# IndexTemp

FOOTNOTE:
Most material, but not all, is probably referable to var. interior Fern. However, that taxon is not generally distinguished in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] patula

FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs only on calcareous slopes along larger streams in s. Ky., c. Tenn., n. Ala. & n. Ga. It has been largely overlooked until recent decades. It resembles the more western species, grandiflora, which has been reported from Ky. but probably in error (M). Without flowers or fruits, patula can be distinguished from other species in Ky. by its sparse stem pubescence (versus dense in virginica and glabrous in the others).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Spiraea X vanhouttei

FOOTNOTE:
Wilder records of this commonly cultivated species (known as "bridal wreath") appear to be just from persistent plants at old home sites; it has been collected from OLDH (DHL).


FOOTNOTE:
This has become locally abundant along the Palisades of the Kentucky River, where it may have been planted a few decades ago by one or more landowners. The earliest record was a coll. of E. Guharhja in 1961 from BOUR. In addition to its curious pairs of fused fruits and other differences in regular colls., a distinguishing character of vegetative material is the long bristly hairs on young shoots. This species seems to spread vegetatively by layering or underground shoots, making control more difficult. There are few reports of this species naturalizing elsewhere in North America. W.H. Duncan's unpublished work includes a full description (Univ. of Ga., Athens). An artificial hybrid with  fragrantissima (= X purpusi Rehd.) has been found escaped in Mo. (Y).


FULL NAME:
Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. microstachya Wieg.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (wiegandii)

FOOTNOTE:
This western variant usually has shorter spikelets (2.5-3.8 mm versus 3.5-5 mm), and shorter awns on lower lemmas (0-10 mm versus 6-16 mm). Some plants formerly refered to var. wiegandii Fassett or E. occidentalis (Wieg.) Rydb. are provisionally included here (FNA 25). They may be distinguished by spikelets with relatively short hairs, often not clearly pustular-based (F), and have been confused with crus-galli; it seems possible that some intergradation occurs.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa walteri (muricata var. w.)

FOOTNOTE:
The few records deserve more confirmation: Kearney (1893) from BELL or HARL; Gunn (1968) from BULL; A. Cusick (pers. comm.) from GALL. E. walteri is largely concentrated in coastal regions of southeastern states and near the Great Lakes (FNA 25). Occasional inland records probably result from dispersal by migrating waterfowl.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa crus-galli (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This weed has probably been present since early after settlement. Anderson (1924) reported that there was an old coll. at KY before the fire of 1948: R. Peter, 1833, Lexington.


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] commutatum (var. c.)


FULL NAME:
Muhlenbergia torreyana (J.A. Schultes) A.S. Hitchc.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia <Podosemum+> torreyana

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from Ky. by Hitchcock (1950) but no coll. has been found. It is a globally endangered species known only from scattered localities on the central Atlantic coastal plain (New York to North Carolina), plus single records in Georgia, Tenn. and perhaps Ky. It should be looked for in damp grassy woodland remnants on the Cumberland Plateau or nearby.


Scientific Name:
Hippocastanaceae [Sapindaceae]: Aesculus <Pavia> flava (octandra)

FOOTNOTE:
Unverified historical data of Gr are included here as uncertain records (open dots). More good colls. of this species are needed to document the western extent of its range, where it is usually confined to steeper slopes and bottoms along larger streams. There are narrow western extensions in Ky. along the Ohio Rv. downstream to at least OLDH; along the Kentucky Rv. downstream to at least ANDE; and in the Green Rv. watershed downstream to at least HART. Within these extensions, there is considerable evidence of introgression with glabra; see notes under that species.


Scientific Name:
Monotropaceae [Ericaceae]: Hypopitys [Monotropa*] monotropa (M. hypopitys)

FOOTNOTE:
See Y and W for taxonomic review. This species is widely scattered across the Northern Hemisphere, but North American plants may deserve distinction as H. americanus (DC.) Small. The spelling "hypopithys" is incorrect at either genus or species level.


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias tuberosa (including var. interior)

FOOTNOTE:
Most Ky. material seems to be the western var. interior (Woods) Shinners or intermediate. However, colls. that are closer to the more eastern var. tuberosa are also scattered widely over the state. These taxa, often treated as subspecies, may not be worth separating in Ky. (but see Y to west and W to east). Woodson's research (culminating in 1964) indicated that their distinction became reduced due to migration and mixing along roadsides during the 20th Century.


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Physalis hispida ("lanceolata", pumila ssp. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by Browne & Athey (1992) but no coll. has been located. It is a widely scattered mid-western species that is expected in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Physalis virginiana (var. v.)


FULL NAME:
Physalis heterophylla Nees var. heterophylla

Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Physalis heterophylla var. h.

FOOTNOTE:
This is a variable species, and hybrids with virginiana may also be expected (Sullivan 2004).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Robineae>: Robinia kelseyi (hispida var. k.)

FOOTNOTE:
Reports may have been based on misidentified R. boyntonii (Isely & Peabody 1984). A coll. from HARL was reported by B (Braun #450) but this cannot be located. Also, Hinkle (1975) reported this taxon from BELL (check TENN). Isely & Peabody (1984) could find no wild plants, and suggested that this taxon may have horticultural origin from hybridization of pseudoacacia with fertilis (see also: Isely 1990). This hybrid may be represented by a coll. from PERR (EKY). The three taxa are all diploids (2n = 20).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Ionactis [Aster] linariifolius


FULL NAME:
RUE: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> (MEADOW-), Thalictrum <Heterogamia etc.> (WOOD-), Trautvetteria (TASSEL-)


FOOTNOTE:
This weed from southern Europe was first reported in Ky. by Meijer (1972a). It has become locally abundant in the eastern and central Bluegrass region, but remains unknown elsewhere. Although widespread across much of North America, the species is rare or absent in southeastern states (FNA 19; PL). Hybrids with nutans may be expected (FNA 19).


FOOTNOTE:
This species was originally concentrated in east-central states, but its range has been expanded greatly due to plantings and escapes. Early records indicate that it was locally common within the Bluegrass region at the time of settlement (Campbell 1987), but uncommon to absent in western regions (Barton 1919). There may be rare hybrids with fertilis.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <pilosum group> juniperinum (A. pilosus var. demotus)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been combined with the northeastern hexaploid (2n =48), S. pilosum var. pringlei (Gray) Nesom in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20). It appears distinct (F), at least in Ky., and could be treated as a variety of pringlei or a separate species, based on Aster juniperinus Burgess. These plants are typical of dry calcareous sites in east-central states, forming relatively large uniform populations. They are somewhat similar to S. depauperatum (Fern.) Nesom, a diploid of serpentine barrens in central Appalachian regions.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread in eastern states, this species is uncommon to absent on fertile base-rich soils. There appear to be occasional hybrids with several other species, including imbricaria, marilandica, rubra and shumardii.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> fruticosa (ssp. f.*, ?tetragona var. brevistipata)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been much confusion with plants known as tetragona, partly due to complex nomenclature that remains somewhat unresolved; see also fraseri. Typically the "fruticosa group" differs from the "tetragona group" (including fraseri) in their capsules, dense with mostly nonglandular hairs (versus sparse glandular hairs); also, leaves are densely pubescent (versus glabrous or sparsely pubescent). Capsules are typically clavate, widest above the middle, with a ca. 3-10 mm stipe (versus oblong, widest near the middle, with stipe less than 3 mm). However, there are various intermediate conditions and mixtures of characters (as in perennis). Plants known as O. tetragona var. brevistipata (Pennell) Munz may be transitional from fruticosa to tetragona, with capsules that have a mixture of glandular and non-glandular hairs, and shorter stipes. These have been reported from Ky. (Munz 1965, W), but colls. are unknown.


FOOTNOTE:
This perennial is known only in the Ridge and Valley region from W.Va. and Md. to Tenn. and N.C., and along the Kentucky River Palisades. Inexplicable unvouched records of Nye (1961) from additional northern counties of Ky. are rejected. Ky. may all be referred to var. glabrifolia E.L. Braun, which has leaves and stems glabrous or nearly so (F). Although that variety is not recognized in most recent treatments (see also: Al-Shehbaz 1987), the potential genetic distinction of this disjunct population deserves attention.


FOOTNOTE:
The only record may be as a greenhouse weed in BOUR (KNK; M, J). This European species has become widely established across southern states, especially in waste places (Cr, FNA 24).


FOOTNOTE:
This was recently found on Wolf Island in HICK (EKY) by R. Jones and his class (Clark et al. 2005).


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Spergularia [Spergula] salina (marina)


FOOTNOTE:
The only record is a coll. from LAWR (KY-Agr.), but this appears to be mislaid or on an extended unofficial loan.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] malacophyllum

FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western species is close to the southeastern ravenelii and the more widespread oligosanthes (or scribnerianum), with which it may intergrade (FNA 25); some colls. need to be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> grandiflora (biennis var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
There is a collection of C.W. Short (PH) labeled "Lexington", and there are reports from northern and western Ky. (Linney 1882, Pr; check MO). These records were probably not from native plants in Ky., and may have been cultivated. O. grandiflora is native to southeastern states (mostly Miss., Ala., Fl., S.C. & N.C.), but became cultivated in Europe and then more widely dispersed. It may be the progenitor of nutans (Dietrich et al. 1997).


FULL NAME:
WITCH GRASS: Digitaria cognata, Panicum capillare (and allies)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Scleria muehlenbergii (reticularis* var. pubescens)

FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) that is determined as this species by N.L. Britt., and is labeled Ky. but with no other data. FNA 23 does not map the species in Ky., but does for all adjacent states except W.Va. S. reticularis Michx. is a distinct species on the Coastal Plain, but closely related.


FULL NAME:
Orobanche riparia [L.T. Collins, in prep.]

Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae]: Orobanche riparia ("ludoviciana")

FOOTNOTE:
Although initially identified as the more western O. ludoviciana Nutt., this species was distinguished by L.T. Collins (1973, Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin; FNA treatment in prep.). It has distinctly acute calyx lobes, and is found on lowlands along the lower Ohio River, usually growing on roots of Ambrosia trifida. An old coll. from DAVI (Ky.-Agr.) appears to be this species: Geo. M. Taylor, 1 Oct 1902, [at] Maceo, [growing] on tobacco.. B's report of ludoviciana from PEND must also belong here; her coll. needs to be checked (probably at US).


FOOTNOTE:
In North America, this Eurasian parasite was first reported during 1840-1890 from Ky. (Gr). The only other records are from California and Texas (Musselman 1985). It became most problematic on hemp, but also occurs on tobacco and occasionally other plants (especially Brassicaceae and Solanaceae). It has apparently declined in Ky. since the end of the hemp industry, but survives locally on tobacco grown for seed, e.g., on the farm of J. Van Shipp in WOOD.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Euthamia [Solidago] graminifolia (nuttallii)

FOOTNOTE:
Further study of variation may be warranted. Virtually all material of the species in Ky. is referable to the relatively robust, hairy var. nuttallii (Greene) Fern., but that taxon is not recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20; Y, W). The coll. from BULL (KY) would match the more northern var. graminifolia. Plants named var. media (Greene) S.K. Harris in Mo. proved to be conspecific with gymnospermoides (Y).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Amphiachyris [Gutierrezia] dracunculoides

FOOTNOTE:
This southwestern prairie species has disjunct occurrences in c. Ky. and c. Tenn., where it was treated in Xanthocephalum by Ch. It is unknown if these eastern populations are relictual from presettlement glades and grasslands, or if they are more recently adventive. Further east, this species is considered probably adventive, sometimes appearing as waifs at wool-combing mills (W).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> semiserratum (cuneifolium var. s.)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> altissimum

FOOTNOTE:
Hybrids with serotinum and hyssopifolium can be expected (FNA 21, Y). Although altissimum is most abundant on calcareous soils, it does occur locally on non-calcareous soils or highly leached calcareous soils.


FOOTNOTE:
Although usually found on rocky calcareous sites, this species can also occur on deeper soils, where its running roots and low palatability may allow it to resist local disturbance from browsing.


FULL NAME:
Crataegus pennsylvania: see C. aff. coccinea


FULL NAME:
Crataegus putnamiana: see C. aff. coccinea


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] leucophaea

FOOTNOTE:
This largely northwestern species was reported from Ky. by Britton (1901) and Small (1903), but no coll. has been located.


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> molle

FOOTNOTE:
This is an uncommon species of mesic calcareous or dolomitic bluffs in Ark., Mo, Iowa, Ill., Ind., sw. Ohio (rare in ravines draining glaciated lands), Ky. (rare on Ordovician cliffs along Kentucky Rv. and Cumberland Rv) and Tenn. (one site along Caney Fk Cumberland Rv. in Smith Co). Records from BATH, FLEM, MCRE, PULA and TRIG (B at GH/MO; Wharton 1945; Ellis et al. 1971) have been based on misidentified dentatum, recognitum or rafinesquianum. Variation deserves further attention; 2n is reportedly 18 or 36. The Ozarkian plants often spread by runners to form clonal colonies, but in Ky. such behavior is unknown (Y). Those plants have been confused with V. ozarkense Ashe (Weckman 2002), to which the name V. dentatum var. deamii has also been sometimes misapplied. V. ozarkense has much affiinity with V. bracteatum Rehder of s. Tenn, n. Ala. and n. Ga., and may be conspecific (D. Estes, pers. comm.); 2n = 36 in both..


FOOTNOTE:
There have been many plantings of this aggressive rhizomatous species, and occasionally other members of the genus. Some of these (at least in FAYE, GRNP, HART and LEE, but probably elsewhere) have become extensive in adjacent woodland or edges after a few decades, and could cover many acres if left unchecked. However, this species has not been used long enough in Ky. for it to be a serious problem, as it is in several developed areas of states to the south and east.


FULL NAME:
Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nesom

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> prenanthoides


FOOTNOTE:
This was widely planted as an ornamental early after settlement, and has persisted or spread at many sites, especially on rocky ground. [Compare also Ga's notes on Saponaria officinalis.]


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Torulinium> odoratus (ferruginescens)

FOOTNOTE:
Much material is referable to C. ferruginescens Boeck., which was formerly distinguished in eastern and central states by F and others. However, that species is generally not recognized in recent treatments, even as a variety (FNA 23). Typical odoratus (= C. ferax L.), in its narrow sense, was a relatively southern taxon, but also present in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum distichum (paspaloides, "vaginatum")


FULL NAME:
Carex laxiculmis Schwein. var. laxiculmis

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Careyanae> laxiculmis var. l.

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in eastern North America, except towards the southwest. There has been some confusion with the more northern var. copulata, and records need to be rechecked for that taxon.


FOOTNOTE:
This shrub from southern Europe was first planted for ornamental hedges a century ago or more (Gr), and it became the most common species in the genus. Some colls. should be rechecked for related species that have been more recently introduced.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Oligoneuron [Solidago] album (S. ptarmicoides)

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by Meijer (1972b) and Bryant (1972) but with no known vouchers. It is a northern prairie species with a few disjunct southeastern records.


FOOTNOTE:
The single known population was discovered in the 1970s by W. Meijer and students. Although the site has been acquired by The Nature Conservancy, D. brevifolia and several other rare species are now threatened with lack of appropriate disturbance at the site.


FOOTNOTE:
This was tried for forage a century ago at the Univ. of Ky., but it did not produce well or even produce flowers (Gr).


FOOTNOTE:
This Asian close relative of columbiana was reported by J, but details are not available.


FULL NAME:
Solidago altissima L. var. gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Semple ?

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> altissima cf. var. gilvocanescens (pruinosa, canadensis* var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely western taxon seems somewhat distinct, with a clustering of records in northern regions, but further verification is needed. It has smaller involucres (ca. 2-3 mm long versus 3-4 mm), and includes some diploids, appearing somewhat transitional to canadensis (FNA 20).


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Centrosperma> frondosum


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Aeschynomeneae>: Stylosanthes biflora (riparia)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation may deserve further study. Plants formerly known as S. riparia Kearney may be concentrated in north-central counties (CLAR, ESTI, GARR, HARD, MADI, MEAD), but are not considered distinct in recent treatments. S. riparia differs in its less ascending habit; its leaves smaller (ca. 0.5-2.3 cm long versus 1.5-4 cm) and oval to oblanceolate (versus lanceolate); and its bracteal leaves with smooth (versus usually bristly-hispid) bases and with eciliate (versus bristly-ciliate) blades (F). Colls. from CLIN (GH), MUHL (KY) and WAYN (GH) have been called S. biflora var. hispidissima (Michx.) Pollard & Ball, with the stem more pubescent.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Silene wherryi (carolinana ssp. w.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon is restricted to disjunct regions of s. Ohio, c. Ky., c. Ala., s. Mo and perhaps elsewhere. A few colls. from ROWA and MONT (KY) may be transitional to the northeastern S. pensylvanica Michx. Both taxa have been combined as varieties or subspecies with the strictly southeastern S. caroliniana Walt., but treatments have been inconsistent and further revision is desirable (FNA 5, W). Recent molecular analysis indicates that these three taxa are about as distinct from each other as they are from virginica, with which they can hybridize (Burgleigh & Holtsford 2003).


FOOTNOTE:
This globally threatend grassland species occurs in scattered localities of mid-western and southeastern regions, often along rights-of-way rather or in other degraded habitats rather than good remnants of native vegetation. In Ky. it is currently known from just HARD and HART, but there are old records from at least four other counties; see M and KSNPC for details.


FULL NAME:
Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. var. glomeratus

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> glomeratus var. g. (virginicus var. abbreviatus)


FULL NAME:
Monarda virgata: see Monarda sp. (aff. russeliana)


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Duschesnea [Potentilla] indica

FOOTNOTE:
This was first recorded by Linney (1882); it was "common locally about Lexington in lawns" in 1914 (Gr). On damp fertile soils, Duschesnea has also become locally problematic within woodlands, especially along trails where Trifolium stoloniferum might be recovered.


FOOTNOTE:
This includes var. argyrisma Fern., which is recorded from several scattered counties but probably not worth recognizing.


Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] tenuifolia (longifolia var. t, He. nuttalliana)

FOOTNOTE:
Terrell (1996) noted that the "tenuifolia group... is the most distinct group... It is a morphological extreme of longifolia that has long internodes (20-80 mm), linear or filiform leaves, diffuse internodes with sometimes divaricate or slightly reflexed branches and filiform pedicels to 20 mm long, short calyx lobes usually 0.5-2.0 mm long, and small capsules (1.0-) 1.5-2.5 (-3.0 mm) long." W has provided further detail, and prefers to recognize these plants as a species. Within Appalachian regions, they are relatively distinct, but in Ozarkian regions, similar plants intergrade extensively with Terrell's (1996) "Ozark-Ouachita group" of longifolia. Terrell preferred to combine all these groups within longifolia, but did detail several segregates in addition to those known in Ky. Further analysis is needed, including more examination of type material.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida virgata (purpurascens var. v.)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from LAUR (US) and PULA (KY, BEREA) have been called affinis, virgata or palustris, but do not exactly match any of those taxa. They have awns that do not diverge as much as typical purpurascens, and might be transitional from purpurascens to virgata. C.W. Short's (CINC) coll. (perhaps under "palustris") from "barrens of Ky." still needs to be checked (M). There has been confusion in nomenclature (FNA 25). A. affinis (J.A. Schultes) Kunth is not considered distinct from typical purpurascens in recent treatments, but virgata may best be treated as a southern variety. A. palustris (Chapman) Vasey ("affinis" misapplied) is restricted to the Coastal Plain and unknown in Ky. or Tenn.


Scientific Name:
Myricaceae: Comptonia [Myrica] peregrina (M. asplenifolia)


FULL NAME:
Marshallia grandiflora Beadle & F.E. Boynt.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Galinsoga quadriradiata (ciliata)

FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan weed originates from Central and South America. Colls. have been carefully checked for the closely related parviflora.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Microcarpae> spathulata

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is known only from a coll. in TRIG (APSU), which is about the most northern record in the Mississippi Valley (Phipps 1998; PL).


FULL NAME:
Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim.

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mosla [Orthodon] dianthera

FOOTNOTE:
The first records of this East Asian species in North America were from southeastern Ky. in the 1940s. It has now spread through several sections of the southern Appalachian regions and adjacent hills, especially on or near the Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn. and nw. Ga.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from KENT and WEBS (KNK) have been referred to P. vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc. (erroneously known as P. inserta (Kerner) Fritsch), but they are not clearly distinct. P. vitacea is a more northern species that is unknown in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> roribaccus (injunctus, temerarius, enslenii var. pleuralis)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants differ from typical flagellaris in their much more pubescent leaves and relatively short upper simple bracts. Although often appearing distinct, it is not clear if full species status is warranted; see also notes under R. flagellaris. Included in the map are a few records of the closely related taxa, R. temerarius Bailey and R. injunctus Bailey, which differ in their glabrous pedicels (F). A cultivar frm W.Va., named "Lucretia Dewberry", was extensively distributed after 1876 (SC). Plants similar to roribaccus with more condensed corymbs (versus small, ascendate clusters) have been referred to R. curtipes Bailey by Widrlechner (1998), including R. subtentus Bailey from Ky., but the rationale for this remains unclear (see also R. laudatus).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> enslenii (?connixus)

FOOTNOTE:
This species needs better circumscription. The map includes a few records of the closely related glandular plants (perhaps transitional to the invisus group), R. leviculus Bailey  and R. scambens Bailey (M). An additional coll. from  CLARK (M. Medley & J. Thieret 10755-84 for WKY) is only a primocane, but differs from all other described species of the Flagellares in having obovate subentire leaflets. Some of the taxa currently included with flagellaris (especially nefrens and steelei) could be considered at least transitional to enslenii. This complex will be studied further when M. Medley's colls. are processed.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> cf. leviculus (or scambens)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from CLAR (Widrlechner 1998), HARD & LESL (M. Medley for WKY) have been referred to be this taxon, following the treatments of Bailey (1943) and F. However, this species has previously been known only on or near the Piedmont of Ga., S.C., N.C. & Va. The only clear difference from enslenii may be its relatively hairy, often glandular, petioles and pedicels. A related taxon to which some colls. (e.g. from BATH at KY) may be referred is R. scambens Bailey, which is previously known only from Va. to Mass. and differs from leviculus in its relatively broad leaflets and more robust canes. Further revision is needed to determine the degree of distinction in these taxa.


FULL NAME:
Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. var. oxylepis

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> oxylepis var. o.

FOOTNOTE:
The disjunct record from ROWA (BEREA) needs to be rechecked.


FULL NAME:
Sphenopholis pensylvanica (L.) A.S. Hitchc.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Sphenopholis penylvanica (pallens; Trisetum pen.)


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. data from CAMP (KNK) suggests adventive status: in Silver Grove railroad yard.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this species of the upper mid-west is known only from three localities: in BULL (Cedar Creek Glades, at KY); CRIT (Crittenden Springs Glade, at EKY); and LIVI (Rosenfield Glade, pers. comm. of M. Evans).


FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread in eastern North America, this species is curiously local in Ky., perhaps reflecting patterns of openings in the woods before settlement, especially on moderately fertile, base-rich soils. Introgression with discolor appears to be frequent in mid-western regions (FNA 19, Y), but has not been clearly documented in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This species of south-central states occurs mostly in the lower Mississippi watershed. Peripheral or disjunct records need checking in several cases, and variation needs further study. Colls. from BOYD (KY), LAUR (JC) and perhaps elsewhere may be referable to var. floridana Munson, which has been distinguished (F, Cr) based largely on its reddish hairs, suggesting a transition to V. labrusca. However, Moore (1991) considered var. floridana a more southern taxon (absent in Ky. & Tenn.) that lacks hirtellous hairs. Colls. from ANDE and FRAN (KY) appear transitional to vulpina. There has also been confusion or combination with baileyana in some treatments (Duncan 1967; CW).


FULL NAME:
PARSNIP: Heracleum (COW-), Pastinaca, Sium (WATER-), Thaspium (WOOD-), Torilis (HEDGE-)


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Psoralidium [Psoralea] tenuiflorum

FOOTNOTE:
R. Cranfill's coll. from HARD (KY) matches var. floribunda (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Rydb. (within Psoralea), but that taxon is not recognized in current treatments. Plants have disappeared at the site, perhaps due to additional collecting by fabophiles.


FOOTNOTE:
Uncertain records (mapped as open dots) may result from plantings; details of context are sometimes missing from colls. In addition to its native habitat along riverbanks, this species was "common in cultivation" a century ago (Gr), and it is still being widely planted. Varieties are not recognized in recent treatments but may deserve further study. Most material tends to var. tennesseensis (Shuttl. ex Kuntze) Palmer. Colls. from MCRE and PULA (KY) match var. fruticosa. A coll. from MARS (WKY) has been referred to var. croceolanata (P.W. Wats.) P.W. Wats. ex Mouille.


FOOTNOTE:
This showy productive forage species ("crimson clover") has been widely grown since trials at the Univ. of Ky. in 1900 (Gr). It is somewhat persistent and may be naturalized in some areas. Some colls. may be from plantings.


FOOTNOTE:
The only record is a coll. from METC (KY-Agr.) which has been mislaid (M). It may have been just from a waif or planting.


FOOTNOTE:
This forage plant ("red clover") has probably been present since early after settlement (Gray 1864), and it became a favorite of farmers well before 1900 (Gr). The closely related T. medium L. ("mammoth clover") has been reported, at least from forage plantings (Linney 1880; Gr), but does not appear to have become established.


FOOTNOTE:
This species--the bottle gourd--may have originated in Africa, but has been cultivated widely by mankind and dispersed across oceans. It was one of the earliest domesticates in North America (Ford 1985); see also citations for Ky. by M. However, it is largely tropical to subtropical, and does not persist after cultivation in Ky. There are records of waifs from MEAD, NELS (DHL) and TRIG (APSU).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Hispidi> hispidus

FOOTNOTE:
Within Ky. and Tenn., this northeastern species is largely restricted to boggy sites in or near Appalachian regions; records from CALL and HICK (CW) are omitted here, pending verification. Some colls. from MONT and POWE (KY) may be referable to R. trifrons Blanch., which is a northern taxon reportedly of hybrid origin from R. hispidus and the northern species, R. setosus Bigel. (Cr). These and other unusual colls. (e.g. J. Campbell on 15 Sep 1989 from WHIT at KY) deserve further study. Several close relatives of hispidus are known in states to the north and east, but have not been thoroughly searched for among Ky. colls.


FULL NAME:
Crataegus berberifolia: see C. engelmannii


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species (also disjunct in northwestern states) is not verified from Ky. but it does occur in adjacent counties of w. Tenn. (Ch). There is a coll. of C.W. Short (NY) labeled Ky., but with no other data. The record from TRIG (Ellis et al. 1971) appears to have been based on a misidentified coll. of lurida (NCU). C. comosa is close to hystericina.


FULL NAME:
Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow

Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> fascicularis

FOOTNOTE:
This largely midwestern species occurs in relatively dry rocky calcareous woods and glade margins. It appears to be rare in the state, but may be easily confused with hispidus. It differs (F, Cr) in the principal leaves being longer than wide (versus about as wide), with "later basal leaves pinnately divided into linear or oblong leaflets or linear-segmented leaflets" (versus "palmately 3-parted or 3-5-divided, their segments or leaflets oblanceolate, obovate to rhombic"). Also, stems and leaves have silky-canescent hairs (versus appressed to spreading). Roots are tuberously thickened, only 1.5-5.5 cm long (versus 8-15 cm). Fruiting heads tend to be smaller (7-11 mm versus 5-8 mm), with a conic receptable (versus ellipsoid or clavate); and achenes tend to be smaller (2.2-3.2 mm long versus 3-3.5 mm), with a less distinct keel.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Echinella> parviflorus


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Echinella> sardous


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium trifoliatum (asteriscus var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
The circumscription of S. asteriscus L. has varied; see also notes under asperrimum and glabrum, which have been combined in some past treatments. S. trifoliatum may just be a northern segregate, and was combined as S. asteriscus var. trifoliatum (L.) J.A. Clevinger in FNA 21. However, typical astericus reportedly (Sm) differs from typical trifoliatum in its opposite lower leaves (versus whorls of 3-4); generally broader leaf-shape, often elliptic (versus just lanceolate); generally rougher, scabrous or hispid pubescence on leaves and stems (versus scabrous or, especially on stems, glabrous); and perhaps more numerous, smaller rays. Typical asteriscus has a southeastern range, concentrated on the eastern Piedmont (RAB), but also extending west to Tenn. and Miss. Typical trifoliatum occurs mostly in Appalachian regions and the Interior Low Plateaus. Although typical asteriscus has been reported from Ky. (Harvill 1941; BA; FNA 21), no clearly identified colls. have been seen. Plants mapped here as trifoliatum do vary considerably, often with more rough pubescence in western regions, where perhaps transitional to asteriscus. Some eastern plants have been referred to var. latifolium Gray (F), but that name appears now to be a synonym of S. glabrum (FNA 21; G. Nesom, pers. comm.). There has been no clear separation of smooth versus hairy segregates of trifoliatum in Ky. and records are combined here pending further analysis.


FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from JEFF (M), LYON and TRIG (APSU), but perhaps only associated with old home sites.


