves can be distinguished from careful study of shape, venation and pubescence; see notes under serotina. B.E. Wofford (pers. comm.) has indicated that most previously published records from c. Tenn. (Ch) are erroneous.


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|BUniola laspecies a: Chasmanthium laxumB|


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|BUrochloa platyphylla (Munro ex Wright) R. WebsterB|   	3389


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Urochloa (Brachiaria) platyphylla (Brachiaria p.)


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Urochloa (Brachiaria) ramosa (Brachiaria r.)


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This species is cultivated sometimes for seed to feed birds, including waterfowl. Some colls. may result from this practice, rather than representing truly naturalized populations.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BUrochloa texana (Buckl.) R. WebsterB|   	3391


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Urochloa (Brachiaria) texana (Brachiaria t.)


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This species is native to Texas and perhaps adjacent states, but has become more widespread due to its weedy nature in modern farmland.


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This southern species is an annual, but it can grow throughout the year, with flowering halted only during winter.


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Urticaceae: Urtica gracilis (procera, dioica ssp. g.)


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This widespread northern species is typically diploid (2n = 26), but has sometimes been combined as a subspecies with the European tetraploid, U. dioica L. The latter is a more strongly stinging, dioecious plant unknown in Ky., but with scattered reports from most adjacent states, especially in the central Appalachians (FNA 3; W). In eastern states, gracilis is scattered south along the Ohio Rv. and Mississippi Rv. to La., and along the Appalachians at least to Va. (FNA 3; W). Although somewhat weedy, it is mysteriously absent from most of Ky.; Gr called it "an obscure plant" (as well as Pilea pumila). It may have been somewhat limited due to its relatively high palatability for some generalist herbivores, including livestock.


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|BUtricularia cornuta Michx.B|   	1772 R


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There is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) labeled: K. Carr #570, 20 Aug 1936, sandy creek bank, Elliotsville. However, these data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992). The main range of this species is to the north, but there are scattered records to the east and south of Ky.


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Lentibulariaceae: Utricularia gibba ("biflora", "fibrosa")


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Plants known as U. biflora Lam. and U. fibrosa Lam. may generally be included in gibba, but further taxonomic work is needed (W). There are no reliable records from Ky. of those other two taxa (M).


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|BUtricularia macrorhiza Le ConteB|   	1775


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|BUtricularia radiata Small ?B|   	1773 R


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Lentibulariaceae: Utricularia cf. radiata (inflata var. minor)


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U. inflata Walt. was reported recently from CASE, LAUR (J. Kiser) and POWE (D. Dourson) by T. Barnes (pers. comm.) and others. That species, in its strict sense, is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain (W). It is replaced inland by the closely related U. radiata, which is more widely distributed in southern and eastern states.


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Colchicaceae [Liliaceae]: Uvularia puberula (var. puberula, pudica)


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There is a rather incomplete coll. of this species from BELL (TENN): L. Pounds CG85-31.5, 24 Apr 1985, Cumberland Gap National Historic Park, Ridge Trail near Butcher Gap. Also, J. Kiser (pers. comm.) has recently collected it (for EKY) from LETC in Pine Mountain Wildlife Management Area at Scuttlehole Gap. U. puberula occurs in the southern Appalachians (var. puberula) and eastern Coastal Plain (var. nitida), and is common in e. Va. close to Ky. (F, Cr, HW+, FNA 26). It differs from sessilifolia in its styles, which are separate to well below the middle (versus only in the upper 1/3 or 1/4); ovaries, sessile (versus distinctly stipitate); leaves, bright green on both sides (versus glaucous beneath); stems, puberulent in lines (versus glabrous); and rhizomes, very short with clustered roots (versus elongate, with scattered roots). It grows in upland woods, whereas sessilifolia typically is in damp lowland woods.


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|BVaccaria hispanica (P. Mill.) RauschertB|   	382 W


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Caryophyllaceae: Vaccaria [Saponaria] hispanica (pyramidata, S. vaccaria)


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This alien is known only from an old coll. in GALL (Univ. of Cincinnati), with B's note "occasional on roadsides."


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 ::? D? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Batodendron> arboreum


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|BVaccinium constablaei GrayB|   	1444 T


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> constablaei


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This is southern Appalachian taxon that may be a hexaploid derivative from hybrids of V. simulatum and V. altomontanum Ashe (a lowbush blueberry from higher altitudes). For Ky. the only records of constablaei are from CLIN, ELLI and PULA (B; perhaps at US); they remain dubious and need to be rechecked. However, Soltis et al. (2007) did map the range of such hexaploids close to se. Ky.


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|BVaccinium constablaei: see V. corymbosumB|


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> corymbosum ("simulatum"; "constablaei")


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Variation and hybridization in this polyploid complex needs further study; see notes under fuscatum (a relatively distinct diploid with 2n = 24), simulatum (a tetraploid) and constablaei (a hexaploid). These and other segregates have been recognized in some treatments (as cited in W); see also Soltis et al. (2008). In Ky., most or all wild plants are probably diploids or tetraploids. These "highbush" blueberries are generally taller than the rhizomatous "lowbush" group: up to (1) 2-3 (7) m versus no more than 0.5-1 m. They lack rhizomes but can shoot from running roots in some cases (see literature cited by W). Cultivars are becoming widely grown for blueberry production, and could escape in the future on suitable soils (Y).


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Oxycoccoides> erythrocarpum


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This Southern Appalachian species has been recent discovered in Ky. on Black Mountain in HARL (EKY), on Black Mountain at ca. 3000 ft elevation, by R. Jones (Naczi et al. 2002). It is also known from within a few miles of the state line in Scott Co., Tenn. (Ch; M. Pyne, pers. comm.).


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> fuscatum (atrococcum)


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This relatively southern species is close to the more widespread corymbosum, and intergradation is expected in western regions of the state. Uncertain records mapped with open dots under corymbosum need to be reassessed. V. fuscatum differs in its black berries (versus blue); leaves pubescent below, typically with "dingy" brownish hairs (versus glabrous or thinly pubescent with whitish hairs); buds and twigs with brown to blackish hue (versus flesh to reddish).


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> pallidum (vacillans)


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Allthough segregates have been recognized in the past (especially V. vacillans Torr.), this widespread species of east-central states has not been subdivided in recent treatments (W). Distinct but closely related species in this rhizomatous "lowbush" group of blueberries are known to the east, north and south of Ky. These have occasionally been misidentified in the state, but none are verified (M).


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> simulatum


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This is a tetraploid (2n = 48) member of the corymbosum complex, and distinction is often difficult (W). It is supposed to have narrower leaves, widest below the middle (versus at or above), acuminate (versus acute to short-acuminate), and serrulate (versus entire); berries are purple-black when fresh (versus blue, glaucous).  It occurs at moderate to high elevation in the southern Appalachian regions. In Ky., colls. from BELL (GH), HARL (GH, NY), LETC (US) and elsewhere (B) have been identified as simulatum, but these do not appear clearly distinct at first examination.


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|BVaccinium simulatum: see V. corymbosumB|


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Polycodium> stamineum


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This is widespread in eastern states but generally absent on base-rich soils. In the Bluegrass region, the few records are from old high terraces, riverine or glacial. Many plants in Ky. match var. neglectum (Small) Deam or other varieties, as defined in previous treatments (e.g. F), but further study is needed with reference to more recent work. W has indicated that the widespread group of plants in east-central states with white-glaucous leaves (which would include most or all Ky. material), should be placed in a new variety, perhaps based on Polycodium candicans Small. Lower leaf surfaces are hairy or smooth (as in "neglectum"), but this is probably not a significant taxonomic character; open dots on the map indicate just smooth plants.


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|BValerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC.B|   	2109 R


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There are colls. (EKY, KY) from FAYE, JESS, MADI, MERC that may be referred to this northern species, but these need careful reexamination. It is possible that they are just forms of umbilicata.


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|BValerianella intermedia: see V. umbilicataB|


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|BValerianella locusta (L.) Lat.B|   	2106


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|BValerianella patellaria: see V. umbilicataB|


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|BValerianella radiata (L.) Dufr.B|   	2107


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Variation needs further study. Some colls. with hairy fruits have been named V. stenocarpa (Engelm. ex Gray) Krok in error. There has also been much confusion with other species.


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|BValerianella umbilicata (Sullivant) WoodB|   	2108


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Valerianaceae: Valerianella umbilicata (intermedia, patellaria)


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This has been confused with radiata, and colls. need to be rechecked. Previously segregated species are now combined as no more than forms, since they were based on genetic fruit polymorphisms (Eggers Ware 1983). Using F, most colls. were referable to V. intermedia Dyal. Colls. from CLAR, JEFF and WOOD (KY) were formerly referable to V. patellaria (Sulliv.) Wood.


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FAYE is the most likely locality for an 1830s coll. of C.W. Short (CINC) labelled just "Ky.  River".


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Veratrum [Melanthium] parviflorum


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In addition to colls. from southeastern counties, there is a coll. labeled as from ROWA (MDKY) but the data are highly dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


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|BVeratrum woodii J.W. Robbins ex WoodB|   	2649


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Veratrum [Melanthium] woodii


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Like thapsus, this weed became common early after settlement. Short (1828-29) noted: "It is found in similar situations with the common mullein, and is frequently seen growing between the bricks of pavements and moist walls." White and rarely red color forms are collected from JEFF (DHL) and elsewhere.


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Although widely scattered in northern and eastern regions of North America, this alien is rare in southeastern states. In Ky., virtually the only records are from Gr during 1888-1914 (M): "common all along the [Nolin] river" in the counties mapped here, where it had "probably been introduced along the railroad and its seeds carried down stream." In 1914, he noted: "It has not spread to other parts of the State as was anticipated at the time, and is still restricted, as far as I have learned, to the region in which it was discovered."


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 :: C? 6.   |BABU B| +4<.


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This became a common weed early after settlement (Short 1828-29).


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|BVerbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr.B|   	1793


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This is widespread across North America, but often considered to be adventive in more eastern regions (Cr, W). In 1914, Gr noted: "observed only along the Ohio River." It is still largely restricted to counties along the river.


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This is apparently adventive from South America, and it may escape sometimes from plantings as an attractive but erroneous "wild flower"; such misinformed use has increased within recent years.


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? D? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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Apparent hybrids with urticifolia are collected from JEFF (MM for WKY) and UNIO (R. Athey colls. to locate at EKY or Memphis).


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|BVerbena species  hybrida: Glandularia x  hybridaB|


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All material is probably the typical variety. Many colls. have hairy leaves, but none appear to be velutinous as in var. leiocarpa Perry & Fern.


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|BVerbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex KearneyB|   	2155


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Verbesina <Actinomeris> alternifolia


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This widespread eastern species is sometimes confused with occidentalis; see notes under that species.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Verbesina <Pterophyton> helianthoides


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B's sight record from PULA is mapped here but may be questioned. There are no confirmed records from eastern regions, but this species does occur in se. Ohio (Adams Co.), and it might be expected in adjacent LEWI.


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|BVerbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt.B|   	2157


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Verbesina <Phaethusa> occidentalis


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This southeastern species is most common in Va., N.C. and S.C. (FNA 21, PL). In Ky. it does not overlap much in range with the more southwestern virginica. This pattern appears partly related to substrate, with occidentalis concentrated on more acid soils, but historical factors may also be involved. V. occidentalis is often especially abundant in old rough pastures, where catlle avoid the plants. Reported extensions or disjunctions of this species to the west of Ky., Tenn. and Ga. are curious and deserve further verification (FNA 21); it is not verified in Ark. or Mo. (Y). Atypical alternifolia with opposite upper leaves has sometimes been misidentified as occidentalis; see also Y.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Verbesina <Phaethusa> virginica


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The rather abrupt northern edge of this species' range in Ky. is curious, given no clear relationship to topography or soils. It is broadly distributed in base-rich regions across southeastern states, but extends north only to a line from e. Va. to e. Kans. (FNA 21, PL). Could its tenderness be related to the peculiar watery extrusion from frosted stem remnants in winter?


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The only known coll. is from a roasdside in CALL (SIU); reports from CARL and FULT were based on misidentified missurica (Mohlenbrock et al. 1966; SIU). It has also been reported in BA (check EKY) and FNA 19. This largely Ozarkian species is known nearby in Mo. and s. Ill. It is close to missurica, but has smaller, somewhat hemispheric, resin-dotted heads, with pyllaries that are usually more pointed and recurved, but highly variable (FNA 19). The coll. from CALL may be at least transitional to var. interior (Small) B.G. Schub.


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|BVernonia fasciculata Michx.B|   	2489 R


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This mid-western species of wet prairies has been reported from Ky. (e.g. Jones 1972; FNA 19), with reference to colls. in BALL, HEND, WARR and perhaps elsewhere (M), but details of these colls. are not available. V. fasciculata does occur nearby in s. Ill. It differs from gigantea in its leaves glabrate below, with pits that contain awl-shaped hairs or glands (FNA 19). Jones included the coll. from HEND within the rather disjunct, northern ssp. corymbosa S.B. Jones (with relatively small scabrous leaves and shorter stems). However, that segregate has been hard to distinguish from hybrids between fasciculata and gigantea (St, Y), and it was not recognized in FNA.


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|BVernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel.B|   	2486


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Asteraceae <Vernonieae>: Vernonia gigantea (altissima)


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This has become by far the most common ironweed in the east-central states, and the other species seem to have "suffered" somewhat from introgression or "contamination" with it (Cr).


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|BVernonia glauca (L.) Willd.B|   	2485 T


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Asteraceae <Vernonieae>: Vernonia glauca (noveboracensis var. tomentosa)


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This occurs in dry fields and marshes from the Ridge-and-Valley to the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and has no confirmed record in Ky. It is close to noveboracensis, but differs (Cr, FNA 19) in its "bright stramineous or pale tawny to nearly white pappus" (versus brownish-purple or sometimes merely dark-tawny), with outer bristles or scales grading into inner ones (versus distinct outer scales and inner bristles); leaves are relatively broad (with l/w usually 2.5-3.5 versus 4-6). There is an obscure unverified record from WARR (Pr, in handwritten addenda). A more recent coll. from ROWA (KY) may be a hybrid between gigantea and glauca.


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Some colls. may be introgressed with gigantea; those from CHRI (MUR) and CRIT (KY) are clearly intermediates.


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|BVernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx.B|   	2484


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Asteraceae <Vernonieae>: Vernonia noveboracensis (var. n.)


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Colls. from MCRE and WHIT (KY) are relatively homogeneous, but a few suggest hybridization with gigantea. Colls. from MADI (BEREA), ROWA (KY), WARR (Pr) and WASH (KY) are more varied. Those from ROWA and WARR suggest transitions to glauca. The one from WASH has larger heads, more pubescent and resin-dotted.


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> agrestis


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This is similar to V. polita, and colls. should be rechecked. It was reported by Short (1828-29; see also Short et al. (1833): "Cultivated fields and pastures common." However, all known colls. are from after 1970. In the late 19th Century, it was still mostly (or perhaps only) "near the coast" (Gray 1864, 1887-89).


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|BVeronica americana Schwein. ex Benth.B|   	1712


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Euveronica> americana (beccabunga var. a.)


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There are no colls. from after 1950. This is a northern species of base-rich swamps and streambanks. The only records are from BOON (B), JEFF (BT), OLDH (B); and from ROBE or NICH (PH etc., C.W. Short, "Blue-licks").


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Euveronica> anagallis-aquatica (glandifera)


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Although this species may have been native in North America, plants of probable European origin have become widespread (F, Cr). These plants may have replaced native plants of this species, or the closely related catenata and americana, especially in disturbed habitats..


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> arvensis


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This Eurasian weed has become common across eastern North America since the late 19th Century, when it was "rather rare" and confined to coastal states (Gray 1864, 1887-89). In Ky., the first record was in 1914, when Gr noted it was common in pastures and meadows, and had probably been introduced among forage seeds.


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Euveronica> catenata (comosa, connata)


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This widespread, circumboreal species is easily confused with the largely Eurasian species, anagallis-aquatica, and combined by some authors (K); hybrids may be expected (Cr). However, two colls. from Ky. are confirmed: from FAYE (KY-Agr., PH; J.S. Terrill, 23 Jul 1892; see also, Pennell 1935) and OLDH (DHL; M. Seargent #51). These plants are referable to var. glandulosa (Farw.) Pennell, the predominant form in eastern regions (F).


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> hederifolia


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All records are from after 1970. This species has become much more common than colls. suggest, especially in the Bluegrass region. However, it has been in North America since the late 19th Century, when perhaps restricted to Atlantic states (Gray 1887-89).


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Euveronica> officinalis


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This species is supposed by some authors (e.g. F) to have native and alien origins in North America, but there is no known distinction between such plants. In Ky., this species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions, and it does not appear to be particularly weedy. It seems likely that these plants are native.


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|BVeronica peregrina L. var. peregrinaB|   	1716


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> peregrina var. p.


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Early after settlement, this native became "abundant in gardens and cultivated fields" (Short 1828-29).


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|BVeronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (Kunth) PennellB|   	1717


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> peregrina var. xalapensis


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This does not seem to be a clearly distinct variety; mixed populations do occur.


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> persica ("tournefortii", "buxbaumii")


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The earliest record is from McFarland (1942); B did not include it. Under various synonyms, this species was first reported in North America by Rafinesque in 1832 (Pennell 1935), then by Gray (1887-89) as "rare in Atlantic states".


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> polita ("didyma")


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This may not be clearly distinct from agrestis; colls. should be rechecked (Abbott et al. 2004). All records are from after 1970. In North America, it appears to have been virtually unknown before Pennell (1935) and F, appearing first on ballast at ports.


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> serpyllifolia


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This alien became established early after settlement. Short (1828-29) noted: "common in grass lots."


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|BVeronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.B|   	1709


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|BVETCH: Astragalus (MILK-), Coronilla (CROWN-), ViciaB|


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> acerifolium


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This diploid (2n = 18) shrub of woods on acid soils has a fairly wide eastern range, but it is rare to absent in the lower Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys, including most of w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (PL, Ch). Colls. from BREA (KY), ESTI (EKY), HARL (KY) and probably elsewhere are referable to var. glabrescens Rehd., but that Appalachian variety has not been recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. Cr, W).


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> cassinoides (nudum var. c.)


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This species occurs mostly along streams, from rocky banks of larger river to swampy sites along smaller streamheads. It is also found rarely on sandstone clifftops.


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|BViburnum dentatum L. var. deamii (Rehd.) Fern.B|   	2072 T


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> dentatum var. deamii (?indianense)


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This name has been applied to octoploid plants (2n = 72) ranging from Pa. to Mo., but morphological distinction remains somewhat unclear (D, St, Cr, Y, W). Var. deamii as well as the relatively smooth-leaved var. indianense (Rehd.) Fern. (in just Ohio, Ind. & Ill.) have been distinguished by their frequent stipules and stipitate glands on petioles, which are glabrous like the twigs (suggesting transitions to the molle group). Like var. dentatum, they have tend to have relatively elongated, thin-textured leaves, which are sometimes only thinly pubescent below (versus suborbicular, subcoriaceous and densely pubescent in vars. semitomentosum, venosum and scabrellum). Several colls. in Ky. may be at least transitional to vars. deamii or indianense, but most of these are not clearly distinct (?BALL, CART, CASE, CLAR, FLEM, LAUR, MCRE, ROWA, TRIG). Their distribution is similar to var. dentatum and they are combined in this Atlas.


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|BViburnum dentatum L. var. dentatumB|   	2073


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> dentatum var. dentatum (pubescens)


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V. dentatum, broadly defined, includes a polyploid series of plants (2n = 36, 54, 72); see also the closely allied V. recognitum. Var. dentatum may have a widespread southeastern range, but its distinction needs further study (Cr, Y, W). Most records from Ky. are probably referable to var. dentatum, but some in the east may be closer to var. semitomentosum, and some in the west may be referable to true var. deamii; see notes under those names.


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|BViburnum dentatum L. var. semitomentosum Michx.B|   	2074


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> dentatum var. semitomentosum (V. carolinianum)


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These largely Appalachian plants are considered by some authors (W) to be a distinct species, V. carolinanum Ashe. They have often been misidentified as the more eastern var. venosum (Britt.) Gleason or the more southern var. scabrellum Torr. & Gray. All three taxa have more or less subcoriaceous, suborbicular leaves that have lower surfaces densely stellate-pubescent and with "raised veins" (W). But var. semitomentosum typically has upper surfaces with appressed, simple hairs (versus densely pubescent erect, stellate hairs in the other two), and it usually has relatively large rounded leaves. There has also been confusion with the more western var. deamii (Rehd.) Fern., and combination has been suggested (W).


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lantana> lantana


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This alien has been collected in FRAN (EKY) and ROWA (MDKY), apparently from isolated waifs or old plantings (Weckman et al. 2002; CW).


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Pseudotinus> lantanoides (alnifolium)


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This species of northeastern regions and high Appalachian mountains was recently found by R. Jones at ca. 3400 ft elevation on Black Mt. in HARL (Naczi et al. 2002).


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> lentago


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There are several dubious reports, as cited by M and Weckman (2000); these include a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) that may be mislabeled (Campbell et al. 1992). However, this northeastern species is widespread across most of Ohio, including counties close to Ky. (PL).


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> molle


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This is an uncommon species of mesic calcareous or dolomitic bluffs in Ark., Mo, Iowa, Ill., Ind., sw. Ohio (rare in ravines draining glaciated lands), Ky. (rare on Ordovician cliffs along Kentucky Rv. and Cumberland Rv) and Tenn. (one site along Caney Fk Cumberland Rv. in Smith Co). Records from BATH, FLEM, MCRE, PULA and TRIG (B at GH/MO; Wharton 1945; Ellis et al. 1971) have been based on misidentified dentatum, recognitum or rafinesquianum. Variation deserves further attention; 2n is reportedly 18 or 36. The Ozarkian plants often spread by runners to form clonal colonies, but in Ky. such behavior is unknown (Y). Those plants have been confused with V. ozarkense Ashe (Weckman 2002), to which the name V. dentatum var. deamii has also been sometimes misapplied. V. ozarkense has much affiinity with V. bracteatum Rehder of s. Tenn, n. Ala. and n. Ga., and may be conspecific (D. Estes, pers. comm.); 2n = 36 in both..


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> nudum (var. n.)


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This southeastern species is verified from CALL and GRAV (MUR), but Conrad's (1972) reported coll. from MCLE cannot be located at KY. There is also a reasonable report from BARR (KSNPC database). Further east, nudum may be expected on the Cumberland Plateau, where it occurs widely in Tenn. (Ch).


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Opulus> opulus (var. opulus)


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This is often cultivated and may occasionally escape. Colls. from JEFF (EKY; M) and KENT (EKY) appear to be from self-seeded plants, but most other records have less certain status. A coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may be the northern species, V. trilobum Marshg. (= V. opulus var. americanum Ait.), but label data are dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> prunifolium


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This is often confused with rufidulum, but can be distinguished with close inspection (J). V. prunifolium tends to spread more from underground runners, sometimes forming thickets.


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|BViburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var. affine (Bush ex Schneid.) HouseB|   	2070


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> rafinesquianum var. affine


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|BViburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var. rafinesquianumB|   	2071


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> rafinesquianum var. r. (hypomaculatum)


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This has densely pubescent leaves, compared to the relatively glabrous var. affine; also, petioles tend to be relatively short (2n = 36; Cr). Both taxa have fairly widespread reported ranges in eastern states, but with large disjunctions. In Ky., they are restricted to steep river bluffs in a few localities. Var. rafinesquianum is uncommon but widely scattered on limestone and base-rich shale in Appalachian regions or nearby. Var. affine is locally common on limestone bluffs along the Kentucky River Palisades, and in transitional populations further east. Colls. from ESTI and PULA (KY) mapped here under var. affine are from somewhat transitional, or in mixed populations with more hairy plants. In Tenn., the species is known only from a few sites in the Ridge & Valley, only as var. rafinesquianum (Ch; TENN). [A somewhat parallel situation exists in Lonicera dioica.]