FOOTNOTE:
This weed invaded from the south to become common by the mid-1800s (Gray 1864; Gr).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> umbellata (abdita, "tonsa")

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with rugosperma, and both have been often overlooked due to their low hidden inflorescences. C. umbellata appears to be typical of relatively base-rich soils in dry open woods and grasslands, "often at edges of ant hills" (FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Brassiceae>: Sinapis [Brassica] arvensis (B. kaber)

FOOTNOTE:
This weed of crop fields ("charlock") is widespread across North America, but herbarium records are thin (PL). It is probably undercollected (Y) due to misguided botanical boredom with brassicaceous weeds. The cultivated S. alba L. ("white mustard") is also widespread but even less often recorded (PL), and should be expected in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia frondosa ("mexicana")


FOOTNOTE:
In North America, this alien is most frequent in northeastern and northwestern regions (FNA 24). Although present in Ky. since 1890 or earlier (Gr), it remains uncommon to rare, and is restricted to the Bluegrass region or adjacent lowlands.


FULL NAME:
Rubus ostryifolius: see R. pensilvanicus


FULL NAME:
LAUREL: Kalmia (MOUNTAIN-), Rhododendron maximum (GIANT)


FULL NAME:
Clematis viorna L. {eastern/smooth variant}

Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> viorna {eastern/smooth variant; "glaucophylla"}

FOOTNOTE:
These plants occur in largely non-calcareous Appalachian regions from W.Va. to Ala. and perhaps in the Ozarks of Ark. and Mo., mostly along rocky banks of larger streams and rivers. They differ, as follows, from the variant of viorna in more calcareous regions: sepals thinly hairy, especially when young, or glabrate (versus densely hairy); leaves glabrous on lower surface or nearly so, except for scattered hairs along veins (versus uniformly hairy); leaves, at least low on stem, mostly ternate or compound with 4-8 leaflets, these usually ovate to lanceolate with elongated acute-acuminate apices (versus variable but often less divided and elongated); stems more or less hairy near nodes, but thinly hairy to glabrous in general (versus uniformly hairy). Leaves are often relatively deep bluish-green, with a rather pale bluish sheen below, but not distinctly whitish-glaucous. The name C. glaucophylla Small has been applied to these plants using the treatments of Sm, F, RAB, J, W and others, but this is incorrect (FNA 3; D. Estes, pers. comm.). The name C. viorna var. viorna may be appropriate, but further research is needed. Some southern plants, with relatively broad, paler green, subreticulate leaflets, or with relatively small flowers, may resemble obscure taxa described by Sm. (beadlei and gattingeri).


FULL NAME:
Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC.

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. can be referred to var. intermedia Fern., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments. These include an unusual coll. from BULL (DHL) with small broad leaves.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] surculosa


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] radula


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Salsola tragus (australis; kali var. tenuifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This noxious "tumbleweed" (or "Russian thistle") of western and northern regions is relatively infrequent in southeastern states. The earliest report from Ky. was in 1914, when Gr noted: "appeared in a planting of alfalfa from North Dakota seed." There have been few records after 1950.


FOOTNOTE:
J noted that this European tree has occasionally escaped from plantings, but colls. have not yet been seen. The large tree in front of the old Agriculture Experiment Station on the Univ. of Ky. campus has been mislabelled as U. rubra for 25 years (despite the error being pointed out).


FULL NAME:
Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray var. caroliniana

Scientific Name:
Rhamnaceae: Frangula [Rhamnus*] caroliniana var. c. (R. caroliniana)


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda fistulosa var. f.

FOOTNOTE:
Further examination of colls. is desirable for more reliable separation of varieties. This thinly pubescent to glabrate variety (with mostly spreading hairs) may be concentrated in Appalachian regions or nearby, whereas the much more densely pubescent var. mollis (with short appressed hairs) is widespread and generally more abundant (see also W).


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern weedy species ("prickly poppy") may just be a rare escape from cultivation or adventive waif, and it is probably not persistent (J,W). It occurs mostly in open sandy sites on the Coastal Plain. There is a coll. from FAYE (Ky.-Agr.). The more tropical species, A. mexicana L., may also be expected as a waif or escape.


Scientific Name:
Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Polygonatum biflorum (var. b.)


FULL NAME:
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. crebra Fern. & Grisc.

Scientific Name:
Haloragaceae: Proserpinaca palustris var. crebra

FOOTNOTE:
This is the clearly the most widespread variety in the state, but some colls. need to be checked. Some colls. from LINC and ROCK (KY) may be intermediate between var. crebra and the more southern var. palustris (with larger, more angled fruit), which has also been reported from CALL (Catling 1998) and HICK (Grubbs 1989). P. palustris may be confused (or perhaps hybridized) with P. pectinata Lam., which occurs largely on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but also at disjunct sites on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch, Catling 1998). P. pectinata has been reported from Ky., but apparently in error (M).


FULL NAME:
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. amblyogona Fern.

Scientific Name:
Haloragaceae: Proserpinaca palustris var. amblyogona

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread mid-western variety (with obtusely angled fruit), which extends into the lower Mississippi Valley (Catling 1998). There is a record from GRAV (R. Athey coll. for EKY; BA), but this has not been confirmed.


FULL NAME:
Houstonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. var. nigricans

Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Stenaria> [Hedyotis] nigricans var. n.? (angustifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This species may have been overlooked or undercollected in western regions of the state, where there are sight records from rocky glades that are not mapped here. Based on seed characters and chromosome numbers, Terrell (1996, 2001) proposed that it belongs in a new genus, as Stenaria nigricans (Raf.) Terrell. Morphological and molecular data do not provide strong support for distinction of this genus from Houstonia (Church 2003; W), but it could be a reasonable section. H. nigricans varies greatly over its broad mid-western and southern range, and it deserves further collection and analysis. Turner (1995b, 2001) treated several southwestern segregates as distinct taxa, but did not subdivide the typical widespread variety.


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Stenanthium gramineum {vars. combined}

FOOTNOTE:
This conservative species survives in scattered remnants of thin swampy woods and seasonally wet meadows (including some rights-of-way), especially on medium-acid soils. It occurs widely in east-central states, but is centered in Appalachian and Ozarkian regions. In Ky., its distribution is highly fragmented, and several populations have disappeared since 1950; similar declines have been documented in s. Ill. (Edgin 2004). Varieties are combined here, as in most recent treatments (e.g. Cr, FNA 26), but further study may be warranted. Colls. from CALD, FAYE, FLEM, HART, HOPK, ROCK and ROWA are referable to var. robusta (S. Wats.) Fern., which may be typical of deeper swamps or relatively fertile soils. Colls. from LAUR, MCRE, PULA and WHIT are referable to var. micranthum Fern., which may be typical of streamhead seeps on infertile soils of the Cumberland Plateau. The latter appears distinctive, and needs to be compared with S. diffusa Wofford, which was recently described from sandstone rockhouses in adjacent Tenn. (Wofford 2006) and is expected in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
Some outlying records may be doubted, including the colls. from FAYE (KY) and NICH (EKY), which could be mislabeled or from cultivation. There are also sight records of B from EDMO and TODD, where this species might be expected in the sandstone ravines.


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium erectum (var. e.)

FOOTNOTE:
Several scattered colls. are referable to var. album (Michx.) Pursh, and one to var. flavum Eason (HARL for WKY). Separation from of erectum from sulcatum is difficult in several cases, and colls. should be reexamined.


FULL NAME:
Sagittaria engelmanniana: see S. australis & S. brevirostra


FULL NAME:
Sagittaria longirostra: see S. australis


FULL NAME:
Sagittaria montevidensis: see S. calycina


Scientific Name:
Amaryllidaceae <Hymenocallideae> [Liliaceae]: Hymenocallis occidentalis ("caroliniana")

FOOTNOTE:
Whether the correct name should be H. caroliniana (L.) Herbert remains uncertain (FNA 26, W).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> cf. stoneana {palmata var. s., suggested comb.}

FOOTNOTE:
The correct name for these somewhat miscellaneous plants remains uncertain; further study is needed. They are close to palmata (= "triloba" of F), but with largely glabrous, glabrate or minutely pubescent leaves (F). They could reasonably be treated as a variety of palmata, but may have hybrid origins (Gil-ad 1997, 1998). Some colls. with less lobing appear introgressed with affinis, papilionacea or hirsutula. Similar species have been described in the central Appalachians (stoneana House), Coastal Plain (chalcosperma Brainerd, esculenta Ell., lovelliana Brainerd), and mid-west (viarum Pollard). Some of these names may represent plants with different hybrid origins (Gil-ad 1997). Within Ky., the name stoneana has been applied to more deeply lobed plants of this group (resembling trloba var. dilatata and with several hybrids according to F), including colls. of B (US) and her contemporaries from Ky. (LETC, LEWI, WHIT). The names esculenta or lovelliana have been applied to colls. from MCRA (Russell 1965) and further east (M. Wharton at DHL, MICH, EKY & NY), but are generally included with palmata (or "triloba") in recent treatments (Gil-ad 1997, McKinney & Russell 2002).


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cypripedieae>: Cypripedium kentuckiense (daultonii ined.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is distinct from typical pubescens in its larger flowers (FNA 26), the lip 53-65 mm long (versus 35-54 mm), with a broader "cavernous" orifice 27-37 mm wide (versus 10-23 mm) and less forward projection as a "slipper", pale yellow or "ivory" (versus deep yellow), and usually appearing in mid- to late May (versus late April to early May). In addition to its cluster of sites along the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ky. and n. Tenn, this species occurs in or near the Ouachita Mts. (Ark., Okla.) and at scattered localities on the Coastal Plain (Tex., La., Miss., Ala., Ga., Va.). There is an inadequate coll. from the Coastal Plain in Ky., from BALL (MUR), det. as  "cf. C. kentuckiense" by J.T. Atwood. Several records of Reed (1981) have no known colls. Some populations may have been looted on occasion by horticultural collectors, e.g. along Triplett Creek in ROWA, and Negro Creek in WHIT. Its virtual absence from the Red River watershed might reflect such looting.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca <Schedonorus> arundinacea (pratensis ssp. a.; elatior, phoenix)

FOOTNOTE:
This "tall fescue" was used for initial trials by the Univ. of Ky. in the 1890s, under the names F. elatior L. and "English blue-grass" (Gr). Gr noted: "In the quality of durability we have nothing that surpasses it... It is frequently grown in this part of the State, but is perhaps not made use of as much as it should be... It is both nutritious and palatable." During the 1930s, the Univ. of Ky. selected the cultivar known as "Kentucky 31" that became widely sown in the 1940s and 1950s, but its limitations for livestock eventually became apparent (Hoveland 2007). It is frequently impossible to distinguish planted from naturalized records. The taxonomy of arundinacea and pratensis has been uncertain during recent decades (F, FNA 24, W). The two species have been confused in older literature, but are now considered generally distinct. Alternative generic assignments include Schedonorus (a narrow concept) and Lolium (in a broad concept); hybrids between the pratensis group and Lolium spp. are well documented in Europe. S. phoenix (Scop.) Holub has recently been adopted by PL, but F. arundinacea is retained here, partly in protest; more proposals for conservation of widely used names should be developed.


FULL NAME:
Smilax biltmoreana (Small) J.B.S. Norton ex Pennell

Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> biltmoreana (ecirrhata var. b.*)

FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. from WARR (NCU) determined by Mangaly (1968) as this species; see also FNA 26. S. biltmoreana is generally rare, known mostly in the Blue Ridge region but also disjunct elsewhere in southeastern states. It is close to ecirrata, differing in its fewer chromosomes (2n = 26 versus 52); its leaves less numerous (5-7 versus 8-13), narrower (l/w ca. 1.8-3 versus 1.4-1.7), glabrous and glaucous beneath (versus pubescent and green); and its lowest peduncles usually from leaf axils (versus from bract axils). While the record from WARR may be valid, it is desirable to review all material that has been referred to ecirrata, hugeri or biltmoreana in the state, before a definitive treatment for these taxa.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Thermopsideae>: Baptisia leucantha (lactea, alba var. macrophylla)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with typical alba, which does not occur in Ky. but has been misleading introduced from southeastern states as a supposed wildflower. The record from CAMP is probably correct, being a sight record of R. Naczi (pers. comm.), but the plant is not yet collected or photographed. There has also been confusion with leucophaea. Both species have broad mid-western ranges but B. leucantha tends to grow in more base-rich soils, often on dry uplands with remnants of native grassland, but sometimes also on lower ground in thin woods bordering swamps.


FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated species, native to the Caribbean region, may occasionally escape but there is no evidence that it is spreading. It has been collected as a nursery weed in JEFF (KY-Agr.).


FOOTNOTE:
This is widely scattered over eastern and central North America, but generally restricted to relatively undisturbed mesic woodlands on acid soils.


FOOTNOTE:
Some material from ROWA (MDKY) is unusually glabrate.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium aureum (trifoliatum var. flavum*)

FOOTNOTE:
Nomenclature needs further research (Gr, F, K, W). In Ky., this taxon is clearly more common than typical trifoliatum, but some records need to be checked. Species status may be warranted. According to F (but see Y), aureum differs in its larger fruits (ca. 4-5 mm long versus 3-4 mm), bright yellow flowers (versus dark purple), larger umbels (usually 3-9 cm wide versus 1.5-3 cm), cauline leaves ternate to quinate (versus simple to ternate) with larger central leaflets (3-8 cm long versus 2-4.5 cm), simple basal leaves larger (3-10 cm long versus 1.5-5 cm), stems taller (3-15 dm versus 2-6 dm) and rarely purplish (versus often), and rhizomes thicker (5-15 mm versus 3-5 mm). These plants are often confused with Zizia aptera.


FULL NAME:
Cerastium brachypetalum Desportes ex Pers.

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to glomeratum, and often overlooked; it has become widespread across southeastern states (FNA 5). In addition to its long silvery hairs more open panicles, and relatively narrow leaves, the plant is relatively large and diffusely branched (Y); 2n = 88, 90.


FOOTNOTE:
This tetraploid (2n = 72) is similar to vulgare and often overlooked; see FNA 5 and Y for notes on characters.


FULL NAME:
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. nov. {river bar form}

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> dumosum var. nov. {river bar form}

FOOTNOTE:
These plants appear distinct at least at the variety level, with relatively large heads, white rays (versus bluish usually in typical dumosus), generally shorter flowering branches, and more ascending leaves that remain relatively wide on flowering branches. In these characters they generally resemble S. dumosus var. strictior (perhaps confused by Sm), except that their heads are distinctly larger, with involucres ca. 5-7 mm long (versus 3-5 mm). Moreover, they appear generally disjunct from the largely mid-western var. strictior, being known only from rocky river banks in the Appalachian Plateaus of Ky. and Tenn., especially the upper Cumberland Rv. plus its tributaries, and the Obed-Emory Rv.


FULL NAME:
Scirpus smithii: see Schoenoplectus purshianus


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Pruinosae> gattingeri (+ var. rigida)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to pruinosa, and the distinction here is only tentative. However, J.B. Phipps has maintained gattingeri as a separate species, with smaller fruit (ca. 9-10 mm or less wide versus 12-16 mm), smaller flowers (1.2-1.7 cm wide versus 1.7-2.2 cm) and thinner leaves, with more pronouced leaf lobing, the terminal lobe usually conspicuously elongated (D, F, G, SC). It is distributed largely in the Ohio Valley (and perhaps the central Mississippi Valley), whereas typical pruinosa is more widespread in north-central regions, but there is much overlap in range.


FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from var. bicolor, with relatively glabrous and glaucous leaves, may not be clear in some cases. This is a highly variable species, and it appears to intergrade with related species (Duncan 1967, Moore 1991).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> capillare (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to gattingeri and philadelphicum, and it is reported to hybridize, especially in southeastern states (FNA 25). Depauperate colls. from dry rocky sites should be rechecked for possible reassignment.


FULL NAME:
Crataegus pedicellata: see C. aff. coccinea


FULL NAME:
Fuirena simplex Vahl var. aristulata (Torr.) Kral

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Fuirena simplex* var. aristulata

FOOTNOTE:
The only records of this southern (largely subtropical) species are colls. during 1984 from FULT in the "lower sandy drainage pattern of Fish Lake" (R. Athey # 4937 & 4974 at EKY). Var. aristulata is distinct from var. simplex, but within the U.S.A. both taxa are centered in south-central states (FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Stuckenia [Potamogeton] pectinata


FULL NAME:
Prenanthes barbata (Torr. & Gray) Milstead

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> barbata

FOOTNOTE:
This globally rare species is largely restricted to remnants of native grassland in the southern Interior Low Plateaus and the west Gulf Coastal Plain (FNA 19). In Ky., it is known only in or near Fort Campbell (TRIG; APSU) and Land-between-the-Lakes.


FOOTNOTE:
This octaploid (2n = 64) species tends to grow in more fertile soil than the tetraploid (2n = 32) D. canadensis, often with more disturbance. Leaves tend to be more bluish-green and glaucous (versus somewhat yellow-green, not glaucous). The diploid (2n = 16) D. eximia (Ker Gawl.) Torr., with panicles of pink flowers and lacking bulblets, is a largely Southern Appalachian species that may occur close to Ky., but is unknown within the state (FNA 3).


Scientific Name:
Nymphaeaceae: Nuphar <Astylus> advena (luteum ssp. macrophyllum)

FOOTNOTE:
N. variegatum Dur. (also known as a var. or ssp. of advena or luteum) has been reported but apparently in error (M). That species has a much more northern range, overlapping little with advena, but there may be introgression in mid-Atlantic states (FNA 3; Padgett 2007). N. advena can have occasional reddish coloration of flower and fruit parts (especially in western populations), but variegatum has distinct dark red or purplish fruits.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Calamovilfa [Sporobolus] arcuata

FOOTNOTE:
This was recently discovered along the Big South Fork in MCRE (EKY) by N. Drozda and others of KSNPC. In Tenn., it is known from several other sites further up this river and along the Obed Rv. These Appalachian localities are highly disjunct from its main range in the Ozark-Ouachita region. There is evidence that Calamovilfa could be reasonably included within Sporobolus (W).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] hemispherica (A. paludosus ssp. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this largely southwestern species is known only from outlying plants on roadsides in CALL (MUR) and WARR (recently discovered by T. Barnes along Petros-Browning Road). These sites are probably remnants of original open woodland or grassland.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> racemosus {+ commutatus}

FOOTNOTE:
The first reliable records appear to date from the 1890s (Gr), but there has been some taxonomic confusuon. Many records are referable to B. commutatus L., with larger spikelet parts but smaller anthers. However, that closely related species is often hard to distinguish (J). Some authors have suggested combining them in North America (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, F), but the species are generally treated as distinct in Europe. B. commutatus often appears transitional from racemosus (2n = 28) to japonicus (2n = 14), and it may be the most variable taxon of these three (2n = 14, 28, 56). Colls. from BARR and LOGA (KY) are referrable to B. commutatus var. apricorum, with distinctly pubescent lemmas. Depauperate specimens of B. japonicus are also hard to distinguish (e.g. the coll. from LETC at KY).


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cypripedieae>: Cypripedium pubescens (parviflorum/calceolus var. pu.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely recorded across the state, numbers at each site are often small and many records are old. It seems likely that much digging has occurred for short-term ornamental or herbal uses, as also noted by Gr.


Scientific Name:
Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Grossularia> rotundifolium

FOOTNOTE:
No coll. has been verified. Records by Linney (1882), RAB and others (M) may all be based on misidentified missouriense, including a vegetative coll. from CAMP (NCU): E.T. Browne #4258. This species occurs in Appalachian regions mostly at high elevation, and might be expected in the Cumberland Mts.


FOOTNOTE:
This recently described species (Medley 1989) was formerly referred to S. brachiatum Gattinger (which occurs further south on the Cumberland Plateau), S. dentatum Ell. (a southeastern segregate of S. asteriscus), or S. incisum Greene (an obscure plant known only from the type in the Ridge and Valley of Ga.).


FULL NAME:
Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. pectinatum (Pennell) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Melampyrum lineare var. pectinatum

FOOTNOTE:
The label data for the coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may be doubted, but not ruled out (Campbell et al. 1992).


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Spicata> spicatum

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species is clearly rare in Ky., and it cannot be relocated at some localities. Several records are rather obscure, and further verification is needed. The only plants that have been documented since 1990 are in CARTand ELLI; see also KSNPC database.


FOOTNOTE:
There appear to be occasional hybrids with bicolor, macrocarpa, michauxii and perhaps others. Some of the disjunct colls. from central and eastern counties may be hybridized or otherwise atypical, but most of those closer to the Ohio Rv. are clearly typical lyrata (HARD, JEFF, OLDH).


FULL NAME:
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch.

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from FAYE (KY), JEFF (MM for WKY) and perhaps elsewhere suggest that this widely cultivated species can become locally naturalized in urban areas, but it does not seem to be spreading through the landscape.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Bassia hyssopifolia (Kochia h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species from saline habitats in Eurasia is widespread in western North America, but only a rare waif in most of the east. There is a coll. from a roadside in CARR (MDKY).


FOOTNOTE:
This recently described species is largely restricted to flat puddling areas of limestone glades or adjacent pastures in n. Ala. and c. Tenn., but with disjunctions as far as c. Texas, n. Ill. and s. Ontario (Estes 2007). It has been confused with neglecta. The only Ky. record is a coll. from SIMP (WKY): M.E. Medley-78-012, 9 May 1978, wet spot in pasture, E side of road across from the Simpson County Glade, 1/8 mi S from the Warren Co. line on US 31W.


FOOTNOTE:
This has probably been confused with A. cernuum, a another complex species that is widespread across North America. A. stellatum is centered in the upper mid-west, with outlying southeastern populations in c. Tenn., s. Ill, and perhaps s. Ind., but there are only dubious reports from Ky. (M). Compared to typical cernuum (F, W; D. Estes, pers. comm.), stellatum differs in its flowers, opening in Jul-Nov (versus Jun-Aug), stellate with spreading tepals (versus campanulate to almost rotate), and pink-magenta (versus white-pink); scapes are nodding in bud but become erect in late flower to fruit (versus still nodding in fruit); and bulbs are ovoid (versus elongate). An additional undescribed variant of stellatum is being revealed with deeper study in Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
More material may be transferred to robusta, following closer study.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> trifoliolata

FOOTNOTE:
There have been several reports of this northeastern and high Appalachian species, but there have been misidentifications among this and related species (see notes under alba). Also, there may have been some hybridization with serpentaria and other species in different parts of its range (FNA 19). No convincing colls. have been seen. The coll. from ROWA (MDKY) cannot be accepted due to probable label error (Campbell et al. 1992). There is an immature coll. from HARL (MDKY) that may be this species.


FOOTNOTE:
This Ozarkian and Gulf Coastal Plain species has been confused with incanum in Ky. and elsewhere. It has been reported from CALL (M), HICK (Grubbs 1989), LEWI (B), and perhaps elsewhere (St, Cr), but no verified colls. have from Ky. or Tenn. (Ch) have been seen. There is an old coll. at GH ("ex herb. George Thurber"), with "Kentucky" written on the label; this might be a coll. of C.W. Short from within the state, or it might have been sent to him from elsewhere. St did not include incanum or pycnanthemoides in Mo., but albescens is widespread on southern uplands there.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Cunila origanoides (mariana)


FULL NAME:
Pseudognaphalium helleri: see P. microdenium


FULL NAME:
Symphyotrichum phlogifolium (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nesom

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <patens group> phlogifolium (A. patens var. ph.)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with typical patens, but it is generally distinct (Jones 1983).


FOOTNOTE:
This subtropical species from south Asia is occasionally escaped from cultivation, but not widely naturalized; there are records from PIKE, PULA (MM for WKY) and ROWA (MDKY).


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this curious winter-annual of northern woodlands is locally common in the northern Bluegrass. There are colls. made during the 1830s by C.W. Short, R. Peter and others in FAYE, within woods near Lexington (PH, KY-Agr.).


FULL NAME:
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A.& D. Löve

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> lateriflorum

FOOTNOTE:
This variable species (2n = 16, 32, 48) still needs further study in Ky. and elsewhere (FNA 20, Y, W). Several colls. are referable to var. angustifolium (Wieg.) Nesom, var. hirsuticaule (DC.) Nesom, var. horizonatale (Desf.) Nesom (= A. pendulus Ait.), or var. tenuipes (Wieg.) Nesom, but these taxa have not been consistently recognized in recent treatments. In Ky., narrow leaved plants with glabrous mid-veins from streamheads and seeps in BELL, MARS, MCRE and elsewhere (EKY, KY) appear to be particularly distinct, suggesting the northeastern var. tenuipes (following F).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> perplexum ("dillenii")

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to glabellum, and there are frequent transitional colls. (Isely 1990).


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Trepocarpus aethusae

FOOTNOTE:
This species of southern lowlands is easily overlooked, and is probably much more widespread than colls. indicate (see also Y). Reported colls are mostly accessed in Tenn. (by E.W. Chester at APSU and R. Athey at Memphis). It is a winter annual but matures seed relatively late, in Aug-Sep (C.C. Baskin et al. 2003).


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Saccharina> saccharum var. sa.

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species needs further revision for precise mapping of its segregates and relatives; see also floridanum and nigrum.


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> corymbosum ("simulatum"; "constablaei")

FOOTNOTE:
Variation and hybridization in this polyploid complex needs further study; see notes under fuscatum (a relatively distinct diploid with 2n = 24), simulatum (a tetraploid) and constablaei (a hexaploid). These and other segregates have been recognized in some treatments (as cited in W); see also Soltis et al. (2008). In Ky., most or all wild plants are probably diploids or tetraploids. These "highbush" blueberries are generally taller than the rhizomatous "lowbush" group: up to (1) 2-3 (7) m versus no more than 0.5-1 m. They lack rhizomes but can shoot from running roots in some cases (see literature cited by W). Cultivars are becoming widely grown for blueberry production, and could escape in the future on suitable soils (Y).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Oxycoccoides> erythrocarpum

FOOTNOTE:
This Southern Appalachian species has been recent discovered in Ky. on Black Mountain in HARL (EKY), on Black Mountain at ca. 3000 ft elevation, by R. Jones (Naczi et al. 2002). It is also known from within a few miles of the state line in Scott Co., Tenn. (Ch; M. Pyne, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in eastern states but generally uncommon to absent on fertile base-rich soils. Further study of some records is needed to distinguish var. pubescens.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cypripedieae>: Cypripedium parviflorum (parviflorum/calceolus var. pa.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian and Ozarkian taxon is close to pubescens, which has a widespread northern range, and to C. parviflorum var. makasin (Farw.) Sheviak of more northern fens. These taxa are often combined as a varieties, but typical C. parviflorum appears quite distinct in Ky. It differs (FNA 26) in its smaller flowers, the lip 22-34 mm long (versus 35-54 in pubescens), with sepals and petals densely, minutely spotted dark reddish brown or "madder" (versus unmarked, spotted, striped or reticulate with same color but less uniformly dark). Several records are not verifiable but historically important, such as sight records of B. This species often occurs with single plants or small groups, which should not be collected.


FULL NAME:
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Arundineae>: Phragmites australis (ssp. au.; communis)

FOOTNOTE:
Ky. plants may all be the European ssp. australis. They are locally abundant in western regions within disturbed wetlands and adjacent seasonally hydric uplands, and also frequent in patches along major highways. The native ssp. americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson & Soreng has been recently described, and is widely distributed across northern region in fens and marshes, but generally much less common and less vigorous (Saltonstall et al. 2004). The best key character of americanus is its longer ligules (1-1.7 mm versus 0.4-0.9 mm). Other differences (K. Saltonstall @ nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/phau1.htm) are its usually longer lower glumes (3-6.5 mm versus 2.5-5 mm) and upper glumes (5.5-11 mm versus 4.5-7.5 mm); more open inflorescence; leaves yellow-green (versus usually blue-green), the sheaths loose and usually dropped (versus tight, usually persistent); culms smooth (versus longitudinally ridged), green to maroon, at least at nodes (versus usually all green), and with black fungal spots often present at nodes and below (versus rarely present); plants often mixed with other species (versus usually in monocultures). D. Boone (pers. comm.) has recently found ssp. americanus in e. Ind. (Randolph Co.), and it is reported from w. Ohio (Cedar Bog).


FULL NAME:
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. var. major (Gaudin) Pospichal

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] viridis var. major (robustapurpurea)

FOOTNOTE:
This robust variety is a relatively aggressive weed in corn and bean fields, often rivalling faberi. Var. robustapurpurea Schreib. differs only in the purplish coloration of its spikes. It was unknown in Ky. until colls. of P. Haragan and others during 1980-2000 (KY, EKY).


FULL NAME:
Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray var. mollis (Fern.) new comb. ?

Scientific Name:
Rhamnaceae: Frangula [Rhamnus*] caroliniana var. mollis (R. carolininiana var. m.))


FOOTNOTE:
Some uncertain county records are just historical references or sight records. More collections are needed to document this enigmatic threatened species, which appears to have been widely scattered in the Ohio Valley before agricultural developments. Plants have been found in at least 100-200 localities since 1984, but mostly in small patches. T. stoloniferum is dependant on the right combination of fertile soil, partial shade, and ground disturbance (Campbell et al. 1989). Although often surviving only along streambanks and trails, it appears to have been formerly common in browsed upland woods (with no evidence of fire), especially on deep fertile soils in the Bluegrass region. Despite federal listing as an "Endangered Species" since 1985, no populations have come under stablizing management, and there continues to be reticence by conservation organizations to use ungulates.