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> recognitum (dentatum var. lucidum*)


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Further revision is needed. This largely northeastern tetraploid (2n = 36) taxon occurs locally in Appalachian regions. It is closely allied with the more southern dentatum complex (especially var. indianese), and there may be some transitions, but species status is probably warranted (F, Y, W; B. Sorrie, pers. comm.). Compared to the generally hairy dentatum, leaves of recognitum are largely glabrous (except for tufts of simple hairs in the petiole's ventral groove, along main veins and in axils beneath) and they tend to be plicate (versus generally flat); it tends to flower about two weeks later; its inflorescence branches are usually glabrous and only sometimes glandular (versus consistently hairy and glandular); and its seeds reportedly (F) have "shallow and broad trough-like furrows" (versus "narrow, deep and furrow-like"). V. recognitum usually occurs on relatively damp sites along or near banks of larger streams. Colls. (GH, KY) from banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its major tributaries in MCRE and PULA have been misidentified as molle (B). These Cumberlandian plants may be transitional to dentatum in their relatively large flat suborbicular leaves, the petioles somewhat stellate-pubescent on margins and with stipules (suggesting var. indianense). There is a similar coll. (GH) from se. Ohio (Scioto Co., banks of Turkey Creek). Colls. (GH) with thinly pubescent petioles are also known from e. Tenn. (Coffee, Cumberland & Morgan Cos.).


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|BViburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl.B|   	2056 C


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Tomentosa> rhytidophyllum


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This is widely planted but rarely spreads from seed. A few plants have established from seed in forest adjacent to the lodge at Pine Mt. State Park in BELL (M, Weckman et al. 2002; EKY), but it is not clear if these will become a reproducing population.


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> rufidulum


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This is often similar to prunifolium, but can almost always be distinguished with close inspection (J).


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Tomentosa> setigerum


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This cultivated species occasionally escapes. Colls. of self-seeded plants have been made in JEFF and MCRE (Weckman et al. 2002; EKY), but it is not clear if these will become reproducing populations.


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Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Solenotinus> sieboldii


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This is often cultivated and can occasionally escape. A small reproducing population has been found in MADI (Weckman et al. 2002; EKY). Leaves have an unpleasant "burned rubber" smell when crushed. The allied species, V. plicatum Thunb., is often planted has locally escaped in some northern and eastern states (PL, W), but it is not yet confirmed in Ky.


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This northern and western species was reported from Ky. by Linney (1882), Britton & Brown (1897) and others (M), but no coll. has been located. It does occur at higher elevation in w. Va. (W).


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Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Vicia angustifolia (sativa* ssp. nigra)


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This has been confused with typical sativa. Some records may come from plantings.


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V. minutiflora F.G. Dietr. is a related southern species expected in the state. It occurs mostly in thin calcareous woods from Texas sand Mo. to Fla. and c. Tenn., including counties adjacent to Ky. (Ch). It differs from caroliniana in its annual habit, smaller racemes and smaller pale blue to lavendar (versus white to lavendar-tinged) flowers (Isely 1990; J).


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This has been reported from a few western counties (CARL, GRAV, HICK, etc.) by Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) and perhaps others (CASE, FAYE; Gray 1864; BA, Gr, M). However, colls. have not been located. It is widely naturalized in northern regions, but rare or absent in southeastern states. Although often considered alien, there may have been native plants in the northeast (Cr).


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Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Vicia dasycarpa (villosa ssp. varia*)


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There has been confusion with typical villosa, which is more hairy, but some taxonomic recognition is justified (Cr). These plants are often sown for forage, and some records may come directly from plantings.


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This has been tried in various plantings for "wildlife", but is rarely persistent since it is much consumed by rabbits and other herbivores. A related species, V. lathyroides L., may also be expected in horticultural settings, and has been observed in CAMP (J. Thieret, pers. comm.).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? D 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Vicia sativa (ssp. s.)


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This is close to angustifolia, but there should be some taxonomic recognition.


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|BVicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.B|   	1261


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This widely scattered alien was reported recently from an open area in MADI (BEREA) by Abbott et al. (2001). It has also been collected from PULA (M. Medley for WKY). In North America, this species is most common on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


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Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Vicia villosa (ssp. v.)


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This annual ("hairy vetch") has been promoted for forage since before 1900. In 1914, Gr noted (for this species or dasycarpa): "Its vigorous growth is a pleasure to see when other plants are suffering from unfavourable weather." See also dasycarpa, which has been combined with villosa by some authors.


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|BVigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.B|   	1290 C


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Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Vigna unguiculata (sinensis)


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This species has been widely cultivated (as "black-eyed pea" or "cow-pea") since about 1900, at least in warmer regions. However, it rarely persists and does not become naturalized.


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It is not clear if records are from truly naturalized plants that have spread into uncultivated land. There are colls. from CALL (MUR) and perhaps CHRI (M); also, Gr noted "not often seen" in 1914.


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This species spreads vegetatively from plantings, but establishment from seed is not documented. Although cultivated since the early period of settlement (Gr), it was not properly documented as an escape until the 1930s (B).


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Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> affinis (sororia var. a.)


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This appears to intergrade with the densely pubescent sororia, the glabrous papilionacea (to which V. latiuscula Greene may be transitional) and the glabrous missouriensis (with deltoid-ovate leaves), which could all be combined as varieties. V. affinis differs in having hairs on its spurred petal as well as the laterals (like cucullata); its cleistogamous flowers are on ascending to erect peduncles (approaching cucullata); and it is the only species of Boreali-Americanae with hairs on the capsule (Gil-ad 1997, 1998). Also, its leaves tend to be somewhat narrower than sororia or papilionacea, gradually tapering to acutish tips (approaching missouriensis), more densely reddish-punctate, and generally glabrate except for small thinly scattered hairs confined to the upper surface, especially on the basal lobes. Identification is often difficult and some records are tentative. It may also intergrade with hirsutula, which has hairs scattered more widely over upper leaf surfaces. Based on Sm, D, B, F and personal experience, V. affinis appears to have a mostly northern and Appalachian distribution; typical habitat is in moist or damp woods and openings, especially near streams, probably on relatively acid infertile (often sandy) soils, in contrast to papilionacea. It has been included with missouriensis as a variety of sororia, by McKinney & Russell (2002; J), but other authors continue to justify its recognition (Gil-ad 1997, 1996; W).


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This is sometimes hard to distinguish from bicolor.


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Violaceae: Viola <Melanium> bicolor (rafinesquii, kitaibeliana var. r.i)


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F indicated that this species is an alien from Eurasia, but recent treatments do not (Cr; McKinney & Russell 2002; W). Further global review of literature is needed. Plants with blue flowers may deserve more attention, and colls. should be reeaxmined for segregation.


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|BViola bicolor Pursh {blue form}B|   	837


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Violaceae: Viola <Melanium> bicolor {blue form}


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This form may not have taxonomic status currently, but is mapped here to show its southern distribution.


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Violaceae: Viola <Plagiostigma> blanda (var. b.)


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Although largely Appalachian, this species may be expected in disjunct localities further west, as in EDMO (WKY). It was recently found in Hamilton Co., Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.), just north of CAMP.


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This is a widespread northern species. A few colls. have been named var. corymbosa Nutts. ex Torr. & Gray, which is not recognized in recent treatments, or var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. Var. rugulosa applies to more western plants with relatively long rhizomes and broader, hairier leaves, but has been misapplied in Appalachian regions (W).


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Violaceae: Viola <Viola> conspersa (labradorica*)


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This species has been combined by H. Ballard (unpublished, cited by W) with V. labradorica Schrank (= V. adunca Sm. var. minor (Hook.) Fern.). Although followed in some recent treatments (e.g. J, W), complete combination seems dubious to others (e.g., Cr, K). V. conspersa has been distinguished (Cr) by its broadly lanceolate (versus lance-linear) stipules, bristly-toothed over half their length (versus less than half), and leaves more or less strongly cordate (versus subtruncate to subcordate). It occurs in cool temperate regions of northeastern U.S.A. and southeastern Canada, whereas labradorica occurs in boreal and alpine regions.


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Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> cucullata (obliqua)


Line:
There appears to be some introgression with affinis, but in general this is a distinct species. Flowers are relatively small and pale, with strongly clavate hairs on lateral petals and on the spurred petal. Peduncles are relatively long, overtopping leaves for regular flowers, and erect even for cleistogamous flowers, 
Leaves are relatively small and narrow (at least the upper ones), pale  (often yellowish when dried), generally glabrous or sometimes with scattered short hairs above. This is the only stemless blue violet in Ky. that is restricted to truly hydric sites, as opposed to temporarily flooded or seasonally wet sites.


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> egglestonii (septemloba ssp. e.*)


Line:
This species of limestone glades appears closely related to V. septemloba LeConte, and has been combined as a subspecies by McKinney (1992). However, septemloba occurs in pine woodland with sandy soil on the Coastal Plain, and there is no known overlap or intergradation with egglestonii (see also: Gil-ad 1997, 1998). There has also been some misidentification as the more western V. pedatifida G. Don, which is unknown in the state. An apparent hybrid with palmata (or perhaps sororia) has been collected from NELS (Gunn #2058 at EKY).


Line:
|BViola emarginata (Nutt.) Le ConteB|   	811


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> emarginata (sagittata* var. e.)


Line:
This southeastern species is mostly known from woodlands on rather dry acid soils in southern Appalachian and east-coastal regions. It was initially described as V. sagittata var. emarginata Nutt., and may intergrade locally with sagittata or fimbriatula. It has often been confused or combined with those two species, especially in the mid-west (St); it appears to be the plant illustrated in J under sagittata. Morphology suggests that it originated from hybrids of sagittata and affinis (Russell & Risser 1960). V. emarginata differs from sagittata in its leaf blades nearly triangular (versus narrowly lanceolate to lance-oblong), with l/w ca. 1.2-2 (versus 2.2-2.8), and with long petioles in later leaves, which overtop the flowers; also, leaves are relatively dark green and consistently glabrous (which also helps distinguish it from fimbriatula). Most material in Ky. may be referable to the largely Appalachian form known as var. acutiloba Brainerd, with later leaves sharply lacerate at base, the lobes 1-2.5 cm long (F). Despite its neglect in recent treatments, emarginata seems the most appropriate name for this distinct group of plants, which are restricted within Ky. to Appalachian regions, growing usually in dry open oak and pine woods with ericaceous shrubs on sandy ridges with acid infertile soils. There are relatively few colls. in herbaria (see also GH, NCU, NY, US), but field work indicates that this species is a consistent member of the diverse flora of such woodlands (e.g. B, Campbell et al. 1991).


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> fimbriatula (sagittata var. ovata*)


Line:
This taxon appears to be a distinct species in northeastern and eastern states (Gil-ad 1997, W), but it may intergrade with typical sagittata, especially in the mid-west (e.g. D). V. fimbriatula differs (Gil-ad 1997) in its oblong to oblong-ovate blades (versus narrowly lanceolate to lance-oblong in sagittata), with l/w 1.5-1.8 (versus 2.2-2.8) and base cordate to subcordate (versus sagittate). V. fimbriatula typically occurs in somewhat hilly areas (versus mostly flatlands for sagittata), often on more coarse-textured soils and in open woods, along roads or edges (versus full sun). Colls. from the Pine Creek area in BULL (JC for KY) may be intermediate, with larger plants approaching typical sagittata in leaf shape but remaining less distinctively lobed and relatively pubescent. M. Wharton's coll. from LINC (#1771 at EKY) initially named as this species is excluded, since it seems generally similar to sororia, perhaps introgressed with fimbriatula or another species with relatively small blunt leaves.


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> hirsutula (sororia var. h.)


Line:
This species is close to the more southern V. villosa Walt., and it seems to hybridize often with other species (sororia, affinis, papilionacea, palmata). However, it is generally distinct in appearance and habitat, growing in woods on relatively dry acid soils. It has spreading petioles, with blades that generally lie flat near the ground; blades are generally small, often purple-tinged below, with blunt to rounded apices, and with hairs confined to upper surfaces. Colls. from FRAN (EKY) appear to be hybridized with sororia. A few colls. are glabrate or virtually glabrous, suggesting introgression with affinis, and the consistency of its pubescence patterns needs more critical attention for keys and descriptions.


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Plagiostigma> incognita (blanda var. palustriformis)


Line:
Colls. have been reported from EDMO (US) and perhaps elsewhere in Ky. (Russell 1965), but these records remain dubious (M). This northern taxon, which often occurs in somewhat open areas with moisture extremes, differs only slightly from the closely related Appalachian species, blanda, which is largely restricted to mesic forests (F). Its petioles & peduncles are green (versus often reddish or purplish in blanda); its leaves are ascending (versus soon spreading), rugulose (versus flat), and more or less pubescent below (versus glabrous). These taxa are not distinguished in some recent treatments (e.g. Cr, L. McKinney in J).


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> missouriensis (?langloisii, sororia var. m.)


Line:
This seems generally distinct but it is sometimes hard to distinguish from, and probably intergrades with, papilionacea and affinis. Well developed leaves of typical missouriensis are completely glabrous (versus slightly hairy above in affinis), deltoid-ovate and relatively narrow, sometimes coarsely dentate at base, and attentuate with slight concavity to the apex (versus more broadly ovate-orbicular and acute or abruptly pointed). Sepals may be finely ciliate over most or all of the margin (versus only in lower half) (Gil-ad 1997); flowers may be relatively pale lilac or lavender, around the darker center (St). V. missouriensis occurs mostly in the central and lower Mississippi Valley, in damp woods (often with Liquidambar), often on slightly acid (?), whitish (?) clayey terraces (D). It has been combined with affinis as a variety of sororia by McKinney. Sm omitted the name missouriensis, but appears to have applied the name V. langloisii Greene to these plants, or to plants intermediate between this species and affinis (see also colls. at NY).  If synonymous, langloisii may have priority due to its earlier publication date.


Line:
|BViola pallens (Banks ex Ging) BrainerdB|   	818 R


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Plagiostigma> pallens (macloskeyi ssp. p.)


Line:
Colls. (NCU) have been reported from EDMO, TRIG and elsewhere, but their identify remains dubious (M). V. blanda has sometimes been misidentified as pallens, which is a northern species typical of somewhat hydric sites. V. pallens  differs in its completely glabrous blades; blanda has scattered small appressed hairs on upper surfaces, at least toward the base when young. In pallens, peduncles are usually longer than leaves and green (versus peduncules more or less equal to petioles, with both usually reddish or purplish). Its upper petals are typically less reflexed or twisted and broader; and its capsules are green (versus more or less purple).


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> palmata (var. p., triloba)


Line:
This was generally been named V. triloba Schwein. It is closely related and often confused with subsinuata, to which the name palmata was misapplied in previous treatments (McKinney 1992). A few colls. have some leaves with deeper or more numerous lobes (but some leaves still more or less unlobed); some of these have been named V. triloba var. dilatata (Ell.) Brainerd, which may be transitional to V. subsinuata. Such plants include colls. from LYON (EKY; M. Wharton #9795), JEFF (DHL; P.A. Davies 17 May 1947); HART and WAYN (US; see Braun 1943). Some collectiions with less lobing appear hybridized with sororia, hirsutula or other species.


Line:
|BViola papilionacea forma albiflora GroverB|   	802


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> papilionacea forma albiflora (?V. priceana)


Line:
These whitish or greyish flowered forms of papilionacea are sometimes cultivated, but seem to originate from native plants. They may deserve some recognition, but not full species status. Some authors (e.g. Sm) have indicated that the southern form known as V. priceana Pollard, which has grayish petals with blue veins converging in the center, is distinct from simple albinos and deserves special attention.


Line:
|BViola papilionacea Pursh p.p.B|   	801


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> papilionacea {sororia* var. p., suggested comb.}


Line:
These plants are close to sororia and affinis, which could all be treated as as intergrading varieties. Some plants also appear introgressed with  missouriensis, cucullata or other related species (see also: Gil-ad 1997, 1998). V. papilionacea differs from sororia in its generally paler, broader, and largely glabrous or glabrate leaves (except sometimes for hairs on petioles and on lower leaf surfaces at the base). After flowering, relatively large broad leaves are often produced. Although combined with sororia in some treatments (e.g. Cr, McKinney 1992, J), it has often been considered a largely distinct species typical of damper soils, especially mesic fertile floodplain woods, mowed open areas, yards, and other disturbed sites (Robinson & Fernald 1908, D, B, F, E.J. Alexander in G, St).


Line:
This includes the rather insignificant var. lineariloba, with records from BREC, MEAD and probably elsewhere.


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Chamaemelanium> pensylvanica (pubescens var. scabriuscula*; eriocarpa)


Line:
This has been recently treated as a variety of V. pubescens (e.g. Cr, McKinney & Russell 2002), and there certainly has been much confusion in mid-western regions (e.g. D, St). However, a detailed analysis has yet to be completed. Mapped records include the glabrous-fruited var. leiocarpon (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern., which may not deserve recognition.


Line:
|BViola priceana: see V. papillionaceaB|


Line:
Violaceae: Viola <Chamaemelanium> pubescens (var. p.*)


Line:
This includes the glabrous-fruited var. peckii House, which may not deserve recognition; further study is needed.


Line:
Most colls. of octoflora may be var. glauca (including F. octoflora var. tenella (Willd.) Fern.) However, several need to be rechecked for var. octoflora (including var. aristulata Torr. ex L.H. Dewey).


Line:
|BVulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. octofloraB|   	3186


Line:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] octoflora var. o. (aristulata)


Line:
Most colls. mapped under this name may be referred to octoflora var. aristulata Torr. ex L.H. Dewey, which has not been distinguished in recent treatments. Distinction from var. glauca also needs further attention, and several assignments are uncertain.


Line:
|BVulpia sciurea (Nutt.) HenrardB|   	3182 R


Line:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] sciurea (elliotea)


Line:
This was reported by Woods (1983) from CALL, but a coll. has not been located. Colls. initially with this name from GRAV (MUR) and MCRA (SIU) appear to be V. octoflora var. octoflora (aristulata) instead. V. elliotea is a southern species that occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain in dry sandy soils, north to s. Mo. but unknown across Tenn.


Line:
|BWaldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. var. fragarioidesB|   	938


Line:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Waldsteinia fragarioides var. f.


Line:
|BWaldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. var. parviflora (Small) Fern.B|   	939


Line:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Waldsteinia fragarioides var. parviflora (ssp. doniana)


Line:
Further study is needed, but this variety appears somewhat distinct in its flower size and relatively southern distribution.


Line:
|BWHEAT GRASS: Agropyron, Elymus smithii (CRESTED)B|


Line:
|BWisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC.B|   	1278


Line:
Fabaceae <Millettieae>: Wisteria <Rehsonia> floribunda


Line:
This may have been confused with sinensis in some cases; colls. should be checked (see also: Cr). There is evidence of extensive hybridization between these two species in southeastern states (Trusty et al 2007).


Line:
|BWisteria macrostachya (Torr. & Gray) Nutt. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.B|   	1275


Line:
Fabaceae <Millettieae>: Wisteria macrostachya (frutescens* var. m.)


Line:
Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr. This species of the central and lower Mississippi watershed appears to be widely scattered along major rivers in western regions of the state. It has also been cultivated since early settlement (as "Kentucky Wisteria"). It has escaped, especially in the Louisville area and perhaps elsewhere in northern counties, where open dots on map indicate possible adventive status. There also needs to be further study of distinction from typical frutescens, which is sometimes combined. W. frutescens is a largely southeastern taxon that has been reported from Ky. (e.g. Duncan 1967), but confirmation is needed. It may occur along some Appalachian rivers on more sandy alluvium in LAUR (BEREA), MCRE (KY), PULA (KY) and WHIT (MM). It has much smaller racemes, 4-12 cm long (versus 15-30 cm); pedicels and calyx with few or no clavate glands (versus abundant). [Somewhat parallel situations exists within Isotrema and Catalpa.]


Line:
|BWisteria sinensis (Sims) DC.B|   	1277


Line:
Fabaceae <Millettieae>: Wisteria <Rehsonia> sinensis


Line:
This is widely planted and locally escaped, especially to the south, but perhaps less in northern urban areas. It has often been confused with floridunda or macrostachya.


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-10,8 C? 4.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
|BWITCH GRASS: Digitaria cognata, Panicum capillare (and allies)B|


Line:
|BWolffia borealis (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt ex Landolt & WildiB|   	2592


Line:
Lemnaceae [Araceae]: Wolffia borealis ("punctata")


Line:
Lemnaceae [Araceae]: Wolffia brasiliensis (papulifera, punctata)


Line:
Colls. should be rechecked carefully; many have more than one species and there has been confusion in nomenclature.


Line:
|BWolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & PlasB|   	2591 R


Line:
This Asian close relative of columbiana was reported by J, but details are not available.


Line:
|BWolffiella gladiata (Hegelm.) Hegelm.B|   	2588


Line:
Lemnaceae [Araceae]: Wolffiella gladiata (floridana)


Line:
|BWoodsia appalachiana T.M.C. TaylorB|   	82


Line:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Woodsia appalachiana (scopulina ssp. a.*)


Line:
|BWoodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr.B|   	81


Line:
|BWoodsia scopulina: see W. appalachianaB|


Line:
|BWoodwardia areolata (L.) T. MooreB|   	74


Line:
Blechnaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Woodwardia <Lorinseria> areolata


Line:
|BWoodwardia virginica (L.) Sm.B|   	75 R


Line:
Blechnaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Woodwardia <Anchistea> virginica


Line:
This occurs mostly in coastal regions from Nova Scotia to Texas, and it is rare to absent in the mid-west. A coll. was reportedly made by R. Cranfill (pers. comm.) in CLIN, at a swamp southwest of Albany, ca. 1996 (check at Univ. of California, Berkley).


Line:
|BXanthium chinense: see X . strumariumB|


Line:
|BXanthium globosum: see X . strumariumB|


Line:
|BXanthium italicum: see X . strumariumB|


Line:
|BXanthium pensylvanicum: see X . strumariumB|


Line:
Although widely recorded across North America, at least as adventive, this cosmopolitan weed of tropical to warm temperate regions species is rare in southeastern states (FNA 19; W; PL). Almost all records in Ky. date from 1840 to 1940 (M). In 1914, Gr noted: "frequent throughout the western half of the State, and it is noticeable among our species of cockleburs because of its large, yellow, three-forked spines, the latter often as much as three-fourth inch in length." Was the disappearance of this species associated with the decline of sheep or other changes in farming?


Line:
|BXanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & GrayB|   	2246


Line:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (pensylvanicum, italicum)


Line:
Although sometimes considered adventive or even alien, this cosmopolitan species was probably present and locally abundant at the time of settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gr). Its large edible seeds were consumed by Carolina paroquets, as recorded in John Audubon's work and other historical accounts (J. Campbell, in prep.). This mapping includes variants formerly known under X. pensylvanicum Wallr., X. italicum Moretti or other obscure names (including commune and saccharatum). Separation from var. glabrum is tentative in several cases. Typical var. strumarium is supposedly native to tropical America and perhaps southern Europe, and occurs rarely as a waif in northeastern states (Cr), but records from Ky. are dubious (M). FNA 21 did not recognize any varieties.


Line:
|BXanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq.B|   	2247


Line:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Xanthium strumarium var. glabratum (chinense, globosum, orientale, pungens)


Line:
This includes insignificant variants formerly known under X. chinense Mill., X. globosum Shull, X. orientale L. or other names.