FOOTNOTE:
This East Asian species ("cherry silverberry") is closely related to umbellata but differs in its larger fruit, longer pedicels, shorter hypanthium, and perhaps larger leaves. It has occasionally been planted in Ky. after 1970 for so-called reclamation or "wildlife" (with even human use of its fruits), especially in Appalachian regions, but there is no certain record of self-sown plants (M). Naturalized populations have been reported from scattered sites in Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.) and other eastern states (PL).


FULL NAME:
Sullivantia sullivantii (Torr. & Gray) Britt.

FOOTNOTE:
B reported making a coll. from CART, "on wet sandstone cliff in Box Canyon", but this plant cannot be relocated in herbaria or at this site. There has been some confusion with Heuchera parviflora.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] hallii (supinus var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
Within Ky., this rare mid-western species is known from only one locality, in ephemeral sinkhole ponds within corn fields, where it is threatened by development.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Rotundifoliae> aff. chrysocarpa (?mercerensis, ?margaretta, ?sicca)

FOOTNOTE:
These colls. are difficult to identify, and may include closely related species like C. margaretta Ashe (of north-central states) and C. sicca Sarg.(mostly in Mo.). The coll. from MCRE (at least) may be referable to C. mercerensis Sarg., which has been considered an Appalachian variety of C. chrysocarpa (W). Typical chrysocarpa is a northern and western species that may not occur in the state (see also SC).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha X citrata (aquatica var. c., X piperita var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
There are records of this cultivated plant from FLEM (B) and perhaps BOYL (S. Studlar, pers. comm.), but not clearly naturalized. Although citrata is often considered of hybrid origin from aquatica and spicata, its proper treatment remains somewhat controversial. Kartesz (1999) and others have included X citrata under aquatica, and A.O. Tucker & R.F.C. Naczi (in prep.) treat it as a variety of M. aquatica, but Stace (1997) and W prefer to make this a variety of X piperita. Most plants appear to be male sterile forms of aquatica, and may be named var. citrata (Ehrh.) Fresen., but these can cross with some forms of X piperita.


Scientific Name:
Oxalidaceae: Oxalis filipes (dillenii ssp. f., prostrata)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern taxon may have been overlooked in Ky. (M). Further search through material filed under dillenii is desirable.


Scientific Name:
Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> drummondii (priceae; "asperifolia")

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread on base-rich soils from the mid-western regions to the Gulf Coastal Plain. In Ky., it is concentrated in the Bluegrass region, on some western calcareous uplands, and along some river bottoms. Variation across this range of habitats deserves further study, but may be generally continuous. Introgression can be expected with obliqua, stricta and other species (Y, W). The segregate C. priceae Small of dry sites in w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (Sm, F) has been considered to have smaller fruits (3-4 mm wide versus 5-6 mm) and flowers (petals 2.5-4 mm long versus 4.5-6 mm), more scabrous upper leaf surfaces, and more consistently reddish/maroon twigs (versus green/olive to pinkish/reddish-brown). The type of priceae is from WARR (NY), but there are has been virtually no application of this name by botanists within Ky.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> arvensis

FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported by Anderson (1924), Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) and others, but the only verified colls. may be from KENT (KNK). It is easily confused with japonicus, racemosus or other species, and all records need to be checked. Although widely scattered in North America, it does not seem to be increasing in the Ohio Valley.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely tropical species is occasionally adventive further north.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia serotina (hirta var. pulcherrima*)

FOOTNOTE:
F indicated that this weedy species of grasslands has a largely western origin, spreading to the east after widespread clearance. There appears to have been some intergradation with typical hirta of eastern woodlands, and now there is frequent confusion by botanists.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> stricta (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
Typical C. stricta is typical of relatively acid swamps, seeps and boggy sites without fresh alluvium. The coll. from CALL (WKY) is referrable to var. strictior (Dewey) Carey, which appears somewhat transitional to emoryi and occurs more often in calcareous swamps (F). This distinction is not recognized in recent treatments, but may deserve further study.


FULL NAME:
HEMLOCK (herb): Cicuta (WATER-), Conium (POISON-)


FOOTNOTE:
This alien weed, typical of mowed pastures, meadows and lawns, may have been present in the Ohio Valley early after settlement (Gray 1864). But Gr indicated that he first observed it in 1898, and that its spread was promoted due to "the seeds constantly present among clover seeds."


FOOTNOTE:
This widely grown ornamental ("honesty") occasionally escapes, and it has been observed spreading away from gardens in CAMP and BRAC (KNK). However, it does not appear to have become truly naturalized in eastern North America (Al-Shehbaz 1987).


FOOTNOTE:
There is only one old record, by B from "along railroad tracks" in JEFF (check US). This species is considered native to western North America, and apparently became associated with native people in east-central states. It was perhaps used for ornament, rattles and other minor domestic purposes, but there is no clear evidence of cultivation or selection; see F.B. King in Ford (1985).


FULL NAME:
Ligusticum canadense (L.) Britt. var. nov.

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ligusticum canadense var. nov. {southern Appalachian variant}

FOOTNOTE:
These plants are known only from the southern Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn. and Ala., and from in or near the southern Blue Ridge of Va., Tenn., N.C. and S.C. (GH, KY, NCU, TENN. They are generally restricted to naturally open habitats, especially on seasonally xeric rocky soils. In Ky. they are known only from the open boulder-cobble bars along the Cumberland River and its major tributaries. This variant differs from typical canadense in its narrower leaf-segments: the largest of lower leaves are ca. 1-2.5 (3) cm wide (versus (2.5) 3-6.5 (7) cm); the largest of upper regular leaves are ca. (0.4) 0.7-1.5 (2.2) cm wide (versus (1) 2-3 (4) cm), and usually less serrated than lower leaves to almost entire (versus equally serrated or nearly so). Also, leaves are usually plain green (versus rather deep bluish-green); and stems usually do not darken much with age (versus dark blackish/purplish brown).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <patens group> novae-angliae

FOOTNOTE:
There may be rare hybrids with pilosum, which are known as  X amethystinum (Nutt.) Nesom (F, M). Also, hybrids with ericoides may be expected in western regions (FNA 20).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] sciurea (elliotea)

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by Woods (1983) from CALL, but a coll. has not been located. Colls. initially with this name from GRAV (MUR) and MCRA (SIU) appear to be V. octoflora var. octoflora (aristulata) instead. V. elliotea is a southern species that occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain in dry sandy soils, north to s. Mo. but unknown across Tenn.


FULL NAME:
Monarda sp. nov. (aff. russeliana Nutt.)

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda sp. nov. ("russeliana"*, "virgata")

FOOTNOTE:
This species may be known only from the Knobs region of Ky. (and perhaps nearby), where it appears to have diverged from clinopodia into relatively xeric woods. The names M. russeliana Nutt. or M. virgata Raf. have been applied to it by some authors, but they should probably be restricted to distinct plants in Ozarkian regions with purple-spotted corollas and leaves tapering from relatively broad, abruptly truncate bases (resembling bradburiana but usually narrower and more petiolate). A few colls. appear to be introgressed with clinopodia, including some provisionally named M. clinopodia ssp. praecox R.T. Simmers (ined.) from MADI and Brown Co., Ind. (GH); see also M. media.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium perfoliatum (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread, laegely mid-western species is one of the few tall native herbs that prospers locally within the soybean lands of the central Mississippi Valley, where it appears be a remnant of open woods and edges. Its tall stems can push through thickets and vines along weedy gullies, ditches and fencerows. Some authors (e.g. FNA 21) have distinguished plants named S. perfoliatum var. connatum (L.) Cronq., or even as a species (W). These have more pubescence (especially on the stems), leaves less narrowed to a petiolar base, and heads usually bearing only ca. 8 or 13 rays (versus 21 or 34). They are known from central Appalachian regions (W.Va., Va., N.C.), including the Kanahwa Rv. and New Rv. valleys of s. W.Va. (SC), and are expected in Ky. (Michaux 1803; M). However, Y noted more complex variation across the range, which needs further analysis.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> swanii (virescens var. s.)


FULL NAME:
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. helianthoides

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Heliopsis helianthoides var. h.

FOOTNOTE:
Some records appear transitional to var. scabra.


FOOTNOTE:
There are records from old home sites and gardens, but this commonly cultivated species ("Chinese lantern") does not seem to be truly naturalized (M).


Scientific Name:
Amaryllidaceae <Narcisseae> [Liliaceae]: Narcissus poeticus

FOOTNOTE:
In some cases, it is not possible to infer whether colls. are from truly naturalized plants. The colls. mapped as open dots in HENR (KY) and MASO (BEREA) are the hybrid with N. tazetta L. (= X medioluteus P. Mill., N. biflorus M.A. Curtis); they are probably from cultivated plants. The hybrid with pseudonarcissus (= X incomparibilis P. Mill.) has also been reported to persist in JEFF (M; FNA 26).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Centaurea nigra (jacea ssp. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
The history of this weed in North America and Ky. is similar to that of C. jacea. The few colls. from Ky. may be var. radiata DC., which is supposed to have orginated from hybrids with jacea (= X pratensis auct.). The status of radiata needs further investigation (FNA 19, Y).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Centaurea jacea (ssp. j.)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien occurs in northeastern and northwestern regions, but is virtually absent in southeastern states (FNA 19; PL). The first report from Ky. was in 1914, when Gr noted just "not very common"; but it has remained rare.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] dichotomum (ssp. d.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Included here are a few colls. previously referable to Panicum barbulatum Michx., which is a robust form combined in recent treatments. Also, there are occasional transitions to microcarpon and perhaps other species.


FULL NAME:
NEW YORK FERN: Thelypteris noveboracensis


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> depavitus (kentuckiensis, profusiflorus)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants differ from typical flagellaris in having dense glands on pedicels, rachises, petioles and often canes. Most colls. have been referred to the closely related R. kentuckiensis Bailey, which has been combined by several authors (M, K). Some relatively hairy colls., mapped here as uncertain records, have been referred to R. invisus (Bailey) Britt. (BULL, CLAR, MADI, MCRE), R. exsularis Bailey (CLAY), R. deamii Bailey (= R. rosagnetis Bailey; JACK, NELS, OLDH) or R. centralis (MCRE). All of these glandular plants have been united by G, St and others under R. invisus, which itself had been initially described as R. flagellaris var. invisus Bailey. Further revision is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
This weed may have been present early after settlement; Gray (1864) noted it was "rather common" in northeastern states. But the first Ky. record appears to have been in 1914 (Gr).


FOOTNOTE:
Gray (1864) listed just New England and Penn. for its range at that time. Like amplexicaule, this weed was not definitely recorded in Ky. until 1914, when Gr noted that is was "less common the preceding."


Scientific Name:
Iridaceae: Iris shrevei (virginica* var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although treated as a variety of virginica in most manuals (or combined in : FNA 26), shrevei has consistently larger capsules (7-11 cm long versus 4-7 cm), darker flowers, taller, more branched and persistent habit (remaining upright after flowering). It is centered largely in the central and upper Mississippi Valley, the Ohio Valley and the southern Great Lakes region (F, Cr). Typical virginica is more southern, largely on the Coastal Plain and unknown in Ky., with virtually no overlap in range.


FOOTNOTE:
This is reported from Ky. (Cr) in MCRE (BA), and perhaps PULA (Medley coll. catalog, under L. lancifolium Thunb. but with white flowers). It is not clear if these colls. were from persistent plantings or truly spontaneous.


FOOTNOTE:
There were several reports of this northern species by Short (1828), Gray (1888) and others during 1770-1860 (M; Campbell 1989). However, only one coll. has been located, and it is not clear if this was from a wild or cultivated tree: J.S. Terrill, 7 Sep 1893, from "Lexington" in FAYE (KY). F. nigra is known from s. Ohio, where D. Boone (pers. comm.) recently discovered it in a seep at the base of Indian Hill, Hamilton Co., within 5 miles of the Ky. border. It also occurs close to Ky. in the Ridge-and-Valley of w. Va (HW+).


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Graminifolii> biflorus (marginatus var. b.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Although often treated as a species (e.g. W), this somewhat southern taxon may be weakly separated from the more widespread J. marginatus, and it is sometimes combined (e.g. FNA 22). Several colls. appear intermediate between biflorus and marginatus, and further analysis is required.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> bicolor (var. b.)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> erecta (speciosa var. e.*)

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from HARL (MDKY) may be transitional to roanensis.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] baccata

FOOTNOTE:
Several cultivars of this central Asian species (the Siberian crab-apple) have become extensively planted in recent decades. Self-sown escapes are widely scattered across the state, much more so than indicated by colls. mapped here. Their horticultural taxonomy is probably complex (CW).


FOOTNOTE:
Records mapped here are mostly older colls. derived from somewhat persistent populations after cultivation of ssp. sativa ("hemp"). More recent records derived from cultivation or disposal of ssp. indica (Lam.) Cronq. ("marijuana"), are generally excluded. An active botanist in Ky. is likely to run into cultivated plants of indica about once a year, often hidden ingeniously; in one case JC was shown where potted plants had been hoisted with pullies into a tree canopy. Ssp. indica can be distinguished primarily by the higher resin content in its epidermal glands; morphological differences are inconsistent (Y).


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Croton <Crotonopsis> willdenowii (Cs. elliptica)

FOOTNOTE:
Some western colls. have been misidentified as the more southern species C. michauxii G.L. Webster (= Crotonopsis linearis Michx.). That species has been reported north to se. Mo, s. Ill., Ky. and Va. (F, St, M, J), but revision is needed; it has not been verified from Ky., Va. or N.C. (W). C. linearis differs in its less branched habit (branches monopodial versus dichotomous or trichotomous); the stellate hairs on upper leaf surfaces have relatively short, non-overlapping arms up to 0.3 mm long (versus overlapping, up to 1 mm); scales on fruits have a minute central axis with long, often ascending arms (versus broad central disk with short appressed arms).


FULL NAME:
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.

FOOTNOTE:
This species of northern swamps was reported in an environmental assessment of a power plant site in BOON (Anonymous 1977). The record was accepted by BT, but plants could not be not located in further field work. There is also an old report from the Louisville area in JEFF (M'Murtrie 1819; perhaps from Rafinesque).


FOOTNOTE:
This is the "black mustard" that is often grown for its seed, but also a common weed; 2n = 16. It was recorded early after settlement (M'Murtire 1819).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Brassiceae>: Brassica rapa (campestris)

FOOTNOTE:
This species, originally European and Asian, includes the common weed "field mustard", also known as B. campestris L., plus several cultivars, including bird's rape (ssp. olifera DC.) and the turnip (ssp. rapa); 2n = 20 in all (Al-Shehbaz 1985). These cultivars can revert to wild-types when naturalized. There has been some confusion in nomenclature, and there are few verified records; see notes under other species.


FOOTNOTE:
The only record of this western species is a 1930s coll. of E.J. Palmer (#16502) from BALL (MO, US). Reports from central Ky. (M) have been based on misidentifications of alba x pentandra (X ehrhartiana C. Mey.), according to Argus (1986) and others.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread weed is one of the few common alien Brassicaceae in eastern North America that spreads clonally with true rhizomes; see also Cardaria draba. It includes a polyploid series (2n = 32, 40, 48) but segregates have not been recognized (Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This western species is a diploid (2n = 16) relative of the alien sylvestris, both with creeping rhizomes. It has been recorded from HARD (MM for WKY) and HICK (BT), but colls. have not been relocated and checked. There are verified records from adjacent s. Ill. and se. Mo. (PL; Y).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha suaveolens ("rotundifolia")

FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with the diploid (2n = 24) hybrid between suaveolens and longifolia (= X rotundifolia); see also notes under longifolia.


FOOTNOTE:
This biennial may just be a rare escape from cultivation (as "high mallow"), with colls. from JEFF (MM for WKY) and PIKE (NCU). The former has been referred to var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss., which is not recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Paniceae> meadii (tetanica var. m.)


FULL NAME:
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. var. plantaginifolia

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Antennaria plantaginifolia var. p.

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under parlinii. Both species are widespread in eastern North America, and often confused. A. plantaginifolia may occur in drier or more open habitats, on average, but there is little evidence of ecological difference. Curiously, Y did not recognize this species in Mo., but reported A. parlinii and its ssp. fallax (including ambigens) across most of that state, within the same habitats.


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> compacta

FOOTNOTE:
This bracteate species is widespread in lowlands of south-central states. See note under glomerata.


FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs mostly in the Ozark region, southern Interior Low Plateaus and southern Cumberland Plateau. However, there are remarkable disjunctions in se. Ohio (Scioto Co.), discovered by E.L. Braun in 1964, and in ne. Ky. (Cusick 1989).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens pilosa {sensu lato}

FOOTNOTE:
The only known coll. appears to be from a rare waif: J.W. Thieret, 3 Oct 1977, weed among low planted junipers, rest area of Interstate 75 between Berea & Richmond (KNK). B. pilosa has been treated as a widespread variable species of tropical to warm-temperate regions, but a narrower concept may be warranted (FNA 21, W, Y). If the coll. from Ky. is var. radiata, it could be transferred to B. alba (L.) DC. var. radiata (Schultz-Bip.) Ballard ex T.E. Melchert (2n = 48), which may extend north more frequently than B. pilosa, sensu stricto (2n = 72).


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] hydropiperoides (var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species has often been confused with the alien longisetum, which some older treatments did not clearly distinguish. Typical hydropiperoides has largely whitish calices in Ky. (not roseate or purplish as stated in F). P. setaceum also needs further study for reliable separation; see notes under that name. Another southern segregate to be expected is P. opelousanum Riddell, but this intergrades with typical plants (FNA 5). It differs (F) in its calices dull purple to green (versus white to roseate), rhomboid to subglobose at maturity (versus elongate), the achenes slightly exserted (versus included); leaves up to 1.5 cm wide (versus 2.5 cm). Records of var. buschianum Stanford are included here (F). The appropriate treatment for these segregates remains uncertain.


Scientific Name:
Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon (Bumelia) lanuginosum (ssp. l.)


FULL NAME:
Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. villosus

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus villosus var. v. (striatus)


FULL NAME:
Populus X canescens (Ait.) Sm. (pro sp.)

Scientific Name:
Salicaceae: Populus alba x tremula (X canescens)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a horticultural hybrid that can be aggressively persistent through root sprouts.


FOOTNOTE:
In addition to some old obscure reports from Ky. (M), there are more recent reports from northeastern counties, but none are verified (Little 1971, Campbell et al. 1992). There may have been confusion with grandidentata. However, tremuloides is known close to Ky. in se. Ind., se. Ohio and perhaps W.Va. (PL).


FOOTNOTE:
The only record is a coll. from HICK, growing wild along a roadside in 1962 (EKY). This East Asian species is sometimes cultivated (as "dusty miller" or "old woman"), and has spread along lake-shores and coasts in northeastern regions, but it does not seem to be have become truly naturalized in the Ohio Valley.


FULL NAME:
Rubus allegheniensis Porter var. allegheniensis

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Alleghenienses> allegheniensis var. a.


FULL NAME:
Boechera perstellata (E.L. Braun) Al-Shehbaz

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] perstellata (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is known only from wooded calcareous slopes at a few localities in c. Ky. and c. Tenn. The plants in Tenn. have been considered distinct by some authors (var. ampla Rollins). B collected an apparent hybrid with laevigata in FRAN (GH). Although most closely related to dentata, no transitions or hybrids have been documented.


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Plagiostigma> incognita (blanda var. palustriformis)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. have been reported from EDMO (US) and perhaps elsewhere in Ky. (Russell 1965), but these records remain dubious (M). This northern taxon, which often occurs in somewhat open areas with moisture extremes, differs only slightly from the closely related Appalachian species, blanda, which is largely restricted to mesic forests (F). Its petioles & peduncles are green (versus often reddish or purplish in blanda); its leaves are ascending (versus soon spreading), rugulose (versus flat), and more or less pubescent below (versus glabrous). These taxa are not distinguished in some recent treatments (e.g. Cr, L. McKinney in J).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Plagiostigma> pallens (macloskeyi ssp. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. (NCU) have been reported from EDMO, TRIG and elsewhere, but their identify remains dubious (M). V. blanda has sometimes been misidentified as pallens, which is a northern species typical of somewhat hydric sites. V. pallens  differs in its completely glabrous blades; blanda has scattered small appressed hairs on upper surfaces, at least toward the base when young. In pallens, peduncles are usually longer than leaves and green (versus peduncules more or less equal to petioles, with both usually reddish or purplish). Its upper petals are typically less reflexed or twisted and broader; and its capsules are green (versus more or less purple).


FULL NAME:
Carex leptalea Wahlenb. var. harperi (Fern.) Weatherby & Grisc.

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Leptocephalae> leptalea* var. harperi

FOOTNOTE:
All material of this species from Ky. appears to be the southeastern var. harperi. However, the more widespread northern and western var. leptalea does extend south to Tenn. and N.C. in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont (W). These taxa may integrade in some regions of overlap (FNA 23), and further analysis is warranted in Ky.  Var. harperi has perigynia 3.4-4.9 (5.4) mm long (versus 2.5-3.5 mm); achenes more sharply angled; pistillate scales more slender, more overlapping and whitish.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Pruinosae> pruinosa (mackenzii, ?rugosa, ?compacta)

FOOTNOTE:
The mapped records include C. mackenzii Sarg. (with broader leaf bases), C. rugosa Ashe (with even broader leaves) and C. compacta Sarg., which have not been clearly distinguished in Ky. and are generally included in recent treatments (Cr, M). C. locuples Sarg., a probable hybrid with mollis, has also been reported (F; see also C. platycarpa Sarg. in D and St). There may also be hybrids with Punctatae. C. gattingeri has also been combined in some treatments; but see notes under that name.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Centrosperma> prolificum (spathulatum)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under lobocarpum, which may be confused in some western records.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Centrosperma> lobocarpum (densiflorum var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this species of the central Mississippi Valley typically occurs in relatively species-rich old fields and meadows that may have had open woods or "barrens" before settlement, often on fragipan soils of high terraces and upland swales. H. lobocarpum has been confused with typical H. densiflorum Pursh and H. interior Small.; distributions remain somewhat uncertain (W). H. interior is typical of calcareous soils in or near the southern Ridge-and-Valley region (D. Estes, pers. comm.); it remains unkown in Ky. but occurs nearby in sw. Va (Lee Co.). Typical densiflorum occurs mostly on acid soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain; it is unlikely to occur in Ky. However, Y has suggested that plants named lobocarpum in Mo. at least result from introgression of densiflorum and prolificum (a widespread eastern species).


FOOTNOTE:
This pantropical alien was recently reported in Ky. (Mears 1999, J). It is known from a roadside in WHIT (EKY; Mears & Libby 1995) and as a nursery weed in CAMP (J. Thieret #59758 at KNK). It is probably not well established in the state.


FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan species of tropical to warm temperate regions is widely grown in lawns, and has become frequently naturalized in southern regions. It behaves somewhat as a warm-season equivalent to fescue, with much utility for pastures, lawns and erosion control. It has been widespread in Ky. for a century or more (Gr). Anderson (1924) noted: "grows everywhere, especially along railroad embankments, where it is frequently planted as a soil binder. Spreads rapidly by its stolons. but rarely perfects seed."


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> palmata (var. p., triloba)

FOOTNOTE:
This was generally been named V. triloba Schwein. It is closely related and often confused with subsinuata, to which the name palmata was misapplied in previous treatments (McKinney 1992). A few colls. have some leaves with deeper or more numerous lobes (but some leaves still more or less unlobed); some of these have been named V. triloba var. dilatata (Ell.) Brainerd, which may be transitional to V. subsinuata. Such plants include colls. from LYON (EKY; M. Wharton #9795), JEFF (DHL; P.A. Davies 17 May 1947); HART and WAYN (US; see Braun 1943). Some collectiions with less lobing appear hybridized with sororia, hirsutula or other species.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> oligocarpa (var. o.)


FOOTNOTE:
This relatively northern taxon is considered more tolerant of alkaline or saline conditions, compared to latifolia. Its native range may have been concentrated in coastal regions, but it appears to have increased along salted interstates and elsewhere. It was not reported in the state until B.


Scientific Name:
Sparganiaceae [Typhaceae]: Sparganium emersum ("angustifolium", chlorocarpum var. acaule)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been combined in some treatments with S. angustifolium Michx., S. chlorocarpum Rydb. or S. erectum L. ssp. stoloniferum (Graebn.) Hara. Colls. of R. Athey from BALL and CALD (check EKY) were initially identified as S. chlorocarpum Rydb., but probably in error (M); there are no other records.


FOOTNOTE:
This tropical aquatic weed has spread to the north, but it probably cannot persist in most of the state.


Scientific Name:
Amaranthaceae: Froelichia campestris (floridana* var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western species has sometimes (e.g. FNA 4) been combined with the southeastern F. floridana (Nutt.) Moq., but should be recognized at least as a variety (Cr, W). There has also been some confusion with gracilis, and hybrids are possible (FNA 4); further checking is advisable.


Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> hispida (tamnoides var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but uncommon to absent in regions with acid infertile soils, such the southern Cumberland Plateau. It has been combined with the strictly southern S. tamnoides L. in some recent treatments (FNA 26, W). S. hispida differs in its "regularly ovate to elliptic or rounded" leaves (versus narrowly to broadly ovate, some or all panduriform), and perhaps other characters (F). Variety status may be appropriate, with tamnoides included under hispida var. australis (Small) Coker, but there are nomenclatural problems (Wilbur 2003).


FULL NAME:
Iris verna L. var. smalliana Fern. ex M.E. Edwards

FOOTNOTE:
This largely southern Appalachian (also disjunct in the Ouachita Mts.) occurs in or near the Cliff Section of the Appalachian Plateaus, but with its range curiously interrupted between Lee Co., Ky., and Scott Co., Tenn. Typical verna is more southern and unknown in Ky., with virtually no overlap in range.


FULL NAME:
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. strictior (Torr. & Gray) Nesom

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> dumosum var. strictior

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western variety has been reported from CALL (Fuller 1980) and elsewhere (M), but no colls. have been verified. It is known from nearby in Ind., Ill. and Mo., where there may have been introgression with racemosus (Y). Var. strictior differs from typical dumosus in its white to pale pink/bluish rays (versus usually bluish), generally shorter and less branched inflorescence, with more ascending branches, and its larger primary leaves, mostly 5-12 cm long and up to 11 mm wide (versus 3-5 cm long and up to 8 mm wide). It occurs mostly on damp lowlands and ponded sites, or occasionally uplands, often with base-rich soils (Y, W); var. dumosus typically occurs on uplands with strongly acid soils.


FULL NAME:
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) Luer

Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Coeloglossum [Habenaria] viride var. virescens (bracteata)

FOOTNOTE:
The coll. attributed to WHIT (KY) was made by A.R. Crandall at "Corbin" in the 1880s, but it could be from adjacent KNOX or LAUR. Dactylorhiza may become accepted as the correct generic name (W).


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] clavellata


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Onosmodium occidentale (molle ssp. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This member of the molle complex may be relatively distinct, based on morphology and chromosome number (2n = 28); see Y and his citations. It is centered in the Great Plains.


Scientific Name:
Apocynaceae: Apocynum cannabinum (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
These records include var. glaberrima A. DC. and var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) Woods, which are not generally recognized.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Vaccaria [Saponaria] hispanica (pyramidata, S. vaccaria)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien is known only from an old coll. in GALL (Univ. of Cincinnati), with B's note "occasional on roadsides."


Scientific Name:
Convolvulaceae: Calystegia [Convolvulus] sepium {with vars. or ssp.}

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under fraterniflora and further discussion in Y. Plants of European origin (ssp. sepium sensu stricto) may occur widely in North America (F), but these are difficult to distinguish from supposedly native northeastern plants known as Calystegia sepium ssp. americana (Sims) Brummitt (including var. communis of R. Tryon). Narrow-leaved plants formerly known as Convolvulus sepium var. repens (L.) Gray (but misapplied), with records from HARL (B, Brummitt 1980) and ROCK (B), may now be referred to Calystegia sepium ssp. appalachiana Brummitt. Other variants expected in the state are ssp. angulata Brummitt (a northern and western taxon, appearing transitional to fraterniflora), and ssp. erratica Brummitt (from Ill., Ind., Mich., Pa., N.Y., N.J. & Ont., with bracteoles merging into sepals and with strongly occluded leaf sinus).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Leiophyllum [Kalmia] buxifolium

FOOTNOTE:
The only record of this southern Appalachian species is an old coll. from WHIT (KY): B.B. McInteer, 14 Oct 1939, Cumberland Falls, within Park by left of road going west about 100-200 yds from park entrance; "a single individual of this species was discovered... growing on a dry sandy bank" (McInteer 1940). It is possible that this plant was introduced along with establishment of the park in 1931. See also notes under Rhododendron minus, which still grows nearby along the road.


FOOTNOTE:
Some outlying western records deserve further verification, especially in the Bluegrass region. The coll. from TRIM (KY) might be from a planting, stating just "roadside 3 miles NE of Bedford."


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Eubotrys [Leucothoe*] recurva

FOOTNOTE:
This is known only from the Bad Branch area on Pine Mt. in LETC (EKY, MDKY), and from nearby in HARL (KSNPC database).


Scientific Name:
Verbenaceae: Glandularia [Verbena*] pulchella (tenuisecta)

FOOTNOTE:
The only record is a coll. from RUSS (at Field Museum): E. Roy #20, Aug 1961, "Escape! Roadside... ca. 5 miles w. of Russell Springs." This South American weed has become common in the southern U.S.A., and is often cultivated in flower gardens, but it does not seem to be spreading significantly in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This weed from the Mediterranean region was first reported in 1893 (Pr). In 1914 Gr noted: "not as common in Kentucky as it is farther south, but is likely to be encountered anywhere in small quantities... Its known value as a forage plant is decidedly in its favor..." It has become abundant locally along roads and in farmland that is not regularly mowed or grazed.


FULL NAME:
Orbexilum pedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. var. pedunculatum

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Orbexilum [Psoralea] pedunculatum var. p. (P. psoralioides var. eglandulosa)


FULL NAME:
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud.

FOOTNOTE:
Some of the colls. may be from planted trees, but this species is clearly self-seeded at many sites. Assignment to family remains controversial (W, Angiosperm Phylogeny website).


FOOTNOTE:
Recent research (FNA 22) suggests that all or most Ky. plants are sterile triploid hybrids to be included in var. calamus, which is said to have been introduced from Europe. The native var. americanus (Raf.) H.D. Wulff. (= A. americanus Raf.) is said to include only fertile diploids, to have a less developed midvein, and to occur in more northern regions.
.


FULL NAME:
Physalis heterophylla Nees var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb.

Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Physalis heterophylla var. ambigua (nyctaginea)

FOOTNOTE:
This variety, with a distinct pubescence pattern, is not recognized in some recent treatments, and it is not clear if there are significant differences in range or habitat. There has been some confusion with pubescens.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium giganteum (+ centrorubrum; album var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
Further revision is needed. C. giganteum and C. centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai are closely related Asian taxa that are provionally mapped here together. Compared to typical album (FNA 4), these taxa are relatively robust, with stems up to 2-3 m, and more densely farinose; leaves are up to 15 cm long, often distinctly 3-lobed (versus weakly lobed), and dentate to entire (versus densely dentate); seeds are reportedly smaller, on average. C. centrorubrum (or album var. centrorubrum Makino) is a densely reddish-farinose plant (Ohwi 1975) that has been rarely reported in North America, but it is represented by colls. (MM for WKY) from HARL (around Pine Mt. Settlement School) and JEFF (widely escaped from cultivation of R. Cassell). This taxon may be much more widespread, but it is frequently difficult to distinguish from giganteum (FNA 4).


FOOTNOTE:
This planted alien persists aggressively through root sprouts.


FOOTNOTE:
In 1914 Gr noted: "Common in old lawns about dwellings...It seems to have been much planted in former times as an ornamental and still clings to old premises when not wanted."


FOOTNOTE:
Some records may come from persistent plantings rather than truly naturalized populations. However, this species seems to be the most widespread of the cultivated hyacinths that are found in the wild.


FOOTNOTE:
There are occasional apparent hybrids with virginicus or other species.


FULL NAME:
Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. scoparia

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> scoparia var. s.

FOOTNOTE:
This is a variable species with a broad northern range. The coll. from CART (MDKY) may be referable to var. condensa Fern., which is not recognized in recent treatments, but has been reported widely from northeastern regions (F). Sterile hybrids with alata, straminea and other species are documented in various states (FNA 23).


FULL NAME:
Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Michx.) Engelm. & Gray

FOOTNOTE:
This species of the southeastern Coastal Plain is known only from a coll. along a railroad track in HARD (Cranfill 1991).


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias syriaca (intermedia)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread weedy species may form hybrids with other species (as reviewed by Y), but none are known in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This species was recently described, and attributed to Ky. by A. Reznicek in FNA 23. In addition to colls. of R. Naczi from CUMB and ROCK (DOV), there is a coll. from BARR (EKY): C.J. Lapham #355 with J. Campbell & Z. Murrell, Rt 31E near Edmonson Co. line, xeric woods. This species has been called the "southwestern form" of molesta, differing in its larger, fewer perigynia.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> tenera (var. t., "C. straminea")

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread northern species, with only scattered reports from Ky., several of which have been erroneous. C. tenera is easily confused with normalis, scoparia or other species; see FNA 23 for the complete complex key. A few colls. appear to be intermediate between tenera and other taxa.


FULL NAME:
Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray

FOOTNOTE:
There are reports of R. volubilis Wood (Pr, Isely 1990), but this species was probably confused with R. latifolia (M), which has also been reported (Duncan & Foote 1975). No colls. of either species have been located. Both have southern ranges (mostly on the Coastal Plain), but R. latifolia extends further north, into se. Mo. and w. Tenn.


FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from FAYE (KY), PIKE (M) and perhaps elsewhere, but these may be from rare garden escapes; this species does not seem to be becoming naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias <Asclepiodora> viridis


FOOTNOTE:
This has become locally naturalized at Natural Bridge State Park in POWE (KY). Other records come from CW, but details are not yet available.


FULL NAME:
Convolvulus sepium: Calystegia sepium & C. fraterniflora


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Krigia <Serinia> caespitosa (S. oppositifolia)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> festucacea (var. f., "straminea")

FOOTNOTE:
There has been occasional confusion with brevior, normalis and other species; some colls. need to be rechecked. Some colls. from FAYE and MADI (KY) are atypical (see also annotation of A.A. Reznicek); they have suggested transitions to brevior or molesta.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been tried in various plantings for "wildlife", but is rarely persistent since it is much consumed by rabbits and other herbivores. A related species, V. lathyroides L., may also be expected in horticultural settings, and has been observed in CAMP (J. Thieret, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Vicia angustifolia (sativa* ssp. nigra)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with typical sativa. Some records may come from plantings.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Vicia sativa (ssp. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to angustifolia, but there should be some taxonomic recognition.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Crus-galli> engelmannii (berberifolia var. e.)

FOOTNOTE:
This may be reasonably treated as C. berberifolia Torr. & Gray var. engelmanii (Sarg.) Egglest., according to G. Yatskievitch & J.B. Phipps (pers. comm.). C. engelmannii is distributed mostly in the mid-west; typical berberifolia is southwestern and unknown in Ky. (F). Both are close to crus-gallii and further review is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
This giant grass from the Mediterranean region may just be persistent from old ornamental plantings, but at least in some Appalachian river valleys, it seems to be remarkably aggressive locally along roads and woodland edges.


FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from brevisepalus (which appears more common in Ky.) and perhaos pallidus (a western relative) may not be clearcut. P. canescens may just be a large-flowered variant in this group (possibly introgressed with digitalis or calycosus). Compared to brevisepalus (F), its corollas are 2-3.5 cm long (versus 1.5-2.6 cm), the tube 8-10 mm and abruptly enlarged into the throat (versus 5-8 mm, gradually tapering); and its sepals after anthesis equal or exceed the capsule (versus equal). Both species have similar, largely Appalachian ranges.The related Southern Appalachian species, P. smallii Heller, was reported from Ky. by BA, but no coll. has been located.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Euveronica> catenata (comosa, connata)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread, circumboreal species is easily confused with the largely Eurasian species, anagallis-aquatica, and combined by some authors (K); hybrids may be expected (Cr). However, two colls. from Ky. are confirmed: from FAYE (KY-Agr., PH; J.S. Terrill, 23 Jul 1892; see also, Pennell 1935) and OLDH (DHL; M. Seargent #51). These plants are referable to var. glandulosa (Farw.) Pennell, the predominant form in eastern regions (F).


FULL NAME:
Wolffia borealis (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt ex Landolt & Wildi

Scientific Name:
Lemnaceae [Araceae]: Wolffia borealis ("punctata")


FULL NAME:
Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jackson ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with torreyi, which mostly occurs further east in the state. Colls. from CALL, HARD and LIVI have been transferred to torreyi, and others should be rechecked. This species is a tetraploid (2n = 80), with a fairly wide northern range.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> pensilvanicus (?abactus, ?philadelphicus, ?ostryifolius)

FOOTNOTE:
This can probably be considered widespread in the state, but there has been much taxonomic confusion with argutus and other species. Typical "pensilvanicus" (as interpreted by F and mapped here), includes the closely related species R. abactus Bailey (POWE), R. philadelphicus Blanch (ESTI, FAYE, PULA, RUSS), and R. ostryifolius Rydb. (CAMP, KENT). This complex will be studied further when MM's colls. are processed at WKY. Plants with leaf margins irregularly deep-lobulate have been segregated, and may be united under the name laudatus (see below); a separate map is tentatively provided here, pending further revision. Plants with more numerous large foliaceous bracts have been segregated by some authors, but it is not clear in Ky. if these should be named frondosus (B, F) or pensilvancicus (Gl, St). Widrelechner (1998) interpreted common old-field blackberries of this group in Iowa and adjacent states as R. ablatus Bailey.


Scientific Name:
Phyllanthaceae [Euphorbiaceae*]: Phyllanthus <Isocladus> caroliniensis


FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with aggregata or sparganioides, which may sometimes have compound spikes (F).


FOOTNOTE:
This species is widely scattered over southeastern states, but it is most common in Atlantic states and rare to absent in the central and lower Ohio Valley.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Venosae> odora


FULL NAME:
Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex Gray) B.L. Robins.

Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium brachypodum (nutans var. b.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This diploid (2n = 34) is close to nutans, but generally distinct (FNA 5). It has a widespread western range, and extends into Ky. and Tenn. along major river valleys. It is typical of more open weedy habitats.


FOOTNOTE:
This annual weed is a highly variable tetraploid (2n = 72), and most colls. need rechecking for other species: especially semidecandrum, brachypetalum or pumilum but also vulgare. Both glomeratum and vulgare become common during early settlement (Short 1928-29), especially in overgrazed bluegrass pastures (Gr). C. viscosum L. is an ambiguous name proposed for rejection (FNA 5).


FULL NAME:
Malus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. var. dasycalyx Rehd.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] coronaria var. dasycalyx (lancifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
Some identifications are tentative; this taxon may be transitional to angustifolia or ioensis and not worth recognizing.


FULL NAME:
Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. var. angustifolia

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] angustifolia var. a.

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is often difficult to distinguish from coronaria, and several records may be intermediates.


Scientific Name:
Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Senna [Cassia] marilandica

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread across eastern states south of the Great Lakes. It is sometimes confused with hebecarpa, but there is no evidence of hybridization here or elsewhere (Y).


FULL NAME:
CONEFLOWER: Echinacea (PURPLE), Ratibida (GRAY-HEADED), Rudbeckia


FOOTNOTE:
Most plants from the lower Ohio Valley are referable to the relatively robust var. interior Fern. & Grisc., while most central and eastern plants may be var. ramosior. However, there is much overlap in distribution, and this distinction has not been followed in most recent treatments (Graham 1975; Cr, W).


Scientific Name:
Nyssaceae [Cornaceae]: Nyssa sylvatica (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although this tree may have been native in all counties, it is much less frequent on the most fertile base-rich soils. It was virtually absent in the original woods of the central Bluegrass region (Campbell 1989). Variation needs further study. Some narrow-leaved colls. from CALL may be referred to var. caroliniana (Poir) Fern., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments. See also notes under biflora.


Scientific Name:
Nyssaceae [Cornaceae]: Nyssa biflora (sylvatica var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern tree is sometimes treated as a variety of sylvatica. It is verified in adjacent w. Tenn. (Ch) and se. Mo. (Y), but there are only a few scattered records from Ky. (M; Clark et al. 2005), mostly with uncertain identification. A fruiting coll. from ROCK (KY; see also Wharton 1945) may be typical biflora, but even this has been doubted (Burckhalter 1992). It is possible there is intergradation with typical sylvatica. N. biflora differs (F, Cr, W) in its fruiting peduncles usually 1-3 cm long (versus 3-5 cm), with 2 flowers (versus 3-5). Leaves are relatively thick and stiff, usually oblanceolate (versus obovate), with obtuse apex (versus acuminate), usually entire (versus often with a few distal teeth). The trunk is swollen or buttressed at base (not in sylvatica); and older bark has vertical furrows (versus vertical and horizontal). Identification is often difficult or impossible with leaves alone.


FULL NAME:
Lycopodium complanatum: see Diphasiastrum digitatum


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> bifida (compressa p.p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This recently described segregate of compressa is known only from limestone outcrops in Ala., Ga., Ky. and Tenn. (C.G. Smith et al. in FNA 23). It can be distinguished from compressa by its pistillate scales, which are all bifid (versus at least the lower ones entire); also, its rhizomes are 3-5 mm thick (versus 2-3 mm), producing relatively tight clumps of culms that are highly compressed, with width of 4-10 times thickness (versus 2-5 times). It is possible that a few colls. are intermediates, as found in Tenn. (TENN), but most plants previously known as compressa in Ky. appear now to be bifida. A mixed population apparently occurs along the rocky banks of the Little South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in MCRE and WAYN (dets. of G. Smith at KY). See also notes on "acuminata" under elliptica.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus drummondii (compositus var. d., asper var. hookeri)

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from BOON (KNK), apparently just a roadside waif, is referable to this taxon or perhaps the more rhizomatous S. macer (Trin.) A.S. Hitchc. (= S. compositus var. m.). These taxa are both slender southwestern segregates of S. compositus, and combined as varieties by some authors. There are no other records in either case.


FOOTNOTE:
This is said to have originally been a "riverside pioneer in eastern North America" (FNA 4), but is now a cosmopolitan weed. There has been confusion among retroflexus, powellii and cruentus, which have proven to be distinct species; hybrids may occur but are generally sterile. It appears that retroflexus became "very common" during the 18th century; that hybridus (as "paniculatus") was "frequent in good ground, but not as common" in 1914 (Gr); and that hybridus is now the more abundant species.


FULL NAME:
Arabis: > Boechera, Planodes, Turritis; @ Arabidopsis, Sibara


FULL NAME:
Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from LIVI was made by M. Medley (#15533-86 for WKY) at Mantle Rock. It needs checking. There may also be old colls. of C.W. Short (e.g. at Copenhagen) without locality (M). This is a widespread tropical to warm-temperate species that also extends north to Mo.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> amplisquama (communis* var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some of the more robust colls. below sandstone cliffs in se. Ky. that have been determined as communis are transferred here to amplisquama. The latter is a southern Appalachian species that reportedly differs (FNA 23) in its generally broader leaves (mostly 2-5 mm versus 1-3 mm); its inflorescences relatively long (usually 4-6 cm versus 2.5-4 cm) and pale (versus often purplish); its relatively long basal bracts (often extending to the staminate tip versus up to half as long); its perigynia with wider scales (>1.6 mm versus usually <1.6 mm) and perhaps longer teeth (usually >0.2 mm versus usually 0.1-0.2 mm).


FOOTNOTE:
This may be confused with H. quadrivalvis Walt., which occurs in w. Tenn. close to the Ky. border. H. quadrivalvis was reported in early KSNPC databases from GRAV or HICK, but probably in error (M); a coll. may be mislaid.


FOOTNOTE:
This common weed is widely scattered and has probably been present since early after settlement (Gray 1864; Gr), but it has remained less abundant than asper. It may be more restricted to damp eutrophic soils, often in ruderal settings of little interest to most botanists. As observed in Mo. (St, Y), this species is undercollected and much more widespread than records indicate.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Nemorales> nemoralis

FOOTNOTE:
Variation deserves further study. Several colls., especially in eastern regions, appear transitional to the southern var. haleana Fern., with more robust, branched habit, and more reduced leaves on the branches. However, that variety intergrades broadly with typical northern plants (Cr), and it may not deserve recognition (FNA 20). The western var. longipetiolata (MacKenzie & Bush) Palmer & Steyermark, recenly treated as ssp. decemloba (DC.) Brammall ex Semple (FNA 20), is a more distinct tetraploid; 2n = 36 versus 18 in typical nemoralis. It has been reported from Ky. by Harvill (1941), F and others (M), but no convincing colls. are known (check for C.W. Short at PH).


FOOTNOTE:
Most or all material is var. tatula (L.) Torr., but this may not be worth recognizing. The native or alien status of this species in North America remains somewhat uncertain. It is often considered to have been introduced with the early settlements in Va. Based on early records, it appears to have became abundant in Ky. within 10-15 years after settlement during the 1770s.


FULL NAME:
COMFREY: Cynoglossum (WILD), Symphytum (GARDEN)


FULL NAME:
PUCCOON: Lithospermum {large orange flowered}


FULL NAME:
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been reported by Gunn (1968), Kellerman (1959) and others, but its presence is not confirmed. Colls. of guadalupensis at DHL were misidentified as flexilis by E. Beal.


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Septati-a> canadensis (var. c.)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> albursina (laxiflora var. latifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but largely restricted to less disturbed wooded slopes on base-rich soils. Although clearly a distinct species, immature or incomplete colls. have often been misidentified as laxiflora or other relatives; see also notes under kraliana.


FULL NAME:
Piptatherum racemosum Ricker ex A.S. Hitchc.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Stipeae>: Piptatherum [Oryzopsis*] racemosum

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species is known only from under limestone cliffs in the Kentucky River Palisades and in the eastern Knobs Region (or its Appalachian transitions).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> gracilescens (laxiflora var. gracillima)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with blanda and other species in Laxiflorae or even Griseae. Compared to blanda (F, Cr, FNA 23), perigynia of gracilescens are mostly shorter (ca. 2.2-3 mm versus 2.5-4 mm), but with the beak more prolonged and "often proboscis-like" (versus abruptly contracted and short). The distinctive purplish or reddish color of the lowest sheaths sometimes fades in older material. C. gracilescens is typical of streambanks on acid soils, and there are relatively few records from calcareous regions.


FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs in much of eastern North America, but it is concentrated in or near Appalachian regions. There a relatively abrupt western edge to its range in the central and lower Ohio Valley, with only local extensions and disjunctions north to the Great Lakes region (PL).


FOOTNOTE:
In addition to the one currently known site in LAUR (BEREA), discovered by R. Mears in 1992 (Campbell et al. 1994), there is an old unconfirmed report from Ky. by McFarland (1942). This northern and Appalachian species is expected elsewhere in southeastern counties, since it is locally common along Clear Fork in Morgan Co., Tenn. (J. Kiser, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Polygalaceae: Polygala cf. lonchophylla (senega var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon has been previously known as P. senega var. latifolia Torr. & Gray. Species status has been suggested by Trauth-Nare & Naczi (1998), and is favored for this Atlas. Trauth-Nare has labelled these plants as P. lonchophylla Greene, but more work is needed to ensure proper typification.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with E. aquaticum L., which was reported from near Murphys Pond (HICK), but probably in error (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This alien has become common in much of western North America, but it is generally rare in the east and absent in southeastern states (PL).


FULL NAME:
Sanicula marilandica L. var. petiolulata Fern.

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Saniculoideae>: Sanicula marilandica* var. petiolulata

FOOTNOTE:
This disjunct southern variety needs further examination for potential species status; it should not be combined with the typical northern variety.


FULL NAME:
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. comosa (L.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Amphicarpaea bracteata var. comosa

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon needs further study; it often seems distinct, and appears to be associated with richer soils.


FOOTNOTE:
This weed of the Old World tropics is common in southeastern states, and occasionally adventive further north. It was reported from Ky. by RAB, but no coll. has been found.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Vigna unguiculata (sinensis)

FOOTNOTE:
This species has been widely cultivated (as "black-eyed pea" or "cow-pea") since about 1900, at least in warmer regions. However, it rarely persists and does not become naturalized.


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) Gould

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] oligosanthes (var. o.*)


Scientific Name:
Campanulaceae: Triodanis [Specularia] leptocarpa (?scabra)

FOOTNOTE:
There is an obscure reference to T. scabra Raf. by Rafinesque (1836), from "glades near the mouth of the Tennessee River." T. scabra is considered to be a synonym of leptocarpa, according to Merrill (1949). T. leptocarpa is a species of the Great Plains that extends east into e. Mo., c. Ill. and Ind., but it is perhaps only adventive along rights-of-way within those states (D, Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This is commonly planted in gardens, and sometimes persistent, but there are no well documented colls. of truly naturalized plants.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> divaricatus

FOOTNOTE:
This is a relatively uniform, usually diploid (2n = 34) species that is widespread in moderately shady to open habitats across eastern North America. However, there appear to be occasional hybrids in Ky. with microcephalus and hirsutus, and other variants or hybrids may occur further west (e.g. see Y).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Genea> sterilis

FOOTNOTE:
This annual weedy grass was not recorded until the 1930s (B). Its ecology is similar to the closely related species, tectorum, which is much more common.


FOOTNOTE:
All colls. are probably referable to var. poiformis (Pursh) Fern., but that variety is not generally recognized in recent treatments


Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Anagallis arvensis var.a.


FULL NAME:
Platanthera herbiola (R. Br. ex Ait. f.) new comb. ?

Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] herbiola (flava var. h.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Although some colls. are difficult to distinguish from typical flava, which is a southern taxon that overlaps in a relatively narrow zone, the more northern herbiola is generally distinct in appearance and habitat. Species status has been suggested by Homoya (1993) but denied by others (Yatskievych 1999). P. herbiola differs in its lip, which is usually narrower, oblong and obtuse (versus broadly ovate to orbicular or quadrangular, often emarginate); its spike is usually more congested, with at least the lower bracts much exceeding the flowers (versus about equalling); and it has 2-3 (5) full-sized leaves (versus usually 2), which are generally darker green. In Ky. herbiola is largely Appalachian, and occurs along small streams that flow most of the year; flava is widely scattered, and occurs on broader terraces and streamheads that often dry up in summer and fall.


FULL NAME:
ASTER, GOLDEN-: Chrysopsis, Heterotheca, Pityopsis (GRASS-LEAVED)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> hirsutella (complanata/triceps var. hirsuta)


FOOTNOTE:
This was discovered in WAYN (EKY) by G. Libby & T. Bloom in 1995 (Libby & Bloom 1998): above Beaver Creek upslope from outcrop at S end of spine of Cooper Point (Parnell Quad.)


FULL NAME:
Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) J.A. Schultes

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleogenus> obtusa (ovata* var. obtusa)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from engelmannii and ovata may need further revision; see notes under those names. Some colls. from GARR, LAUR and POWE (EKY) are referable to the depauperate form previously known as var. jejuna Fern.


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium sulcatum (erectum var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. are referable to forma albolutescens Patrick (e.g. from CART and HARL at KY). In Ky., many plants appear intermediate between the largely northeastern erectum and the southern Appalachian sulcatum; the combination T. erectum var. sulcatum Barksdale is available if desired. However, these two species appear generally distinct across their whole ranges (Patrick 1984, FNA 26), and differ in chromosome morphology (Hill 2005). T. sulcatum is distinguished by its cup-shaped flowers, with "petals carried somewhat forward to recurved-spreading in distal half... ovate to broadly ovate-overlapping" (versus "spreading, carried in same plane as sepals or ascending slightly... lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or occasionally ovate"); it has larger stamens (15-18 mm long versus 5-15 mm) and ovaries (14-18 mm long versus 5-10 mm); its smell is "faintly musty, like fresh fungus" (versus "fetid, like a wet dog"); pedicels are often flexed or declined (versus erect). Without flowers, leaves may be tentatively distinguished by their "obovate to broadly elliptic shape" (versus "broadly rhombic to ovate-rhombic").


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Neobeckia [Rorippa; Armoracia*] aquatica (A. lacustris)

FOOTNOTE:
The generic placement remains controversial (Y). Rhizomes are lacking but stems often become decumbent, buried and rooted. Also, this heterophyllous subaquatic species "is remarkable for its capacity to regenerate plants from tiny fragments of leaves, stems, and roots... [submersed] dissected leaves are usually detached in nature during late summer and fall" (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Although widely scattered across eastern North America, it concentrated in the mid-west (Ark., Mo., Ill., Ind., Ohio, Mich., N.Y.), and even there it is listed as rare or imperiled by Heritage Programs (NatureServe website). Plants in BOON (Nelson 1919) and KENT (PH; see also B) cannot be relocated.


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium spretum (J.A. Schultes) Freckmann

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] spretum (acuminatum ssp. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon has not been confirmed in Ky. (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, FNA 25), although it does occur to the south on the Coastal Plain and to the north around the Great Lakes. A coll. from CALL (SIU) that is referred here to longiligulatum may be at least transitional to spretum. These two taxa are both treated as subspecies of acuminatum in FNA (25).


FOOTNOTE:
This was probably introduced early after settlement, as a favorite grass for pastures and hayfields.


FULL NAME:
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Dysphania [Chenopodium*] botrys

FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan weed is widely scattered in North America but rare to absent in southeastern states.


FULL NAME:
Vaccinium constablaei: see V. corymbosum


Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Palladia) clethroides

FOOTNOTE:
This species is known only from an old field in MCRA (R. Athey #1929, WKY, EKY). It is a Japanese species that is sometimes cutivated but rarely naturalized in eastern North America.


FOOTNOTE:
The only records from Ky. are colls. of R. Athey from CALL and MARS (WKY, EKY) made during the 1970s. This globally rare species is known only from the southern Blue Ridge or nearby, plus disjunct localities in s. Ill., w. Ky. and nw. Tenn. (Stewart Co., near the Ky. line). W noted that populations of young or suppressed plants can develop in woodlands, but they need canopy gaps to flower, then growing up to 2 m tall with a robust terminal panicle.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> gigantea var. g.

FOOTNOTE:
Chromosome number varies in this species (2n = 18, 36, 54), increasing from east to west, but it is not clearly associated with morphological segregates (FNA 20). Although much less abundant in Ky. than altissiima, gigantea is generally distributed along streams and in lowland meadows across most the state. It is distinguished from the canadensis-altissima complex in Ky. by its completely glabrous stems below the inflorescence (versus puberulent at least above middle), often with glaucus bloom at first then turning purplish (versus just green). Leaves are generally glabrous, except in var. gigantea for a line of hairs along the three main veins on lower sufaces (versus usually pubescent across the surface in Ky.). Flowers are similar, but usually developed a month or so earlier, in August (versus September in Ky.).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Diarrheneae>: Diarrhena obovata (americana var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is generally distinct from typical americana, but some colls. need rechecking.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Robineae>: Robinia fertilis (hispida* var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
This frequently planted diploid (2n = 20) species often persists and escapes; the degree of naturalization is often unclear from coll. data.. It is not native in Ky., and probably originates from the southern Blue Ridge in N.C. and Tenn. (Isely & Peabody 1984, W). It has been confused with the triploids (2n = 30), hispida and boyntonii, which are native in Ky.


FULL NAME:
HYSSOP: Bacopa (WATER-), Gratiola (HEDGE-), Mecardonia (MARSH-)


Scientific Name:
Malvaceae: Hibiscus moscheutos (ssp. m.*)


FULL NAME:
Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var. rafinesquianum

Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> rafinesquianum var. r. (hypomaculatum)

FOOTNOTE:
This has densely pubescent leaves, compared to the relatively glabrous var. affine; also, petioles tend to be relatively short (2n = 36; Cr). Both taxa have fairly widespread reported ranges in eastern states, but with large disjunctions. In Ky., they are restricted to steep river bluffs in a few localities. Var. rafinesquianum is uncommon but widely scattered on limestone and base-rich shale in Appalachian regions or nearby. Var. affine is locally common on limestone bluffs along the Kentucky River Palisades, and in transitional populations further east. Colls. from ESTI and PULA (KY) mapped here under var. affine are from somewhat transitional, or in mixed populations with more hairy plants. In Tenn., the species is known only from a few sites in the Ridge & Valley, only as var. rafinesquianum (Ch; TENN). [A somewhat parallel situation exists in Lonicera dioica.]


Scientific Name:
Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Ribesia> americanum (floridanum)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a northern species that is probably delivered south occasionally by avian means. In addition to recent colls. of G. Libby from MADI (EKY) and R. Clark from LEE (EKY), there are old records of C.W. Short from BATH (PH; see M) and Nelson (1919) from BOON. Allied species in the "currant" group may be expected (J), especially R. odoratum H.H. Wendl., which has a northwestern range but was recently discovered by D. Estes in adjacent w. Tenn. (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Pueraria montana (var. lobata*)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien is a widespread, variable species in East Asia. North American plants may all be referred to var. lobata (Ohwi) Maesen & Almeida, which has been distinguished by its lobed leaves and perhaps other characters, but further revision is probably needed (Ward 1997).


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on acid infertile soils in good diverse remants of open woodland or grassland. There are also disjunct populations in s. Ill., s. Ind. and s. Ohio (FNA 25).


FULL NAME:
Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] obovata (aurea var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some material (e.g. CLAR at KY, GH) is referable to the relatively southern var. rotundus Britt. (in Senecio), which differs in its basal leaves suborbicular to round-obovate (versus obovate), with petiole ca.1-3 x blade length (versus 0.5-1.5), the dilated summit ca. 3-15 mm (versus 10-30 mm). That variety appears transitional to aurea in a few cases, but obovata is almost always distinguishable by its heads with more abruptly acuminate phyllaries, ca. 3-6 mm long (versus narrowly linear, ca. 6-8 mm), and less deeply yellow flowers; its basal leaves with non-cordate bases (versus cordate); and its rosettes formed on elongate stolons as well as rhizomes (versus just rhizomes). P. obovata includes polyploids (2n = 44, 88, 90) and is not known to form hybrids; P. aurea is a diploid (2n = 44) that appears to form hybrids with several species (FNA 20).


Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> glauca var. g.