Line:
|BXerophyllum asphodeloides (L.) Nutt.B|   	2640


Line:
Agavaceae [Liliaceae]: Yucca filamentosa (var. fi.)


Line:
Typical filamentosa is native to the southeastern Coastal Plain (centered in Va. to Ala.), but it is also cultivated inland, and has become widely naturalized. The common name "beargrass" has been applied to this species in recent times, but to other coarse grass-like plants in earlier literature; it cannot be used to indicate historical distributions. See also notes under flaccida.


Line:
Agavaceae [Liliaceae]: Yucca flaccida (smalliana, filamentosa var. s.)


Line:
This taxon's native range is centered on the Gulf Coastal Plain (especailly Ga. to Miss.), but it has also been widely cultivated and naturalized, perhaps as far north as filamentosa (FNA 26; J, W). It has often been combined or confused with filamentosa, and may best be treated as a variety. Colls. generally need to be reexamined. Y. flaccida differs in its smaller flowers (with tepals ca. 3-5 cm long versus 5-7 cm) and pubescent (versus glabrous) inflorescence branches. Also, its leaves tend to be narrower (ca. 1.5-4 cm versus 2-6 cm), thinner and more pliable, flat (versus concave upwards), and with the apex attenuate to a spinose point (versus acute to obtuse).


Line:
There are two clusters of records: in ponds of the central Bluegrass region and along the lower Tennessee and Cumberland River impoundments (Meade et al. (1997).


Line:
|BZanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.B|   	601


Line:
This is widely scattered but locally common in relatively few localities, especially on base-rich soil in thorny scrub around old pastures. Its distribution in Ky. and Tenn. is somewhat similar to the original concentrations of Juniperus virginiana, as documented by Barton (1919) and others. It is unusually abundant at the J.K. Smith power plant in CLAR. On ridges above Slate Creek near Howards Mill in MONT, stems are up to 4 m tall and 10 cm thick. Although this species is widely scattered in eastern North America, it becomes uncommon to rare in southeastern states, where replaced by the infamous Z. clava-herculis L. These are among the few woody species of temperate regions that combine both thorniness and browsing-repellant chemistry; see also Maclura pomifera.


Line:
This species (corn, maize) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


Line:
Commelinaceae: Zebrina [Tradescantia] pendula (T. zebrina)


Line:
This tropical species from Central America may sometimes establish temporarily from escaped or discarded plantings, but it is not truly naturalized. There are colls. from BARR (DHL) and LYON (APSU).


Line:
|BZigadenus leimanthoides GrayB|   	2642 R


Line:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Zigadenus leimanthoides (densus* sensu lato)


Line:
This has been reported from Ky. (Cr, FNA 26), apparently based on a coll. not yet located (A. Cronquist, pers. comm. to MM). Z. leimanathoides is known mostly from the southeastern Coastal Plain and southern Appalachians, but in Tenn. there are disjunct records from the Cumberland Plateau and adjacent oak barrens. It may be expected in se. Ky. The closely related Z. densus (Desr.) Fern. is restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain (Cr, FNA 26).


Line:
|BZizania aquatica L. var. interior FassettB|   	3135


Line:
Poaceae <Oryzeae>: Zizania aquatica var. interior


Line:
C.W. Short made colls. (CINC, formerly KY, check PH) in 1835 from "lakes in the barrens of Ky.", probably in CHRI, TODD, LOGA or WARR. There is also a coll. from FULT (US) made in in 1915. These colls. are probably all referable to the largely mid-western var. interior, but this needs to be checked.


Line:
|BZizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers.B|   	3136


Line:
This has often been confused with Thaspium trifoliatum.


Line:
|BZizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. KochB|   	2026


Line:
|BZizia trifoliata (Michx.) Fern.B|   	2027 R


Line:
Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Zizia trifoliata


Line:
There has been confusion with Z. aurea (and perhaps with Thaspium trifoliatum in name); see W for a detailed key. Although there have been several authoritative reports of trifoliata from Ky. (e.g. Cr), no confirmed colls. have been located (M). This species is known to the east from the southern Appalachians, Piedmont, and rarely the southeastern Coastal Plain; it is also disjunct in Ark.


# IndexTemp

FOOTNOTE:
Records of Cranfill (1980) and Farrar (1992) are mapped here but need better documentation. This species is known only from its filamentous gametophytes, but appears widely scattered in eastern states; see W for discussion. A thallose gametophyte expected in Ky. is Hymenophyllum tayloriae Farrar & Raine, which is a southern Appalachian species that occurs on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. close to Ky. (Ch,  W).


Scientific Name:
Pteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Vittaria appalachiana [gametophyte]

FOOTNOTE:
This species states was known informally as the "Appalachian Gametophye" until described by Farrar & Mickel (1991). It is known only from its thalloid gametophytes; see W for discussion and references. The only known plants west of the Appalachian region are along sandstone cliffs of the Shawnee Hills in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern, pantropical species of sunny, seeping, calcareous outcrops is concentrated in the central Cumberland Rv. and Green Rv. systems. It has not been rediscovered at some localities with older colls: from POWE at "Natural Bridge" (MUR: T.N. McCoy, 6 Dec 1959); from CART (1899; "Carter Caves") and WHIT (1883; "cavernous cliffs, Cumberland Falls"), both mounted on one sheet at GH (A. Risk, pers. comm.). The location in WHIT may be doubted; downstream, PULA has the largest cluster of records in the state. The record from NELS is also old and possibly from adventive plants; details need checking (Cranfill 1980).


Scientific Name:
Pteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Argyrochosma [Notholaena] dealbata

FOOTNOTE:
This species was collected in ADAI (Fi) during 1971, by D. Gibson & Watson: #722, from "exposed limestone rocks along Buffalo Cliff above Green River 8 miles N of Columbia."  This area was searched unsuccessfully in 1991 by R. Cranfill, M. Medley and J. Campbell.


FOOTNOTE:
This species was discovered at one site on dolomitic limestone cliffs along Cedar Creek in BULL (KNK) during the 1970s (Cranfill 1980) and 1980s (M), and it may have been relocated in 1993 by KSNPC staff.


FULL NAME:
Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore


FULL NAME:
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underwood ex Heller

Scientific Name:
Dennstaedtiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum


FULL NAME:
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Heller

Scientific Name:
Dennstaedtiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum


FULL NAME:
Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham var. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & Windham

Scientific Name:
Polypodiaceae: Pleiopeltis [Polypodium] polypodioides var. michauxianum


FULL NAME:
Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham

Scientific Name:
Polypodiaceae: Polypodium appalachianum [diploid "virginianum"]


FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread tetraploid across northern regions, derived from crossing of P. appalachianum (a largely Appalachian species) and P. sibiricum Siplivinsky (a boreal species). Without microscopic work, distinction from appalachianum is often difficult based on gross morphology (Cranfill 1980; FNA 2; W). The leaves of virginianum tend to be narrower (averaging 4.5 cm versus 5.8 cm), especially at the base (with oblong-lanceolate versus elongate-deltoid shape). Pinnae usually have blunt to rounded tips (versus acute to blunt); basal ones are unnotched on their lower side or just slightly (versus notched to 1-1.5 mm from the midrib). Rhizome scales tend to be narrower (averaging 1.1 mm versus 1.5 mm), and mostly with a darker brown central stripe (versus uniformly brown). The sterile triploid hybrid with appalachianum is occasionally found, with intermediate characters; there are records from MENI, MERC, PERR, ROWA, WOLF and elsewhere (KY, EKY, etc.).


Scientific Name:
Blechnaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Woodwardia <Lorinseria> areolata


FULL NAME:
Sceptridium dissectum (Sprengel) Lyon var. obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) ?

Scientific Name:
Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] dissectum var. obliquum

FOOTNOTE:
A variant with long parallel-sided lower pinnules was provisionally named B. johnsonii or B. parallelum by W.H. Wagner, but it was never formally described (Johnson 1960). Such plants are known from ADAI, BOYD, FLOY, JOHN (with provisional type), PIKE and ROWA (M). Potential distribution in other states remains unknown.


Scientific Name:
Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] biternatum (dissectum var. tenuifolium)


Scientific Name:
Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] oneidense (dissectum var. o.)


Scientific Name:
Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] jenmanii (alabamense)

FOOTNOTE:
Although this southeastern species is mapped for Ky. in FNA 2, no verified colls. have been located. M reported a possible coll. from MARS at MUR in the 1980s, but that coll. now appears to be misplaced. The species is scattered across e. Tenn. (Ch).


FULL NAME:
Botrychium matricariifolium (A. Braun ex Dowell) A. Braun ex Koch


FULL NAME:
Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. var. angustisegmentum Pease & A. H. Moore

Scientific Name:
Ophioglossaceae: Botrychium lanceolatum* var. angustisegmentum

FOOTNOTE:
The only record from Ky. is as follows. KENT (KNK): P. Kelly, 6 Jun 1989, in woods along woodland hiking trail, adjacent to Kenton County Golf Course; on Banklick Station Rd. northwest of Independence. The identification to variety seems correct.


FULL NAME:
Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fern.) A.& D. Löve

Scientific Name:
Ophioglossaceae: Ophioglossum pycnostichum (vulgatum* var. p.)


Scientific Name:
Ophioglossaceae: Ophioglossum pusillum (vulgatum var. pseudopodum)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species is known from Ind., Ohio and Va., but it is not verified in Ky. (FNA 2, W). There is a coll. from FLEM (KY) that has been determined by H. Wagner, but its distinction from pycnostichum is not clear. In pusillum, sterile blades are elliptic (versus ovate, broadest below middle), pale dull green (versus dark shiny green, with firmer texture); basal frond sheaths are membranaceous and ephemeral (versus leathery and tending to persist); spores are 50-60 microns wide (versus 35-45 microns).


FULL NAME:
Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray

Scientific Name:
Osmundaceae: Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis


FOOTNOTE:
A hybrid with hyemale has been reported (M), but the cited coll. from JEFF (DHL) is only vegetative and not clearly distinct. E. sylvaticum L. and E. pratense Ehrh. are related northern, circumboreal species that have also been reported, but probably in error (M).


Scientific Name:
Equisetaceae: Equisetum <Hippochaete> X ferrissii (hyemale x laevigatum, hyemale var. intermedium)

FOOTNOTE:
See M and Abbott et al. (2001) for further notes. E. laevigatum A. Braun (= E. kansanum J.H. Schaffn.) has been reported from Ky., but no colls. are confirmed (M). The hybrid with hyemale ( X ferrissii) is more widespread than pure laevigatum in North America, and probably confused in many cases (FNA 2). The related northern, circumboreal species, E. variegatum Schleich. (or its hybrid with E. laevigatum), has also been reported, but probably in error (M).


FULL NAME:
Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eat.

Scientific Name:
Equisetaceae: Equisetum <Hippochaete> hyemale var. affine (robustum)


FULL NAME:
Huperzia porophila (Lloyd & Underwood) Holub


FOOTNOTE:
The hybrid with porophilum (X bartleyi) is occasionally found. The disjunct record from JEFF is based on a coll. with somewhat dubious incomplete data, from "Mud Creek Swamp" ca. 1950s (DHL).


Scientific Name:
Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella [Lycopodium] inundata (var. i.)

FOOTNOTE:
The only record of this northern (circumboreal) species is from an old sandstone quarry floor on Pine Mt in HARL, first discovered by Ben Begley (Pine Mt. Settlement School). Colls. have been made by M. Evans (KSNPC) and JC (for KY).


Scientific Name:
Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella [Lycopodium] appressa (selago/inundata var. a.)


FULL NAME:
Lycopodiella X copelandii (Eig.) Cranfill

Scientific Name:
Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella [Lycopodium] alopecurioides x appressum (X copelandii)

FOOTNOTE:
Pure alopecurioides is unknown in Ky. This hybrid is known only from old gravel pits in CALL (KY), together with appressum and appressum x prostratum. These discoveries were made in the 1960s and 1970s, but the pits have become grown up in recent years, and the Lycopodiellas may have disappeared.


Scientific Name:
Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella [Lycopodium] prostratum x appressum (X brucei)

FOOTNOTE:
Pure prostratum is unknown in Ky. See note under X copelandii (Eig.) Cranfill.


FULL NAME:
Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. Haines

Scientific Name:
Lycopodiaceae: Dendrolycopodium [Lycopodium*] obscurum (var.o.)


FULL NAME:
Dendrolycopodium hickeyi (W.H. Wagner, Beitel & Moran) A. Haines

Scientific Name:
Lycopodiaceae: Dendrolycopodium [Lycopodium*] hickeyi (obscurum var. dendroideum)


FULL NAME:
Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) Holub

Scientific Name:
Lycopodiaceae: Diphasiastrum [Lycopodium*] digitatum ("flabelliforme"; complanatum var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls may need rechecking for tristachyum (Cranfill 1980), and rare hybrids with tristachyum (X habereri) may be expected (FNA 2).


Scientific Name:
Selaginellaceae: Selaginella <Lycopodioides> apoda (ssp. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
It is likely that the genus Lycopodioides will become used for this species (as reviewed by W), to be renamed L. apoda (L.) Kuntze.


FOOTNOTE:
Martindale (1876) reported a coll. by "Miss Rule" from  Rockcastle Springs (LAUR), but this has not been located. This northern species occurs on outcrops in the southern Appalachians and Ozark Mts. It will probably become known as Bryodesma rupestris (L.) J. Sojak (W).


FULL NAME:
Isoetes melanopoda Gay & Durieu ex Durieu

FOOTNOTE:
Typical plants of this species mostly occur in central and western North America, usually in open grassy swales. Plants east of the Mississippi Rv. tend to be distinct (Brunton & Britton 2006): their leaves are >1.5 (1.1) mm wide at midpoint (versus <1.1 mm), usually white, pale or occasionally dull brown (versus usually shiny black); megaspores are >400 (380) micrometers (versus <380), usually with bold distinct ornamentation (versus plain obscure); and their habitat is usually wooded swamps. The most distinct eastern plants, especially from Ala. to Va., have been named ssp. silvatica Brunton & D.M. Britt. Ky. plants have not been thoroughly reexamined, but most are probably at least transitional; colls. from BULL (EKY, MM) and HARD (MM) do match silvatica.


FOOTNOTE:
Some material may be transferable to the southern Appalachian species, I. valida (Engelm.) Clute (= I. engelmannii var. caroliniana A.A. Eat.). Closer examination is needed. I. valida is typical of similar habitats or perhaps more stagnant water (FNA 2).


FULL NAME:
Sceptridium dissectum (Sprengel) Lyon var. dissectum

Scientific Name:
Ophioglossaceae: Sceptridium [Botrychium*] dissectum var. dissectum


FOOTNOTE:
Recent research has supported this generic assignment (as reviewed by W)..


Scientific Name:
Blechnaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Woodwardia <Anchistea> virginica

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in coastal regions from Nova Scotia to Texas, and it is rare to absent in the mid-west. A coll. was reportedly made by R. Cranfill (pers. comm.) in CLIN, at a swamp southwest of Albany, ca. 1996 (check at Univ. of California, Berkley).


FOOTNOTE:
Hybrids with montanum and platyneuron are occasionally found, and locally frequent in some cases.


Scientific Name:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium pinnatifidum x montanum (X trudellii)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants of hybrid origin are relatively frequent with the parents.


FULL NAME:
Asplenium X kentuckiense T.N. McCoy (pro sp.)

Scientific Name:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium pinnatifidum x platyneuron (X kentuckiense)

FOOTNOTE:
The type of this taxon is from CALL (UC), but plants could not be refound at that locality by Cranfill and others. Cranfill (1980) reported colls. from BOYD, JOHN, POWE (at KY) and ROWA, but these have not been seen.


FULL NAME:
Asplenium ruta-muraria L. var. cryptolepis (Fern.) Wherry

Scientific Name:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium ruta-muraria var. cryptolepis


FULL NAME:
Asplenium ruta-muraria L. var. lanceolum Christ

Scientific Name:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium ruta-muraria var. lanceolum (ohionis)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon may not be tenable as a variety, but it is at least a distinct form. Atypical plants from MCRE (MM for WKY), on the ridge at the mouth of Little South Fork, have ususual filiform pinnules, and may deserve taxonomic attention (M). Note that hybrids of ruta-muraria with rhizophyllum or other species are "exceedingly rare" in North America (FNA 2).


FOOTNOTE:
This species is generally restricted to sandstone cliffs, but it occurs on limestone along the Kentucky River Palisades (FAYE, GARR, MERC). It is likely that the Palisades plants are ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyer, which is distinguished by its larger spores (37-43 versus 27-32 micrometers) and higher chromosome number (2n = 144 versus 72). It is known only on calcareous rocks, mostly in northeastern regions, but with a few disjunct occurrences further west (FNA 2).


FULL NAME:
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. var. platyneuron

Scientific Name:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium platyneuron var. p.

FOOTNOTE:
The hybrid with rhizophyllum (X ebenoides) is occasionally found. Also, a few colls. are referrable to forma hortonae and forma serratum (following F).


FULL NAME:
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. var. bacculum-rubrum (Featherman) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium platyneuron var. bacculum-rubrum


FOOTNOTE:
Hybrids with montanum (X wherryi) and pinnatifidum (X gravesii) are occasionally found.


Scientific Name:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium <Camptosorus> rhizophyllum


Scientific Name:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Diplazium [Athyrium] pycnocarpon


Scientific Name:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Deparia [Athyrium] acrostichoides (A. thelypterioides)

FOOTNOTE:
Within the Bluegrass region, the only record is a 1955 coll. M. Wharton from "mesophytic woods" in ANDE (EKY), without locality but probably in the Eden Shale hills.


FULL NAME:
Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eat.

Scientific Name:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Athyrium asplenioides (felix-femina ssp. a.*)

FOOTNOTE:
A few plants are referrable to forma subtripinnatum (following F).


Scientific Name:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Woodsia appalachiana (scopulina ssp. a.*)


Scientific Name:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Cystopteris tennesseensis (fragilis var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
Several records remain uncertain. This taxon is a fertile tetraploid derived from crossing of bulbifera and protrusa (Haufler et al. 1990; FNA 2). Although most authorities consider treat this as a species, there is considerable variation, perhaps reflecting different original hybridizations (see also: Cranfill 1980; Cr, W). Some Ky. plants appear relatively close to protrusa, while other resemble bulbifera more. Also, tennesseensis can form occasional hybrids with its parent species and with tenuis.


Scientific Name:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Cystopteris protrusa (fragilis var. p.)


Scientific Name:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Cystopteris tenuis (fragilis var. mackayi)

FOOTNOTE:
Several records of this northern species are uncertain, or may be hybrids; there has also been confusion with tennesseensis. C. tenuis is a fertile tetraploid derived from crossing of protrusa and another parent, unknown and presumed extinct (Paler & Barrington 1995). It is similar to protrusa but differs in its shorter rhizomes (up to 0.5 cm versus 1-6 cm), which lack hairs (versus covered in hairs); its dark brown petioles (versus darkened only at base); its thicker leaves (versus membranaceous), with basal pinnules just slightly stalked to cuneate (versus clearly stalked) and just slightly lobed (versus deeply).


Scientific Name:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Cystopteris fragilis (var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
More study is needed. In recent decades, the concept of fragilis has become limited to relatively northern (circumboreal) tetraploids derived from crossing of C. reevesiana Lellinger and an unknown parent, presumed extinct; see also tenuis. A coll. from TRIM (KY) has been annotated "probably fragilis x reevesiana" by Haufler, and fragilis was mapped in Ky. by Haufler et al. in FNA 2. There is also a coll. from LAUR (EKY) that may be this species, and there are records from the mountains of Va. and N.C. (W). C. fragilis differs from protrusa and tenuis as follows (W): its leaf blades are relatively elongated (l/w ca. 3-4 versus 2-2.5), with pinnae usually perpendicular (versus ascending); its pinnules have serrulate margins (versus crenulate), and the basal ones are strictly sessile with a rounded to truncate bases (versus often short-stalked, with rounded to cuneate base); its indusia are lanceolate, up to 1 mm long (versus ovate to round, ca. 0.5 mm).


FULL NAME:
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs

Scientific Name:
Dryopteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Dryopteris carthusiana (spinulosa/austriaca var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern speciers is a fertile allotetraploid derived from hybridization of intermedia and semicristata, a hypothetical species that may now be extinct (Cranfill 1980, FNA 2). Back crosses with intermedia are occasionally found; colls. from HENR (KY) and perhaps elsewhere (MCRE, MORG, WOLF) may be referrable to this hybrid rather than the pure species. D. campyloptera Clarkson is a similar species of cool northeastern regions and high Appalachian summits that has been reported from Ky. (RAB) but not verified; its occurrence is dubious (FNA 2).


FULL NAME:
Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray

Scientific Name:
Dryopteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Dryopteris intermedia (austriaca/spinulosa var. i.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely mapped across Ky. and Tenn. by FNA 2, this northeastern species is largely restricted here to mesic sites in regions with sandy acid soils. The hybrid with marginalis is occasionally found, with colls. from CALD, EDMO, HARD and HART (Cranfill 1980). See also notes under carthusiana.


FULL NAME:
Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) Gray


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is typical of swamps on the Coastal Plain. The coll. from WARR (MO) was made in the 1880s or 1890s by S. Price, labelled just "Bowling Green, Ky." The related taxa, D. celsa (W. Palmer) Small and D. cristata (L.) Gray, have been reported from Ky. or nearby (RAB, FNA 2, Ch), but these are not verified and at least some reports are based on misidentifications (Cranfill 1980, M). D. celsa is an allopolyploid derived from ludoviciana and the more northern goldiana; it has been reported from all states around Ky. D. cristata is apparently an allopolyploid derived from ludoviciana and the extinct "semicristata"; it is largely northern but with scattered sites south to Ala. and N.C. (W).


FULL NAME:
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott f. incisum

Scientific Name:
Dryopteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Polystichum acrostichoides f. incisum

FOOTNOTE:
Although distinctive looking, this occasional form is not recognized in recent treatments. It appears to be largely unknown in more calcareous regions of the state, whereas typical plants are widespread.


Scientific Name:
Thelypteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Phegopteris [Thelypteris] hexagonoptera


FULL NAME:
Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Thelypteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens


Scientific Name:
Thelypteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Thelypteris <Parathelypteris> noveboracensis


FULL NAME:
Thelypteris dentata (Forsk.) E. St. John

Scientific Name:
Thelypteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Thelypteris <Christella> dentata

FOOTNOTE:
This is considered adventive from tropical regions (Cranfill 1980).. There are colls. (DHL) from BELL (14 Jul 1940, Clear Creek Springs) and NELS (Oct 1940, Nazareth College Gymnasium).


FOOTNOTE:
The closely related western species, A. mexicana Presl., is known in adjacent Mo. (Y), and is expected in far western counties of Ky. It differs from caroliniana in the larger size of its fronds (ca. 10-15 mm wide versus 5-10 mm), and in its glochidia (appendages of microspore packets) with several cross-walls (versus none).


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely planted, seedlings are almost never found. A self-sown tree 20 ft tall was found along a fence row in JEFF (MM for WKY).


FOOTNOTE:
Reports of this northeastern species from EDMO (Hussey 1876) and OWSL (Gonsoulin 1975) may be supported by colls., but remain unverified. Disjunct plants also occur in c. Ind. (D, PL).


FOOTNOTE:
Although this Japanese species is widely cultivated, there is only one record of a self-seeded plant, from JEFF (MM for WKY). There must be factors generally preventing its naturalization. The European T. baccata L. may also rarely establish near plantings; CW note a coll. from WHIT (EKY). However, identification of young plants is problematic (FNA 2); keys are needed.