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. mapped as open dots are not assigned to variety.


FOOTNOTE:
There is a vegetative coll. of M. Medley from FULT (for WKY), and a sight record of R. Athey (M). This species of southern swamps is known from se. Mo., but it is not clear if it is more than a temporary waif in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium pinnatifidum (terebinthinaceum var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species has a rather narrow range, centered in the Big Barrens region of Ky. & Tenn., with outlying populations in some other southeastern states. It may not occur north of the Ohio Rv. (D); similar plants in Ind. and Ohio can be interpreted as terebinthinaceum, but perhaps introgressed with laciniatum. Further revision in Ky. and elsewhere is be needed to clarify distinction among various hybrids and introgressants involving this species and others. Apparent hybrids with typical terebinthiaceum have been collected by MM (for WKY) from HART and WARR. Apparent hybrids with laciniatum have been collected from LOGA (B) and perhaps TRIG (APSU).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Tenuifoliae> macrosperma ("flabellata")

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread variable northeastern species, but it appears to be uncommon in Ky. See also notes under flabellata and iracunda, which have records that are not yet reliably segregated from macrosperma in Ky. Most of the uncertain records mapped here as open dots may be transferred to iracunda. Some records from BOYD and LYON (GH) are based on atypical colls. with suborbicular leaves, which also suggest collina.


FULL NAME:
Panicum sabulorum: see Dichanthelium columbianum


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Sphenopholis obtusata (var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
Original habitats are uncertain. This is widespread in western and southern regions of North America, and probably occurred in native grasslands of w. Ky. before settlement. S. obtusata is currently rather uncommon, even in good grassland remnants, but it seems to have spread locally along roads and railroads into more eastern regions. Records of var. lobata (Trin.) Scribn. and var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn. can be included here (FNA 24). See also S. intermedia, which has been confused.


Scientific Name:
Liliaceae: Lilium michiganense (canadense ssp. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with other species, and some colls. should be rechecked, especially those lacking flowers or capsules. There may be some integradation with superbum.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Chaenomeles speciosa (lagenaria, "japonica")

FOOTNOTE:
Most or all records may be from persistent plantings at old home sites. Establishment from seed has not been documented, and the species should perhaps not be considered naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) labeled: K. Carr #570, 20 Aug 1936, sandy creek bank, Elliotsville. However, these data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992). The main range of this species is to the north, but there are scattered records to the east and south of Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This popular feline herb ("catnip") was not reported until 1893 by Pr, and it was omitted by Gr in 1914. It has become widely associated with base-rich dusty ground under eaves and under cliffs, or similar habitats.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha "longifolia" {spicata x longifolia or pubescent spicata}

FOOTNOTE:
There are only old or obscure records of this "horse mint" from FAYE, JESS, KENT and MEAD during ca. 1930-1950 (M), and these all need to be checked. True longifolia (2n = 24) is close to the tetraploid species, spicata (2n = 48) but can be distinguished (Tucker & Naczi, in prep.) by its hairs all uniseriate (versus occasionally dendroid on abaxial leaf surface), its leaves widest near the middle (versus near base), and its fertile anthers 0.28-0.38 mm long (versus 0.38-0.52 mm). Although the name longifolia has been applied to many plants in North America, almost all are now considered by Tucker & Naczi (in prep.) to be a pubescent variant of spicata or the hybrid between spicata and longifolia (= X villoso-nervata Opiz, sometimes called "American Spearmint"). There may also be confusion with the hybrid of lanceolata and suaveolens (= X rotundifolia).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Crus-galli> aff. persimilis (?palmeri, ?regalis, ?denaria)

FOOTNOTE:
These are miscellaneous records of broad-leaved variants within Series Crus-galli that are provisionally grouped here, pending further revision. Included are records of C. palmeri Sarg. (CLAR), C. regalis Beadle (ESTI, LYON, MCRA), and C. denaria Beadle (LYON, JEFF, MCRA; see also C. acutifolia Sarg. in D, perhaps transitional to C. viridis); sources include Slack (1941), Wharton (1945) and others supported by colls. (GH, MICH, MO; check Cornell). Some plants may be derived from hybridization (D, F). A coll. from MONT (GH) is named C. persimilis Sarg. (verified by J.B. Phipps), which may be a distinct mid-western segregate (including C. hannibalensis Sarg.), perhaps transitional to calpodendron (F). These taxa are mostly distributed in mid-western regions, especially Ind., Ill., Iowa, Kans., Mo. and Ark., but with eastern records from N.Y., N.C. and Ky. (D, F).


FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. There appears to be local introgression with C. ovata, and occasional hybridization with other species (FNA 3; W). Varietial names have not generally been applied in the state. Expected is var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sarg., which has relatively large fruits and large terminal leaflets; though mostly known from the southeastern Coastal Plain, it is reported north to s. Ill. (M, W).


Scientific Name:
Lemnaceae [Araceae]: Wolffia brasiliensis (papulifera, punctata)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. should be rechecked carefully; many have more than one species and there has been confusion in nomenclature.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria leonardii (parvula var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
Early records of S. ambigua Nutt. (= S. nervosa var. ambigua or S. parvula var. missouriensis) have not been confirmed and were probably based on leonardii (B, F, M). Moreover, ambigua is combined with leonardii in most recent treatments (W).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] cf. bicknellii ("boreale")

FOOTNOTE:
These scattered plants, found in various rocky woods and glades, are poorly understood. They have often been referred to boreale, which is a northern relative of dichotomum that is not mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock & Chase (1950) or FNA 25. Reported southern extensions of boreale (e.g. Cr) are largely based on plants that appear derived from hybridization among dichotomum, acuminatum, linearifolium or other common species. Panicum bicknellii Nash and P. calliphyllum Ashe are older names sometimes considered synonymous with boreale, but apparently based on various putative hybrids or introgressants that are similar to these plants in Ky. (Hitchcock & Chase 1950; F; FNA 25).


FULL NAME:
Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. (e.g. BELL & TRIG), or perhaps all, are referable to var. crassior Fern., but that variety has not been distinguished from the more southeastern var. quadrangulata in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Arctium minus (lappa var. minus)

FOOTNOTE:
This common barnyard weed has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). Reports of typical A. lappa L. and A. tomentosum P. Mill. cannot be confirmed and may be erroneous (M), but those species are known in adjacent states north of Ky.  All three taxa were treated as varieties of lappa in early literature (e.g. Gray 1864).


FULL NAME:
Passiflora lutea L. var. glabriflora Fern.

Scientific Name:
Passifloraceae: Passiflora lutea var. glabriflora

FOOTNOTE:
This glabrous variety is distributed largely in the Ohio and lower Mississippi Valleys. The typical variety has a more eastern and southeastern range; reports from Ky. are not verified (M).


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Macrantha> pensylvanicum

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this northeastern species is known only from upper slopes of the Cumberland Mts. and in ravines of the South Fork of Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries.


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Platanoidea> platanoides

FOOTNOTE:
This occasionally establishes from self-seedings, but it may not yet be completing life-cycles in the wild. The more certain records mapped here (with solid dots) are from contexts that suggest true naturalization is under way, but details are lacking in several cases.


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Platanoidea> campestre

FOOTNOTE:
This is occasionally cultivated and has been reported as an escape in MADI (CW), but details are not yet available. It is becoming locally naturalized on base-rich soils in northeastern states, including the Greater Cincinnati area (pers. obs.) and other parts of Ind. and Ohio (PL).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha X gracilis (arvensis x spicata; cardiaca, "gentilis")

FOOTNOTE:
This sterile clone has spread locally from cultivation. It is a hybrid of M. arvensis (2n = 72) and M. spicata (2n = 48) with intermediate chromosome number (2n = 60), but other hybrids of these species have different chromosome numbers (from 54 to 120). See Tucker & Fairbrothers (1990) for analysis of its hybrid origin. The epithet "gentilis" has been applied to these plants, but M. gentilis L. is a synonym of the northern and eastern European M. arvensis ssp. parietariaefolia (Becker) Briq. (Tucker & Nazci, in prep.).


FULL NAME:
Zizania aquatica L. var. interior Fassett

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Oryzeae>: Zizania aquatica var. interior

FOOTNOTE:
C.W. Short made colls. (CINC, formerly KY, check PH) in 1835 from "lakes in the barrens of Ky.", probably in CHRI, TODD, LOGA or WARR. There is also a coll. from FULT (US) made in in 1915. These colls. are probably all referable to the largely mid-western var. interior, but this needs to be checked.


FOOTNOTE:
This is cosmopolitan and variable (with 2n = 24 and 48), but segregates have not been recognized in recent treatments. In some early literature (e.g. Gr), it has been misidentified as laevis, which is a less variable southern species (2n = 22, 24).


Scientific Name:
Vitaceae: Vitis baileyana (cinerea var. b.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian-Ozarkian species has been neglected in Ky. and needs further study. Although sometimes treated as a variety of cinerea (Moore 1991, J), it often appears closer to vulpina (F), and is difficult to separate in some cases. Hybrid origin is suggested. It differs from vulpina in its leaves permanently pilose and sometimes slightly arachnoid (versus glabrous or glabrate), usually more rounded and with shorter teeth; its branchlets are angled (versus terete), usually with reddish nodes (versus green); pedicels are usually <3 mm long (versus ca. 5 mm). N. Hill (pers. comm.) found that the seed-bank in old growth forest of LETC contains frequent baileyana, but virtually no vulpina.


FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from CLAR (GH) was determined as this species by G.C. Tucker and others: M.R. Beckett #643, 6 Jul 1955, margin of stream, Elkin Station Road. It has also been found nearby in Adams & Sandusky Counties, Ohio (colls. of A. Cusick at DOV). This obscure relative of atrovirens has been combined by some authors (e.g. Cr). It lacks septate-nodulose lower blades and sheaths; spikelets tend to be more broadly ovate, with blackish (versus brownish) scales; achenes tend to be shorter, with bristles somewhat intermediate between atrovirens and georgianus (FNA 23; W). Though initially described from Japan, it is widely scattered across northeastern states and adjacent Canada, where it probably originated (Schuyler 1967).


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Matelea decipiens (Gonolobus d.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species of the mid-south (S.C. to Okla.) has been reported from Ky. (in CARL, HEND and WARR; M), but not yet verified. Identification has been difficult due to inadequate colls. and varied treatments, with obliqua often confused; figures of flowers appear switched in Gl but not corrected in Holmgren et al. (1998). Based on more reliable treatments (perhaps F and Y), the corolla lobes of M. decipiens are usually brownish-purple to almost black, (7) 10-18 mm long, 3-6 mm broad, widest at or above the middle (versus more linear); l/w is ca. 2-4 (versus 4-6 in obliqua). See notes under obliqua.


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Matelea carolinensis (Gonolobus c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is rare in Ky. In addition to the three certain mapped records, there are some old reports in the literature and some recent tentative reports based on vegetative material. M. caroliniana is close to decipiens (with intermediates reported further south), but its corolla lobes are shorter (usually 7-12 mm versus 11-15 mm), broader (40-50% as long versus 25-33%), and rotate (versus ascending); buds are bluntly ovoid (versus oblong-conical). In both species, corolla lobes are widest at or above the middle (versus tapering from the base to an acute apex in obliqua), and the crown is thin, with alternate lobes prolonged into acute or acuminate tips (versus fleshy, with lobes all truncate or emarginate in obliqua).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> album

FOOTNOTE:
Ky. plants probably all match var. glandulosum (Michx.) DC. but this may not be worth recognizing (see also W). The more southern var. album (sometimes misnamed "E. petaloideum Britt."), with less glandular involucre, has been reported but does not appear to occur in Ky. (M).  A few colls. may be hybridized with hyssopifolium var. laciniatum (HART at TENN; MCRE at KY), sessilifolium or other species; see also notes under album var. vaseyi.


FOOTNOTE:
This Asian species has become locally naturalized in lawns at scattered sites across eastern states. The first record from Ky. was in 1914 (Gr).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Amelanchier arborea ("canadensis"; alabamensis)

FOOTNOTE:
The name A. canadensis (L.) Medik (? = A. intermedia Spach.) has been misapplied to arborea in older treatments, causing continuing confusion in academia and horticulture. Typical canadensis is a more shrubby species, with narrower leaves and more ascending racemes of relatively small flowers (F). It occurs in wetlands from northeastern regions to the higher Appalachians in Ga., and it has been reported on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.). Although canadensis or its hybrids may sometimes be planted, there is no evidence that it is native or naturalized in Ky. One coll. from a "river terrace field" in BOON (B) has been identified as the hybrid of arborea with canadensis; the identity and origin of this coll. needs to be checked (E.L. Braun #857 at US).


Scientific Name:
Salicaceae: Populus <Aegeiros> nigra var. italica

FOOTNOTE:
Though generally reduced to a horticultural form, this "Lombardy poplar" may deserve more distinction from typical black poplar. It is widely planted, and can spread locally with suckers but seedlings are unknown; only male plants are known in Ky. (CW). There are colls. that may suggest escaped status from NELS (Greenwell 1935), PIKE (CW) and OLDH (DHL), but it does not seem to become truly naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Aronia [Pyrus] melanocarpa

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread on acid soils in most of eastern North America, including the parts of the mid-west, but excluding regions west of the Mississippi Rv. (PL). See further notes under arbutifolia.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> pensylvanica (var. p.)


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon calycosus (laevigatus* var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in mid-western to east-central states on base-rich soils. Although generally a distinct species, some colls. may be transitional to digitalis or alluviorum. Also, the colls. from CALL and MCRA (MUR) appear transitional to laevigatus due to their narrow leaves.


FULL NAME:
Euphorbia heterophylla: see E. cyathophora


FULL NAME:
LILY: Clintonia (BEAD-), Erythronium (TROUT-), Lilium


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Glyceria striata (nervata)


FULL NAME:
Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) F.T. Hubbard

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Glyceria melicaria (torreyana)


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Dasistoma [Seymeria] macrophylla


FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species is known from three sites in ROWA (MDKY). It is close to atrovirens but has long reddish rhizomes.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern and western species is close to S. expansus. The single record is a coll. from BRAK (KNK), det. by A.E. Schuyler.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Polymnia canadensis var. c.

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of east-central states is usually associated with limestone, but in Ky. some populations occur on sandstone (as in CRIT with loess above) or shale (as in LESL but probably base-rich).


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. were initially misidentified as the western species, J. longistylis Torr. (M).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Erigeron strigosus (ramosus; annuus ssp. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation is complex and needs further study; there is a polyploid series (2n = 18 to 54) and most plants are apomictic (F, FNA 19, Y). Most material is referable to the widespread var. strigosus. A few colls. from western counties (CALL at OKL, HICK at MUR, OHIO at KY) are referable to the more southern var. beyrichii (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Torr. & Gray ex Gray. Several Appalachian colls. (from CART, ELLI, JOHN, MCRE, WHIT) at least tend towards to var. discoidea Robbins. Also to be expected is var. calcicola J. Allison, a slender perennial that has been recently described from limestone glades in n. Ala., nw. Ga. and c. Tenn., where it is locally abundant  (Allison & Stephens 2001; W; D. Estes, pers. comm.). There are also several uncertain records that are difficult to distinguish from E. annuus, and might be transitional; some of these may be referable to var. septentrionalis (Fern.) & Wieg.) Fern.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Sitanion> elymoides (S. hystrix)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread western species occurs only as a rare waif in eastern states. In Ky. the only record is a coll. from a roadside in HARL (KY).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Alopecurus myosuroides (agrestris)

FOOTNOTE:
Two colls. were in FAYE (KY-Agr. Sch.), dated 1890 and 1894, probably from waifs in plantings at the Agricultural Experiment Station (Anderson 1924). This alien is "occasionally found in fields and waste places at scattered stations" in northeastern states (Cr). It does not appear to be increasing in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Anemone lancifolia (quinqufolia var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. of B (US), M (WKY) and others (EKY) need further examination to clarify the status of this Appalachian taxon. Inexplicably, it was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 3. It is sometimes treated as A. quinquefolia var. lancifolia (Pursh) Fosberg, since there can be intergradation in zones of overlap.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Sanguisorbeae>: Agrimonia microcarpa (pubescens var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a fairly widespread southern species, reported from Ky. by F and others. It is close to pubescens, and some colls. may be somewhat intermediate. Although Wessel & Thieret (2000) doubted the identification of this species in the state, there are colls. from MADI (G.W. Libby OB-725, EKY),  JEFF (P. Haragan, Olmstead Parks herbarium). OLDH (H. Peterson, DHL), and ROWA (A. Risk, MDKY) that do fall within its traditional circumscription.


FULL NAME:
DANDELION: Krigia (LESSER), Pyrrhopappus (GREATER), Taraxacum


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Graminifolii> marginatus (var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some records need closer examination for separation of the generally more robust species, biflorus. Another closely related southern species may be expected: J. longii Fern. The latter differs from both marginatus and biflorus in its relatively long and slender rhizomes and stolons; it typically has intermediate stature. J. longii occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain, but also extends north close to Ky. on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch).


FULL NAME:
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] pumila (glauca, lutescens)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien has probably been present since early after settlement (M'Murtrie 1819, Short & Peter 1835), although there was early confusion in nomenclature with Pennisetum americanum (M).  In 1914 Gr noted: "A common weed in all fields and elsewhere."


FULL NAME:
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. var. viridis

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] viridis var. v.

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread weed was first reported by Pr in 1893, but omitted by Gr in 1900-1914. Anderson (1947) noted: "fairly common, but reported [with colls.] from only two localities."


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Polycodium> stamineum

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in eastern states but generally absent on base-rich soils. In the Bluegrass region, the few records are from old high terraces, riverine or glacial. Many plants in Ky. match var. neglectum (Small) Deam or other varieties, as defined in previous treatments (e.g. F), but further study is needed with reference to more recent work. W has indicated that the widespread group of plants in east-central states with white-glaucous leaves (which would include most or all Ky. material), should be placed in a new variety, perhaps based on Polycodium candicans Small. Lower leaf surfaces are hairy or smooth (as in "neglectum"), but this is probably not a significant taxonomic character; open dots on the map indicate just smooth plants.


FOOTNOTE:
Most colls. match C. richardsiana Fern., which is now generally combined; colls. from CART (KY) and MCRE (B) match typical umbellata. F's treatment deserves further evaluation; he indicated that richardsiana has a corymbose inflorescence (versus paniculate), with strongly ascending branches, and is perhaps typical of more calcareous soils.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Salvia pitcheri (azurea var. grandiflora*)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Ozarkian species has been confused with typical S. azurea Michx. ex Lam., which is a more western species that does not occur in the state.


FULL NAME:
Eleutherococcus pentaphyllus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Nakai

Scientific Name:
Araliaceae: Eleutherococcus [Acanthopanax] pentaphyllus (A. sieboldianus)

FOOTNOTE:
This Asian shrub does not seem to have spread far from cultivation. There are colls. from GRAN (KNK), JEFF (KNK) and WHIT (EKY) that appear to be true escapes (M; Clark et al. 2005), but no reproducing populations are documented yet in the wild. The coll. from LYON (APSU) was a plant persistent after cultivation.


FOOTNOTE:
The only known locality is a pond in EDMO, where it has been recently collected (M. Medley at WKY; R. Seymour, pers. comm.). Other reports are not confirmed (F, BT). A related southern species, S. falcata Pursh (S. lancifolia var. media) was reported from Ky. by Fassett (1940) but seems rather unlikely (Cr, M).


FULL NAME:
FOXTAIL: Alopecurus (EARLY), Setaria (LATE)


FULL NAME:
BLUESTEM: Andropogon geradii (BIG), Bothriochloa (CANE), Schizachyrium (LITTLE)


FULL NAME:
OAT GRASS: Arrhenatherum (TALL), Danthonia


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Euthamia [Solidago] tenuifolia

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from stripmine spoil in KNOX was made by H. Bryan (M), and made become processed at EKY or WKY. This is an eastern Coastal Plain species that might rarely occur as a waif further west.


FULL NAME:
Euthamia leptocephala (Torr. & Gray) Greene

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Euthamia [Solidago] leptocephala

FOOTNOTE:
Records of this southern lowland species are mostly from colls. of R. Athey that need to be verified further (probably at Memphis). Also, the reported coll. from HICK (Grubbs & Fuller 1991) has not yet been located at MUR. There has been some confusion with E. gymnospermoides Greene, which occurs widely in the mid-west (Ontario to Texas) but perhaps not in southeastern states (W). BA's report of gymnospermoides was apparently based on misidentification of leptocephala.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Amygdalus> persica

FOOTNOTE:
Some records may be from old plantings, but this species has clearly spread from seed at many sites.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> virescens (var. v.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to swanii, and there may be occasional intermediate colls. (e.g., from BARR at WKY). Some older treatments included swanii (e.g. Anderson 1924; M).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria saxatilis (var. s.)


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> serotina


FOOTNOTE:
This unusual conservative species of mesic woods is concentrated in parts of the southern Interior Low Plateaus and Cumberland Plateau, but with curious extensions and disjunctions in some adjacent regions (PL). Though close to old dwellings, the few disjunct populations along the Kentucky River Palisades appear to be native; Short (1828-29) noted Pachysandra in FAYE. Further discoveries may be expected to in n. Ky., since it is known from a few sites in s. Ind. (Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources database). However, the one site in e. Mo. may have been introduced (Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This was recently discovered at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (HARL) by A. Risk; near Laurel Lake (LAUR) by JC and Abbott et al. (2004); and at the Hog Hollow seeps (BATH) by A. Risk. There are also old reports from Ky. by Rafinesque (M'Murtrie 1819), Riddell (1835) and Gleason (1952).


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern tree is virtually absent in glaciated land north of the Ohio River. And although widespread in Ky., Liquidambar is rare to absent on base-rich soils, especially in the Bluegrass Region where it is confined to more acid river terraces. See W and Angiosperm Phylogeny website for references to family placement.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda bradburiana ("russeliana")

FOOTNOTE:
F and Cr indicated that M. russeliana Nutt. is the correct name for this species, but there has been some dissent. M. russeliana may be properly restricted to some relatively western plants within the Ozark region, which have been confused with M. virgata Raf. and may warrant some distinction. This question needs to be resolved.


FOOTNOTE:
This species is widespread in central North America, but in Ky. and Tenn. it is strongly concentrated in the Bluegrass region, the Nashville Basin, and some rich bottomlands along larger rivers to the west. Most of the unverified historical data of Gr and B are mapped here as open dots. Reports of Gr from within the northern Appalachian Plateau remain dubious, but macrocarpa does occur rarely in Appalachian valleys within se. Ohio and perhaps even sw. W.Va. (D. Boone, pers. comm.; PL). There appear to be occasional hybrids with alba, bicolor, muhlenbergii and perhaps other species.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. should be rechecked against verified G. wirtgenii F.W. Schultz (verum ssp. wirtgenii), which may be difficult to distinguish in dried material (Cr, W). G. wirtgenii differs in its odorless, lemon-yellow flowers (versus fragrant, golden-yellow), and its more interrupted inflorescence.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Orbexilum [Psoralea] onobrychis


FULL NAME:
Orbexilum stipulatum (Torr. & Gray) Rydb.

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Orbexilum [Psoralea] stipulatum

FOOTNOTE:
This species is considered globally extinct. It was known only from Rock Island at the Falls of the Ohio (Baskin & Isely & Baskin 1986). Rock Island was largely destroyed in the early 20th Century, in connection with lock-and-dam construction and other changes to the environment. However, further searching is warranted along banks of the river and nearby tributaries with native grassland, e.g., up the Salt River to the Cedar Grove area in BULL.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Triadenum [Hypericum] virginicum

FOOTNOTE:
This species has been reported by BT, J and others (M). Colls. from ADAI (for Field) and CLIN (for EKY) may exist, but these have not been located and verified. It is known mostly on the Coastal Plain and in the Great Lakes region, but there are occasional records further inland, such as on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch).


FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread across much of the southeastern states, this species has a curiously interrupted range. Typical habitat does not appear unusual: moderately hilly regions on average soils in slightly open woods. K. dandelion is the only native species within Lactuceae with vegetative spread: it has rhizomes that produce globose tubers (FNA 19).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Loteae>: Securigera [Coronilla] varia

FOOTNOTE:
This is from southern Europe and has become widely used for stabilizing ground cover, especially along roads. Some records may be from persistent plantings, but the species does often spread by seed as well as by rhizomes. Although it has been generally known as Coronilla varia L., the segregated genus Securigera has become widely applied in recent years (W, PL).


FULL NAME:
Nuttallanthus texanus (Scheele) D.A. Sutton

Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Nuttallanthus [Linaria] texanus (canadensis var. t.)


FULL NAME:
Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees ex Steud.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Eragrostis pectinacea (purshii)

FOOTNOTE:
This may have been largely restricted to the banks of larger streams and rivers before settlement. It is now abundant in narrow strips along paved roads and similar disturbed ground.


FOOTNOTE:
This has often been confused with pectinacea, and some colls. still need rechecking. It is a weed of warmer regions that may originate from Eurasia, at least var. pilosa (FNA 25).


FOOTNOTE:
There are some old unverified reports from Ky. (e.g. Defries 1884a,b; others reviewed by M). This shrubby northeastern species of sterile sandy soils (sometimes associated with prinoides) extends south into the Blue Ridge Mountains (FNA 3), and might have occurred in the Cumberland Mountains before fire-suppression. The vegetative coll. from FLOY (KY) noted by Clark et al. (1997) appears to be a stunted form of velutina, based on examining a range of material and revisiting the locality. The leaves of this coll. have similar size and shape to ilicifolia, but their lobes are less pointed; they lack persistent white-felty tomentum on lower surfaces (nor on twigs); and they lack deep bluish-green color.


FOOTNOTE:
There is some uncertainty about the native range, given possible plantings and old obscure records (CW). Q. nigra does appear to be native in southern regions of the state, but very rare. There is a large tree near the cabins at Kentucky Dam Village State Park in MARS. There is also a large tree at the edge of Meadow Creek Swamp in WAYN (Clark et al. 2005).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Stellulatae> howei (atlantica var. capillacea*)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern taxon can be difficult to distinguish from the more widespread atlantica in some cases, and it is often combined as a subspecies or variety. However, W has maintained it as a generally distinct species. In addition to its typically narrower leaves, its spikes and perigynia tend to have smaller dimensions (Cr, FNA 23). There has also been confusion with seorsa. In Ky., howei appears to be very local in well-developed acid seeps with high floristic interest.


FOOTNOTE:
Although largely restricted to hills on infertile shales and sandstones, this species is known from unusual sites: e.g at the edge of swamps in TAYL. Reports from the northwestern edges of the Bluegrass region (e.g.. Gr) need further verification; however, montana is known in all southern counties of Ind. (PL) and at one site in sw. Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.). B reported a coll. from OWEN (check US); and a coll. from the Kleber Sanctuary in OWEN (DHL) appears to be muhlenbergii introgressed with montana. Local introgression with michauxii is also suspected, and clear hybrids with alba are widely scattered. Q. prinus L. has often been considered the correct name for this species, but that name has also been applied to michauxii, causing much confusion. Hopefully, the proposal of Whittemore & Nixon (2005) to reject prinus will succeed (Brummitt 2007).


FOOTNOTE:
Leaves of this variable species are sometimes confused with michauxii, muhlenbergii or montana, especially shade-leaves; see keys in FNA 3, Stein et al. (2003) and W. There are occasional hybrids with alba, lyrata, macrocarpa, michauxii, muhlenbergii and probably others. Introgression with some of these species, especially macrocarpa, may explain the variability of leaf shapes in bicolor.


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species was mapped in Ky. by FNA 23. A coll. from FULT (MM for WKY) has been recently det. by R.L. Naczi: M.E. Medley #845-79 & 853-79, 12 Jun 1979; Bayou de Chien between Howel Rd and US 51, north bank at east end near Howel Rd. Colls. named frankii from western regions should be rechecked for aureolensis, which differs in its longer rhizomes, more open inflorescence, and pistillate scales wider with hyaline margins.


FOOTNOTE:
This is close to squarrosa, and often confused. An apparent hybrid was collected by R. Naczi from LAUR (DOV). C. typhina can be clearly distinguished (FNA 23) by its relatively short achenes (l/w = 1.2-1.9 versus 1.9-2.5) and straight deciduous styles (versus sinuous, persistent). its perigynia are usually appressed-ascending (versus widely radiating to, at base, reflexed), often with slightly scabrous beaks (versus usually smooth). Pistillate portions of spikes are often more elongated (ca. 1-4.3 cm versus 1-2.5 cm), usually with an oblong shape (versus somewhat ovate); pistillate are blunt to acute (versus acute to awned). Plants tend to have broader leaves (usually 4-8 mm versus 3-5 mm), with a slightly bluish/grayish hue, and more spikes per stem (usually 2-4 versus 1-2). Both species occur typically on wet medium-acid soils, but typhina is more restricted to wooded wetlands with less exposure to droughts or disturbances.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Amorpheae>: Dalea <Petalostemon> purpurea


FOOTNOTE:
This is a northern and montane species (also in the Rockies) than extends south at high elevation in the southern Appalachians, including the Cumberland Mts. of Ky. The disjunct record from MADI (BEREA) is verified: J.S. Bergen, 6 Jul 1925, damp woods, [Berea] College woods. However, some other western records have been erroneous.


FOOTNOTE:
Further verification is desirable. This northern species is close to pensylvanicum and differs in its stems, which are hirsute towards the base (versus glabrous); its ocreae, which have 2-7 mm bristles (versus none or <1 mm); and its leaf blades, which are more or less hirsute, especially on veins (versus glabrous or appressed-pubescent).


Scientific Name:
Cucurbitaceae: Cayaponia [Melothria] quinqueloba (grandifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species of swamp border and river banks has been reported from Ky., but probably in error (M). Nevertheless, it probably does occur in Ky. near the Mississippi River, since it is known from all counties in w. Tenn. and se. Mo. along that riverine border of the state (Ch, Y).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> virginiana

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in North America except in southeastern states, where it extends south to Ga. but only at higher elevation. Almost all verified records in Ky. since 1980 are from the Kentucky River Palisades, where it occurs on or near rocky limestone points. Most records elsewhere remain unverified. B collected it from a "heath bald" in LETC (check US), and reported it from CART and MCRE, and M collected it in LEWI (for WKY).


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon pallidus (arkansanus var. pubescens)

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., there has been much confusion with brevisepalus (in eastern regions) and tenuiflorus (in western regions); see F, Cr and W for alternative keys. P. pallidus is largely mid-western but Pennell (1935) also mapped disjunct plants in Appalachian regions east of Ky., where they may often be adventive. This species (along with the Ozarkian P. arkansanas Pennell) differs from brevisepalus and canescens in its leaves, which are firm to subcoriaceous (versus "herbaceous and membranaceous"), the cauline ones lanceolate to oblong/linear and ca. 0.5-2 cm wide (versus ovate to oblong/lanceolate and ca. 1.5-4.5 cm wide), usually entire or remotely denticulate (versus sharply dentate to entire). Hairs on stems and leaves are usually rather dense and short (ca. 0.1-0.5 mm versus often up to 0.5-1 mm). Flowers are whitish outside (versus purple- or violet-tinged), with relatively short sepals (2-5 mm versus 5-10 mm) and corollas (1.5-2.2 cm versus 1.5-3.5 cm).


FOOTNOTE:
This is distinct from ciliata in characters of the calyx (Cr; Simmers & Kral 1992). Vegetative differences are not always clearcut. Stems usually have longer hairs, but this is not a reliable character. Rare plants may have glabrous stems (as in Sevier Co., Tenn.; GH). Leaves are often eaten by invertebrates, in contrast to  ciliata.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis scabra (hyemalis var. tenuis/scabra)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern and western species is known from CALL (EKY) and probably other colls. to be located and verified (LOGA, ?MADI, TODD, WARR; see M for details). Some reports were based on misidentifications of perennans. The key in F has been misleading; the "copiously spinulose-scabrous" panicle branches of scabra and hyemalis are usually distinct from the "slightly scabrous" or "scabridulous" (FNA 24) branches of perennans, but the other differences should be sought as well.


FOOTNOTE:
This European ornamental has escaped to become locally abundant at a few sites in the Bluegrass region, including the Red Bridge Ridge adjacent to Benson Creek (FRAN). At that site, misidentification of non-flowering plants as Lesquerella globosa caused severe embarassment for JC, many years ago.


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> egglestonii (septemloba ssp. e.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This species of limestone glades appears closely related to V. septemloba LeConte, and has been combined as a subspecies by McKinney (1992). However, septemloba occurs in pine woodland with sandy soil on the Coastal Plain, and there is no known overlap or intergradation with egglestonii (see also: Gil-ad 1997, 1998). There has also been some misidentification as the more western V. pedatifida G. Don, which is unknown in the state. An apparent hybrid with palmata (or perhaps sororia) has been collected from NELS (Gunn #2058 at EKY).


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Poiophylli> tenuis (var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread North American species may hybridize or intergrade with anthelatus, interior, secundus and dichotomus, but R.E. Brooks has valiently maintained these all as species (FNA 22).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> compressa (elliptica var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread, largely midwestern species that is highly variable; it may intergrade locally with bifida, elliptica and erythropoda (FNA 23). Several records from Ky. remain uncertain; see also notes under bifida. At least one coll. from LEWI (KNK, R.F.C. Naczi #3811) may be transitional to typical elliptica; it was det. by G. Smith as "compressa x elliptica probably."


FOOTNOTE:
This is close to brevior, but with a southern range, mostly on the Coastal Plain in swampy woods. The only record from Ky. is a coll. from CALL (MUR), determined by A. Reznicek: J. Grubbs #1366, 23 May 1989, Shannon Creek embayment, Fort Heiman, wooded floodplain, dense canopy. See also McKinney et al. (2000).


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been found as a waif within a roadside planting in ROCK (BEREA). Some European species of Lupinus (albus, hirsutus, luteus) were tried for forage a century ago at the Univ. of Ky., with varied success, but none became widely used or naturalized (Gr).


FULL NAME:
RICE, WILD: Zizania, Zizaniopsis (SOUTHERN)


FULL NAME:
Smilax hugeri (Small) J.B.S. Norton ex Pennell

Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> hugeri (ecirrata var. hugeri*)

FOOTNOTE:
This may be expected in Ky., but there are no confirmed colls. Much material of ecirrata in Ky. has been erroneously referred to hugeri, due to misleading treatment in G and elsewhere; the leaves of both species are green and more or less puberulent beneath. S. hugeri is a closely related southeastern species, with lower chromosome number (2n = 26 versus 52) and little or no intergradation. It differs in its generally less numerous leaf blades (usually 4-8 versus 5-13), which are narrowly ovate or elliptic (l/w ca. 1.7-2 versus 1.4-1.7), with a cuneate base (versus broadly ovate, with a cordate base); its usually less numerous flowers (up to 12 per umbel, versus 25); its tepals, 3-3.5 mm long (versus 3.5-4 mm); its stamens, shorter than filaments (versus more or less equalling); and its berries, glaucous (versus not glaucous) with 2-3 seeds (versus 3-5). S. hugeri is verified in e. Tenn. (Grundy Co. at GH), but some colls. from Tenn. are difficult to distinguish from ecirrata (Mangaly 1968).


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from Ky. by RAB but no voucher has been located. F indicated a wide distribution in North America, but Cr did not include the species.


FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species of thin woods on wet acid soils was recently discovered in eastern and western Ky. (Ousley & Risk 1998, McKinney et al. 2000, Naczi et al. 2002). At the Hog Hollow seeps in BATH (MDKY), there also appear to be sterile hybrids with atlantica.


FULL NAME:
Polygonatum commutatum (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) A. Dietr.

Scientific Name:
Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Polygonatum commutatum ("canaliculatum", biflorum* var. commutatum)

FOOTNOTE:
Despite several subtle differences (F, W), this tetraploid taxon (2n = 40 versus 20) is somewhat indistinct from typical biflorum (Cr, FNA 26), and variety status may be preferred (W). It has a more western range, and occurs on relatively mesic fertile sites, more often on floodplains than typical plants, but there is considerable overlap. It differs in its greater average size, ca. 20-90 cm in height (versus usually 6-20 cm). Leaves are subpetiolar, clasping to sheathing at base (versus virtually sessile, not clasping), 3.5-13 cm wide (versus 1.2-6 cm), the larger ones with ca. 110-220 nerves (versus 50-120) and more corrugated. Peduncles have 2-10 flowers (versus 1-5); the perianth is typically 17-20 mm long (versus 7-15 mm), with 5-6.5 mm lobes (versus 3-4 mm).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> hirsutus

FOOTNOTE:
This tetraploid species (2n = 68) is widespread in open habitats of eastern and southeastern states. It varies much in pubescence, leaf size and shape. Some robust plants resemble tuberosus, and may result from hybridization (Heiser et al. 1969; FNA 21). Several colls. with less hairy stems are referable to var. trachyphyllus Torr. & Gray, a largely western form that deserves further attention (F). Such smoother plants can resemble divaricatus, which may introgress locally with hirsutus.


Scientific Name:
Pyrolaceae [Ericaceae]: Pyrola americana (rotundifolia var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was collected by B in HARL (US) during the 1930s: "rare, oak-chestnut forest of higher ridges of Black Mountain." It has not been relocated.


FOOTNOTE:
Disjunct western colls. from parks in CUMB (KY) and EDMO (DHL) may well be from cultivated plants but cannot be completely discounted. There is also an anomalous report from TAYL (Gr).


Scientific Name:
Araceae: Arisaema quinatum (triphyllum ssp. q.*)


Scientific Name:
Araceae: Arisaema triphyllum (atrorubens; triphyllum ssp. t.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This is mostly tetraploid, with 2n = 56. Forms with purple (typical), striped (forma zebrina) and green (forma viride) flowers are all scattered widely through the state. Colls. need to be studied more closely for potential segregation of pusillum; see also stewardsonii and quinatum.


FOOTNOTE:
In the vegetative condition, this species may be confused with stuevei. Hybrids with hirta are known in other states, but not yet in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread in hilly regions, this species, like others in the genus, has probably been much reduced by browsing of livestock (Gr). There appear to be occasional hybrids with procumbens and intermedia. Also, hybrids with capitata are known from some adjacent states (GH).


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may be from the widespread plantings of this species for so-called reclamation, but it is also frequently naturalized through seed dispersal. It was first recorded in the 1930s (B).


FULL NAME:
Ruellia humilis Nutt. var. calvescens Fern.

Scientific Name:
Acanthaceae: Ruellia humilis var. calvescens

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian variety is recognized in some recent treatments; colls. filed under typical humilis deserve further study for possible transfer.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Racemosae> buxbaumii (fusca)

FOOTNOTE:
In addition to the coll. from BALL (KY) by R. Athey in 1970, this widespread northern circumboreal species has been recently collected in CLIN (Naczi et al. 2002). There are also old reports of this species by Britton & Brown (1896), Small (1903), Mackenzie (1931) and others, but these may just be based on C.W. Short's ca. 1840 coll. (NY ex Meisner Herbarium) from "west of Ky.", which cannot be attributed to Ky.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Aegopodium podagraria

FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated species, especially the variegated form (var. variegatum Bailey), can spread vegetatively into adjacent woodlands, and there also appears to be occasional dispersal over greater distances. The coll. from LEWI (BEREA) is from Manchester Island in the Ohio River.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Bupleurum rotundifolium

FOOTNOTE:
Almost all colls. of this alien species were made during 1934-61, with none after 1970. Its disappearance must reflect some change in farmland management, such as conversion of marginal pastures to fescue (Festuca arundinacea).


FULL NAME:
Perideridia americana (Nutt. ex DC.) Reichenb.

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Perideridia americana


Scientific Name:
Hippocastanaceae [Sapindaceae]: Aesculus <Pavia> glabra

FOOTNOTE:
Without flowers or fruits, this largely mid-western species is often hard to distinguish from the largely Appalachian flava. Moreover, Hardin (1957b) considered that some colls. of glabra scattered west of the Appalachians, in Ky. (BULL, FAYE, CLAR, MADI at GH), Tenn, Ohio, Ind., Ill., Mo. and Io. exhibit introgression from flava; see also Beatley (1979). However, in many cases this conclusion was based just on the presence of stipitate glands on pedicels and perianths. Evidence of introgression is clearest close to the Appalachians, often with stamens more exserted, greater differences between upper and lateral petals, and fruit spines relatively small or irregular. The occurrence of glabra within the rugged Appalachian hills remains uncertain. CW mapped it in CLAY and LAUR, but details are not yet available; Gr mapped several other counties that are not included here. However, it is known nearby from site in s. W.Va., and more frequently in the Ridge and Valley of Tenn. and Va. (PL).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> croceus ("globulosus", "echinatus", retrorsus var. robustus)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species was recently reported from the state (Mears & Libby 1995, Libby et al. 1997). It is close to C. echinatus Ell., which name has been previously misapplied to C. croceus, while true C. echinatus was known as C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr.


Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Triosteum aurantiacum (perfoliatum var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this widespread northeastern species is generally restricted to subxeric woods and thickets on limestone, and it is relatively frequent along the Kentucky River Palisades. Variation deserves further study (Cr, Y). Colls. from BELL (BEREA), ESTI (KY) and EDMO (NCU) are referable to the relatively eastern var. glaucescens Wieg., which has glabrous leaves. Colls. from ANDE (KY), CRIT (MUR) and MERC (KY) are referable to the relatively western var. illinoense (Wieg.) Palmer & Steyermark, which has longer hairs. The only variety in Mo. is illinoense (Y).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Hystrix> hystrix var. h. (H. patula)

FOOTNOTE:
This appears to form occasional hybrids with virginicus and several other species, with locally extensive introgression.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria ciliaris (sanguinalis var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was recently reported by Weckman et al. (2003) from POWE (EKY) and by D. Boone (pers. comm.) from BOON (for KNK), but further verification is needed. Although older manuals largely neglected ciliaris, FNA 25 indicated that it is a widespread native in warmer regions of the Western Hemisphere, common in southern states and extending north in the Ohio Valley to s. Ill. and s. Ind. Typical ciliaris appears to have been confused with sanguinalis, and may intergrade (Cr). It differs in its lower lemmas with lateral veins glabrous or scabridulous in the distal third (versus scabrous in the distal two-thirds), and its blades with papillose-based hairs generally restricted to the base of adaxial surfaces (versus usually distributed over both surfaces). Further complicating the situation is the reported presence of the southeast Asian D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara (Fig. & De Not.) R.R. Stewart, which has distinctive "glassy yellow hairs" on lower lemmas between the inner veins; the coll. from BOON does appear to be that taxon.


Scientific Name:
Convolvulaceae: Calystegia [Convolvulus] pubescens (pellita*, hederacea)

FOOTNOTE:
This Japanese species is occasionally cultivated, especially the double-flowered form known as "California rose". It has been reported as escaped but may not be truly naturalized.(Wharton & Barbour 1991; J).


Scientific Name:
Haloragaceae: Myriophyllum spicatum (var, s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This European species has been widely established on purpose and has often escaped, becoming a locally abundant weed. There has been nomenclatural confusion with the closely related M. sibiricum Komarov. (= M. exalbescens Fern.), which is native across northern and western North America, but unknown in Ky. and most southeastern states (Cr, W).


FOOTNOTE:
This can be confused with Proserpinaca pectinata.


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> nudum (var. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is verified from CALL and GRAV (MUR), but Conrad's (1972) reported coll. from MCLE cannot be located at KY. There is also a reasonable report from BARR (KSNPC database). Further east, nudum may be expected on the Cumberland Plateau, where it occurs widely in Tenn. (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> physorhyncha (albicans* var. australis)

FOOTNOTE:
This easily overllooked southeastern taxon can be difficult to distinguish from pensylvanica and emmonsii, appearing intermediate in some cases. Colls. from HARD (DHL, KY) and MCRE (KY) are included here, but the latter has been doubted by R.F. Naczi and A.A. Reznicek. Further analysis is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this largely midwestern species is known only from the Bluegrass region, in limestone ravines along the Kentucky Rv. and at scattered sites near the Ohio Rv. Previous reports from EDMO (DHL) were based on a misidentified coll. of Ilex decidua. Colls. from JEFF (MM for WKY), PEND (KNK, in part), and perhaps FAYE (KY) are referrable to var. glabrata Gleason, but this relatively western variety may not be worth recognizing.


FOOTNOTE:
These records appear to be from self-seeded plants, but it is not clear if the species will become widely naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
There is only one known coll., from a railroad yard in JEFF (KY). This species is native to South America and has spread into southeastern states, but in the Mississippi Valley north of the Memphis area it only occurs as a rare waif.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species, with a highly fragmented range (FNA 3), is similar to the widespread eastern virginiana, and it may have been overlooked. It differs in its pinnate to bipinnate leaves, with 5-7 distinct leaflets (versus 3), and its carpel, with 18-35 per flower (versus 40-60). The single Ky. record, from WARR is verified: K. Nicely & Gough #3069 (NCU, WKY).


FULL NAME:
Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. var. luciae-brauniae Steyermark

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium terebinthinaceum var. luciae-brauniae

FOOTNOTE:
Some western colls. are not clearly distinct, but plants of this species in the eastern Knobs region are all var. luciae-brauniae. This taxon is known only from n. Ky. and se. Ohio (F). As late as 1920-1950, it appears to have been locally abundant in the calcareous or dolomitic foothills between the eastern Knobs and western Bluegrass region, where extensive strips of grassland occurred before settlement. There are virtually no intact remnants of that vegetation, but this Silphium and other conservative associates do survive in a few rights-of-way and old fields that have not been converted to fescue. There are also scattered patches associated with limestone cliffs within the Knobs.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Poa languida (saltuensis var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been treated as a species (F, W), or a subspecies (FNA 24), variety or insignificant variant (K) of saltuensis. P. saltuensis is a fairly widespread species of northeastern states and adjacent Canada. P. languida is relatively uncommon, occurring on relatively base-rich soils along the southern and western fringes of the range of saltuensis, from Va. to Mn. In Ky., it is known only from thin woods and glade margins in foothills of the eastern Knobs, generally on or near dolomitic soils.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely tropical or subtropical species has been considered native to both Western and Eastern Hemispheres, but FNA 25 indicates that it is only an alien within the Western.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria <Leptoloma> filiformis

FOOTNOTE:
Although there are scattered records from central Ky., this species may only be locally frequent in far-western counties (see also Gr).


FOOTNOTE:
This is generally restricted to Appalachian regions. Early reports from western counties are dubious (Gr). Barton's (1919) data indicate that this species (or perhaps locally allegheniensis) was a significant component of the original forests only in or near the Cumberland Mts.


FOOTNOTE:
This may just be a rare waif in the state.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Sericocarpus [Aster] asteroides (A. paternus)

FOOTNOTE:
The rare hybrid with linifolius has been collected in LEWI and elsewhere (MM for WKY).


FOOTNOTE:
This northern Chinese species (traditionally cultivated for silkworms) is sometimes confused with rubra, but it can be distinguished based on leaves alone (FNA 3). In alba, lower leaf surfaces have hairs confined to the midvein, major laterals and axils between them (versus widely scattered in rubra); upper surfaces are glossy and glabrous or sparsely hairy (versus dull and appressed-hairy or scabrous). Leaf blades are usually smaller (ca. 8-10 x 3-6 cm versus 10-18 x 8-12 cm). Fresh female catkins are shorter (ca. 5-8 mm versus 8-12 mm). Fruits are usually ca. 1.5-2 cm long, dark or pale reddish or whitish, and somewhat insipid (versus 2.5-4 cm, deep purple-black, and more deeply flavored).


FULL NAME:
Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. austromontana Pennell

Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] pedicularia var. austromontana

FOOTNOTE:
Some records are old and perhaps dubious, but ths taxon is well known to be scattered along Pine Mt. in BELL, HARL and LETC. Typical pedicularia has been reported in error (M).


Scientific Name:
Malvaceae: Hibiscus lasiocarpus (moscheutos ssp. l.*; m. var. occidentalis)

FOOTNOTE:
This southwestern segregate of moscheutos is known only from colls. in HICK (KY, SIU).


Scientific Name:
Hydrangeaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Philadelphus pubescens (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Ozarkian species is known from disjunct eastern areas on limestone cliffs, or sometimes sandstone. It has been difficult to determine the alien versus native status of some records, and distinction from the alien coronarius is often difficult; see also "cf. intectus" for potential taxonomic confusion. Only probable native plants are mapped as certain records. Colls. from JEFF (DHL) should perhaps be excluded since they may just come from plantings. However, there are records of native plants from adjacent MEAD and HARD (KSNPC database).


FOOTNOTE:
This was recently collected on a sandstone outcrop along a road southwest of Joy, LIVI (JC for KY). Grubbs' (1989) report from HICK (MUR) was based on a misidentified coll. of caroliniensis. R. pedunculata is largely Ozarkian; disjunct relatives to the east of Ky. have been segregated as R. purshiana Fern. and R. pinetorum Fern. (W). R. purshiana occurs close to Ky. in the Ridge-and-Valley of w. Va. and ne. Tenn., but is unknown within the state.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Idaeanthi> phoenicolasius

FOOTNOTE:
Some records may come from persistent plantings, but this East Asian species ("wineberry") is clearly spreading by seed and naturalized at many sites. It is much more widespread than colls. indicate, especially in Appalachian regions.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Prunella vulgaris var. vulgaris

FOOTNOTE:
Some of these colls. are probably referable to the typical Eurasian variety, but the potential for intergradation with var. lanceolata needs to be investigated. In more northern states and Canada, this variety often occurs in lawns, being able to withstand repeated mowing. Compared to var. lanceolata, it has relatively small, ovate (versus lanceolate) leaves; those at mid-stem are typically ca. 2-4 cm long (versus 4-10 cm) and ca. 1-2 cm wide (versus 1.5-4 cm); l/w is ca. 1.5-2.5 (versus 2.5-3.5). However, these differences are not always clearcut.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> patula

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from BELL (GH) and CALL (MUR) may be transitional to var. strictula Torr. & Gray, which has relatively small, narrow leaves with less serration. It occurs further south (Cr).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Sisymbrieae>: Arabidopsis [Sisymbrium] thaliana

FOOTNOTE:
This weedy winter annual of fallow fields is found mostly on relatively infertile, worn-out soils. It has been locally abundant since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gr).


FOOTNOTE:
This southwestern species was discovered by R. Seymour on Indian Hill, near Brownsville in EDMO. Although confirmed by J. Campbell, there has been lingering doubt about distinction from virginica, which also occurs at this site (A. Dattilo, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Trichophorum [Scirpus] planifolium (S. verecundus)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is distributed widely in northern, central Appalachian and Ozarkian regions and has probably been much overlooked in Ky. It is locally common in se. Ohio, e.g. Shawnee State Forest (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Atriplex prostrata (patula var. hastata)


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Suadea calceoliformis ("depressa")

FOOTNOTE:
This has been found along a salted interstate in BOON (KNK), and it may be expected to increase with further saltings.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien is known from only one coll., in the lake at Bernheim Forest (BULL; MM for WKY). It has also been collected in Montgomery and Stewart Cos., Tenn., close to TRIG. It is sold for water gardens, and may be increasing in southeastern states (W).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Lyonia <Xolisma> ligustrina

FOOTNOTE:
Some relatively glabrous plants (see B, M and citations) have been referrable to var. foliosiflora (Michx.) Fern., including the synonyms var. capreifolia (Wats.) DC. and var. salicifolia (Wats.) DC. However, that taxon of the Coastal Plain may not occur in Ky. (W). Further study is needed using updated treatments.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] ioensis

FOOTNOTE:
This species of the central states may intergrade with angustifolia or coronaria in Ky., which is in zones of overlap between all three taxa.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> dichotomiflorum

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from BALL (MUR) is referable to var. geniculata (Wood) Fern., which is not recognized in recent treatments. A coll. from JACK (EKY) has been referred to var. puritanorum Svens., which is considered a somewhat distinct subspecies in FNA 25, typical of receding shorelines in northeastern regions but unknown in Ky.; this identification needs to be checked.


FOOTNOTE:
Although this aggressive western weed is widely adventive in eastern states, there are only three old (1828-1937) records from Ky. (M).


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Onosmodium hispidissimum (molle ssp. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species has become rare in Ky. and elsewhere (Y) within the past few decades, surviving in rocky calcareous old fields and rough pastures with little fescue or other improvement. Most records date from before 1970 and come from the Bluegrass Region. Some suggest association with large trails or licks used by bison or other large herbivores before settlement. Most colls. are referable to var. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cronquist; 2n = 24. A few colls. from LOGA, TODD (WKY) and perhaps elsewhere are more or less transitional to typical O. molle; see notes under that name. Further research across North America is also needed to distinguish records of the western species, O. occidentale (see below), and the southeastern species, O. virginianum (L.) DC. (? = O. carolinianum DC. of Pr). The latter has been reported from the state but probably in error (M).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Pycreus> polystachyos (var. texensis)

FOOTNOTE:
All material is referable to var. texensis (Torr.) Fern., but that taxon may not be worth recognizing (FNA 23; W). C. polystachyos is a polymorphic, globally widespread species that needs reexamination across its whole range.


FOOTNOTE:
A coll. of this northern species from LAWR was made by M. Medley (for WKY), and verified by G.C. Tucker. Earlier records were probably all based on colls. that should now be named C. bipartitus Torr. (= C. rivularis Kunth.). These taxa were combined in Robinson & Fernald (1908).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Pycreus> bipartitus (rivularis, "diandrus")


FOOTNOTE:
This subtropical species is much used in aquaria and occasionally escapes, with only female plants known in North America. It has been collected from the wild in CASE (EKY), RUSS and TRIG (KNK), but is probably not truly naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Scleria ciliata (pauciflora var. glabra)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species (largely on the Coastal Plain) is close to the more widespread (south-central) S. pauciflora and has often been confused, but it should not be combined (FNA 23). In addition to its six separate tubercles at the base (hypogynium) of its achenes (versus 3 more or less lobed tubercules in pauciflora), its achenes are usually longer (2-3.5 mm versus 1-2.5 mm), and leaves are often relatively wide (1-7 mm versus 1-2.5 mm). Colls. from MCRE (KY, MO, US) and TRIG (KNK) have been verified, but the others should be rechecked. S. ciliata was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 23; and it may be unknown across n. Tenn. (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Robineae>: Robinia hispida (var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been much confusion with boyntonii and fertilis. The only known plants of typical hispida in Ky. are near the Breaks of the Sandy Rv. (Russell Fork) in PIKE (KY). It is also known nearby in Dickenson Co., Va. (B). It has a southern Appalachian range but apparently centered to the north of boyntonii; further investigation is needed to separate records.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from CAMP, GALL and GRNP (KNK) are referable to var. tomentosa (P. Mill) DC., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eutrochium [Eupatorium*] purpureum


FULL NAME:
Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Schultes

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> tenuis (var. t.*)


FOOTNOTE:
The only record is a coll. in 1941 from "moist flats in barrens" (B) from "west of Knob Lick" in METC (US); this should be rechecked. Reports from BATH, BELL and ROWA were based on misidentified curtissii or mariana. This southeastern species occurs mostly on sandy soils on lowlands and uplands from Mass. to Ga., but with scattered disjunct occurrences reported west to Ark. (W).


FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from MARS (MUR) was referred to "var. nervosa", and one from HICK (MUR) to forma albiflorus House. However, these taxa are not recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
There are old colls. attributed to Ky., by A. Michaux (1803; Paris), R. Peter (PH), and C.W. Short (NY). However, no locality data were provided with these colls. This largely mid-western species appears to have declined widely across its original range.


Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Triosteum perfoliatum (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is poorly known in Ky. There has been confusion with aurantiacum, and some records need to be rechecked, but hybrids have not been documented here or elsewhere (Y). T. perfoliatum is reportedly widespread across most of eastern North America, but most common from mid-western regions to Ohio and Pa. and uncommon or rare in southeastern states (PL, W).


FOOTNOTE:
The first North American record of this diploid (2n = 36, 38) was in 1966 (FNA 5), but it has spread rapidly to many states. It is close to the more southern tetraploid, C. diffusum Pers., which has been found in se. Mo. and is expected in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This overlooked alien species has become locally abundant in some localities of the Bluegrass region, as in HENR on or near land of the Berry family.


FOOTNOTE:
This species ("Russian olive") has been planted across North America for several decades, and is now locally invasive in western states. However, it does not appear to have been widely naturalized in eastern states (see also Y). The few Ky. records date from after 1970. A related species, E. commutata Bernh., is native in northwestern North America; its report from Ky. by BA was probably erroneous (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This species ("autumn olive") has been widely planted, and is now a locally problematic invasive alien. In Ky. all records date from after 1970. Most or all plants may be referrable to var. parvifolia (Royle) Schneid., but we need further taxonomic study of this genus in North America.


FOOTNOTE:
This species has been planted at several sites, but there is only one record of a self-sown plant, from JEFF in 1987 (MM for WKY; M).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus neglectus (vaginiflorus var. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is similar to typical vaginiflorus; both are widespread on rocky base-rich sites across east-central North America and differences in ecology are not obvious. S. neglectus may be more frequent on disturbed sites such as exposed riverbanks and roadsides, but typical vaginiflorus can also be locally abundant along roads. A few colls. suggest transitions to vaginiflorus, especially if lemmas are marginally pubescent (e.g. from ROWA at KNK).