FOOTNOTE:
Outlying records of this southeastern species in c. Ky. may all be from recently adventive or planted individuals. Some are mapped here as uncertain records, since in a few cases seedlings have been found. Not mapped are the mature trees in FAYE, JESS, SCOT and WOOD, which are probably planted (Gr), although sometimes interpreted as native (Meijer 1976b) or adventive (CW). A coll. from FULT (EKY) has suggested T. ascendens Brong. (= T. distichum var. imbricarium (Nutt.) Croom); see BA and CW. However, that taxon appears restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain, without extending far up the Mississippi Valley (FNA 2). Some colls. are difficult to distinguish (J), and there is some intergradation further south.


FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species is locally common in most Appalachian regions, where the old name "spruce pine" has been replaced by "hemlock" in modern usage. Barton (1919) indicated that is was most abundant in or near the Cumberland Mts., in the southern Cumberland Plateau, and in or near the North Fork of Kentucky Rv. watershed. T. canadensis also occurs in small disjunct populations further west, but reports from BARR, MCLE, TODD, TRIG and WARR (CW) are omitted pending clarification of their status. Although widely planted, escapes are not documented. It is clear that most Tsuga in Ky. is now threatened with devastation by the hemlock wooly adelgid (www.uky.edu/ ~sfei2/ hwa.htm). Although some stands are being selected for treatment with insecticide, the State itself still does not seem to have a sutainable long-term strategy for research into ecological effects of this pest, or for recovery of hemlock forest (www.forestry.ky.gov/ programs/ health). It is likely that much funding will be applied to insecticide treatments by some landowners but without a fully integrated long-term program (www.ca.uky.edu/ entolology/ entfacts/ ef452.asp). One aspect of the research we need is to document genetic variation in more detail. Initial efforts have included study of the disjunct populations to see if they represent distinct genetic lineages, perhaps from different periglacial refugia (Wang et al. 1997).


FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species is native to a few restricted localities, as mapped with solid dots here, but it is also widely planted and can spread from seed. Open dots are based on plants that are probably self-sown from plantings, or spread more locally from native populations after settlement. The decline of forest fires during the past 50-100 years has facilitated expansion of this sensitive species in some areas. The largest concentration of native trees may have been in WOLF, MENI and adjacent counties, centered on the Red River Gorge (Gr, Barton 1919). This was disjunct from the more extensive population further south on the Cumberland Plateau, in MCRE (mostly near the Big South Fork) and several counties of Tenn. (Ch). Further west, small native populations occur in sandstone ravines of MUHL and TODD; also, Gr listed CRIT. It is difficult or impossible to distinguish native from naturalized populations in some cases.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread southern species is not native in Ky., but it is widely planted, especially in southwestern regions. Self-sown trees have been found in CALL (MM for WKY) and perhaps elsewhere (CW); records with uncertain status (perhaps even form planted trees) are mapped as open dots. P. taeda may become more naturalized, especially with global warming.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian species is often hard to distinguish from the more southern echinata. Reports of rigida from west of the Appalachian Plateaus are not mapped here, pending clarification of their status (Gr, CW); Gr reported this species west along the Knobs as far as BULL (Gr). On the Cumberland Plateau, it extends south to near the state line, but perhaps not into Tenn. (Ch). P. rigida differs from echinata (F, Cr, FNA 2, J) in its generally broader seed-cones (ca. 4-8 x 6-7 cm versus 4-6 x 3-4 cm), the scales relatively thick, with distinct dark reddish-brown inner distal margins (versus lacking contrast), the prickles up to 3 mm (versus 2 mm); needles relatively rigid, ca. 1-1.5 (2) mm wide, mostly in 3s (versus 0.7-1.3 mm wide, in 2s or 3s); twigs initially orange-brown (versus greenish to reddish-brown and often glaucous), becoming ca. 5-7 mm thick in second year (versus 3-5 mm), with strongly resinous buds ca. 1.5 cm long (versus 0.7-1 cm); bark plates lacking resin pockets (usually evident in echinata).


FOOTNOTE:
Included here are historical data of Gr, B and Wharton (1945). Not mapped are western colls. that are probably from planted or escaped individuals; for these, see Cranfill (1991), CW, KY (GRAY, OHIO) and MUR (CALL, MARS). P. echinata is a southeastern species that has been widely planted in Appalachian regions and locally elsewhere, outside its native range: including Mammoth Cave National Park (EDMO, HART) and Land-Between-the-Lakes (LYON, TRIG). However, there are native trees in w. Tenn. just south of TRIG and CHRI. It was locally abundant in original woodlands of the southern Cumberland Plateau, and it probably increased after initial logging and efforts at clearance on southern Appalachian uplands. Much has died during 1999-2002 due to bark beetles, but a new generation could be fostered by burning remaining oak woodland to promote the grassy conditions into which this species tends to regenerate. Distinction from virgininana, rigida and taeda is often difficult with leaves alone; keys need to be developed for use with whole plants in the field (FNA 2, J, W). There may be some introgression, especially with rigida (FNA 2, CW), but that is not well documented with colls. or analysis.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian species has been widely planted. Records that are probably from naturalized trees, or perhaps adventive from nearby native populations, are included as uncertain records in the map (open dots). There are rare self-sown trees scattered in hilly parts of the Bluegrass region, but these are probably all dispersed from nearby plantings.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this northeastern species occurs in the wild mostly on calcareous bluffs of the Cumberland Rv. and its Big South Fork. It has also been widely planted. East Asian relatives classified in the genera Thuja or Platycladus have also been planted but escapes from seed are virtually unknown in Ky. (CW) or elsewhere in North America (FNA 2, PL, W).


Scientific Name:
Cupressaceae: Juniperus communis {+ var. depressa}

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this widespread northern (circumboreal) species is known from only two localities. The taxonomy of segregates in North America remains somewhat uncertain (as reviewed by W). The plants of PULA (KY) are relatively low-growing and may be referred to var. depressa Pursh. The plants of MENI (KY) are clearly more erect in the wild and in cultivation. Plants of both provenances have been cultivated for 20 years in front of JC's residence.


FOOTNOTE:
This browsing-resistant tree became widespread and locally dominant in rough pastures and old fields after settlement, when it was largely restricted to more open woods on rocky calcareous soils. Even as late as ca. 1910 (Gr, Barton 1919), it was reportedly concentrated in or near: (a) the eastern Pennyrhile Karst Plain (especially LOGA) and western Knobs; (b) the southern Cliff Section (especially PULA and WAYN); and (c) more locally along the Kentucky River Palisades. Barton's data indicate two remarkable bands from north to south across the state: (a) and (b plus c). Sabina may be a reasonable genus (W), and the name S. virginiana (L.) Antoine would then be applied to this widespread species of eastern and central North America. However, there would be much popular resistance to the change. The more columnar form with ascending branches, named var. crebra Fern. & Grisc., has been reported by Davies (1955a) and others (CW), but verified colls. are unknown. That northern segregate was recognized in the manuals of F and Cr, but not in more recent treatments (FNA 2, W).


Scientific Name:
Schisandraceae [Illiciaceae]: Schisandra glabra (coccinea)


FOOTNOTE:
Occasional seedlings establish from nearby plantings, but this species does not seem be spreading across the landscape. There are colls. from MADI and MCRA (EKY; Clark et al. 2005).


FOOTNOTE:
Further documentation is needed for some of the outlying western populations. The coll. from SHEL (DHL) appears reliable but should be rechecked for potential cultivated status; see also Linney (1880). Although largely Appalachian, this species has several disjunct western populations, especially in the Shawnee Hills (s. Ind., w. Ky.), in the loess bluffs of the Mississippi Rv. (from s. Ill. downstream), and in the Ozark Mts. (n. Ark, s. Mo.). In the original forests of Ky., it may have been most common in the Cumberland Mts. and nearby, but relatively infrequent in the "Low Hills Belt" between the mountains and the Cliff Section (Barton 1919, Braun 1950).


FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs mostly in Appalachian regions, but with disjunctions west to the Ozark-Ouachita region (FNA 3, PL). Within Ky. several outlying western records need further verification (Pr, Gr, M).


Scientific Name:
Magnoliaceae: Magnolia pyramidata (fraseri var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
The remarkable coll. from banks of the Mississippi Rv. in FULT (KY) is verified, but plants have not been relocated in recent decades. This southeastern species is largely restricted to the Gulf Coastal Plain, and is unknown in Mo. or Tenn.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this southern Appalachian species mostly occurs on the Cumberland Mts., but there are scattered records further west from the adjacent "rugged hills" and from ravines along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv.


FOOTNOTE:
This is most common on the west side of the southern Appalachians and on the Cumberland Plateau, but it also occurs in disjunct populations across southeastern states (FNA 3, PL). In Ky., records from EDMO are verified but those from GRAY and WARR remain uncertain (M).


FOOTNOTE:
Although probably native in all counties, this species is much less frequent on the most fertile base-rich soils. It was virtually absent in the original woods on uplands of the central Bluegrass (Campbell 1989; see also, Barton 1919).


FOOTNOTE:
This small useful eastern tree is widely distributed in mesic to submesic woods on fertile soils, and it is especially abundant in thin woods and edges with moderate disturbance. It is generally avoided by deer, but does not usually survive with livestock. In FAYE and nearby, Short (1828-29) noted: "This portion of Kentucky was once the paradise of pawpaws, where immense orchards of large trees were every where met with; but cultivation and the ravages of cattle have greatly lessened the number." There is much variation in fruit characteristics, and at Ky. State Univ. Pomper et al. (2008) have been engaged in a national program to make selections for human use.


FULL NAME:
Asarum canadense L. var. canadense {incl. var. acuminatum Ashe)

Scientific Name:
Aristolochiaceae: Asarum canadense var. c. {or var. acuminatum}

FOOTNOTE:
This mapping is provisional; further study will be needed after current revision by D. Estes (pers. comm.),  A. Weakley and others. True var. acuminatum (with exceptionally long calyx lobes) may be another distinct taxon common across Appalachian regions or perhaps restricted to higher elevations (as in BELL and HARL).


FULL NAME:
Asarum canadense L. var. reflexum (E.P. Bickn.) B.L. Rob.

Scientific Name:
Aristolochiaceae: Asarum canadense var. reflexum

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping here is provisional, but this taxon does appear to be usually distinct and concentrated from the upper mid-west to the southern Ridge-and-Valley and Piedmont. Treatment of reflexum remains controversial, from combination with the more northeastern canadense (FNA 3; Kelly 2001) to full species status (Sm; D. Estes, pers. comm.). It differs from most other canadense (F, W) in its calyx lobes 5-10 (12) mm long (versus 10-35 mm), strongly reflexed to often more or less appressed back against the calyx tube (versus spreading to ascending from the base), and acute or acuminate (versus acuminate with caudale inrolling tips 4-20 mm long). Also, leaves are more kidney-shaped, with broad lobes and a blunt apex (versus more acute to acuminate). Somewhat intermediate plants known as var. ambiguum (Bickn.) Farw. occur mostly at intermediate elevations in the Southern Appalachians, and are confirmed in sw. Va. (along the Tazewell Rv. in Lee Co.), but perhaps not in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
This species is known only from the Cumberland Plateau, mostly in Tenn., and from the Blue Ridge in North Carolina. It is closely related to the larger-flowered H. shuttleworthii (Britten & Baker f.) Small, a more widespread southern Appalachian species that occurs nearby on the Plateau in Tenn. and in the Ridge & Valley of Va. H. contracta has also been confused with heterophylla, which has been misidentified as contracta in LETC (e.g. in earlier Natural Heritage databases). Some plants along Rock Creek in w. MCRE appear hybridized with H. ruthii.


FOOTNOTE:
Reports from Ky. (Gaddy 1987; FNA 3) appear to have been associated with a broader concept of the species that was somewhat confused with heterophylla and contracta (M). H. virginica in its narrow sense occurs mostly in the central Appalachians, Piedmont and eastern Coastal Plain of N.C., Va., Md. and perhaps W.Va. There are no known colls. of typical virginica from Ky., though some heterophylla may appear transitional (Abbott et al. 2004).


Scientific Name:
Aristolochiaceae: Hexastylis [Asarum] ruthii (arifolia var. r.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This Southern Appalachian taxon has often been combined with H. arifolia (Michx.) Small, which occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, not in Ky. H. ruthii has smaller calices, more gradually narrowed to the lobes, which are smaller and less spreading (F, Cr). Gaddy (1987) reported a disjunct record from CHRI, but details are unknown; there has been no confirmation and this was not mapped in FNA 3.


Scientific Name:
Aristolochiaceae: Endodeca [Aristolochia*] serpentaria (var. s.)


Scientific Name:
Aristolochiaceae: Endodeca [Aristolochia*] hastata (serpentaria* var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants, traditionally known as A. serpentaria var. hastata (Nutt.) Ducharte, appear distinct from typical serpentatia in their linear to lance-deltoid shape (versus ovate to ovate-oblong), with divergent basal lobes (versus just cordate), ca. 1-2 cm wide (versus 2-5 cm). E. hastata is a southern species (mostly on the Coastal Plain), typically in subhydric bottomland forests; typical serpentaria has a more widespread south-central range, typically in mesic to subxeric upland forests. Narrow leaves may be an adaptation to reduce egg-laying by the eastern pipe-vine swallowtail butterfly, which uses leaf shape as a search image (FNA 3).


FOOTNOTE:
Several records have tentative identification, or may be escapes from cultivation; see notes under macrophylla.


Scientific Name:
Aristolochiaceae: Isotrema [Aristolochia*] macrophylla ("durior")

FOOTNOTE:
This species is most common in or near the Blue Ridge and Cumberland Mountains, typically in forest gaps on mesic slopes, but there are scattered localities elsewhere in Appalachian regions (FNA 3). There is virtually no overlap in range with I. tomentosa, which occurs largely in or near the lower Mississippi Valley (broadly defined), typically in floodplain forests but sometimes on adjacent rocky bluffs as well. These closely related species are easily confused. Without flowers, tomentosa can generally be distinguished by its more or less tomentose stems (versus essentially glabrous); difference in leaf pubescence is often not clearcut in Ky., though often used in keys elsewhere (e.g. FNA 3). Both species are sometimes cultivated and may occasionally escape.


FULL NAME:
Calycanthus floridus L. var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Calycanthaceae: Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus (fertilis)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is clearly native in the upper Cumberland Rv. watershed, at least in MCRE and WHIT. It is locally common along the Big South Fork and tributaries. However, disjunct plants in KNOT, POWE, ROWA, MCRA and elsewhere have probably escaped or persisted after cultivation; these are mapped as open dots. Reports of var. floridus are erroneous or based on cultivated plants (M).


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered in the state, this species is virtually absent on the most fertile base-rich soils. It was formerly more abundant in old fields and other transitions to farmland, before suppression of fire and invasions by Pinus viriginiana and Juniperus virginiana. Gr noted: "sprouts of this plant, with persimmon, green brier and others make work for those desirous of clearing land quickly." The "sassafras-persimmon forest cover type" of ca. 1900-1950 that was outlined by Society of American Foresters (Eyre 1980) is now virtually all gone, at least in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
Plants with more hairy leaves and twigs have been called var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyermark) Rehd., and may form a reasonable southern segregate (W). No significant differences in range or habitat has been found in Ky., but further analysis may be warranted. The southeastern species, L. mellissifolia (Walt.) Blume, was reported by Linney (1880, 1882), but this was undoubtedly erroneous; that species is more hairy than var. pubescens and there are other differences (FNA 3, W).


FULL NAME:
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyermark) Rehd.

Scientific Name:
Lauraceae: Lindera benzoin var. pubescens

FOOTNOTE:
This variety may be somewhat distinct, and is perhaps predominant in some regions south of Ky. However, there has not been enough comparative study to separate it from typical plants within the state.


FOOTNOTE:
The plants in JEFF, JESS and perhaps elsewhere may result from artificial introductions. N. nucifera Gaertn. (the "sacred Indian lotus") is also cultivated occasionally, and might persist or escape in ponds (J).


FOOTNOTE:
This has spread locally from cultivation, especially in Louisville (JEFF).


FOOTNOTE:
This species of east-central states is replaced by the confamilial Cocculus carolinus in warmer, drier regions, but there is some overlap in Ky. and Tenn. (Duncan 1967; PL).


FOOTNOTE:
Although most common in woods, this unpalatable species often survives for decades in open pastured woods or fields.


Scientific Name:
Berberidaceae: Caulophyllum thalictroides (var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some of these mapped records may still be referred to giganteum; further revision is needed.


FULL NAME:
Caulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Loconte & Blackwell

Scientific Name:
Berberidaceae: Caulophyllum giganteum (thalictroides var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping here is provisional. Loconte & Blackwell (1985; FNA 3) indicated that giganteum is distinct from thalictroides, differing in its larger pistils (3-5 mm long versus 1-3 mm), styles (1-2 mm long versus 0.25-1 mm), stamen filaments (1.5-2.5 mm long versus 0.5-1.5 mm), and sepals (6-9 mm long versus 3-6 mm). Sepals are usually purple, less often red, brown or yellow (versus yellow to greenish-purple). It typically flowers about two weeks earlier, has fewer flowers per inflorescence (4-18 versus 5-70), less divided first leaves (mostly into 3 parts versus 4) but larger leaflets (5-10 cm long versus 3-8 cm). C. giganteum is reported to have a largely northeastern range, but overlaps greatly with thalictroides. It may reach the southwest margin of its range in c. Ky. and c. Tenn.


FOOTNOTE:
This Japanese species has had widespread ornamental use after 1950 (Davies 1955; M). It has often escaped, but does not seem to become abundant in the wild (yet). The European B. vulgaris L. appears to have very little use in the state, with no evidence of naturalization, but it became abundant in northern regions before extensive eradication during 1920-40 due to the wheat rust that it supports. B. thunbergii is resistant to the rust (as reviewed by Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This largely central Appalachian species is also disjunct in s. Mo., c. Ill. and n. Ind.; it is generally associated with rocky riverbanks and glades. At least in northern regions, it suffered locally from thorough eradication efforts along with B. vulgaris L. (a cultivated alien), since both species are hosts for the black stem rust of wheat (D, FNA 3, Y). In Ky., canadensis has been found at two sites on open bouldery banks of the Big South Fork (Devil's Jump and Big Shoals). There is also an old obscure report from JEFF or nearby by M'Murtrie (1819), and it has been reported from CALL by Woods & Fuller (1968) but their coll. has not been located. FNA 3 mapped it in n. Ky. and s. Ind., for unknown reasons. This species may also be expected in the Cumberland Mts., since it is known from adjacent parts of Appalachian states; e.g. in "The Cedars" of Lee Co., Va. (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <?Actaeeae>: Cimicifuga [Actaea] rubifolia


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <?Actaeeae>: Cimicifuga [Actaea] racemosa

FOOTNOTE:
Although typical of fairly deep shade in mesic woods, this somewhat toxic species can also occur in maturing old field forests or other transitions to farmland. Gr noted: "in mountainous sections this plant is often seen in partially cleared land used for pasture."


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <?Actaeeae>: Cimicifuga [Actaea] americana


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <?Actaeeae>: Actaea pachypoda ("alba")

FOOTNOTE:
Ga noted: "growing in rich woods and sometimes in partially cleared woodland pasture" (see also Cimicifuga racemosa and Podophyllum peltatum).


FOOTNOTE:
Most records are from small patches, and these are widely scattered. It has disappeared from some areas in Ky., and from its only known location in Ind. (D).


FULL NAME:
Delphinium carolinianum Walt. ssp. calciphilum Warnock

Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Delphinieae>: Delphinium carolinianum ssp. calciphilum

FOOTNOTE:
All plants of this species in Ky. are probably ssp. calciphilum, which is virtually restricted to flat limestone glades of the southern Interior Low Plateaus in Ala., Ga., Ky. and Tenn. (Warnock 1995; FNA 3). However, there has been a tortuous taxonomic trail; other segregates have been reported; and colls. should be rechecked (M). The name D. virescens Nutt. has been partly misapplied to ssp. calciphilum, but belongs with closely related plants of the Great Plains now treated as D. carolinianum ssp. virescens (Nutt.) Brooks (including ssp. penardii (Huth) Warnock). Ssp. carolinianum occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain and in Ozarkian regions, often on non-calcareous soils. [A somewhat parallel situation occurs with Viola egglestonii, V. pedatifida and  V. septemloba, respectively.]


FOOTNOTE:
This globally rare species has been reported but records are obscure or incomplete (M, J). There is a coll. of C.W. Short (GH) that might be from Ky. The species is known from se. Ohio, and it may be expected in thinly wooded ravines of LEWI, draining the more open calcareous uplands.


FULL NAME:
Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood

Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Delphinieae>: Consolida [Delphinium] ambigua (D. ajacis)

FOOTNOTE:
This old ornamental ("garden larkspur") has become locally common in pastures and roadsides for over a century (Gr, M), especially in the Bluegrass region.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this northern (circumboreal) species of base-rich wetlands is known only from the following colls.: C.W. Short (PH), ca. 1840, "Beard's Branch near Lexington [FAYE]; and Mueller (KY), June 1883, Louisville [JEFF]. It has been found recently by D. Boone (pers. comm.) at a seep in Indian Hill, Hamilton Co., Ohio, within 5 miles of Ky.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Helleboreae>: Enemion [Isopyrum] biternatum


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Batrachium>. longirostris (aquatilis var. diffiusus*, "trichophyllus")


FULL NAME:
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. trichophyllus

Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Batrachium>. trichophyllus var. t. (aquatilis var. capillaceus)

FOOTNOTE:
There is an old coll. of this northern taxon from the herbarium of C.W. Short (NCU), with "Ky." printed on the label, but this need not indicate an origin from Ky. The northeastern R. trichophyllus var. calvescens W. Drew was reported erroneously by BA (M).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ficaria> ficaria

FOOTNOTE:
This alien was traditionally grown for its showy yellow flowers in late spring (as "lesser celandine"). It has gradually spread to become locally abundant at several locations in the Louisville parks system, and should be closely monitored (P. Haragan, pers. comm.). It generally occurs in young or disturbed floodplain woods, but it can also spread up adjacent slopes on damp shady sites.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Flammula> ambigens


FULL NAME:
Ranunculus laxicaulis (Torr. & Gray) Darby

Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Flammula> laxicaulis (texensis)


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Flammula> pusillus


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Epirotes> abortivus


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Epirotes> micranthus

FOOTNOTE:
R. harveyi (Gray) Britton is a closely related species expected in Ky. It occurs mostly in relatively dry habitats of the Ozark region, but has disjunctions east to n. Ala, e. Tenn. (Ch), s. Ill. (ML) and s. Ind. (Floyd Co. according to Natural Heritage Database). It differs from micranthus in its longer petals (ca. 4-8 mm versus 2-3.5 mm), much exceeding sepals (versus about equaling); also, uncleft basal leaves are subcordate to cordate (versus cuneate to subcordate), rarely mixed with uncleft ones (versus often mixed).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Epirotes> allegheniensis


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Hecatonia> flabellaris


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Hecatonia> sceleratus


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> recurvatus


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> acris


FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly along medium-sized rivers of south-central states in the central and lower Mississippi Rv. drainage; there are also disjunct plants in Atlantic states from Va. to Pa. (PL). In Ky. and Tenn. some records need further verification, and more field work is needed to document the range. It is locally common along the Rockcastle Rv., and perhaps scattered elsewhere along the lower Cumberland Rv. and lower Tennessee Rv.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Fimbristylis puberula (var. p., drummondii)

FOOTNOTE:
This species and its close relatives may need further revision across all ranges.The habitat in Ky. is xeric (or perhaps xerohydric) calcareous glades, whereas typical plants further south occur on more hydric sites in pine savannas and similar places (W). There has also been some confusion with F. caroliniana (Fam.) Fern.