Scientific Name:
Celastraceae: Euonymus obovatus (americanus var. prostratus)

FOOTNOTE:
This curious prostrate, spreading or trailing subshrub ascends to only about 1 (or rarely 3) dm above the ground, including flowers and fruits (F, Cr, Y). Yet it appears closely related to americanus, with little consistent clearcut difference other than its low habit and perhaps leaf shape (usually obovate versus elliptic). It is scattered across east-central states, but most frequent in s. Mo., Ill., Ind., Ohio, s. Mich. and w. Penn. (PL). In Ky., there is a pronounced cluster of records from the Kentucky River Palisades, but it is found occasionally on steep base-rich wooded slopes near other rivers across the state.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Parvifoliae> uniflora


FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread weed of ricefields in warmer regions of the world, known for 200 years as F. miliacea (L.) Vahl. Unfortunately, that name has been officially rejected (cited and followed by W).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Leptochloa brachiata (filiformis, panicea ssp. b.*)


FULL NAME:
Viola tripartita Ell. var. glaberrima (DC.) Harper

Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Chamaemelanium> tripartita* var. glaberrima

FOOTNOTE:
This unlobed form of tripartita is much more frequent than the lobed form in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch). It is perhaps most common on the Cumberland Plateau, but also common throughout the Southern Appalachians and with some disjunct localities on the Interior Low Plateaus. The lobed form known as var. tripartita may be more concentrated in the Southern Appalachians, with fewer outlying localities, but ranges remain somewhat uncertain. There has probably been confusion with pensylvanica in the past (e.g. in B).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> emarginata (sagittata* var. e.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is mostly known from woodlands on rather dry acid soils in southern Appalachian and east-coastal regions. It was initially described as V. sagittata var. emarginata Nutt., and may intergrade locally with sagittata or fimbriatula. It has often been confused or combined with those two species, especially in the mid-west (St); it appears to be the plant illustrated in J under sagittata. Morphology suggests that it originated from hybrids of sagittata and affinis (Russell & Risser 1960). V. emarginata differs from sagittata in its leaf blades nearly triangular (versus narrowly lanceolate to lance-oblong), with l/w ca. 1.2-2 (versus 2.2-2.8), and with long petioles in later leaves, which overtop the flowers; also, leaves are relatively dark green and consistently glabrous (which also helps distinguish it from fimbriatula). Most material in Ky. may be referable to the largely Appalachian form known as var. acutiloba Brainerd, with later leaves sharply lacerate at base, the lobes 1-2.5 cm long (F). Despite its neglect in recent treatments, emarginata seems the most appropriate name for this distinct group of plants, which are restricted within Ky. to Appalachian regions, growing usually in dry open oak and pine woods with ericaceous shrubs on sandy ridges with acid infertile soils. There are relatively few colls. in herbaria (see also GH, NCU, NY, US), but field work indicates that this species is a consistent member of the diverse flora of such woodlands (e.g. B, Campbell et al. 1991).


FULL NAME:
Paspalum floridanum Michx. var. floridanum

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum floridanum var. f.

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the more widespread pubiflorum. P. floridanum has a higher chromosome number (2n = 120-170 versus 60-64). It differs in it rhizomatous habit with erect culms, 8-21 dm tall (versus non-rhizomatous, usually decumbent with rooting nodes, 3-13 dm tall); its spikelets are strictly glabrous (versus often hairy), usually larger (2.9-4.3 x 1.9-3.1 mm versus 2.5-3.6 x 1.3-2.4 mm), more or less suborbicular (versus elliptic to obovate), with upper florets often golden-brown (versus just pale to tan). Var. floridanum itself is a relatively hairy variety with a more southern range (F), and it appears to be rare in Ky.


FULL NAME:
Paspalum floridanum Michx. var. glabratum Engelm. ex Vasey

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum floridanum var. glabratum

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively robust, glabrous, glaucous variety extends further north into the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, compared to the typical variety (F). Although P. floridanum is generally associated with medium-acid soils (including pinewoods further south), there seems to be a disjunct cluster of records in the Bluegrass region (FNA 25; see also the linked "Grass Manual" on the web).


FULL NAME:
Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven var. glabrescens (Kuntze) Shinners

Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Ludwigia (Jussiaea) peploides var. glabrescens (J. repens var. g.; diffusa)


FOOTNOTE:
Most colls. of this species (oats) are probably from sowings that may self-seed for a short time but do not persist.


FOOTNOTE:
This species was discovered in RUSS during 2001 by Martina Hines of KSNPC (Clark et al. 2005). There are also 19th Century colls. from BATH/ROWA (PH; Campbell et al. 1992) and EDMO/WARR (KY; Pr, handwritten addenda). Based on historical clues, probable localities for these old records have been indicated in various technical reports (KSNPC).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> corrugata ("amphibola")

FOOTNOTE:
This has only recently been identified in the state (Naczi et al. 2002), and more colls. of the amphibola group need to be reviewed. The peripynia of corrugata are bluntly triangular in cross-section, like amphibola, versus nearly circular in C. grisea; otherwise, they appear generally intermediate in size and shape (FNA 23). It differs from amphibola in its broader perigynium shape (l/w ca. 1.7-2.3 versus 2.5-3.1, with the achene widest at ca. 0.7 from base (versus 0.6). It ranges across the mid-south, mostly along larger rivers. It occurs usually on base-rich alluvial soil that is rather wet and finer textured, compared to grisea and (especially) amphibola.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Synstyleae> multiflora

FOOTNOTE:
This was promoted by the USDA during the 1950s and 1960s. The first verified record from Ky. was provided by Browne (1967). Its subsequent invasion is a prickly example of the need for more botanical education (and common sense) in our society.


FULL NAME:
Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (pensylvanicum, italicum)

FOOTNOTE:
Although sometimes considered adventive or even alien, this cosmopolitan species was probably present and locally abundant at the time of settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gr). Its large edible seeds were consumed by Carolina paroquets, as recorded in John Audubon's work and other historical accounts (J. Campbell, in prep.). This mapping includes variants formerly known under X. pensylvanicum Wallr., X. italicum Moretti or other obscure names (including commune and saccharatum). Separation from var. glabrum is tentative in several cases. Typical var. strumarium is supposedly native to tropical America and perhaps southern Europe, and occurs rarely as a waif in northeastern states (Cr), but records from Ky. are dubious (M). FNA 21 did not recognize any varieties.


FOOTNOTE:
Although known from few sites in Ky. that are mostly historical, this southeastern species persist along rights-of-way and other stable edges, spreading by very tough rhizomes. The only confirmed post-1970 records are from MCRE (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988), where T. Barnes also a large patch under a powerline on Rattlesnake Ridge in 2006.


FULL NAME:
Wisteria macrostachya (Torr. & Gray) Nutt. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Millettieae>: Wisteria macrostachya (frutescens* var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr. This species of the central and lower Mississippi watershed appears to be widely scattered along major rivers in western regions of the state. It has also been cultivated since early settlement (as "Kentucky Wisteria"). It has escaped, especially in the Louisville area and perhaps elsewhere in northern counties, where open dots on map indicate possible adventive status. There also needs to be further study of distinction from typical frutescens, which is sometimes combined. W. frutescens is a largely southeastern taxon that has been reported from Ky. (e.g. Duncan 1967), but confirmation is needed. It may occur along some Appalachian rivers on more sandy alluvium in LAUR (BEREA), MCRE (KY), PULA (KY) and WHIT (MM). It has much smaller racemes, 4-12 cm long (versus 15-30 cm); pedicels and calyx with few or no clavate glands (versus abundant). [Somewhat parallel situations exists within Isotrema and Catalpa.]


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Millettieae>: Wisteria <Rehsonia> sinensis

FOOTNOTE:
This is widely planted and locally escaped, especially to the south, but perhaps less in northern urban areas. It has often been confused with floridunda or macrostachya.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida basiramea (var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock (1950), but verified colls. have not been located. Confusion may arise from different treatments of curtissii: as a variety of basiramea or dichotoma. Typical basiramea has a largely mid-western range.


FOOTNOTE:
Perhaps also belonging here is a coll. of B from KENT (check US) that was referred to S. nemerosa L. or the hybrid of nemora with pratensis (= X sylvestris L. pro sp.).


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in eastern and central North America, but generally rare to absent on infertile acid soils, and often browsed back by deer or other herbivores. The alien euonymus scale insect often infests plants, especially in more sunny locations.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien shrub of calcareous soils does not seem to be increasing significantly on the landscape. The few records date from ca. 1930-1970, and colls. need to be verified. It is not clear if all of these were from truly wild plants, but B noted "locally established as an escape." The species has become locally established in several northeastern states (PL).


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Angelica atropurpurea


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Oxypolis rigidior


FULL NAME:
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. rigidum

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Oligoneuron [Solidago] rigidum var. r.

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from the less hairy var. glabratum needs checking in some cases; there are probably some intermediates (FNA 20). Var. rigidum may be less restricted to rocky glades (Y).


Scientific Name:
Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Grossularia> uva-crispa var. sativum (grossularia)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants (the common "goose-berry") may persist after cultivation but they are probably not truly naturalized. There is a coll. from a fencerow in OLDH (DHL).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Urochloa (Brachiaria) texana (Brachiaria t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is native to Texas and perhaps adjacent states, but has become more widespread due to its weedy nature in modern farmland.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cypripedieae>: Cypripedium reginae (?spectabile)

FOOTNOTE:
The coll. mapped in WHIT (KY) was made by A.R. Crandall in the 1880s at "Corbin" and might be from an adjacent county. The record from EDMO is based on Hussey's (1876) listing of C. spectabile Sw., which was reported by other authors from Ky. during the 19th Century, but the synonomy is uncertain (M). Records from LEE and PULA are unverified sight records from the 1960s or 1970s. This northern species extends into southern Appalachian regions, with records in Tenn. and other states around Ky.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helenium autumnale var. a.

FOOTNOTE:
This variable species is widespread in North America; 2n = 32, 34, 36. Sterile hybrids with flexuosum (which has 2n = 28) have been reported (Y), and may be confused with the closely related H. virginicum S.F. Blake (which also has 2n = 28). H. virginicum is known only from Va. and Mo. and should be searched for elsewhere (FNA 20, Y, W). It differs from autumnale in its oblanceolate basal blades, usually persistent to flowering (versus oblanceolate, obovate or spathulate, withering by flowering); its mid-stem leaves usually entire (versus usually dentate) and its upper leaves entire (versus entire or dentate); and the pappus of disc flowers at least half as long as the tube, keel-less and abruptly long-awned (versus less than half, keeled and attenuate).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Verbesina <Phaethusa> occidentalis

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is most common in Va., N.C. and S.C. (FNA 21, PL). In Ky. it does not overlap much in range with the more southwestern virginica. This pattern appears partly related to substrate, with occidentalis concentrated on more acid soils, but historical factors may also be involved. V. occidentalis is often especially abundant in old rough pastures, where catlle avoid the plants. Reported extensions or disjunctions of this species to the west of Ky., Tenn. and Ga. are curious and deserve further verification (FNA 21); it is not verified in Ark. or Mo. (Y). Atypical alternifolia with opposite upper leaves has sometimes been misidentified as occidentalis; see also Y.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Verbesina <Phaethusa> virginica

FOOTNOTE:
The rather abrupt northern edge of this species' range in Ky. is curious, given no clear relationship to topography or soils. It is broadly distributed in base-rich regions across southeastern states, but extends north only to a line from e. Va. to e. Kans. (FNA 21, PL). Could its tenderness be related to the peculiar watery extrusion from frosted stem remnants in winter?


FULL NAME:
Carex cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral & Bryson

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of eastern states was recently described by Naczi et al. (2001). It is a segregate of the more southern abscondita, which occurs largely on the Coastal Plain. Records of abscondita from Campbell et al. (1991-99), McKinney et al. (2000) and others should generally be transferred to cumberlandensis.


FOOTNOTE:
Most or all of the colls. may be from plantings, rather than truly naturalized situations. This species has become persisent at many sites after been extensively sown for soil stabilization on roadsides and other disturbed sites in southeastern states. In Ky., it is locally abundant along several major highways built after 1970, especially in south-central regions. It much more widespread than colls. indicate.


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> fuscatum (atrococcum)

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively southern species is close to the more widespread corymbosum, and intergradation is expected in western regions of the state. Uncertain records mapped with open dots under corymbosum need to be reassessed. V. fuscatum differs in its black berries (versus blue); leaves pubescent below, typically with "dingy" brownish hairs (versus glabrous or thinly pubescent with whitish hairs); buds and twigs with brown to blackish hue (versus flesh to reddish).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> pallidum (vacillans)

FOOTNOTE:
Allthough segregates have been recognized in the past (especially V. vacillans Torr.), this widespread species of east-central states has not been subdivided in recent treatments (W). Distinct but closely related species in this rhizomatous "lowbush" group of blueberries are known to the east, north and south of Ky. These have occasionally been misidentified in the state, but none are verified (M).


FOOTNOTE:
The only known coll. is from a roasdside in CALL (SIU); reports from CARL and FULT were based on misidentified missurica (Mohlenbrock et al. 1966; SIU). It has also been reported in BA (check EKY) and FNA 19. This largely Ozarkian species is known nearby in Mo. and s. Ill. It is close to missurica, but has smaller, somewhat hemispheric, resin-dotted heads, with pyllaries that are usually more pointed and recurved, but highly variable (FNA 19). The coll. from CALL may be at least transitional to var. interior (Small) B.G. Schub.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> divaricata var. laphamii

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon, centered in midwestern regions, is generally distinct from var. divaricata, centered in Appalachian regions. Their ranges have little overlap in Ky. or elsewhere (Wherry 1955). Only one known coll., from HEND (EKY), appears intermediate.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from BRAC (KNK), HARR (JC), HICK (MUR) and elsewhere have pink-purple flowers, referable to forma purpurata Fern. This form may be more frequent that typical white-flowered plants in some parts of the Bluegrass region. An obscure hybrid origin has been suggested for these plants (Y).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> versicolor

FOOTNOTE:
Early reports of the more southern species, C. reticulata Walt. (Short et al. 1833, M), may have been based on misidentified versicolor. See also notes under Clematis cf. glaucophylla.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Kickxia [Linaria] spuria

FOOTNOTE:
There are records from LAUR (M) and the Mississippian Embayment (J), but colls. have not yet been seen.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> avium

FOOTNOTE:
Some records may be from old plantings, but these often spread with root sprouts; the species has also established from seed at several sites.


FULL NAME:
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. sangamonensis Clokey

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> tribuloides var. sangamonensis ("C. projecta")

FOOTNOTE:
These plants have a more elongated spike than typical tribuloides, and its perigynia are relatively broad (with l/w = 2.2-3 versus 3-5); they tend to occur in more deeply wooded seeps and swamps (FNA 23). Although often initially identified as the northern species, projecta (= C. tribuloides var. reducta Bailey), they are now considered closer to tribuloides by A.A. Reznicek and others. See also notes under projecta.


FULL NAME:
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. tribuloides

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> tribuloides var. t.

FOOTNOTE:
FNA 23 notes that this species often spreads with decumbent shoots (as does longii); such growth is moderately frequent in albolutescens (or projecta), but rare in other species.


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Poiophylli> interior (tenuis var. "uniflorus")

FOOTNOTE:
This close western relative of dudleyi is widespread in Mo. and Ill. but generally rare in the Ohio Valley. It has been mapped in Ky. by FNA 22, but verified colls. have not been seen. Reported colls. of R. Athey from BALL, FULT, GRAV and MCRA need to be rechecked (presumably at Memphis). A coll. from CAMP (Buddell & Thieret #115 at KNK, DHL) appears to combine features of interior and dudleyi. J. interior has been confused with dudleyi, tenuis and secundus, and further analysis of variation in this group is needed. Another closely related species to be expected in Ky. is J. dichotomus Ell. (tenuis var. platyphyllus), which occurs mostly on the eastern and southeastern Coastal Plain. J. dichotomus may appear to differ from interior only in its generally darker brown capsules, and often nearly terete (versus flat) leaf blades (FNA 22).


FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in east-central states. J. brachyphyllus Wieg. is a western relative of secundus that was treated by J for Ky., but records are unknown; the nearest verified populations are in sw. Mo and nw. Ark. (FNA 22).


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Sambucus pubens (racemosa* var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is the Appalachian segregate of a widespread circumboreal species-complex: S. racemosa L., sensu lato. Within the southern Appalachians, it is occurs mostly in or near the Blue Ridge, but there are also small disjunct populations on the Appalachian Plateaus from Tenn. to Ohio (PL). In Ky. the only verified records are from HARL (EKY) and MENI (LY). Reports of Linney (1880, 1882) and Gr from several other counties remain dubious.


FULL NAME:
PANIC GRASS: Dichanthelium (EARLY), Panicum (LATE)


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> sagittata (var. s.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Some plants from BULL appear transitional to fimbriatula (see notes there), which, like emarginata, may be considered a variety or subspecies of sagittata. There also appears be fairly frequent introgression with hirsutula, palmata, affinis and other species.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Maxillarieae>: Corallorhiza odontorhiza (var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is widely scatted in eastern North America and Central America. Northern plants are mostly cleistogamous. Chasmagamous plants have been named var. pringlei (Greenman) Freudenstein; they occur locally in northeastern states, but are so far unknown in Ky. (FNA 26).


FULL NAME:
Xanthium pensylvanicum: see X . strumarium


FULL NAME:
Betula alleghaniensis Britt. var. macrolepis (Fern.) Brayshaw

Scientific Name:
Betulaceae <Betuloideae>: Betula alleghaniensis var. macrolepis

FOOTNOTE:
Although this relatively western variety is not recognized in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 3), further study is desirable. There does seem to be some distinction in the disjunct plants of the Shawnee Hills in western Ky. and in Crawford Co., Ind. (D, F).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> bellobatus

FOOTNOTE:
This species differs from pensilvanicus (F) in its cylindric, racemose inflorescence (versus somewhat corymbose), which is slightly glandular, prompting Widrlechner (1998) to include it within alumnus (see above). It was reported from GRAV and MARS by Davis et al. (1969), but their sources need to be checked. F indicated that this species is largely northeastern, but "cult. and locally spread elsewhere." Its known native range may extend south only to W.Va. (unpublished maps of H.A. Davis and M. Medley). An allied taxon, R. mollior Bailey, is centered in the Ozark region (St) but not reported from Ky.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helenium flexuosum (nudiflorum)


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium cuneatum (var. c., T. hugeri)

FOOTNOTE:
The anomalous disjunct coll. from BRAC (KY) was made by a student, but wiith no other reason to doubt authenticity; it has an unusually pale, greenish ovary.  Also, some populations in MCRE and WAYN appear transitional to luteum. However, trilliologists insist that these species are distinct (FNA 26). T. cuneatum typically has purple to maroon flowers, sometimes greenish or yellowish, but never the "greenish to buttercup yellow" (F) of luteum; the odor is "musk- or spice-scented or foetid" versus "lemon-scented" (Cr). See also notes under viride.


FOOTNOTE:
This western species has been attributed to Ky. by Cr and other authors, apparently based on the old coll. of C.W. Short (NY) labeled  "barrens of Ky." (det. by L.O. Gaiser). This record might reasonably be mapped in CHRI or nearby. There is also a coll. of R. Athey from CALL (check EKY) that may be this species or more likely a transition to spicata (M). Both colls. need to be reexamined.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris cylindracea (squarrosa var. intermedia)

FOOTNOTE:
This western species is generally glabrous, but some Ky. plants are hairy, suggesting introgression with squarrosa (Cusick 1989; FNA 21).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> pauciflorus (rigidus, ?laetiflorus)

FOOTNOTE:
Records need to be checked and variation studied. Colls. from EDMO (Harvill 1941), HARD (Okla. State Univ.) and JEFF (DHL) appear to represent true var. pauciflorus (= H. rigidus (Cass.) Desf.), as a native plant. Most other colls. have been referred to H. laetiflorus Pers., which is often cultivated and considered by some authors to be derived from hybridization between pauciflorus (perhaps as var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Cronq.) and tuberosus (Cr); both putative parents are hexaploids (2n = 102). Some colls. may be closer to tuberosus, especially the one from CALL (MUR). It remains unclear if records of laetiflorus are from truly native plants, cultivars or adventive from the west.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Schizachyrium [Andropogon] scoparium (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species probably varies much across its diverse and often disjunct habitats within the state: glades, deeper soils, and riverbanks on different substrates. However, no definitive analysis has been undertaken. Glaucous plants are widely scattered, and may be relatively common on rocky riverbanks.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Longibracteata> canadense

FOOTNOTE:
There are several reports of this northern species, but only one coll. is known, from ROWA (MDKY): E.P. Walters, 20 Aug 1938, edge of woods, Fraley's Hollow, Morehead.


FULL NAME:
Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex Loud.

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Longibracteata> cuspidatum (bracteosum)

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from BOON (KY) may be var. longifolium, or perhaps hybridized with canescens.


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Rubra> rubrum var. rubrum

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is relatively variable, and includes high chromosome numbers; 2n = 78, 91, 104. Moreover, there are occasional hybrids with saccharinum, which is a tetraploid; 2n = 52. Other native species of Acer in Ky. are diploids; 2n = 26.


FULL NAME:
Acer rubrum L. var. trilobum Torr. & Gray ex K. Koch

Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Rubra> rubrum var. trilobum

FOOTNOTE:
This variant typical of wet sites is usually distinct.


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Rubra> drummondii (rubrum var. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species has been reported from scattered western locations in Ky. near larger rivers (M, CW), but few if any colls. are complete enough to allow certain verification. It has been reported with more certainty from s. Ill. and s. Ind. (ML, D, PL). A. drummondii appears somewhat intermediate between rubrum and saccharinum in samara size (2.7-5 cm long) and in the depth of leaf-lobes, but with mature leaves usually tomentose below (versus less densely pubescent to glabrate in the other two). The possibility of intergradation among these three taxa needs to be reassessed; see also rubrum var. trilobum.


FOOTNOTE:
Although this annual weed may have been widespread before settlement, it increased during the 1800s to become a major problem in hay-meadows and over-grazed pastures. It is not clear if there are records in Ky. earlier than 1914, when Gr considered it "introduced." Typical annuus is mostly triploid (2n = 27) and apomictic (FNA 19, Y). There is considerable variation and possible intergradation with E. strigosus, but varieties have not been widely recognized.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been recently documented by Kartesz et al. (1997) from railroad tracks in KENT (KNK). It is a western species that is rarely adventive in eastern North America. The only other records east of the Mississippi are from Wisconsin and Minnesota.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Rhynchospora recognita (globularis var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
Typical globularis is more southern, and unknown in the state, but some colls. should be rechecked. Another related species to be expected in similar habitats (seasonally drying boggy seeps and openings, sometimes on or near sandstone outcrops) is R. harveyi W. Boott. which is known from nc.Tenn., probably in adjacent counties.


FULL NAME:
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Calamagrostis canadensis var. macouniana

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread species of marshy grasslands in northern and western regions; var. macouniana is concentrated in northeastern regions. The only Ky. record is from wet meadows in BALL (EKY), where it was collected in the 1970s but not seen since.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Apera [Agostis] spica-venti

FOOTNOTE:
This alien was collected from a weedy roadside in CAMP (KNK). It is "sparingly introduced in waste place" across northeastern regions (Cr), but does not seem to be spreading much in Ky. or other southern states.


FOOTNOTE:
This is probably widespread in Appalachian regions. but there are remarkably few recent colls. The only records from the Bluegrass region are old colls. (KY-Agr.) from ANDE and FAYE that seem to be valid. The record from EDMO (McKinney et al. 1990) needs to be confirmed.


FULL NAME:
Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Plagiostigma> blanda (var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although largely Appalachian, this species may be expected in disjunct localities further west, as in EDMO (WKY). It was recently found in Hamilton Co., Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.), just north of CAMP.


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Gaylussacia <Vitis-idaea> brachycera

FOOTNOTE:
This species is locally abundant on the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. & Tenn., with hundreds of sites. Elsewhere, it is known in the central Appalachians from Pa., W.Va. (SC) & Va., the Piedmont of N.C., and the Coastal Plain of Md. & Del., with a total of only 100-200 sites (State Natural Heritage Systems). This species should perhaps be treated in a new monotypic genus; the name Buxella was used by Sm but it is an invalid homonym (W).


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] cristata

FOOTNOTE:
An 1880s coll. attributed to WHIT (KY) is labelled just  "Corbin", and could be from an adjacent county. However, this species was also discovered in WHIT during the 1990s.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> pubescens (rotundifolium var. ovatum*)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely northeastern and Appalachian species is generally distinct from the more southern rotundifolium, but it has often been treated as a variety. E. pubescens appears to be an apomictic allopolyploid (2n = 30 mostly), derived from rotundifolium and perhaps sessilifolium (FNA 21). There may be some intergradation with rotundifolium across their ranges (F, Cr), and some Ky. colls. appear transitional (e.g. B).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] heterophylla (C. angustata)

FOOTNOTE:
This appears to hybridize occasionally with several other species.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a common weed to the north, but in Ky. it is generally rare and limited to northern counties. It was reported as early as 1893 (Pr) and 1914 (Gr).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <concolor group> pratense (A. sericeus var. microphyllus)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with the mid-western S. sericeum (Vent.) Nesom, which has been erroneously reported from Ky. (M). S. pratense occurs mostly in Texas and La., but with scattered disjunct populations across the southeastern states.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <pilosum group> pilosum (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is an abundant weedy, late-flowering species with diverse chromosome numbers; 2n = 32, 40, 48. Several broad-leaved colls. (including CLAR, KENT, POWE, ROWA, SCOT) have been referred to var. platyphyllum Torr. & Gray, when treated in Aster, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20). Some segregates (juniperinum, pringlei, priceae, kentuckiense, depauperatum, parviceps) have been treated as varieties or species, but their degrees of distinction need further clarification. See notes under juniperorum and priceae.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> japonicus

FOOTNOTE:
This weedy annual grass was not reported until 1919 (Anderson 1924), although Gr may have confused it with squarrosus a decade earlier. See also notes under racemosus.


FULL NAME:
Antenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & Vautier

Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Antenoron [Polygonum*, Tovara] virginianum


FOOTNOTE:
Although often cultivated, this species does not seem to escape in general. It is known mostly from regions with acid soils and an ancient history of woodland disturbance. Most colls. at KY were mislaid in the 1990s.


FULL NAME:
Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] canadensis

FOOTNOTE:
Although often misidentified as longifolia or other species, careful examination shows that canadensis is relatively distinct due to its persistent basal rosettes of basal leaves, generally with marginal hairs 0.2-0.8 mm long; its stems with only 3-6 internodes (below the inflorescence); its lower cauline leaves often oblanceolate or obovate (Terrell 1996); and its early flowering, during April-May in Ky. (B). However, variation needs further study, especially possible intergration with longifolia (extensive in Indiana) and lanceolata. Although primarily found on limestone, there are records from various shales and other rocks, and some differentiation may be expected. Unusually glabrate or short-haired plants, in the basal leaves, have been found in NELS (KY), ROCK (MICH), and s. Ohio (GH). Unusually pubescent plants from sw. Va., in "The Cedars" area of Lee Co., have been named H. setiscaphia L.G. Carr (or H. canadensis var. setiscaphia (L.G. Carr) C.F. Reed); somewhat similar plants have been found in Adams Co., Ohio (GH), and should be searched for in Ky. However, such plants have not been segregated by Terrell (1996) or in other recent treatments. The range of this species is unusual, being largely restricted the eastern Interior Low Plateaus, west-central Appalachian regions, and the western Great Lakes region. Records in this Atlas from w. Ky. extend the range mapped by Terrell (1996), but these deserve further study since some suggest intergradation with lanceolata (BARR, SIMP).


FOOTNOTE:
This species was recently discovered in GRAV (EKY) and HEND by D. White (KSNPC); see also Clark et al. (2005).


FULL NAME:
Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. var. fastigiata

Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Paronychia fastigiata var. f.


Scientific Name:
Salicaceae: Salix <Longifoliae> interior (exigua* var. sericans)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. from the smaller streams in the Bluegrass regions (CAMP, HARR, JEFF, OWEN and elsewhere) have been referred to var. wheeleri Rowlee. Although not recognized by Argus (1986), this taxon may be somewhat distinct; its leaves are "more or less permanently silvery-silky" (F).


FOOTNOTE:
This European species has been collected once, on a revegetated stripmine in BELL (BEREA; Thompson & Thieret 1986). This may have been a waif with other planted seed, and has rarely been reported elsewhere in North America.


Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Sagittaria australis ("longirostra"; engelmanniana ssp. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some coll. are difficult to distinguish from the more mid-western species, brevirostra, and should be rechecked. Typical S. engelmanniana (which is largely on the southeastern Coastal Plain) and the related S. cuneata Sheldon (which is largely in northern regions) have also been reported, but probably based on misidentifications (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This is widely scattered in North America, except for most northern states and Canada.


FULL NAME:
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Janchen

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Eragrostis cilianensis (megastachya; poaeoides var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This weed has probably been present since early after settlement; it was reported as Briza eragrostis L. in M'Murtire (1819). In 1914 Gr noted: "likely to be found in any cultivated field, along paths, etc."


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Ripidium [Saccharum*] ravennae

FOOTNOTE:
This has been cultivated as "ravenna grass" for over 100 years in Ky. (Gr). There is a recent coll. from a roadside in CAMP (EKY, KNK), but no evidence that this species is becoming naturalized. Generic assignment, also possible in Erianthus or Saccharum, remains controversial.


FULL NAME:
Lonicera japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (P.W. Wats.) Baker

Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Chamaecerasus> japonica var. chinensis

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively smooth, purplish variety may be somewhat distinct, but the taxomony and distribution need to be checked.


FULL NAME:
BONESET: Eupatorium <Uncasia>, Kuhnia (FALSE)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Steinchisma [Panicum] hians

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from Ky. by RAB but no coll. has been verified. It is a southern species of wet shores that extends north to se. Mo. and scattered sites across Tenn., including some counties adjacent to Ky. (Ch, FNA 25).