Scientific Name:
Salicaceae: Salix <Vetrix> eriocephala (var. e.; rigida, "cordata")

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this species mostly occurs on cobble bars along medium-sized streambanks, especially on calcareous rocks in the northern Bluegrass region. However, in its broad definition, this complex, widespread North American species is known elsewhere from several other types of habitat (Dorn 1995; W). Plants in eastern U.S.A. and adjacent Canada are referable to typical var. eriocephala (including S. cordata Muhl. non Michx. and S. ridiga (Muhl.) Andersson). There is also a coll. from MENI (DHL) determined by Argus (1986) as S. eriocephala x sericea.


FULL NAME:
Cymophyllus fraserianus (Ker-Gawl.) Kartesz & Gandhi

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cymophyllus [Carex] fraserianus (fraseri)


FOOTNOTE:
This western species of alkaline sites has spread into northeastern states mostly along salted interstate highways.


FULL NAME:
Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al-Shehbaz var. laevigata

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] laevigata var. l.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> altissima (canadensis* var. scabra)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under canadensis. There may be some intergradation with canadensis, and there appear to be occasional hybrids with gigantea (e.g. from MCLE at EKY). Insect galls are common on altissima, but rare on canadensis and gigantea (as cited in Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This annual is relatively new to North America. It appears to have spread into the Ohio Valley from the east during the 1980s (Thieret & Baird 1985), including the Scioto Valley at first in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.). Increase occurred rapidly in the Bluegrass region of Ky. during 1990s, especially along mowed roadsides and in adjacent fallow fields. It now occurs in virtually all counties, though it remains infrequent or rare in more hilly regions (R. Thompson, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Lepidieae>: Capsella [Thlaspi] bursa-pastoris

FOOTNOTE:
This alien weed was common during the earliest period of settlement (Short 1928-29). For this species, as for Lepidium virginicum, Gr noted: "well known from its constant presence about human habitations... not much disposed to spread greatly elsewhere..."


FULL NAME:
Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Scleria pauciflora var. caroliniana

FOOTNOTE:
This southern variety is recognized in FNA 23. In addition to the confirmed colls. by R. Athey from LIVI and MARS (NCU), other colls. of the species need to be rechecked.


FOOTNOTE:
The first records of this alien were colls. by T.H. Kearney and Gr during the 1890s (Anderson 1924). It gradually became widespread, especially on medium-acid soils, but it is not often abundant.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Punctatae> collina (succincta, ?collicola, ?verruculosa)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to punctata, with occasional intermediates, but it has been consistently distinguished (D, F, W, Lance 2006; J.B. Phipps, in. prep.). C. collina occurs mostly in east-central states, especially in calcareous regions. Tentatively included here is var. collicola (Ashe) Palmer (?= C. disperma Ashe), which may represent introgressants with crus-gallii. Var. collicola has been reported from Ky. (F, M); but see note under C. aff. incaedua.  A closely related Ozarkian taxon, C. verruculosa Sarg., has been reported, but may be combined with collina (F, G, M). C. verruculosa differs in its larger fruit (usually 10-13 mm versus 8-12 mm wide), larger flowers (ca. 1.8-2.3 cm versus 1.5-2 cm wide), with ca. 20 stamens (versus usually 10-15), in larger clusters (?); and vegetative leaves more coarsely toothed, with 2-3 pairs of small lateral lobes (versus finely serrate, usually unlobed). The closely related C. kellermannii Sarg. (?= C. suborbiculata Sarg.) has also been identified in the state (Palmer #23681 at MO); it may represent a hybrid with pruinosa (F).


FOOTNOTE:
This southern Appalachian species is largely restricted to low slopes in wooded ravines.


FOOTNOTE:
There appear to be occasional hybrids with intermedia, virginica and others.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Humiles> racemosa (spathulata/simplex ssp. randii* var. racemosa)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species is known from EDMO (DHL): A.T. Hotchkiss 69-9-27-3, 27 Sep 1969, in rocky crevices, moist sandstone cliffs above east end of Nolin River dam. It has also been reported from se. Ky., where there may be intergradation with arenicola. See notes under arenicola.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> carolina ssp. carolina

FOOTNOTE:
Although verification is needed, there appears to be at least one coll. of this southern taxon from CALL (MUR); this may be the same coll. referred to by BA. Wherry (1955) mapped ssp. carolina in w. Tenn. and se. Mo., close to w. Ky. Sm noted that typical carolina "represents an intermediate between [latifolia, glaberrima and maculata], and grades into them in some colonies." It appears closest to glaberrima, but usually has purple-streaked stems like maculata. P. carolina (broadly defined) may be distinguished from glaberrima (broadly defined) as follows (W): "calyx subcylindric (versus subcampanulate), the sepals fairly broad, with a rather weak midrib, the junction membranes thin, narrow, narrow, becoming markedly plicate keeled." Ssp. carolina is centered around the southern Piedmont and southern Appalachians, while ssp. angusta ranges more widely across the southeast; see notes under angusta.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Paludosae> hyalinolepis (lacustris var. laxiflora)


Scientific Name:
Elatinaceae: Elatine triandra {sensu lato; with americana, brachysperma}

FOOTNOTE:
There are no verified records, but this is expected in Ky. (BT, M). In a broad sense, the species is widely scattered over the Northern Hemisphere, but several segregates have been recognized as varieties or species in North America. The southeastern E. americana (Pursh) Arn. was reported from Ky. by Linney (1882) but no colls. are known. The largely southwestern E. brachysperma Gray is known from c. Ill. and c. Ohio (PL) and may be expected in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
There are some reports (see M), but no coll. has been seen yet. This is a widespread northern and western species that could well occur in the state.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Paniceae> woodii (tetanica var. w.)

FOOTNOTE:
This rather poorly known species mostly occurs in woods on base-rich soils from the upper Mid-west to central Appalachian regions (FNA 23; W). Variation and distinction from related species may need clarification; 2n = 44, 52. The coll. from BATH (KY) has been redetermined by R. Naczi as meadii, but it appears somewhat transitional to woodii.


FOOTNOTE:
The traditional usage of volubilis and regularis is followed here, but, based on type specimens, Duncan (1981) and W have indicated that these names should be switched. It is not clear if a proposal to conserve the traditional usage will be made. Included here are several records of var. mississippienis Vail, which is not recognized in recent treatments. G. regularis (L.) B.S.P., which occurs only on the southeastern Coastal Plain, has been reported from Ky. in error (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This is the only alien species of Cuscuta known from the state. All records in Ky. were during 1902-1914, when several counties were listed by Gr, but few colls. have been found. C. epithymum became epidemic in fields of clovers and alfalfa, commonly contaminating seeds collected from the crops. Intensive inspection and management appears to have eradicated the species in Ky., but it may still be widely scattered across northern states and adjacent Canada (F, Cr, PL).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Eclipta [Verbesina] prostrata (alba)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a cosmopolitan weedy annual typical of shorelines and damp disturbed habitats. The name E. alba (L.) Hassk. has been applied to plants in the Western Hemisphere, but these may not be clearly distinct (FNA 21, Y and citations).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium asperrimum ("radula")

FOOTNOTE:
This southwestern taxon has been combined with more scabrous forms of S. asteriscus L. (e.g. FNA 21) or with S. radula Nutt., a long-haired relative of S. integrifolium (e.g. Cr). Like integrifolium, the involucral bracts of asperrimum have pubescent surfaces and its leaf bases tend to be sessile, cordate-clasping (Sm, F; G. Nesom, pers. comm.). It occurs nearby in Mo. and Tenn., and may be expected on the Coastal Plain in Ky. In addition to its distinctive bracts and leaves, asperrimum differs from asteriscus in its achenes, which have relatively broad ca. 2 mm wings and deep 2-4 mm sinuses (as in integrifolium); its leaves are harshly scabrous-hispid (versus usually thinly scabrous-hispid to glabrous), mostly opposite to alternate, especially above (versus whorled to opposite); its stems have spreading hairs up to 1+ mm long (versus essentially glabrous, often glaucous).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] yadkinense (dichotomum ssp. y.*)

FOOTNOTE:
To an experienced panicologist, this taxon is generally distinct in appearance and habitat, being concentrated along sandy banks of larger streams and rivers. However, it can intergrade with microcarpon and perhaps dichotomum. The coll. from CARL (MUR) has a short-hairy ligule suggesting hybridization with acuminatum or a related species. Most colls. have spikelets shorter than the 2.3-2.5 mm noted by Hitchcock & Chase (1950), and indeed FNA 25 has broadened this range to 1.9-2.6 mm.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been controversy about the nomenclatural validity of alba as the epithet, which needs to be resolved (Wilbur 1988).


FULL NAME:
Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. lacera

Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes lacera var. l.

FOOTNOTE:
This northern variety has its spike less spiraled, more pubescent, and produced while leaves are still evident; see also F. It appears less frequent than the more widespread var. gracilis, but some records need to be rechecked. The ranges of these taxa overlap greatly (FNA 26), with intergradation, and some authors do not consider them distinct (Y).


Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) lanceolata (var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species varies much in leaf wiidth; see also notes under L. hybrida.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> flexile


FOOTNOTE:
Within Ky. and Tenn., this northeastern species occurs mostly in Appalachian regions, and becomes rare to the west and south. A coll. from CART (MDKY) suggest hybridization with blanda.


FULL NAME:
Packera paupercula (Michx.) A.& D. Löve var. paupercula

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] paupercula var. paupercula

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this northern taxon may only be known from sandstone cobble bars along the Cumberland Rv. (mouth of Bunches Cr. in WHIT) and its Big South Fk. (at Big Shoals in MCRE). However, further revision is desirable using the recent treatment by Mahoney & Kowal (2008).


FOOTNOTE:
This small relative of campestre is probably more widespread than colls. indicate. There has been some confusuion with campestre (and even Medicago lupulina).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> canescens

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with prinophyllum, and the northern extent of this species may be somewhat uncertain (PL, W).


Scientific Name:
Oxalidaceae: Oxalis priceae ("macrantha"*, recurva var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is typical of rocky calcareous woods and glade margins on the southern Interior Low Plateaus, especially c. Tenn. and n. Ala. There has been uncertainty over the correct name for these plants.They may be conspecific with more southern plants that have been called O. recurva Ell., O. macrantha (Trel.) Small, or O. priceae ssp. colorea (Small) Eiten. Like O. priceae, these plants all have cymose to umbelliform flowers, villous stems, and lealets lacking purple margins. However, the leaves of typical priceae are distinctly larger.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca rubra (ssp. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
The alien or native status of this widespread northern (circumboreal) species in Ky. is somewhat unclear. Also, there has been confusion with trachyphylla (or ovina). F. rubra is distinguished by its rhizomatous habit; its sheaths are closed for at least 3/4 of their length (versus less than 2/3), usually retrose-hairy (versus glabrous), and older ones shred into fibers (versus persistent for several years without much shredding). Also, its spikelet dimensions are generally greater (FNA 24). In Ky., rubra has been widely sown for forage and turf since before 1900, when Gr noted that its seed was as almost as highly priced (at 20 cents per pound) as arundinacea. Colls. from BULL, MCRE (KY) and elsewhere may be from plantings. However, colls. from CUMB and FRAN (KY) in clifftop woods appear to be native or thoroughly naturalized. There may also be a ca. 1830 coll. of C.W. Short from "Ky Rv cliffs, hanging over rocky precipice" (originally filed under F. duriuscula at PH). F and Cr stated that this species appears native in more northern and coastal regions; see also ssp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper in FNA 24.


Scientific Name:
Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Acnida> rudis ("tamariscinus")

FOOTNOTE:
This sometimes appears transitional from tuberculatus to arenicola or palmeri; these species are hard to distinguish. A. rudis may just be a western form of tuberculatus, originally centered in the Great Plains (FNA 4, Y).


FULL NAME:
Smilax bona-nox L. var. hederifolia (Bey. ex Kunth) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> bona-nox* var. hederifolia

FOOTNOTE:
Although not recognized in most recent treatments (including FNA 26), this taxon seems distinct (F, Gl). It differs from typical bona-nox in its broadly ovate-deltoid leaves, at least on fertile branches, with no virtually no lobing (versus deltoid to panduriform, with distinct lobes). Also, there are fewer or no spinose cilia along the leaf margins (versus typically spinose-ciliate). However, younger shoots are often more like typical bona-nox. In both taxa, leaves are generally distinct from other species in their more or less concave distal tapering, margins with distinctive thickening, and their drying to a uniform "tan" color; stems are consistently angled, with stellate-scurfy bases. Especially without flowers, hederifolia has often been misidentified as rotundifolia (with entire- to irregularly rough-margined, ovate to reniform leaves that dry pale-brownish green), or with hispida (with terete stems that have numerous, unequal bristly prickles at the base, but often lacking bristles completely on fertile branches, and with thin-margined, minutely serrulate, ovate to rounded leaves that dry to an "olive-gray" or blackish hue). It has a south-central range similar to typical bona-nox, but F noted that it often climbs relatively high, in "rich or damp woods and wet thickets", whereas typical bona-nox occurs on "dry to moist sands of dunes, clearings, fields and thickets" [or calcareous soils in Ky.]. In Ky. hederifolia appears largely restricted to bottomlands along the Mississippi Rv. and Ohio Rv. or nearby, and to rich calcareous soils of the Inner Bluegrass.


FOOTNOTE:
There are records from persistent plantings, but perhaps not truly naturalized. A coll. from EDMO (M. Medley #18975-88 for WKY) has been been identified as G. italicus P. Mill., and a coll. from GRAV (R. Athey #2181; check EKY) as G. segetum Ker-Gawl. These taxa have been combined in recent treatments (FNA 26).


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Tomentosa> setigerum

FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated species occasionally escapes. Colls. of self-seeded plants have been made in JEFF and MCRE (Weckman et al. 2002; EKY), but it is not clear if these will become reproducing populations.


FOOTNOTE:
This Ozarkian species has been reported by Browne & Athey (1992), but typical plants probably do not occur in Ky. A few western colls., from CHRI, TODD and WARR (EKY, WKY), appear transitional from cuneatum to viride, but they are probably close to typical cuneatum (M, FNA 26). The broad earlier concept of T. viride (e.g. F) has become reduced to include just Ozarkian plants. Further study is needed, including comparison with T. viridescens Nutt., which some authors combine with viride, while others separate it as a more western taxon (FNA 26).


FULL NAME:
Lysimachia tonsa (Wood) Wood ex Pax & R. Knuth

Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) tonsa (S. intermedium)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a largely southern Appalachian species, closely related to the much more widespread species, L. ciliata. An outlying coll. (MO) reported from HEND (Ray 1956) is presumably ciliata, and should be rechecked; see also Ch.


FULL NAME:
Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton

Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Nuttallanthus [Linaria] canadensis (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
There are no confirmed colls. of typical canadensis, but there are reports from PIKE (F. Levy, pers. comm.; check NCU), and MADI (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; check BEREA); see also BA. N. canadensis differs from the more southern texanus in its smaller flowers: 8-13 mm long (versus 14-22 mm), from tip of spur to tip of upper lip, with the spur 5-9 mm long (versus 2-6 mm). Also, seeds are longitudinallly ridged (versus densely tuberculate).


FOOTNOTE:
This widely scattered North American species appears to be native in some rocky or sandy glades and barrens of western regions, but in Appalachian regions it may just be adventive.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium simplex (gigantospermum, hybridum var. s./g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This tetraploid (2n = 36) species is widespread across North America, but rare to absent in most southeastern states (PL). In Ky., it is known mostly from ravine forests under limestone or sandstone cliffs; in Tenn., it is known only around the adjacent Cumberland Plateau (Ch). It has relatively large seeds (ca. 1.5-2.5 mm long), and is associated with archaeological sites of Woodland age, but does not seem to have been domesticated like buschianum (King 1985).


FULL NAME:
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. pubens (Engelm. ex S. Wats.) Reveal

Scientific Name:
Anacardiaceae: Toxicodendron [Rhus] radicans var. pubens

FOOTNOTE:
This southern taxon occurs mostly in the lower Mississippi Valley, especially on the west side of the river. However, Gillis (1971) reported colls. from FAYE and Rutherford Co., Tenn. These should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> arborescens


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species has been reported by Pr and others, but no confirmed colls. have been located (M). Colls. have been labelled as praecox from CALL and CARL (MUR), but these are probably vernalis. S. praecox is close to vernalis, and hybrids (= X meridionalis P.M. Brown) are known from further south (FNA 26); these hybrids were confused by F with S. laciniata (Sm) Ames. Both praecox and laciniata are largely restricted to the Coastal Plain (W).


FULL NAME:
Tragiola pilosa (Michx.) Small & Pennell

Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Tragiola [Gratiola*] pilosa

FOOTNOTE:
This species does not belong in Gratiola. A better name may be Sophronanthe pilosa (Michx.) Small according to D. Estes (pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
Included here as open dots are the historical data of Gr. This northeastern species may have increased in Ky. since settlement. It appears to have been uncommon even during 1910-1940 (Gr, B). There is a belief among some foresters that increase occurred during salvage of Castanea dentata after the chestnut blight.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Glyceria arkansanas (septentrionalis var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from septentrionalis is tentative in some cases; this taxon may be better treated as a variety.


FOOTNOTE:
This weed is scattered in northeastern and northwestern regions, but rare to absent in southeastern states. There have been a few reports from Ky., from C.S. Rafinesque (under various synonyms) to FNA 5, but colls. have not been located (M). See R.K. Rabeler in Y for review of generic treatment.


FOOTNOTE:
This showy alien ("chicory") was first reported from Ky. in 1914, when Gr noted: "becoming a common weed locally in lawns and about the edges of towns... The seeds are scattered with forage seeds." It is now abundant in suitable habitat across the state.


FOOTNOTE:
The colls. from FAYE are correctly identified but old: "Milburn's Fence opposite Fonshee's Gate" in the 1830s (C.W. Short at PH); "May 1908, Lexington" (KY-Agr.). These and more dubious records from the Bluegrass region are intriguing: ANDE E. Carr, pers. comm.) and WOOD (Wharton & Barbour 1991). See W for notes on var. atranthum (E.J. Alexander) Constance, a potential central Appalachian segregate that has been reported from Ky. Var. atranthum differs in its deep purple to maroon flower color (versus white to pale purple), and lower stems usually glabrous to slightly retrose pubescent (versus slightly to densely retrose or spreading). It needs better circumscription in Ky. and elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Bacopa <Hydranthelium> rotundifolia


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Mecardonia [Bacopa] acuminata


FULL NAME:
Valerianella intermedia: see V. umbilicata


FOOTNOTE:
This was recently collected by K. Feeman in the Hog Hollow area of BATH (MDKY; Clark et al. 2005). It has also been reported from Ky. by Small (1903), Gleason (1952) and others, presumably based on an old coll. (but none found at NY). It is a widespread eastern species, but mostly found in coastal and lake regions.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> echinatus (ovularis)


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon laevigatus (var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian species has often been confused with calycosus, which was combined by Cr. Some reports of typical laevigatus are dubious (M), but the colls. mapped here are confirmed. The records from LYON, TODD, TRIG (APSU) are part of a disjunct western section of its range in sandy or cherty hills northwest of the Nashville Basin (Ch).


FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. Most material is probably the typical variety; var. grimesii Fern. & Weatherby is recorded from LETC (B); var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & Weatherby is recorded from CALL (MUR); forma glandulosum Fern. is recorded from FULT (KY).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Anaplobatus> odoratus

FOOTNOTE:
Some of the outlying colls. from FRAN (KY-Agr.), OLDH (DHL), MASO (M), MEAD (PH) and TAYL (KY) might be from escaped or cultivated plants, but this species is considered native in s. Ind. (D; M. Homoya, pers. comm.).


FULL NAME:
Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Saniculoideae>: Sanicula odorata (gregaria)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Kyllinga [Cyperus] pumila (C. tenuifolius, densicaespitosus)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Tridens (Triodia) flavus

FOOTNOTE:
This native grass prospers in hay meadows and other areas cut once during May to July. It may have increased in farmland managed with machines rather than people. In 1914 Gr noted: "often seen in lawns and along railroads. It has little value at any stage for forage, and should be got rid of by keeping it from seeding, and grubbing it out in late summer."


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Tridens (Triodia) strictus


FOOTNOTE:
There are occasional hybrids with procumbens, intermedia, and probably other species.


Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> reticulata (prolifera)

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this mid-western species is known only from limestone cliffs on or near the lower Kentucky Rv., and from a few calcareous sites in the southern Knobs. Colls. to support the records from HARD (Cranfill 1991) and JEFF (Duncan 1967) have not yet been located. In Ky., there is almost no distributional overlap with the closely related dioica, and reticulata is restricted to more xeric sites (especially on narrow leads or points). Further west there is more overlap (e.g. Y).


Scientific Name:
Plantaginaceae: Plantago wrightiana (hookeriana var. nuda)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with patagonica, and some records need to be checked.


FULL NAME:
Scleria reticularis: see S. muehlenbergii


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Veratrum [Melanthium] woodii


FOOTNOTE:
In some cases, it is not clear if plants were truly naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
Some records may be from old plantings, but this species has apparently established from seed at many sites. Older naturalized populations may revert to smaller fruit size in some cases.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from GARR (KY) and elsewhere appear transitional to var. pustulatum (Sibthorp & Sm.) Coincy, which is treated as a species by some authors. However, no colls. are clearly referable to that taxon (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been reported, but the only known coll. is from ROWA (MDKY) in the 1930s and has dubious data (Campbell et al. 1992).


FULL NAME:
Lactuca scariola: see L. serriola & L. sativa


FOOTNOTE:
This species is widespread in northern and western regions, especially on calcareous soils. It has been reported from all surrounding states (PL), including nearby counties in Ohio and W.Va., but there are only a few tentative reports of colls. from Ky. (M). These and other colls. filed under atlantica (or howei) should be examined more analytically for possible records. The more northern, circumboreal relative C. echinata Murray (= C. angustior Dewey) might also be expected, since it extends south along the Blue Ridge to Tenn. and N.C. in boggy places (Ch, W).


FULL NAME:
CUCUMBER: Cucumis, Echinocystis (WILD), Melothria (CREEPING), Sicyos (BUR-)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> roanensis

FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. suggest hybridization with erecta.


FULL NAME:
Commelina erecta L. var. angustifolia (Michx.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Commelinaceae: Commelina erecta var. angustifolia

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from var. erecta needs to be rechecked in some colls., but these two taxa are generally separable in the state. Var. angustifolia is relatively southwestern in overall range, centered in Texas (Brashier 1966; FNA 22).


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] peramoena


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> gattingeri (philadelphicum ssp. g., capillare var. campestre)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to capillare and intergradation is likely to occur (FNA 25).


FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. of this commonly cultivated species from FLEM, FRAN (EKY), LYON, TRIG (APSU) and elsewhere, but probably just persistent at old home sites and not truly naturalized. Some identifications are tentative; it appears that inflorescences may sometimes have just 3 or 4 flowers, not 5-7 as in most descriptions.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Urochloa (Brachiaria) ramosa (Brachiaria r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is cultivated sometimes for seed to feed birds, including waterfowl. Some colls. may result from this practice, rather than representing truly naturalized populations.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> albicans (artitecta, nigromarginata var. muhlenbergii)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from emmonsii is difficult in some cases, and some records may need to be transferred from that taxon to typical albicans. There has also been confusion with nigromarginata, a name which was initially applied to some relatively broad-leaved colls. from CRIT and MCRA (WKY).


FOOTNOTE:
This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 24) that is generally associated with swamp forests and marshy transitions to open water. It can also disperse into small pond margins. Although largely western within Ky., discoidea has a wide eastern range and may be expected in suitable habitat anywhere in the state.


FOOTNOTE:
Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and B. This species of east-central states occurs on deep fertile soils, especially in the Bluegrass region and on western lowlands, but it also occurs locally along some river valleys within Appalachian regions. The closely related ovata has a more widespread eastern range, mostly on uplands or drier terraces. However, there is much overlap in habitat and probably some introgression. C. laciniosa differs (F; FNA 3; W) in its nuts laterally flattened and obovoid (versus globose and sharp-pointed at apex), with the shell typically thicker (ca. 3-6 mm versus 2 mm) and reddish-brown (versus whitish-brown). Leaflets are 7 (-9), versus 5 (-7), deeper glossier green, without dense persistent subterminal tufts of hairs on the serrations (as found in ovata). The petiole and rachis is often persistent in winter on young vigorous trees (never so in ovata; Meijer 1972a). Bud scales are glabrous (versus partly tomentose); and young twigs are orange- or pale tan (versus reddish- or olive-brown). The bark is hard to distinguish, but peeling plates may be typically narrower and shorter.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been found only once, as an apparent waif in a parking lot.


FOOTNOTE:
This is close to sativa (the cultivated oats); it is the wild progenitor of sativa, and it can intergrade. Some colls. need rechecking.


FULL NAME:
Aphanes microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Sanguisorbeae>: Aphanes [Alchemilla] microcarpa

FOOTNOTE:
This has been recently found on mowed ground in MADI (Abbott et al. 2001) and CALL (Poindexter & Thompson 2008).


Scientific Name:
Malvaceae: "Sida" [new genus required] hermaphrodita

FOOTNOTE:
This species may be transferred to the South American genus, Sidasodes, or more likely to a new genus (J. Beck et al., Univ. of Tenn., pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. from FAYE, HARD, MUHL and elsewhere are relatively hairy. These may not warrant separate status, but there may be phylogenetic interest in comparisons with similar western or southern species (W), especially the rather poorly defined southern species, T. hirsuticaulis Small. Cultivated plants or garden escapes are excluded here; these may often be hybrids with ohiensis, which are sometimes named "andersoniana" (Tucker 1989; FNA 22).


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from GREE (EKY) has pubescent perigynia, like grayii, but in other characters it seems to match intumescens (as det. by R. Naczi). Some plants on the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. and Tenn. may be a distinct segregate, with spikes that have relatively few perigynia, on long stems that decline or droop, with relatively narrow leaves (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Such plants have been collected from BELL, HARL, LAUR, LETC, JACK, MCRE, POWE, PULA, RUSS and WOLF (EKY).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Lupulinae> lupulina (halei)

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from HARD (KY) is referable to var. pedunculata Gray, which is not recognized in recent treatments but seems transitional to lupuliformis; see notes under that species.


FOOTNOTE:
This uncommon species is close to, and often confused with, the widespread eastern species, lupulina, and some colls. may be intermediate. C. lupuliformis can appear somewhat transitional from lupulina to the southern species, gigantea. Compared to lupulina, its achenes have distinctly pointed or knobbed angles (versus smoothly curved), and are usually 2.4-3.4 mm wide (versus 1.7-2.6 mm), often almost as wide as long (versus clearly longer than wide). Also, perigynia tend to be more spreading (versus ascending), though not perpendicular to the rachis as in gigantea. C. lupuliformis has a rather fragmented range, centered in east-central states and concentrated in eutrophic calcareous habitats that have become much reduced by conversion to farmland.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Americana> nudiflorum


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon alluviorum (digitalis* var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs mostly in the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys. It is close to digitalis (see notes there), but with flowers smaller; inflorescence less glandular; leaves usually narrower and more pubescent; stems less lustrous and more pubescent.


FULL NAME:
Elymus macgregorii R. Brooks & J.J.N. Campb.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus macgregorii (interior ined., virginicus var. minor)

FOOTNOTE:
This species was recently described but R. Brooks and others have been aware of its distinctiveness for several decades (Campbell 2000). The correct name is in honor of the singular Clan MacGregor, not plural as in "macgregoriorum" (J). (E. "interior" was an early provisional unpublished name). Some colls. from CAMP, FAYE and elsewhere have distinctly pubescent spikes, sheaths or other plant parts, but these do not seem common enough to deserve recognition as a variety. E. macgregorii may form occasional hybrids with virginicus, but rarely if ever with the later flowering glabriflorus, which it most resembles.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> repens


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> bulbosus


FOOTNOTE:
This species (wheat) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from accidentally scattered seed, but it is not independently naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
There has probably been some confusion with L. halimifolium P. Mill, as reflected in nomenclatural history, and J combines these two species. Records should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Chamaecerasus> japonica var. j.

FOOTNOTE:
This was introduced to eastern states as a fragrant ornamental during the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864). In 1914, Gr noted: "common about old premises in Kentucky where it has at times been observed to assume the character of a weed." It is now one of the most abundant shrubby vines across the state. Unfortunately, most of the colls. at KY were mislaid in the 1990s.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipulata> rotundifolium


FULL NAME:
Monarda russeliana: see M. bradburiana & Monarda sp.


FULL NAME:
Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) J.J.N. Campb.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus villosus* var. arkansanas

FOOTNOTE:
This occasional variety may be generally distinct, but in Ky. there does not seem to be a clear difference in distribution. It tends to be more frequent in southern and western parts of the species' range.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Erianthus [Saccharum*] alopecuroides (divaricatus)

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from BELL (T.H. Kearney #385 at US; formerly at KY) was initially misidentified as E. contortus Ell. (see also: Anderson 1924), which remains unknown in the state. Generic assignment of the three species here treated in Erianthus has been controversial; they may become included in Miscanthidium Stapf. (W).


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium standleyanum ("boscianum")

FOOTNOTE:
This diploid (2n = 18) species is widespread in eastern North America, typically in submesic to subxeric woods on fertile base-rich soils, especially where soil is disturbed. It has also been reported on bottomlands, but there has probably been confusion with other species in some cases. In Ky., standleyanum and perhaps simplex are the only members of Chenopodiaceae to exhibit significant shade tolerance.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium buschianum ("paganum", berlandieri* var. bu.)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with missouriense and others, through misapplication of the name C. paganum Reichenb. (probably a Eurasian form of album). It is part of the tetraploid (2n = 36) berlandieri complex, which has seeds clearly roughened with cellular reticulation (when viewed with x 10-20), versus smooth in the album complex (Cr, St, FNA 4, Y). C. buschianum may have originated in mid-western regions but was spread east to mid-Atlantic regions, widely cultivated and selected for its relatively large, edible seeds, ca. 1000-4000 years ago (King 1985). Other weed seeds were eaten, especially ca. 1000-2000 years ago, and some were apparently cultivated as well, including Polygonum erectum, Phalaris caroliniana, Hordeum pusillum, Iva annua and Helianthus annuus, with lesser amounts of Ambrosia trifida, Amaranthus sp., Portulaca sp., Galium sp., etc. Such species probably occurred along edges of trails, campsites and villages, and in some cases on fresh alluvium. Corn and beans largely replaced these species in the diet ca. 1000-1500 years ago. The coll. from CAMP (KNK) may be transitional to the more western C. zschakei, often treated as C. berlandieri Mod. var. zschakei (Murr.) Murr. Compared to buschianum, seeds of zschakei are smaller (ca. 1.1-1.5 mm long versus 1.5-2.3 mm), with thicker coats, and its leaves are generally less bright green.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium <Blitum> glaucum (var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this diploid (2n = 18) species is known only from the Ohio Rv. shore in BOON (A. Cusick #24687 at NCU) and the Univ. of Ky. campus in FAYE (KY). Variation needs further study across ranges. Plants in northeastern North America can mostly be treated as var. glaucum, which apparently originated from Eurasia (FNA 4); they are rare to absent in southeastern states (PL). Var. salinum (Standl.) Boivin, which has been treated as a species by some authors, may be native in western and northern regions, but is virtually unknown in states east of the Mississippi Rv.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Leptochloa mucronata (attenuata, panicea ssp. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
There may be colls. from BALL (R. Athey; check EKY) and WARR (Pr; check MO), but these records have not been confirmed. L. mucronata has a southwestern range within North America, while L. brachiata is distributed from southern states to South America. Both been combined as subspecies of the cosmopolitan weed, L. panicea (Retz.) Ohwi, in some treatments (FNA 25).


FOOTNOTE:
Solid dots indicate verified native plants; most records retain uncertain status. Before fungal blight and fire-suppression, this southern species may have been much more frequent, at least in Appalachian regions. Unverified historical records are mapped here as open dot, but those of Gr and others are hard to interpret. Some colls. may have come from planted or escaped individuals; these include some mapped by Johnson (1988) and CW. Although old colls. from JEFF and OLDH from roadsides or parks have been considered native in previous databases, their status is dubious. There appear to be no verified records of native plants from Ind. (D) or Ohio, despite recent mapping in those states by FNA 3 and others. There appear to be rare hybrids with dentata, including a coll. from adjacent Tenn. (Johnson 1988).


FOOTNOTE:
Most records may be from planted trees, but occasional self-seeding does occur. Open dots indicate uncertain status. C. mollissima is often confused with dentata. Breeding of blight-resistant trees has involved hybridization between these two species, and further confusion can be expected as these hybrids become released. The European species, C. sativa Mill., may also be expected but remains unconfirmed (Clark et al. 2005; CW). Leaves of mollissima-dentata hybrids may be hard to distinguish from sativa, which combines stellate pubescence (as in mollissiima) and, in young leaves, small stalked glands (J; Zander 2000).


FULL NAME:
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. bracteata

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Amphicarpaea bracteata var. b.

FOOTNOTE:
Further study of these records is needed to distinguish var. comosa more clearly.


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium pusillum (var. p.)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> hystricinus (retrofractus var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species, largely distributed on the Coastal Plain, has been confused with typical retrofractus and lancastriensis in Ky. There are no confirmed records, but it might be expected in western regions. It may be known from s. Ind. (F).


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> lentago

FOOTNOTE:
There are several dubious reports, as cited by M and Weckman (2000); these include a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) that may be mislabeled (Campbell et al. 1992). However, this northeastern species is widespread across most of Ohio, including counties close to Ky. (PL).


FULL NAME:
Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (W. Bart.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata

FOOTNOTE:
Variation within this widespread, circumboreal species deserves more attention. Most colls. from Ky. are clearly referable to var. lanceolata, but there is a large range in overall size, leaf shape and pubescence.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Anethum graveolens

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from BULL (DHL) and ROWA (MDKY), but this commonly cultivated herb (dill) may not be truly naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Septati-b> validus (crassifolius)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species has only recently been found in the state, on roadsides and old quarry or mine sites.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been found at scattered sites in or near the northern Cliff Section of the Appalachian Plateaus. In additiion to some more or less natural shorelines, its habitats include disturbed roadsides and ditches. It is easily confused with related species (especially debilis) and must often have been overlooked. Its capsules are distinctive when mature, exserted about a third longer than the perianth, and glossy chestnut- or purplish-brown.


FULL NAME:
Polymnia canadensis L. var. radiata Gray

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Polymnia canadensis var. radiata

FOOTNOTE:
This is tentatively recognized here, but often considered just a form (Y) or ignored (FNA 21). The degree of distinction needs further analysis. More convincing plants in Ala., Ga. and Tenn. (Sm, F) have larger discs and rays, and their rays are pure white (versus creamy-white); see photo of Jeff McMillian in PL.


FOOTNOTE:
This Japanese species was first recorded by Woodward (1967). Most records come from the recent work of CW. It may often have been overlooked due to similarity with other privet species. There has been some confusion with the closely related L. amurense Carr. and L. japonica Thunb., which may be be verified in the state.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae]: Orobanche <Thalesia> uniflora

FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread in eastern North America, within Ky. this species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions.


FULL NAME:
Limnobium spongia (Bosc) L.C. Rich. ex Steud.


FOOTNOTE:
In addition to a few recent colls. from streams or ponds in MADI (EKY, NY), there is a 1830s collecton of R. Peter (MICH, NY) from "Kentucky River", probably in MADI or FAYE. This species is widespread in calcareous rivers and lakes across north-central regions of North America, but it seems rare in the lower Ohio River watershed.


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from FAYE (MICH) was by made by R. Peter in 1834, from "lagoon, banks of Kentucky River below Raven Creek."


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from TODD (MUR) is a confusing mixture of aquatic species. E. densa is a South American species that has been widely used in aquaria, and it sometimes escapes.


FULL NAME:
HARLEQUIN: Adlumia (CLIMBING), Capnoides (ROCK), Corydalis


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes cernua (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a "facultatively agamospermic polyploid [2n = 45, 60] compilospecies in which unidirectional gene flow from related diploids generates a wide range of novel forms and races" (C.J. Sheviak & P.M. Brown, in FNA 26). The coll. from BELL (KY) is very robust and somewhat similar to odorata (2n = 30). Records of Ettman & McAdoo (1979) were based on herbarium colls. but need to be confirmed; they include a cluster in the Bluegrass region, where odorata has also been found.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes ochroleuca (cernua var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern and Appalachian species is close to cernua but generally distinct (FNA 26). It should be searched for further in the field and herbarium.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes odorata (cernua var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain, except for disjunct records from Tenn. and Ky. (FNA 26). In addition to the verified plants in WOOD (KY), this species was reported by Cranfill (1980) from the Blood River seeps in CALL, near Lycopodiella appressa. See also notes under cernua.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> flagellaris (fecundus, vixalacer, felix, nefrens, celer, ?steelei)

FOOTNOTE:
The mapped records include the closely related taxa, R. fecundus Bailey, R. vixalacer Bailey, R. felix Bailey, R. nefrens Bailey, R. celer Bailey and perhaps R. steelei Bailey. See also notes under R. aboriginum. Some additional colls. from these same mapped counties are referrable to  R. meracus Bailey (CAMP, CARL, LEWI) or R. mundus Bailey (BULL, MCRE, POWE). Those two taxa are more hairy than typical R. flagellaris and may be considered transitions to R. roribacus. Some of these taxa may be worth recognizing, and will be examined further when M. Medley's colls. are processed at WKY.


FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western species of wet prairies has been reported from Ky. (e.g. Jones 1972; FNA 19), with reference to colls. in BALL, HEND, WARR and perhaps elsewhere (M), but details of these colls. are not available. V. fasciculata does occur nearby in s. Ill. It differs from gigantea in its leaves glabrate below, with pits that contain awl-shaped hairs or glands (FNA 19). Jones included the coll. from HEND within the rather disjunct, northern ssp. corymbosa S.B. Jones (with relatively small scabrous leaves and shorter stems). However, that segregate has been hard to distinguish from hybrids between fasciculata and gigantea (St, Y), and it was not recognized in FNA.


FOOTNOTE:
Reassignment of this species from Trachelospermum to Thyrsanthella is supported by global analysis of Apocynaceae (Livshultz et al. 2007). Thus circumscribed, Thyrsanthella is a monotypic genus restricted to the southeastern United States, whereas Trachelospermum is largely East Asian.


FOOTNOTE:
This widely cultivated species occasionally leaves self-seeded waifs, but, like several other types of bean, it is not truly naturalized. Prehistoric native people also cultivated this species, and introduced it from the south.


FULL NAME:
Fraxinus americana L. var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J. Wright ex Fern.

Scientific Name:
Oleaceae: Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping is provisional, pending further study of variation in the species. These hairy plants tend to occur more frequently on relatively dry sites, but it is not clear if they warrant treatment as a variety.


FULL NAME:
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. pennsylvanica

Scientific Name:
Oleaceae: Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. p.

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction of these hairy plants from the more common var. subintegerrima needs further attention; they may be concentrated on sites with more drying in the summer. Open dots indicate colls. of the species but with uncertain assignment to variety.


FULL NAME:
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Oleaceae: Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (lanceolata)

FOOTNOTE:
These trees with smooth leaves and twigs are much more common than hairy ones in Ky., but more critical study of variation is needed. Open dots mapped here indicate colls. of the species, but with uncertain assignment to variety.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widely distributed over eastern states, but with a fragmented range (PL). In addition to being locally frequent in swamps of the lower Ohio Valley, there are scattered populations on base-rich soils further upstream. It is difficult to distinguish from americana without fruit, and there appears to be introgression in some areas.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia tenax (fulgida* var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was recognized as a species by Sm and F but has been largely overlooked for 50 years. Its stoloniferous habit, small basal leaves, and pubescence patterns are distinctive. R. tenax is distributed across southeastern states, typically in dry rocky glades and open woodlands on base-rich soils. Some colls. come from roadsides on sandy uplands of the Cumberland Plateau (occasionally mixed with typical fulgida), but may be adventive and promoted by imported limestone gravel. Further notes and a key are available in J. Campbell (in prep.). There may be some intergradation with speciosa and truncata; see notes under those species.


FULL NAME:
Anagallis arvensis L. var. caerulea (Schreb.) Gren. & Godr.

Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea (ssp. foemina*)

FOOTNOTE:
This segregate of arvensis has been treated as a forma, variety, subspecies, or distinct species, and its status still seems uncertain. It is occasionally scattered with the typical plants but much less common, and perhaps concentrated on the most fertile soils.


FULL NAME:
Elymus virginicus L. var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus virginicus* var. jejunus

FOOTNOTE:
This variety is usually distinct but often intergrades with var. virginicus. It is largely mid-western and also widely scattered or adventive in northeastern states (FNA 24). It is  Most Ky. records could be from adventive situations. The only Appalachian coll. is from a low meadow near a railroad in LAUR (KY), and it could be a waif dispersed from afar.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce [Euphorbia*] maculata (supina)


FOOTNOTE:
This is often cultivated and may be locally escaped; 2n = 80.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Lathyrus venosus (var. intonsus)

FOOTNOTE:
All material matches the hairy var. intonsus Butters & St. John, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> pilosa var. p. (virens)

FOOTNOTE:
This species of native grasslands and open woodlands has a widespread south-central range, but often occurs in highly fragmented populations, as in Ky. It may be relatively sensitive to spring burning, browsing, mowing or herbiciding, compared to more late flowering wild-flowers. Var. virens (Michx.) Wherry has been combined in most treatments, and is included here. Records of the more northwestern var. fulgida Wherry and the more southwestern var. ozarkana Wherry appear to be erroneous (M).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Oclemena [Aster] acuminata


FOOTNOTE:
This species is known only from a coll. of  R. Athey #1333, along a "sandy fencerow" in BALL (EKY; check for accession). It is native to northeastern U.S.A. and adjacent Canada, but perhaps not Ky. It has sometimes been planted as an ornamental and has locally escaped (FNA 19).


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Gaura [Oenothera] parviflora (mollis)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread western species that may only be an occasional adventive waif in eastern states. There is only one record, a coll. from JEFF (DHL):  P,A. Davies #491, 4 Aug 1943, moist woods, Bear Grass Creek.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis hyemalis (var. h.; "scabra")

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species has been confused with scabra in earlier literature.


Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> lasioneura (herbacea var. l.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely western species is close to typical herbacea, and differs most clearly in its leaves, which are pale green beneath and puberulent on veins (versus glaucous, glabrous). However, W noted that "material from Virginia is ambiguous."


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria parvula (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to australis; some colls. from BULL and WAYN (MDKY) may be partly intermediate.


FOOTNOTE:
FAYE is the most likely locality for an 1830s coll. of C.W. Short (CINC) labelled just "Ky.  River".


Scientific Name:
Amaryllidaceae <Narcisseae> [Liliaceae]: Narcissus pseudonarcissus

FOOTNOTE:
In some cases it is not clear if colls. are from truly naturalized plants, as opposed to persistent plantings. Although this species can increase locally, there is no evidence of long-distance dispersal.


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from FLOY (KY) appears transitional to circaezans.


FULL NAME:
Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. var. harperi (Goodman) Reveal

Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae <Eriogonoideae>: Eriogonum longifolium var. harperi

FOOTNOTE:
M collected this in CHRI (for WKY), but the coll. may be mislaid, and plants cannot be relocated at that locality. Var. harperi is a distinct segregate of this southern species that is known only from outcrops and rocky woods of various types in disjunct localities of Ala. and Tenn.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> retroflexa (var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread eastern species; see notes under texensis.


FOOTNOTE:
The colls. from MADI and MASO (KY) appear somewhat transitional to cardiaca.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Stipeae>: Piptochaetium [Stipa] avenaceum

FOOTNOTE:
This is a largely southeastern grass but it also occurs on sandy soils in the southern Great Lakes Region. In Ky., it s locally abundant in open woods on the southern Cumberland Plateau. The disjunct western record from GRAY (KY) is confirmed; other disjunctions occur in s. Ohio, s. Ill. and w. Tenn. (FNA 24).


FULL NAME:
Cymbalaria muralis P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.

Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Cymbalaria [Linaria] muralis

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered over northern regions of North America, this ornamental weed of wall-crevices and similar places has remained rare in southeastern states. The few Ky. records mostly date from 1900-1950.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chaenorrhinum [Linaria] minus


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> rosea (convoluta)

FOOTNOTE:
This has a widespread northeastern range. See notes under appalachica, radiata and socialis.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> appalachica ("radiata")

FOOTNOTE:
This Appalachian segregate of rosea is difficult to distinguish in some cases, and colls. should be rechecked, especially in more western regions. FNA 23 indicates that its relatively narrow widest leaves (0.9-1.5 mm versus 1.8-2.6 mm) is the clearest difference from rosea, but in some cases culm base width (0.7-1.4 mm versus 1.5-2.2 mm) and perigynium dimensions (2-3.4 x 0.8-1.3 mm versus 2.6-4 x 1.1-1.8 mm) also can be useful. Lower bracts are often longer, up to 11 cm (versus 6 cm). Based on leaf width alone, this species is also easily confused with radiata.


FOOTNOTE:
This short species is widespread but easly overlooked in seasonally wet calcareous open areas across much of North America. In Ky., it appears to be only locally abundant, especially in glades of the Nolin River and lower Salt River watersheds; in Tenn., it is known only from the Nashville Basin (Ch). More searching is needed; some colls. are immature and need to be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> hitchcockiana (oligocarpa var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widely scattered in northern and mid-western regions, but generally restricted to mesic woods on rocky calcareous soils in relatively deep ravines. It has sometimes been confused with the much more common species, oligocarpa, which often grows nearby. One of the clearest differences in hitchcockiana (F; FNA 23) is its brown culm bases (versus purple-red). Also, perigynia are usually longer (mostly 4.6-5.6 mm versus 3.7-4.7 mm), and sheaths are hispidulous (versus glabrous). There is little difference in leaf width.


FOOTNOTE:
This species is close to limosa, with similar habitat and range, from the Mississippi drainage to the west and south. Some colls. identified as limosa should be rechecked. The only verified record currently is a coll. from "Hodgenville" in LARU (NY) by F.T. McFarland (#43); see also FNA 22.


FOOTNOTE:
This species of northeastern salt marshes has spread inland to disturbed areas at scattered sites. The coll. in KENT (KNK) was from an area treated for oil spill.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> oolentagiense (A. azureus)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread mid-western species (previously known as Aster azureus Lindl.) has been reported from western regions of Ky. (M, FNA 20), but no convincing colls. have been seen. S. oolentangiense has been confused with shortii in Ky., and some introgression may be expected with shortii and perhaps others:  drummondii, urophyllum and laeve (FNA 20; see also St). It is scattered over Ill., Ind. and Ohio, but generally rare or absent in southeastern states (PL).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys cordata (nuttallii, riddellii)


FOOTNOTE:
This weed was not recorded until the 1930s (B). It is now the most abundant species of Lepidium in Ky., at least in crop fields.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Astranthium [Bellis] integrifolium (var. i.)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been much confusion with the distinct, disjunct, southwestern species, A. ciliatum (Raf.) Nesom (Neson 2005; FNA 20). A. integrifolium, redefined, has a rather small range. It is locally abundant in calcareous regions of c. Ky. and c. Tenn., but elsewhere rare and known only in c. Miss., ne. Ala., nw. Ga. and perhaps n. W.Va. (see also PL and W). Its original habitats may have been thin woodlands and grasslands maintained by seasonal flooding, browsing or drying. Now it is mostly found in old rocky pastures and roadsides, often dominated by alien grasses.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Calamintha [Satureja] glabella


FULL NAME:
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Pseudognaphalium [Gnaphalium] obtusifolium

FOOTNOTE:
Variation in this widespread eastern species may deserve further study. Colls. at KY from ANDE, EDMO, FRAN, GARR, MONT and perhaps elsewhere may be referred to var. praecox Fern., as treated in Gnaphalium. F indicated that praecox is concentrated on the southeastern Coastal Plain. However, it does not now appear to be a significant segregate (Nesom 2001b). Colls. should also be rechecked for P. microdenium.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> laxiflora (var. l., serrulata)

FOOTNOTE:
Identifications and variation in this widespread eastern species may still need further study, since several other species are closely related. However, chromosome numbers vary considerably within this group, and hybrids are virtually unknown. A few colls. have been referred to var. serrulata F.J. Herm. (CAMP, MAGO, PULA), with serrulate angles on bract sheaths, but that taxon is now considered insignificant (Naczi et al. 2002b).


FULL NAME:
Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] octoflora var. glauca (tenella)

FOOTNOTE:
Most colls. of octoflora may be var. glauca (including F. octoflora var. tenella (Willd.) Fern.) However, several need to be rechecked for var. octoflora (including var. aristulata Torr. ex L.H. Dewey).


Scientific Name:
Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Chamaecrista [Cassia] nictitans (var. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation in this species is complex across the wide range, extending to South America. But in most of eastern North America only var. nictitans is worth recognizing (Y, W). Included here is var. leiocarpa Fern., which was reportedly collected in BELL (B).


FULL NAME:
Chelone obliqua L. var. erwiniae Pennell & Wherry

Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone obliqua var. erwinieae

FOOTNOTE:
Variation within this southeastern species deserves further study. All Appalachian material in Ky. has been referable to var. erwiniae, but this taxon has not been distinguished in most recent treatments. Chromosome numbers need to be checked; there is a southern Appalachian race with 2n = 56, which may represent var. erwiniae (Nelson et al. 1998). In the rest of the species, 2n = 84.


FULL NAME:
Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.

Scientific Name:
Juglandaceae: Carya <Apocarya> carolinae-septentrionalis (ovata var. australis)

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs locally on base-rich soils in or near southern sections of the Interior Low Plateaus, Ridge and Valley and Piedmont (PL). Records from TRIG (APSU) and FULT (CW) remain uncertain; however, the species is known from Tenn. adjacent to TRIG (Ch). Although this taxon has often been treated as a variety of the widespread eastern ovata, study of complete colls. shows that it is distinct. Intermediates are unknown in Ky. It differs (FNA 3, W) in its smaller fruits, averaging ca. 2.5-3 cm long (versus 3.5-4 cm); shorter staminate catkins, up to ca. 6 cm (versus 13 cm). Leaflets are narrower (the terminal one ca. 2-5 cm versus 6-15 mm), and virtually glabrous (versus pubescent). Terminal buds (6-15 mm long versus 9-18 mm) and twigs (ca. 1-3 mm thick versus 3-6 mm) are less stout, virtually glabrous, maturing or drying to a blackish hue (versus more persistently hairy, brownish).


Scientific Name:
Juglandaceae: Carya <Apocarya> ovata (var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
There appears to be some hybridization with glabra, laciniosa and perhaps tomentosa. See notes under laciniosa.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] canadensis


FOOTNOTE:
This widely scattered noxious weed has not been reported in Ky. since the 1950s (M). The first report was by Short (1828-29): "This plant, originally exotic, has been gradually dispersed over the greater part of the Union. Common in pastures and waste grounds." In 1914, Gr noted: "most often seen growing locally along roadsides and railroads... [and] occasionally gets...a foothold in neglected pasture land..." It is toxic to livestock and may have been associated with rough sheep pasture, which landuse declined after 1940. Also, spread of Festuca arundinacea may have suppressed this weed.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Junceae> juncea

FOOTNOTE:
Some western colls. (GRAV & MCRA at MUR) are difficult to distinguish from missouriensis.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in mid-western and eastern region, but in Ky. it is generally restricted to remnants of native grassland on rocky calcareous sites with infertile soils.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Centaurea biebersteinii ("maculosa*"; stoebe ssp. micranthos)

FOOTNOTE:
This persistent perennial weed was first reported from Ky. in 1943 (B), and it is now locally abundant on dry base-rich soils across the state. Following Ochsmann (2001), a alternative name has been recently adopted in some treatments (FNA 19; Y, W): C. stoebe L. ssp. micranthos (S.G. Gmelin ex Gugler) Hayek, which is a tetraploid (2n = 36). However, the subspecies concept is avoided in this Atlas, pending further clarification. Ochsmann showed that C. maculosa Lam. is a synonym of typical stobe, which is a diploid annual. The two taxa have become largely sympatric in Europe, but biebersteinii appears to have had a more western range before forest clearance.


FOOTNOTE:
This first records of this showy weed were during the 1980s. It has increased in recent decades, partly due to plantings for displays along roads and then subsequent escapes.


FULL NAME:
Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. octoflora

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] octoflora var. o. (aristulata)

FOOTNOTE:
Most colls. mapped under this name may be referred to octoflora var. aristulata Torr. ex L.H. Dewey, which has not been distinguished in recent treatments. Distinction from var. glauca also needs further attention, and several assignments are uncertain.


FOOTNOTE:
This weedy annual grass has probably been present since early after settlement. Anderson (1924) listed a coll. of R. Peter from Lexington in 1834, noted "common" (at KY before fire).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> cucullata (obliqua)

FOOTNOTE:
There appears to be some introgression with affinis, but in general this is a distinct species. Flowers are relatively small and pale, with strongly clavate hairs on lateral petals and on the spurred petal. Peduncles are relatively long, overtopping leaves for regular flowers, and erect even for cleistogamous flowers, 
Leaves are relatively small and narrow (at least the upper ones), pale  (often yellowish when dried), generally glabrous or sometimes with scattered short hairs above. This is the only stemless blue violet in Ky. that is restricted to truly hydric sites, as opposed to temporarily flooded or seasonally wet sites.


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> missouriensis (?langloisii, sororia var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This seems generally distinct but it is sometimes hard to distinguish from, and probably intergrades with, papilionacea and affinis. Well developed leaves of typical missouriensis are completely glabrous (versus slightly hairy above in affinis), deltoid-ovate and relatively narrow, sometimes coarsely dentate at base, and attentuate with slight concavity to the apex (versus more broadly ovate-orbicular and acute or abruptly pointed). Sepals may be finely ciliate over most or all of the margin (versus only in lower half) (Gil-ad 1997); flowers may be relatively pale lilac or lavender, around the darker center (St). V. missouriensis occurs mostly in the central and lower Mississippi Valley, in damp woods (often with Liquidambar), often on slightly acid (?), whitish (?) clayey terraces (D). It has been combined with affinis as a variety of sororia by McKinney. Sm omitted the name missouriensis, but appears to have applied the name V. langloisii Greene to these plants, or to plants intermediate between this species and affinis (see also colls. at NY).  If synonymous, langloisii may have priority due to its earlier publication date.


FOOTNOTE:
Plants vary considerably across the wide range of this species in eastern North America, but segregates have not been recognized in recent treatments. Some plants sold as "native" in Ky. have unusually narrow leaves, and might be derived from more western or southern provenances.


FOOTNOTE:
Several colls. are referable to the relatively robust plants, with more glabrous or lobed leaves, known as var. stellata (Nutt.) B.L. Robins. (including forma oemleri). However, that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Scirpus pedicillatus (cyperinus var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been reported from JEFF (Gunn 1968b; see GH), MONT and POWE (Wharton 1945; see MICH), but colls. have not been verified. It is known from all states north of Ky., where it "often hybridizes with S. cyperinus and forms hybrid swarms" (FNA 23). In pedicillatus, spikelets are usually pedicillate except for the central one in each cyme (versus at least some sessile in addition to central ones); scales are usually pale brown (versus reddish-brown or blackish); and fruits mature in Jul (versus Aug-Sep).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Conyza [Erigeron] ramosissima (E. divaricatus)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread mid-western species can be confused with canadensis, and it may have been often overlooked. C. ramosissima differs in its smaller heads, 0.7-1 mm wide (versus 1-5 mm), and its low branched spreading habit, usually less than 25 cm tall (versus over 30 cm). It is rare in the Ohio Valley; there are a few colls. from s. Ind. (D; M. Homoya, pers. comm.), s. Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.), Ky. (B; Harvill 1941, Cranfill 1991), and nw. Tenn. (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.), but most date from before 1950. It was not mapped in Ky. or Tenn. by FNA 20.


FOOTNOTE:
This appears to be native in MCLE, MCRE, TRIG, WHIT and perhaps elsewhere (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW), but its status in Ky. remains uncertain. It is widely planted and escaped. Within southeastern states, the original range of bignonioides may have mostly to the southeast of Ky., especially on more acid, infertile, siliceous soils (Little 1971). Distinction from speciosa is often difficult, especially without the distinctive flowers or fruits (F, Cr, J, Y). Leaves of bignonioides tend to be more malodorous, more persistently pubescent (with stellate hairs as well as straight ones), and less long-tapered; its bark is relatively light brown (versus reddish-brown), with thinner scaly plates on older trunks (Y; see also Gr).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> hortulana

FOOTNOTE:
This is centered in the central Mississippi Valley and parts of the lower Ohio Valley in Tenn., including localities with former native American settlements (PL). It now appears uncommon to rare in much of its range, but can be confused with other species. It is most similar to munsoniana, and the coll. cited from HARD (DHL) by Cranfill (1990) and others is not convincingly distinct.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] longiligulatum (acuminatum ssp. lo.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern (to tropical) taxon may intergrade with the closely related lindheimeri and spretum. The coll. from CALL (SIU) appears at least transitional to spretum. There may also be confusion (or intergradation) with more hairy members of the acuminatum group, perhaps in the form of ssp. leucothrix (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong (FNA 25).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Scirpus cyperinus {with vars.}

FOOTNOTE:
Several colls. are referable to var. rubricosus (Fern.) Gilly (= S. eriophorum Michx.), which is a southern form; a few may be referable to var. pelius Fern., which is a northern form. However, these two taxa have been hard to distinguish (Arnold & Beal 1980), and they are not recognized in most recent treatments (FNA 23). Colls. do need to be rechecked for the slightly more distinct species, pedicillatus; see under that name.


FOOTNOTE:
As observed by Michaux (1803), this southeastern species was originally abundant around margins of fire-maintained "barrens" in parts of western Ky. Like stellata, marilandica has declined greatly in many areas of the state, especially on deeper soils, due to succession from pyric to submesic forest and conversion to farmland. It is less long-lived than stellata and its disappearance has been even more dramatic. Early reports from the Bluegrass region remain unverified, but Gr's reports from the Blue Licks area (NICH, ROBE) are believable, considering the unusual influences from ungulate and humans at that locality before Virginian settlement (Campbell 1989; and associated historical citations). There occasional hybrids with velutina and probably other species.


FOOTNOTE:
In North America, this species is generally thought to be introduced from Europe. However, some botanists suggest native status to the north (e.g. in the alvars of Ontario), and the common name "Canadian bluegrass" is puzzling.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely southern Appalachian species has been reported from Ky. by Parks & Hardin (1963), FNA 26 and others; see also W for detailed key. However, there appear to have been some misidentifications based on rather inadequate colls. of albidum (CALL & MARS at MUR) and americanum (MENI in M; POWE at NCU). Parks & Hardin cited a coll. from CHRI (Hardin #383 at US), which still needs to be checked; but they did not map it. L. Pounds reported this species from the Cumberland Gap area (check TENN). There are also disjunct western records from nc. Tenn. (Ch).


FULL NAME:
Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Verbesina <Actinomeris> alternifolia

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is sometimes confused with occidentalis; see notes under that species.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> baileyanus (?sailori, flagellaris var. humifusus)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants differ from enslenii in their more robust, long-trailing floricanes (ca. 1-3 mm thick versus 2.5-5 mm) and stouter prickles (ca. 0.5-2 mm long versus 1.5-3 mm), suggesting a transition to flagellaris. There is no clear difference in habitat or range, but these distinct plants are mapped here pending further taxonomic evaluation. An alternative name may be R. flagellaris Willd. var. humifusus (Torr. & Gray) Boivin (K).


FOOTNOTE:
This has been collected from along a railroad in PIKE, but it is not clear if this commonly cultivated species is able to become truly naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. and elsewhere this widespread southwestern species has been confused with T. urticifolia Michx., which is more southeastern. They are clearly distinguished by Correll & Johnson (1970). All colls. named urticifolia from Tenn. have been redetermined as betonicifolia (D. Estes, pers. comm.); see also St (Errata, p. 1727). In Ky., this species is known only from two sites on open limestone clifftops: in PULA (KY) along the South Fork Cumberland Rv. and in EDMO along the Green Rv. (R. Seymour, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Cynanchum (Ampelamus*) laeve (A. albidus)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been continuing uncertainty about the generic assignment of this widespread weedy vine (W).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> affinis (sororia var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This appears to intergrade with the densely pubescent sororia, the glabrous papilionacea (to which V. latiuscula Greene may be transitional) and the glabrous missouriensis (with deltoid-ovate leaves), which could all be combined as varieties. V. affinis differs in having hairs on its spurred petal as well as the laterals (like cucullata); its cleistogamous flowers are on ascending to erect peduncles (approaching cucullata); and it is the only species of Boreali-Americanae with hairs on the capsule (Gil-ad 1997, 1998). Also, its leaves tend to be somewhat narrower than sororia or papilionacea, gradually tapering to acutish tips (approaching missouriensis), more densely reddish-punctate, and generally glabrate except for small thinly scattered hairs confined to the upper surface, especially on the basal lobes. Identification is often difficult and some records are tentative. It may also intergrade with hirsutula, which has hairs scattered more widely over upper leaf surfaces. Based on Sm, D, B, F and personal experience, V. affinis appears to have a mostly northern and Appalachian distribution; typical habitat is in moist or damp woods and openings, especially near streams, probably on relatively acid infertile (often sandy) soils, in contrast to papilionacea. It has been included with missouriensis as a variety of sororia, by McKinney & Russell (2002; J), but other authors continue to justify its recognition (Gil-ad 1997, 1996; W).


FOOTNOTE:
This widely cultivated species (usually known as "English ivy") can become locally abundant due to vegetative spread, but there is no evidence of establishment from seed. Flowering is uncommon and occurs during the fall or mild winters, but often fails due to cold. Most plants in North America are diploids (2n = 48), but tetraploids (known as "Irish" or "Atlantic" ivy) are also cultivated and may be expected to escape (Y).


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium microcarpon (Muhl. ex Ell.) Mohlenbrock

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] microcarpon (dichotomum ssp. m.*, nididum var. ramulosum)

FOOTNOTE:
This generally appears to be a distinct species in Ky., but plants transitional to dichotomum and yadkinense have been collected in several places. The name D. dichotomum var. ramulosum (Torr.) LeBlond has been preferred by W. Two other wetland taxa in the dichotomum group have been occasionally reported but not verified: D. lucidum (Ashe) LeBlond and  D. mattamuskeetense (Ashe) Mohl. (both treated as ssp. in FNA 25). These occur largely on the eastern Piedmont or Coastal Plain and may be unlikely in Ky. (W).


Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> flava (flavida)

FOOTNOTE:
This Ozarkian and southern Appalachian species has been reported by Pr (from WARR), Linney (1882) and other authors (M), but no colls. have been found. It may have been confused with dioica, which Duncan (1967) mapped in WARR, Hybrids with dioica are suspected (Cr), especially among plants known as L. flava var. flavescens Gleason (Sm, Gl) or L. flavida Cockerell (F), to which some Ky. records refer. There has also been confusion with the yellow-flowered form of sempervirens. L. flava has been reported from s. Ill. and s. Ohio in counties adjacent to Ky. (PL).


Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> dioica var. d.

FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs in diverse habitats across its broad northern range, including wetlands (F, Cr, W). In Ky., it is largely restricted to mesic-subxeric calcareous woods along the central Kentucky River Palisades or nearby, and more locally along the upper Cumberland Rv. Reported colls. from BUTL (CW) and WARR (Duncan 1967) have not yet been located and verified; see also notes under  flava. Some colls. at Ky. have been mislaid since the 1990s, but most were referable to var. dioica, which is relatively glabrous and has a largely northeastern range.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] divaricata


FOOTNOTE:
This species has been collected from self-seeded plants in FAYE (CW) and JEFF (MM for WKY), but it does not appear to be spreading significantly over the landscape.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium pinnatifidum

FOOTNOTE:
These rather poorly known plants can be distinguished from T. chapmannii and T. barbinode by their relatively deep green (versus yellowish-green) leaves, 3-4-ternate (versus 2-3-ternate), with numerous ultimate pinnatifid segments only 1-3 mm wide (versus serrate to laciniate segments 5-20 mm wide). Bractlets are mostly longer (ca. 3-6 mm versus 1-4 mm). Flowers may be white initially (versus pale yellow to pale maroon), but can fade to "yellowish-tan" in older colls. (W). Fruits are usually 3-4 mm long, 2-3 mm wide with relatively narrow wings, and often puberulent (versus 3-6 mm long, up to 4 mm wide with some relatively broad wings, glabrous). T. pinnatifidum has a restricted range in ne. Ky. and se. Ohio, disjunct from its main range in the Ridge and Valley region of Tenn., N.C. and Ala. Leaf shapes appear to vary between these ranges. Some genetic differentiation may be expected (as in Solidago harrissii).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> emoryi (stricta var. elongata)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with stricta, but it is generally distinct in form and habitat: marshy shoals along larger streams and rivers with relatively base-rich substrate. It differs (F, FNA 23) in its stoloniferous habit, forming extensive colonies (versus large dense stools in typical stricta). Its bladeless lower sheaths are not ladder-fibrillose and lack evident veins on the inner side (versus prominently ladder-fibrillose), are often deeper purplish-red but lacking spots on the inner side (versus spotted red-brown), and have a prolonged convex apex (versus obtuse); its ligules are as long as broad (versus longer). Its pistillate spikes are strongly overlapping (versus more widely separated) and lack staminate tips (versus often staminate); perigynia are green-stramineous (versus pale brown-tawny). Differences in spikes and perigynia are not clearcut, in contrast to the vegetative characters.


FULL NAME:
Hedyotis nuttalliana: see Houstonia tenuifolia


Scientific Name:
Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> falcata (var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
There are occasional hybrids with other species, including the closely related pagoda, which has been confused.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> ciliatus (dudleyi)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been reported by Pr, Gr and others (FNA 24), but no verified colls. have been found. Colls. from MENI, ROWA (MDKY) and elsewhere have been tentatively assigned here, but need further study. B. ciliatus differs from pubescens in its smaller anthers, ca. 0.9-1.7 mm (versus 2.5-5 mm); and its lemmas are usually pubescent in two marginal bands, the lateral nerves distinct to base (versus with usually more uniform pubescence and with nerves obscure below middle). In southern Appalachian regions, ciliatus is known only from disjunct localities at high elevation. Another northern species, B. kalmii Gray, has been reported from nearby in Va., W.Va., Ohio and Ind. (FNA 24, D, W), but identifications in Ky. have been erroneous (M). It has moderately small anthers (ca. 1-2.5 mm); lemmas are densely long-pilose, with awns only 2-3 mm long; first glumes are 3-nerved, second glumes 5-nerved.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> erectus

FOOTNOTE:
This has few records from Ky., but it has become locally abundant on a dolomitic glade in GARR (JC for KY).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> inermis

FOOTNOTE:
This was unknown in Ky. until after 1930 (Greenwell 1935, Gunn 1959, 1968b; M), when it became widely used for forage and soil stabilization. With persistent creeping rhizomes, it is especially abundant along irregularly cut brushy roadsides, especially in the Bluegrass Region. It is less persistent in pastures with Festuca arundinacea.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Pimpinellifoliae> spinosissima (pimpinellifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This Eurasian species (or a derived cultivar) was collected in a waste area of CALL, clearly self-seeded: M. Medley & R. Cassell #13788-86 (for WKY). However, despite widespread cultivation it does appear to be increasing in the wild within east-central states.


FULL NAME:
Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus clandestinus (compositus/asper var. cl.)

FOOTNOTE:
This can be confused with compositus, but it appears truly distinct when examined closely. It tends to occur in native glades on rockier sites, and much less in old fields or roadsides.


FULL NAME:
Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. macrantha Pennell

Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] flava var. macrantha

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively western variety may not be clearly distinct in some cases. There may be little difference in range (D, St), but eastern outliers should be rechecked. Superficially, these larger flowered plants may suggest a transition to the distinct western species, grandiflora.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia <Podosemum+> expansa (capillaris var. trichopodes)

FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) from "summit of acid knob in barrens near Mammoth Cave" ca. 1840 that was initially labeled Agrostis trichopodes Ell., then annotated M. capillaris. FNA 25 seems to have mapped this coll. as M. expansa in EDMO, but the record remains dubious. M. expansa is virtually unknown outside of the Coastal Plain from se. Texas to e. N.C. Moreover, capillaris does occasionally lack well-developed awns on lemmas, then resembling expansa; these species can easily be confused, especially in immature specimens. [But see also Gymnopogon brevifolius (versus G. ambiguus), for a confirmed disjunction of similar nature.]


FULL NAME:
Valerianella patellaria: see V. umbilicata


FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs from Mo. and Kans. to La. and Tex. It is not clear if the Ky. colls. are disjunct in remnants of natural habitat, or just adventive along roadsides.


Scientific Name:
Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton berchtoldii (pusillus var. tenuissimus)

FOOTNOTE:
Although treated as a species or subspecies in previous treatments (from F to FNA 22), it may be preferable to treat these plants as P. pusillus L. var. tenuissimus F.K. Mertens & W.D.J. Koch; see also W. Most records remain uncertain, and they are combined provisionally with typical pusillus. FNA 22 mapped typical pusillus across Ky., but indicated virtually no records of "ssp. tenuissimus." The only known colls. verified by authorities are from JEFF (DHL) and NICH (EKY).


FULL NAME:
Luzula acuminata Raf. var. carolinae (S. Wats.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Luzula acuminata var. carolinae

FOOTNOTE:
This southern variety is generally distinct from the more northern var. acuminata (= L. saltuensis Fern.) and may merit species status (W). Although there are reports of var. acuminata from Ky. (Ebinger 1962, Cr, M, J), no verified colls. are known. Braun (1937) reported L. saltuensis from MCRE (check US), but later apparently combined this with all other records of acuminata (B).


FULL NAME:
Polygonum: > Antenon, Fallopia, Persicaria, Reynoutria, Truellum


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Circaea canadensis (quadrisulcata, lutetiana ssp. c.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Boufford (1982) provided a thorough global treatment of Circaea, adding to county records from Ky. He treated this taxon a subspecies of the Eurasian C. quadriusulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Savigny, but W and others have preferred to retain it as a species, within North American floras.


Scientific Name:
Salicaceae: Populus <Tacamahaca> cf. balsamifera x deltoides (X jackii, X gileadensis, "candicans")

FOOTNOTE:
This is a commonly grown cultivar of P. balsamifera L. that may be derived from hybridization with deltoides (Cr; W and citations; see also, Clark et al. 2005). The trees sucker from roots and may also establish occasionally from broken twigs, but do not produce seed; these plants are dioecious and perhaps all female. The name P. candicans Ait. has been applied to these plants, but may be synomymous with typical balsamifera. Most or all trees in Ky. appear to be the form known as X giliadensis Rouleau ("Balm-of-Gilead" or locally "Bamagilly"), which differs from typical X jackii in its pubescent petioles (versus glabrous). Typical balsamifera is rarely if ever planted in Ky., and does not appear to be native in southeastern states.


FOOTNOTE:
Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and B. Although widely scattered over Ky., this mostly occurs along larger rivers with much fresh alluvium deposited each year. Its wind-blown seed has allowed local establishment in cleared landscapes. But in 1900-1910, it was not nearly as common, and only formed a significant component of timber resources on lowlands of the Shawnee Hills, and along the lower Ohio Rv. and Mississippi Rv. (Gr, Barton 1919).


FULL NAME:
Gentiana quinquefolia: see Gentianella occidentalis


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may be introgressed with gigantea; those from CHRI (MUR) and CRIT (KY) are clearly intermediates.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern, circumboreal species was reported from Ky. by Gl as var. intermedium DC., and by Cr without separation of varieties. However, no colls. have been found. It is similar to latifolium, but has smaller fruit (ca. 2 mm versus 3-4 mm), flowers white (versus purple) in rather showy cymose panicles (versus groups of 1-4 at upper 1-3 nodes), leaves lance-linear (versus lanceolate to lance-ovate) with rounded apices (versus acute to acuminate), and frequent axillary fascicles of small leaves.


FULL NAME:
Panicum acuminatum: Dichanthelium acuminatum etc.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Leucanthemum [Chrysanthemum*] vulgare (C. leucanthemum)

FOOTNOTE:
This ornamental but rhizomatous weed has probably been present early after settlement (Rafinesque 1824). In 1914, Gr noted: "very common and troublesome... Superintentents of parks and cemeteries are often very much afraid of it, and sometimes forbid visitors bringing the flowers..." Most colls. are referable to var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke, but that taxon has not been generally recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
Spelling as "muehlenbergii" is incorrect (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Records mapped here are probably accurate to species, but only tentative to variety; see also notes under aggregata and gravida. Typical muhlenbergii occurs mostly in thin woods on rather dry acid soils, often on sandy substrates. More robust specimens of grassy woods and openings have been referred by some collectors to the southwestern species, austrina (muhlenbergii var. australis), or the northwestern species, gravida (M), but most of these have been redetermined as muhlenbergii by A. Reznicek, R. Naczi, L. McKinney or others. C. austrina may still be expected in Ky., north of its main range, at least as an adventive (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Its pistillate scales are wider (at least 2 mm versus often less than 2 mm), almost covering perigynia (versus much less wide); awns are longer (1.5-4 mm versus usually 0-1.5 mm), and culms are more divergent (at ca. 45 degrees versus almost upright).


FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated species ("Cape-gooseberry") is known from an extensive naturalized population in NELS (M. Medley et al. #13659-85 for WKY), and it was reported by Huffaker (1975) from CART.


FOOTNOTE:
Mapped here as open dots are the data of Gr and B. This species is easily overlooked and probably more widespread in Ky. than indicated by colls. It ranges across all of eastern North America. In the "Walden Woods" of METC and similar sites, it is locally common in open understories around the upper fringes of mesic wooded ravines, where deer may browse selectively on more palatable species. Dirca spp. are small shrubs known to spread with rhizomes (Graves 2004), and they are generally toxic or repellant to generalist herbivores.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widely scattered but locally common in relatively few localities, especially on base-rich soil in thorny scrub around old pastures. Its distribution in Ky. and Tenn. is somewhat similar to the original concentrations of Juniperus virginiana, as documented by Barton (1919) and others. It is unusually abundant at the J.K. Smith power plant in CLAR. On ridges above Slate Creek near Howards Mill in MONT, stems are up to 4 m tall and 10 cm thick. Although this species is widely scattered in eastern North America, it becomes uncommon to rare in southeastern states, where replaced by the infamous Z. clava-herculis L. These are among the few woody species of temperate regions that combine both thorniness and browsing-repellant chemistry; see also Maclura pomifera.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Verotriviales> trivialis

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species may be widely scattered on western lowlands in Ky., at least near the Mississippi Rv. More colls. are needed to document its range. Some of the more northern records remain dubious (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW), but the species has been recently confirmed in adjacent Hamilton Co,, Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Nyssaceae [Cornaceae]: Nyssa aquatica (uniflora)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is known only from sloughs near larger rivers in or near the Mississippian Embayment. Gr's reports from the Mississippian Plateau in TODD and WARR are dubious; however, the species is known from disjunct in south-central Tenn. (Ch).


FOOTNOTE:
Anthracnose fungus has reduced this widespread southeastern species since the 1990s, especially where it had become abundant in successional forests, but many healthy trees remain, especially in more open areas.


FULL NAME:
PARSLEY: Aethusa (FOOL'S), Polytaenia (PRAIRIE)


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> fimbriatula (sagittata var. ovata*)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon appears to be a distinct species in northeastern and eastern states (Gil-ad 1997, W), but it may intergrade with typical sagittata, especially in the mid-west (e.g. D). V. fimbriatula differs (Gil-ad 1997) in its oblong to oblong-ovate blades (versus narrowly lanceolate to lance-oblong in sagittata), with l/w 1.5-1.8 (versus 2.2-2.8) and base cordate to subcordate (versus sagittate). V. fimbriatula typically occurs in somewhat hilly areas (versus mostly flatlands for sagittata), often on more coarse-textured soils and in open woods, along roads or edges (versus full sun). Colls. from the Pine Creek area in BULL (JC for KY) may be intermediate, with larger plants approaching typical sagittata in leaf shape but remaining less distinctively lobed and relatively pubescent. M. Wharton's coll. from LINC (#1771 at EKY) initially named as this species is excluded, since it seems generally similar to sororia, perhaps introgressed with fimbriatula or another species with relatively small blunt leaves.


FOOTNOTE:
Disjunct western records are confirmed: from BOON (DOV), R. Naczi #8019 (DOV) from a seep along Gunpowder Creek; and from HARD (EKY; Cranfill 1991). A record from "High Bridge" in JESS (Anderson 1924) remains dubious.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Caninae> rubiginosa (var. r.; "eglanteria")

FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with canina and micrantha; some records of these species need rechecking..


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Caninae> micrantha (rubiginosa var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
See note under rubiginosa. It is not clear if there are colls. from truly naturalized plants (CW).


FULL NAME:
MINT: Blephilia (WOOD-), Mentha, Mosla (JAPANESE), Perilla (COW-), Pycnanthemum (MEADOW-)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida dichotoma (var. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
This annual is most common on disturbed rocky or eroded ground, growing in acid soils with low fertility. A coll. of C.W. Short dated Sep 1835 (at KY before fire) stated: "Throughout Barrens" (Anderson 1924).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] glabella

FOOTNOTE:
This weedy southeastern annual may have been present in Ky. at the time of settlement. It was reported under the synonym Senecio lobatus Pers. by Short (1837), but neither Gr nor B listed it. After 1940, glabella seems to have increased much and spread towards the east, especially in or near areas cleared and drained corn and soybean fields. It is now a lobally abundant weed in many lowlands.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens aristosa (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This may intergrade with polylepis; both are diploids (2n = 24). Some colls. are referable to var. fritcheyi Fern. (with awns retrorsely barbed) or var. mutica Gray (wiith awns rudimentary), but these taxa have not been recognized in recent treatments. B. aristosa is considered to have a largely mid-western native range that has expanded to the east after clearance (F, Cr). In 1914, Gr considered it native, but he noted it only in CRIT "and other points along the Illinois Central Railroad."


FOOTNOTE:
Some plants are probably var. missouriensis (S. Wats.) Britt., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


FULL NAME:
Persicaria longiseta (de Bruyn) Moldenke

Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] longiseta (cespitosa var. l.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This was first reported in North America ca. 1910, in northeastern regions, but has now spread through most eastern regions (FNA 5). It has been confused with another East Asian species, P. posumbu (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) H. Gross (= P. cespitosa (Blume) Nakai), which is unknown in North America. The correct author citation has been unclear (K, W).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Lycopus virginicus (var. v.)


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Lycopus uniflorus (virginicus var. pauciflorus)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species may be confused with typical virginicus, and extensive hybridization is known in other states (Cr). B's coll. from ROWA (US) is probably correct, but other records are somewhat suspect.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Hystrix> svensonii ("interruptus")

FOOTNOTE:
This species appears to hybridize extensively with hystrix in some localities, and occasionally with virginicus. However, it forms distinct populations on dry limestone clifftops in thin woods along the Palisades of the Kentucky Rv., especially in the downstream section near Frankfort (FRAN). Its morphology and distribution suggest origin from hybridization between hystrix and canadensis, perhaps during a cooler or drier period when the western species canadensis extended into the Interior Low Plateaus (Campbell 2002a). The outlying coll. in ESTI (KY) appears hybridized with virginicus. The name E. interruptus Buckl. was formerly applied to plants that later became described as E. svensonii; see FNA 24 for notes on these and taxa in the hystrix group.


Scientific Name:
Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilacina [Maianthemum*] racemosa

FOOTNOTE:
This includes var. cylindrata Fern., which has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Robineae>: Robinia boyntonii (hispida* var. rosea)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern Appalachian species has been confused with hispida and fertilis, which can reasonably be combined as varieties. R. boyntonii rarely flowers in the wild; fruits are virtually unknown anywhere in its range (Isely & Peabody 1984), except for a coll. of M. Medley (for WKY). A large living clone has been established at the Univ. of Ky. Arboretum, originating from the knob just east of Cumberland Falls State Park in WHIT. There is no question that this species is native in se. Ky., since it is known from 10-20 sites in the wild, mostly in open woods or edges on remote ridges, with no evidence of nearby cultivation.


FULL NAME:
Lespedeza intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt. var. intermedia

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Lespedeza intermedia var. i. ("frutescens", ?violacea)

FOOTNOTE:
There appear to be occasional hybrids with virginica, hirta, procumbens, repens and perhaps others. See note on nomenclature under violacea.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Cyperus> pseudovegetus (virens)


FULL NAME:
Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. latifolium Bart.

Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Melampyrum lineare var. latifolium


FOOTNOTE:
This tall broad-leaved grass was formerly common in low grasslands of several regions across the southeastern states. In Ky., it is generally rare but locally abundant in remnants of native grassland on lowlands, especially in western regions. There are also scattered records from rocky river banks in Appalachian regions, including the Cumberland River near the Falls (MCRE & WHIT). It also occurs on the Ohio Rv. bottomlands in se. Ohio (Adams & Scioto Cos.; D. Boone, pers. comm.); along the New Rv. in W. Va.., and perhaps along the Powell Rv. in w. Va. (see below). The old name "beargrass" may have been applied to this distinctive species during the pioneer era, as at the mouth of Beargrass Creek above the Falls of Ohio Rv. (JEFF), and on "Beargrass River" that was later named Powell Rv. (T. Walker's journal of 1750). Short (1840) was told that "beargrass... grows abundantly on the Cumberland Mountains in the s.e. corner of Kentucky." Although unknown on those uplands today, patches of Tripsacum are known further south in Tenn. (Fentress Co.; Ch), suggesting former grassy openings across the Cumberland Plateau. This species is highly palatable, and livestock may have extirpated it from most of the former range.


Scientific Name:
Commelinaceae: Zebrina [Tradescantia] pendula (T. zebrina)

FOOTNOTE:
This tropical species from Central America may sometimes establish temporarily from escaped or discarded plantings, but it is not truly naturalized. There are colls. from BARR (DHL) and LYON (APSU).


FOOTNOTE:
This European species is widespread to the north; it is not clear if the few Ky. records were from established populations or single waifs.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Venosae> rugosa var. r.

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from MCRE (KY) has been referred to the essentially glabrous, northeastern var. sphagnophila Graves, but it is probably no more than transitional. Some colls. have been referred to var. villosa (Pursh) Fern., which may be transitional to var. aspera.


FULL NAME:
CLOVER: Dalea (PRAIRIE), Lespedeza (BUSH), Kummerowia (JAPENESE & KOREAN), Melilotus (SWEET-), Trifolium


FOOTNOTE:
There are one or two colls. that have been reported with this name, but their identification is suspect (M). This mid-western species is unlikely in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This succulent edible weed is cosmopolitan but poorly represented in herbaria, because it resists drying and generally rots within plant presses. Freezing, then frequent changing of blotters, is an effective method (M. Whitson, pers. comm.). P. oleracea is often stated to have an Asian origin, but there are several varieties, subspecies or closely related species with different original ranges across both Hemispheres of the World (Byrne & McAndrews 1975; FNA 4; W). Seeds of Portulaca have been determined from pre-Columbian archaeological sites in n. Ky. (Henderson 1998). In earlier floras of northeastern states, there were statements such as "seemingly indigenous westw. and southwestw." (Robinson & Fernald 1908). P. retusa Engelm. and  P. neglecta MacKenz. & Bush are robust potential segregates, with more stamens (7-19 versus 6-10) and more sharply tuberculate seeds, which may be native to "rich bottomlands" of Mo., Ark. and further west in the Great Plains (F, Cr). The distinct southern species, P. pilosa L., may also be expected in the state (M. Whitsun, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Cirsium vulgare (lanceolatum)

FOOTNOTE:
This has generally been the most common thistle in farmland since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gr), but other species have now surpassed it in some areas.


FULL NAME:
PONDWEED: Naias (BUSHY), Potamogeton, Stuckenia (SAGO), Zanichellia (HORNED)


Scientific Name:
Hydrangeaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Philadelphus <Deutzioides> hirsutus

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from other species is sometimes difficult without good complete colls., and further checking is desirable.


FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan weed may have originated in eastern North America and eastern Asia (FNA 21). Although somewhat varied in morphology and chromosome number (with 2n = 24 and 72), segregates have not been recognized in recent literature; see, for example, var. biternatoides Sherff).


Scientific Name:
Betulaceae <Betuloideae>: Betula pendula (verrucosa)

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. of this commonly planted alien tree from JEFF (NCU), LAUR (CW), OLDH (DHL) and PIKE (CW), but it is not clear if these were from truly naturalized plants.


FULL NAME:
Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. tenuifolia

Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Tenuifoliae> [Gerardia] tenuifolia var. t.

FOOTNOTE:
Further study of variation is needed; however, reports of var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell are probably erroneous (M).


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Poiophylli> anthelatus (tenuis var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although known previously as just a variety or form of tenuis, these plants have been recently promoted to species status by R.E. Brooks (FNA 22). They differ in having capsules borne widely spaced along the usually diffuse branches of the inflorescence (versus congested or branch internodes about as long as tepals), with length often less than 3/4 that of tepals (versus 3/4 or more); and plants are generally 7-9 dm tall (versus < 7 dm). Closer study of material filed under tenuis is desirable to check on taxonomy and distribution.


FULL NAME:
Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. var. hirsutior (Hack.) C. Mohr

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> glomeratus var. hirsutior (virginicus var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
There are two colls. from LAUR that are clearly referable to this taxon. Other colls. should be searched for under glomeratus and virginicus. Var. hirsutior has been treated under both species, and appears to be intermediate, but W and others have considered it to be a distinct species.


Scientific Name:
Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Convallaria majuscula ("montana"*, majalis var. montana)

FOOTNOTE:
Cr expressed doubt that these plants are native. However, their widely scattered distribution on southern Appalachian mountains is hard to explain in terms of just 200-300 years of dispersal from cultivation. Moreover, these plants appear more closely related to the Asian C. keiskei Miquel than to the Eurpoean C. majalis L. (FNA 26, W).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys tenuifolia (var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. Some colls. appear transitional to hispida. Colls. from LYON and probably elsewhere are referable to var. perlonga Fern., with lanceolate leaves tapering from a trunctate base. Var. perlonga is known from the lower Mississippi Valley and, to a lesser extent, the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Nelson 1981), but it has not been recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. J.B. Nelson in W).


FULL NAME:
Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Osmorhiza claytonii


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eutrochium [Eupatorium*] maculatum (variety unknown)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a variable, widespread, northern species (FNA 21). In Ky., the only records were before 1950 (M). Colls. from "bank of the Ohio River" in CAMP (check PH) and "swamps near Louisville" in JEFF (Univ. of Cincinnati) are verified, but colls. have not been located to support the other records. W has suggested that plants of Southern Appalachian mountains, in forests on mesic acid soils (which might include any plants from HARL), may be distinct from more northern plants in base-rich wetlands. Similar shifts of habitat may occur in Heracleum maximum, Cirsium muticum and Cypripedium parviflorum.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> communis (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
There is much variation here that deserves further study. Perigynium shape and leaf width can be variable enough to confuse differences from other species (e.g. using the key in FNA 23), and some colls. should be rechecked. Several colls. from the Bluegrass or adjacent hills (BATH, FAYE, JESS, GARR, OLDH, etc.), and perhaps elsewhere (CLAY, HARD & LAUR at KNK or DOV), have relatively narrow leaves. Some robust colls. from Appalachian regions are provisionally treated as amplisquama; see notes under that name.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon gerardii (furcatus)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widely scattered across most of the state, and was formerly dominant in some native grasslands. However, in the Bluegrass region it is known only from a few low rocky ledges along the Kentucky Rv. and a few peripheral sites in transitions to the Knobs. It is also rare or absent in most Appalachian regions, except locally in the southern Cumberland Plateau and in some western transitions. It probably varies much among its varied and often disjunct habitats across the state: glades, deeper soils, and riverbanks on diverse substrates. However, no definitive analysis has been undertaken.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this widespread southeastern species occurs in various habitats, but usually in or near calcareous woods. Colls. from HICK (MUR), PEND and PULA (KY) are referable to var. eamesii Wieg., which has more pubescent leaves. That segregate has not been recognized in some recent treatments (e.g. Y), but it may be


FOOTNOTE:
This tall annual alien from the west has had widespread ornamental use for over a century (Pr), but there has not been much naturalization far from residences. In 1914, Gr noted: "Some years ago large tracts of it were observed by me along the Ohio River at Hawesville" [HANC].


FULL NAME:
ANEMONE: Anemone, Anemonella (RUE-), Enemion (SPREADING RUE-)


FULL NAME:
Phlox pilosa L. var. deamii (Levin) new comb. ?

Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> pilosa var. deamii

FOOTNOTE:
These plants are similar to typical P. pilosa in their pubescent corolla tubes, but have the compact cymes and overall habit of the more southeastern P. amoena. They may be derived from hybridization (Levin 1966, Cr). Treated as P. pilosa ssp. deamii Levin, they are known only from sw. Ind., w. Ky. and nw. Tenn., apparently on rather acid infertile soils. Wherry (1955) seems to have included these plants within P. pilosa var. pulcherrima Lundell, which occurs mostly further south in oak/pine woods of the lower Mississippi Valley.


FULL NAME:
Aster simplex: see Symphyotrichum lanceolatum


FULL NAME:
Cucurbita pepo L. var. ovifera (L.) Alef.

Scientific Name:
Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera

FOOTNOTE:
This species originates from Mexico and southwestern states, and is the source of the field pumpkin, several squashes and gourds, which do not generally persist after cultivation. The var. ovifera ("pear gourd") may not be truly naturalized, but several records of self-seeding plants are mapped here. It was one of the earliest domesticated plants in North America, reaching the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys ca. 4000-4500 years ago (Ford 1985). The var. melopepo (L.) Alef. is another old native american cultivar, with a record from PIKE (M). The crookneck sqaush, C. moschata (Duschesne ex Lam.) Duschesne ex Poir., and the pumpkin, C. mixta Pang., are more recent introductions, and do not persist in the wild.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> latifolia (ovata)

FOOTNOTE:
There is a record of Pr (addenda) from WARR, but a coll. has not been located (M). BA's report was based on misidentified triflora (M). This species occurs mostly in the Blue Ridge mountains, but with disjunct sites west to e. Ind., across the Ohio Rv. from JEFF and MEAD.


FOOTNOTE:
This has a broad northeastern range, with records in ne. Tenn., Va., W.Va. and Ohio that are in counties close or adjacent to Ky. It is typical of wet meadows or fens, and may have been much reduced by farming or other developments. Colls. of aparinoides at MDKY were verified for BT, but then transferred to the herbarium of Clyde Reed (check MO). There are several older reports, which may be based on colls. (e.g. F).


FOOTNOTE:
This commonly planted "Siberian elm" was first recorded as an escape by Ellis et al. (1971; APSU). The mapped colls. appear to be from self-seeded plants, based on label data. Most data come from CW, who indicated that this species is becoming widely naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Cryptotaenia canadensis


Scientific Name:
Salicaceae: Salix <Salix> alba x pentandra (X ehrhartiana)

FOOTNOTE:
This cultivar is locally frequent, and may be spreading along major rivers. It has been confused with amygdaloides or other introduced taxa (Argus 1986).


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is typical of woodlands on mesic to subxeric calcareous soils, especially along animal trails. Reports from ROBE and PIKE are dubious, pending location of colls. (M).


FULL NAME:
Elymus hystrix L. var. bigelovianus (Fern.) Bowden

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Hystrix> hystrix* var. bigelovianus

FOOTNOTE:
This occasional variety appears to be concentrated in some central and western localities, but it may not be worth recognizing.


FULL NAME:
Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. var. hirsuta (Short & Peter) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria elliptica var. hirsuta

FOOTNOTE:
Most material of this species is clearly var. hirsuta, but some of these records need checking.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia [Arenaria] muscorum (patula var. robusta)

FOOTNOTE:
This has generally been treated as M. patula var. robusta (Steyermark) Maguire. It is known mostly from the Ozark region, where it is typical of "sandy openings of mesic upland forests; also open, disturbed areas" (Y). Disjunct eastern populations have been reported in Ga., Ala., Tenn. and Ky. (as reviewed by M and FNA 5). Typical muscorum differs from typical patula in its 3-veined sepals (versus 3-5); leaves mostly 1.5-3.2 mm wide (versus 0.5-1.5 mm); seeds black and muriculate-papillate (versus reddish-brown to black and tuberculate). R.K. Raebeler et al. (in FNA 5) indicated that occasional plants "from Ga., Ky. and Va. have glabrous sepals with only three strong veins, resembling those of muscorum; in other features, including the seeds, they are clearly referable to patula. The status of the plants with three-veined sepals remains ambiguous..." At least in Ky., such plants have no clear difference in distribution or life history (Baskin & Baskin 1982), and they are not mapped separately here (but see PL).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] joorii (commutatum var. j.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was described by Mohlenbrock (1985) in southern Illinois, and has since been found at scattered sites in the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, and perhaps south to Mexico. Further collection is needed to document its range in Ky. Although close to commutatum, proper colls. can be reliably distinguished. It consistently occurs in subhydric to submesic woods, on terraces and shaded stream banks.


FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs on the Gulf Coastal Plain; it is also widespread in Carribbean regions, and in northern South America. It occurs in various types of woodland on fertile soils, often along trails and edges.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Macracanthae> calpodendron (pubiflora, ?tomentosa)

FOOTNOTE:
Several variants have been described from other states, but these need further assessment (D, F, G, St, M, Lance 2006). Also, hybrids are possible with collina, crus-gallii or related species.


FULL NAME:
Hyacinthoides nonscripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm.

Scientific Name:
Hyacinthaceae [Liliaceae]: Hyacinthoides [Scilla] nonscripta

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from ESTI (EKY) and perhaps HICK (check MUR), apparently from wild plants, but these may have been closely associated with old home sites and plantings.