FULL NAME:
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. glabratum (E.L. Braun) Nesom

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Oligoneuron [Solidago] rigidum var. glabratum (S. jacksonii)

FOOTNOTE:
This appears to be more common in Ky. than the more northern var. rigidum, but distributions overlap considerably. The taxon has been treated as relatively distinct by some authers, even as a subspecies (FNA 20) or a species (F).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Viola> conspersa (labradorica*)

FOOTNOTE:
This species has been combined by H. Ballard (unpublished, cited by W) with V. labradorica Schrank (= V. adunca Sm. var. minor (Hook.) Fern.). Although followed in some recent treatments (e.g. J, W), complete combination seems dubious to others (e.g., Cr, K). V. conspersa has been distinguished (Cr) by its broadly lanceolate (versus lance-linear) stipules, bristly-toothed over half their length (versus less than half), and leaves more or less strongly cordate (versus subtruncate to subcordate). It occurs in cool temperate regions of northeastern U.S.A. and southeastern Canada, whereas labradorica occurs in boreal and alpine regions.


FOOTNOTE:
Western records are based on colls. which remain unaccessed or have disappeared, from EDMO (MM for WKY, from a cemetery near Mammoth Cave) and HARD (formerly at KY, from Eastview Barrens).


FOOTNOTE:
Western outliers in FAYE and JESS are based on verified colls (KY)..


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Melanium> tricolor {+ hybrids}

FOOTNOTE:
This species ("Johnny-jump-up") has been widely cultivated. It may not be truly naturalized, but there are colls from possibly escaped plants in BOON, BULL, FAYE, JEFF, MADI and PIKE. Its large-flowered horticultural hybrids ("pansies") with other species (X wittrockiana Gams) are now extensively used for annual flower beds, but there is no evidence of escapes.


FOOTNOTE:
This widely grown vegetable ("radish") does occasionally escape, but it is probably not truly naturalized. There are colls. from FRAN (EKY) and WARR (WKY). R. sativus can be hard to distinguish from raphanistrum, and hybrids are possible (Y).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> hispida (bicolor var. hispida, concolor)

FOOTNOTE:
There is little or no consistent observable difference from bicolor (Cr), other than flower color (yellow versus white). On average, hispida reportedly tends to have broader inflorescences (Y), broader phyllaries and less distinctly clavate pappus bristles (FNA 20). S. hispida has a more northern and western range, but there is much overlap, and there are no clear differences in habitat. Yet hybrids have not been proven to exist.


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Melanium> bicolor {blue form}

FOOTNOTE:
This form may not have taxonomic status currently, but is mapped here to show its southern distribution.


FOOTNOTE:
This is sometimes hard to distinguish from bicolor.


FULL NAME:
Rhynchospora globularis: see R. recognita


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ptilimnium costatum


FOOTNOTE:
This Japanese species has increased rapidly across southeastern states during recent decades. In Ky., it was first observed ca. 1980 (Woods 1983; M). It is now widely scattered, and locally abundant on damp acid soils in open disturbed areas.


FOOTNOTE:
Unverified records (open dots) include historical data of Barton (1919), Gr and B; Gr also listed counties throughout western regions, but Barton and B did not. This famously useful tree used to be widespread and locally abundant on acid sandy soils, especially in the Cumberland Mts. and adjacent rugged hills (Barton 1919). It was always absent from the Bluegrass region, and it was uncommon to absent in most counties west of the Green Rv. After the 1930s, it has largely disappeared due to the chestnut blight. Small sprouts are still scattered at low density and occasionally grow to sapling size. Seed production is very rare, but there have been reports of this since 1980 from BARR, BUTL, HARL, LARU and POWE.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] virginica

FOOTNOTE:
This species, like others in the genus, may be more frequent than colls. indicate, because it is much browsed by deer. At Mammoth Cave National Park, for example, the high deer popilations rarely allows a plant to complete its flowering and seeding (R. Seymour, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Grossularia> cynosbati

FOOTNOTE:
The cultivated gooseberry, R. uva-cripsa L., is somewhat similar to cynosbati, but is not known to be truly naturalized.


FULL NAME:
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. var. pulchellus

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Erigeron pulchellus var. p.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> mesochorea (cephalophora var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from cephalophora is difficult in some colls., especially when immature, but careful study of good material shows that these two species are clearly distinct (F, FNA 23). Pistillate scales are 2-3-3.1 mm long (versus 1-1.8 mm), with bodies ca. 70-100% as long as bodies of perigynia (versus 40-60%), usually with three distinct green nerves (versus only the midnerve distrinct). Perigynia are 3-4.1 mm x 1.7-2.6 (versus 2-3.2 x 1.4-2 mm), but their beaks have teeth only 0.2-0.3 mm long (versus 0.3-0.5 mm). Spikes are relatively large (ca. 1 cm wide versus 0.5-1 cm), on culms up to 60-100 cm tall (versus usually no more than 60 cm), usually well above the leaves (versus about as tall or little exserted), but these are less reliable characters. C. mesochorea is typical of grassy open areas (often in pastures or lawns on relatively damp fertile soil), while cephalophora is largely restricted to woods (especially subxeric types).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> decapetalus

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian and northern species has often been confused with trachelifolius, tuberosus and other species, and there may be some hybridization with trachelifolius (J. Campbell, in prep.). H. decapetalus is unknown in western regions (including Mo.), where trachelifolius can occupy similar habitats, and in Ky. there seems to be little overlap of ranges. Most plants in Ky. are probably tetraploids (2n = 68). However, D.M. Smith tentatively identified some colls. from Appalachian regions as diploids (2n = 34): these were mapped in BELL, MART and MCRE by Smith (1960) and Heiser et al. (1969). Diploids are reportedly restricted to Appalachian regions and further east. They tend to be less robust; leaves are smaller, more closely serrated, and with shorter guard-cells; but they may not be reliably distinguished (Heiser et al. 1969).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> cf. trachelifolius {or suggested: strumosus var. t.}

FOOTNOTE:
This was recognized as a species by F and others, but has been largely ignored for 50 years; the correct name still needs to be determined. Heiser et al. (1969) indicated that it is probably the tetraploid form of strumosus (2n = 68), and suggested treatment as a variety or subspecies. H. trachelifolius appears generally distinct within its largely western range, but there is some intergradation in regions of overlap. There has also been much confusion, and perhaps some introgression, with decapetalus, hirsutus and other tetraploids (especially hirsutus in western regions of Ky.). It differs from typical strumosus in its leaves, which are usually subtruncate (versus more gradually tapering), with the non-winged portion of petiole ca. (0.5) 1-2 (3) cm long (versus (0.3) 0.5-1 (1.5) cm); lower surfaces are deep or pale green (versus grayish, whitish or glaucous), pubescent on veins and often throughout (versus often glabrous except on main veins); margins are serrated with teeth ca. 1 mm high (versus weakly serrated to subentire); plants, especially stems, often dry to a blackish hue (versus not so, but sometimes with purplish stems).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> strumosus (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian and northern taxon consists of hexaploids (2n = 102) that appear to have been often confused with the tetraploids referred here to trachelifolius, or with other species (F; Heiser et al. 1969). Further analysis is needed.


FULL NAME:
Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. var. elliptica

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria elliptica var. e. (ovalifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
All material needs further study. Var. elliptica may not be clearly disitnct from var. hirsuta in Ky. The latter has a more northern range overall, but there is much overlap (F).


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species of base-rich wet grasslands and shores is known from sw. Ohio, nw. Tenn. and parts of other states close to the Ky. borders, but it has been unknown within the state for at least 50 years. The confirmed coll. of C.W. Short (KY) was from "wet barrens of Ky." and probably came from the vicinity of Hopkinsville in CHRI (M). A coll. of Pr from WARR or EDMO has not been located (check MO). A coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may have dubious label data (Campbell et al. 1992).


FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported several times (M), but the only known coll. is from JEFF (KY-Agr., EKY): P.E. Allison, 22 Jun 1928, Louisville. This species is considered native only in east-coastal states from S.C. to Md., but it has been widely grown for ornamental use and has escaped elsewhere (Smith 1976; Cr, W).


FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western species may occur only as an adventive waif.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern annual has sometimes been misidentified as C. purshii DC., which is not confirmed in the state.


FULL NAME:
Agrostis stolonifera L. var. stolonifera

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis stolonifera var. s. (alba var. a.)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis perennans (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. from CARL and FULT are referable to var. aestivalis Vasey, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.  A. perennans var. elata Trin. was reported by Kearney (1893), but no colls. have been located. Var. elata is a synonym of A. altissima (Walt.) Tuckerman, which occurs in bogs on the Coastal Plain from N.J. to Flo. to se Miss. and is very unlikely to occur in Ky. (FNA 24).


Scientific Name:
Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Senna [Cassia] obtusifolia (C. tora)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread weed from tropical to warm-temperate regions that may be adventive up into the Ohio Valley. S. occidentalis (L.) Link is another weedy annual that may be expected; it has a similar range but is relatively infrequent or rare to the north (PL).


FULL NAME:
Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray

FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. from FAYE (KY), but probably just from a waif included with some grass seed from western North America.


FOOTNOTE:
There may be historical evidence and archaeological evidence (e.g. Henderson 1998) that this species is native in eastern states. Gray (1864; see also F) noted: "Shaded ground, throughout the continent; probably as an introduced plant eastward." In Ky., it was first recorded early after settlement by Rafinesque and others (M'Murtrie 1819), but it has generally been considered alien (Gr). Cr noted potentially significant variation in chromosome number, with potential segregation of relatively depauperate plants as var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Farw. However, there does not appear to have been a comprhensive study of variation within this annoying species.


FOOTNOTE:
Most or all colls. may be from formerly cultivated plants or escapes. This species is native to cooler regions east and northeast of Ky., especially at higher elevation. Plants in Ky. appear to be the broad-leaved form that probably originates from northeastern regions (Scora 1967).


FOOTNOTE:
There are two clusters of records: in ponds of the central Bluegrass region and along the lower Tennessee and Cumberland River impoundments (Meade et al. (1997).


FOOTNOTE:
There has been frequent confusion in vegetative specimens with U. americana and other species. Leaves of rubra can generally be distinguished by their relatively large size (ca. 10-20 cm long versus 5-15 cm), somewhat obovate with a more abruptly acuminate apex, and by the generally longer hairs on upper surfaces (up to ca. 1 mm versus 0.5 mm, like a 24 hour beard versus 12 hour). A more careful analysis of these differences is still needed. The closely related European species, U. glabra Huds. and U. procera Salisb., have occasionally been planted, and then often confused with rubra.


Scientific Name:
Tiliaceae [Malvaceae]: Tilia heterophylla (americana var. h.*; monticola, michauxii)

FOOTNOTE:
Included here are records of Jones (1968); as triangles, Little (1971); and as open dots, Ga. Much material (including from BALL at KY) is less densely stellate-pubescent than typical plants, suggesting transitions to americana, or perhaps just shade leaves. For some purposes, it is reasonable to treat these taxa as varieties or subspecies, together with the southern T. carolinianum P. Mill. and the Mexican T. mexicana Schltr. The largely Appalachian heterophylla is distinguished by "a predominance of stellate or fasciculate trichomes [hairs]" on lower leaf surfaces, peduncles and pedicels; simple "acicular" hairs are also present. The more northern americana typically has only acicular hairs, but in apparent introgressants, the more complex hairs are mixed to various degrees (Hardin 1990). Ky. and Tenn. (Ch) are in the zone of overlap between these two taxa, and there is probably much genetic exchange. They have similar distributions in Ky. and Tenn., both being rare to absent in much of the Mississippian Plateaus and Coastal Plain. In the original forests of Ky., Tilia was most common in Appalachian regions; it was much less common elsewhere, except locally in ravines along the Ohio Rv. and its major tributaries (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989).


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from FRAN and perhaps CLAR (KY) are referable to var. grandis Fern., which may be a somewhat distinct, relatively northwestern taxon. Further study is study.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Ascyrum> stragulum (hypericoides ssp. multicaule)


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Ascyrum> hypericoides (ssp. h.; oblongifolium)


FULL NAME:
Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. roanensis (Small) Clewell & Woot.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Ageratina [Eupatorium] altissima var. roanensis (E. rugosum var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from HARL (widely distributed, with a duplicate at MDKY) has been assigned to this variety by Clewell & Wooten (1971): F.T. McFarland #29, 28 Sep 1940, Black Mt. top, common in woods. Also, a coll. of T.H. Kearney from BELL (NCU) has been labeled with this name. These plants do not seem to be as distinct from var. altissima as in the Blue Ridge (M), where var. roanensis mostly occurs. Clewell & Wooten noted: "grading into var. altissima at lower elevations and in peripheral geographic areas."


FULL NAME:
Ageratina luciae-brauniae (Fern.) King & H.E. Robins.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Ageratina [Eupatorium] luciae-brauniae (deltoides ined.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although locally common, this species is known only from sandstone rockhouses in the central Cumberland Plateau of Ky. and Tenn. (in Fentress, Pickett, Scott & Morgan Cos.; Ch).


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Gaura [Oenothera] longiflora (filiformis, biennis var. pitcheri)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon has a southwestern range (to Neb, and Tex.), and is known in Ky. only from one or two colls. in CALL on or near roadsides. It is close to the more northern biennis, and could be treated at a subspecific level. It differs in the shorter pubescence on its stems and leaves, and in the lack of glands in its inflorescence. There is little or no overlap in range.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> sparganioides (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to aggregata, and some immature specimens are difficult to distinguish.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from HARD (UC, ?KY; see Cranfill & Thieret 1981) and ROWA (MDKY) have been verified but are now mislaid or are awaiting accession, and should be rechecked. The more western records from CARL, GRAV and MCRA are reliable (EKY, WKY).


FULL NAME:
Carex annectans (Bickn.) Bickn. var. annectans

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Multiflorae> annectens var. a.


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from CHRI (PH, ?KY) was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s, from "wet barrens near Hopkinsville". At a site in HARD, there is clear introgression with pubescens (MM for WKU).


FOOTNOTE:
This distinctive mat-forming species was reported by Short et al. (1833), and M provided an unverified sight record from a woodland pond in LOGA. The species is widespread globally, and to be expected in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Cleomaceae [Capparaceae*]: Cleome hassleriana ("spinosa")


FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from CAMP (KNK) and probably MARS (?EKY), both initially identified as C. ornithopodioides L. These plants were waifs in waste places, and it is not clear if the species is becoming truly naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
Several varieties of this widespread eastern species have been described by ilicimaniacs (F), but these have been combined in recent treatments (W). Most plants in Ky. have been referred to the relatively hairy var. padifolia (Willd.) Torr. & Gray ex S. Wats. A few colls. from MCRE and PULA would be referable to var. verticillata instead.


FULL NAME:
Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (alba var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
Most of these colls. appear distinct from var. stolonifera (which has shorter stolons, shorter leaves, and more open panicles), but this needs checking. The coll. from EDMO (WKY) may be var. stolonifera. A. stolonifera is a widespread northern (circumboreal) and western species, supposed to be native in northern states but perhaps not Ky. (F). Much material may be escaped from plantings for lawns, especially golf course greens.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a popular cultivated ornamental that has locally escaped from gardens and roadsides into woodlands on rich soils. It is more widespread than records indicate and may gradually become an invasive problem across the state.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is an annual, but it can grow throughout the year, with flowering halted only during winter.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Suturosperma> nudiflorum

FOOTNOTE:
This southern subshrubby species has reportedly been collected from BALL (R. Athey #313; BA, M), but the coll. has not been relocated (check EKY). There are also old reports from EDMO or WARR (Pr) and perhaps elsewhere (Short et al. 1833). In Tenn., nudiflorum extends north on the Cumberland Plateau to the headwaters of Big South Fork, close to the Ky. border in Fentress Co. on Darrow Ridge (E. Wofford, pers. comm.).


FULL NAME:
WHEAT GRASS: Agropyron, Elymus smithii (CRESTED)


FULL NAME:
Lespedeza intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt. var. hahnii Blake

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Lespedeza intermedia var. hahnii (?nuttallii)

FOOTNOTE:
The status of this distinctly pubescent taxon needs further study. F treated it as a form. Isely (1998) indicated that these plants could have resulted from introgression of hirta into intermedia (perhaps including plants known as  X nuttallii Darl.). Plants that appear to be simple F1 hybrids (including X simulata MacKenzie & Bush) are more like hirta, and are reported from LEWI, MCRE, PULA and elsewhere (B, M).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> periclymenoides (nudiflorum)


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> prinophyllum ("roseum")

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in Ozarkian and Appalachian regions, but the range is fragmented and disjunct populations are scattered through southeastern states. It should be expected in w. Ky., since it is known from s. Ill. (ML) and c. Tenn. (Ch). There has been some confusion with canescens, which Gr reported from GRNP but probably based on prinophyllum. Also, the related species, R. viscosum (L.) Torr., has been reported but probably in error (as cited by M); it occurs mostly in Atlantic states, but is also known from e. Tenn., s. W.Va. and perhaps Ohio (Ch, HFG, W).


FULL NAME:
Packera paupercula (Michx.) A.& D. Löve var. pseudotomentosa (Mackenzie & Bush) R.R. Kowal

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] pauperculus var. pseudotomentosa

FOOTNOTE:
These midwestern plants were recently described by Mahoney & Kowal (2008). They were previously referred to the largely western P. plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve, which has been confused with the largely northern P. paupercula var. paupercula. Both species have been considered widespread and intergradient (Cr, Y). Three Ky. colls. are tentatively mapped here: (1) from the Blue Licks in ROBE (probably a coll. of C.W. Short at CINC; B); (2) from the prairies of LEWI (M. Medley #19401-91 for WKY, and J. Campbell s.n. for KY); and (3) "plattensis" from "dry limestone slopes" in PULA (B, recheck at US). P. plattensis was also reported from CASE by Murphy (1970) but the coll. has not been found at KY: "south side of Green River, old roadbed 3-4 miles south of Liberty."


Scientific Name:
Tiliaceae [Malvaceae]: Tilia americana (var. a.*, neglecta)

FOOTNOTE:
Included here are the data of Jones (1968), (as triangles) Little (1971), and (as open dots) Ga. See notes under heterophylla, which intergrades in Ky. Much of the intermediate material has been previously treated as var. neglecta Spach (or even a species). A few colls. of B were referred to more glabrous forms of T. caroliniana P. Mill., but this was erroneous (Jones 1968, Hardin 1990); they are included here as uncertain records of americana, but probably transitional to heterophylla.


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Reynoutria [Polygonum*] japonica (Po. cuspidatum)


FULL NAME:
Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc.

FOOTNOTE:
This eastern species is a diploid (2n = 16) relative of the more widespread R. palustris.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Rorippa palustris ("islandica")

FOOTNOTE:
Although this cosmopolitan tetraploid (2n = 32) species is highly variable, proposed segregates do not appear clearly distinct (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Most plants are referable to the widespread North American var. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Stuckey. Plants from EDMO and SCOT (KY) may be at least transitional to the northern segregate, var. hispida (Desv.) Rydb. Hybrids with sinuata and sylvestris may also be expected (Y).


FOOTNOTE:
In North America, this alien diploid (2n = 16) occurs mostly in northern regions, and rare southern plants are probably just waifs. It is close to R. sylvestris, and hybrids may be expected (Rollins 1993). The only record from Ky., or perhaps anywhere else in the Ohio Valley (PL), is a verified coll. from CAMP (KNK): J.W. Thieret #48934, 4 Jun 1976, roadside along highway US 27 directly across from entrance to NKU campus, Highland Heights.


FOOTNOTE:
This diploid (2n = 36) is close to pumilum and vulgare, and often overlooked, but probably much less common (Y). The only records from Ky. are colls. of J.W. Thieret (KNK).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Kyllinga [Cyperus] gracillima (C. brevifolioides)

FOOTNOTE:
This East Asian species is spreading through eastern sites, with widely scattered records from roadside ditches and similar disturbed sites. Mears (1999) has provided most of these records, from his excellent cyperaceous touring in the 1990s; see also Mears & Libby (1995).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> calendulaceum


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium barbinode (var. b.)


FULL NAME:
Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. var. macrophylla

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] macrophylla var. m. (pinguifolia, velutina)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is relatively under collected, because plants often do not flower in shady undisturbed forest (see also: Y). Variation deserves further study; although several segregates were recognized by F and others, these have been combined in recent treatments (e.g. Cr, FNA 20). Included here are the relatively smooth var. pinguifolia Burgess (with several colls.) and the relatively hairy var. velutina Burgess (the coll. from NELS), both named within Aster. All these plants generally have glandular inflorescences with bluish flowers.


FOOTNOTE:
There are only two or three records of this southeastern aquatic species (F,M), but it may be easily overlooked; localities need to be checked.


FULL NAME:
Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball var. glabriflorus

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus glabriflorus var. g. (virginicus var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This specific epithet was misprinted as "glabrifloris" in J. There appear to be occasional hybrids with virginicus and other species. Some colls. from MCLE and WEBS (EKY) may be hybrids with villosus.


FULL NAME:
Gnaphalium: > Filaginella, Gamochaeta, Pseudognaphalium


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from "a single station on the bank of Gun Powder Creek" in BOON by Nelson (1919). Although no coll. has been located, this record is reasonably reliable considering that thismid-western species is known nearby at several sites in sw. Ohio.


Scientific Name:
Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> pagoda (falcata var. pagodifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This has often been overlooked and confused with falcata or other species. There may be occasional introgression with falcata, but pagoda is generally distinct in its leaves with 5-11 more or less equal moderately deep lobes (versus 3-7 shallow or deep lobes, the terminal one much longer in sun leaves), with cuneate to concave-rounded or truncate leaf base (versus usually convex-rounded), with bluish-green hue (versus dull or brownish green), and with pale gray hairs below (versus pale rusty). Terminal buds are 4-9 mm, strongly 5-angled (versus almost terete). Bark is usually blackish, with flaky ridges, becoming similar to Prunus serotina (versus brown to blackish, with more persistent ridges and furrows). It is widespread and locally abundant on deeper residual or alluvial soils of the Shawnee Hills and Coastal Plain, generally on damp submesic or subhydric sites (versus subxeric, xerohydric or xeric).


FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. Some colls. with hairy fruits have been named V. stenocarpa (Engelm. ex Gray) Krok in error. There has also been much confusion with other species.


FOOTNOTE:
This has a widespread southern range, but generally occurs in low numbers. Most records from the state are pre-1950. Although there is a cluster of records from the southern Bluegrass and adjacent Knobs, this species is virtually unknown in that region today.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Idaeanthi> occidentalis

FOOTNOTE:
Rare plants (e.g. at Griffith Woods, HARR) with pale yellowish to amber fruit (and often yellow-green versus purplish canes) are known as forma pallidus (Bailey) Robins. BA reported the related species, R. idaeus L. (which includes the cultivated raspberry), but no coll. has been located.


FOOTNOTE:
V. minutiflora F.G. Dietr. is a related southern species expected in the state. It occurs mostly in thin calcareous woods from Texas sand Mo. to Fla. and c. Tenn., including counties adjacent to Ky. (Ch). It differs from caroliniana in its annual habit, smaller racemes and smaller pale blue to lavendar (versus white to lavendar-tinged) flowers (Isely 1990; J).


FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread northern species that extends south in eastern states to Ohio, Ind. and Ill. There is an old fruiting coll. from DAVI (KY-Agr.): J.C. McClure, 7 Jun 1932, Owensboro. This coll. clearly has the distinctive semicordate stipules of L. ochroleuca (versus semisagittate in venosus and palustris).


Scientific Name:
Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> rubra (borealis var. maxima)

FOOTNOTE:
There are occasional hybrids with several other species (at least shumardii and imbricaria). There are no wild records of the northern var. ambigua (Gray) Fern. (= var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw.), which has deeper cups around acorns (about a third covered versus a quarter), deeper leaf sinuses (up to a third versus a quarter), and paler smoother bark (F, W). However, many planted trees with northern origins may be referred to var. ambugua, contributing significantly to local urban gene-pools. These trees can easily be confused with some forms of shumardii or with putative shumardii-rubra intergrades.


FOOTNOTE:
Unverified data of Gr and B are mapped here as open dots. The northern limit of this southeastern species is fairly abrupt. In Ky. there are only a few records from the Kentucky Rv. watershed or further north. U. alata is restricted to southern counties within Ill. and Ind., and it is unknown in Ohio and W.Va. [A similar limit occurs in Smilax bona-nox.]


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> rufidulum

FOOTNOTE:
This is often similar to prunifolium, but can almost always be distinguished with close inspection (J).


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Opulus> opulus (var. opulus)

FOOTNOTE:
This is often cultivated and may occasionally escape. Colls. from JEFF (EKY; M) and KENT (EKY) appear to be from self-seeded plants, but most other records have less certain status. A coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may be the northern species, V. trilobum Marshg. (= V. opulus var. americanum Ait.), but label data are dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


FULL NAME:
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Koeleria macrantha (cristata)


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Punctatae> punctata

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to collina, which appears more frequent in the state. The separation of records here is tentative; see also B. In its narrow sense (D, F), punctata is a northeastern taxon, with Appalachian extensions mostly at higher elevations (HFG, W). It may be distinguished by its fruit 12-22 mm wide (versus usually 8-12 mm), completely glabrous including the calyx (versus pubescent and persistently so on the calyx); leaves of flowering branches are usually 3.5-5 x 2-3 cm (versus 2-3 x 1.5-2 cm); leaves of vegetative branches are mostly obovate, deeply cut or with narrow spreading lateral lobes near apex (versus mostly elliptic, not deeply cut but sometimes slightly lobed); twigs are ashy gray (versus dark).


Scientific Name:
Gentianaceae: Gentianella [Gentiana] occidentalis (quinquefolia ssp. o.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Most or all material of Gentianella seems to be occidentalis, but further analysis is needed. Typical quinquefolia is a more eastern species. The three clusters of records in Ky. are intriguing.


FOOTNOTE:
This species has been recently collected by R. Naczi from CAMP (KNK), in wet woods along the Ohio Rv. (Naczi et al. 2002). Older records (M) are based on misidentified saponaria (ADAI & TAYL at Field) or remain doubtful. A coll. of G. andrewsii by C.W. Short (GH) is mounted on the same sheet as a coll. of G. saponaria, which is labelled "banks of the Ohio River, Ky., Oct 1842". However, there is no indication that both colls. came from the same location. G. andrewsii is a largely mid-western species that may intergrade with the largely southeastern saponaria to a limited extent (see dets. of J.S. Pringle at Field Museum and elsewhere).


FULL NAME:
Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. maxima Chapman

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Vulpinae> stipata var. maxima (uberior)

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively robust southern variety appears somewhat intermediate between typical stipata and crus-corvi. Distinction from those two taxa is difficult in some cases.


FOOTNOTE:
This tall annual ("castor bean") has been widely cultivated since the 1800s (Gr), for ornament, medicine or poison. It often reseeds ifself into gardens or nearby, but does not persist or spread into the wild.


Scientific Name:
Primulaceae: Dodecatheon meadia (var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
Inflorescences are sometimes heavily browsed by deer; an extensive but much browsed population in ANDE has failed to reproduce for many years (L. Crawfort, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Primulaceae: Dodecatheon frenchii (meadia var. f.)


Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Centunculus [Anagallis] minimus

FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan species of warmer regions was collected by C.W. Short (PH), labelled as Peplis americana: "common around Greenville [MUHL], in thin, poor soils, June 1, 1840." The only other record is a coll. of R. Thompson from MADI (BEREA) from a ditch along Interstate 75 at the KY 21 exit (Abbott et al. 2001). The name Anagallis minima (L.) E.H. Krause may be preferred (W).


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] setacea (hydropiperoides var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
Further study of colls. is needed. This segregate of hydropiperoides occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain of southeastern states, but it has probably been overlooked inland. Although variety status has often been preferred (B, Cr), there is little or no intergradation (F, FNA 5, J,W). P. setacea differs in its whiter calyx (versus usually pink or roseate towards the base); ocreae long-strigose, the fringing bristles ca. 5-15 mm (versus short-strigose, 1-7 mm); larger leaves 12-35 mm wide, usually strigose (versus 5-25 mm, glabrous or scabrous); stems erect, 2.5-6 mm thick at base, strigose, often branching  near middle, from rhizomes (versus ascending, 1-4 mm thick, usually glabrous, mostly simple, decumbent at base). It occurs in less hydric thickets and woods. Mapped records include var. interjecta Fern (to which most material is referrable) and var. tonsa Fern., which are not generally recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Callitrichaceae [Plantaginaceae]: Callitriche palustris (verna)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern (circumboreal) species has been reported from Ky., but no verified coll. has been seen. B's coll. from MCRE (US), and others with this name, appear to be terrestris instead, but further checking may be needed.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Triviales> caesius

FOOTNOTE:
This European species is occasionally cultivated and has spread locally in JEFF (M. Medley for WKY; G; Gunn 1968; Bailey 1943-45).


FOOTNOTE:
This northern wetland species is known only from a few colls. along the Ohio Rv. Cr listed the hybrid with L. quadrifolia (X producta) for Ky. See also notes under L. hybrida.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> harrisii (arguta var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants occur only in the eastern Knobs of Ky. or nearby. They are highly disjunct from other populations of the species in Ridge and Valley region of Md., W.Va. and  Va. (Campbell et al. 1993). The Ky. plants appear somewhat distinct, with leaves less coriaceous (versus clearly coriaceous), glabrous or slightly scabrous above (versus clearly scabrous), and averaging wider at plant bases (ca. 7-13 cm versus 5-10 cm); variety status might be considered. S. harrisii is a tetraploid (2n = 36), and deserves separation from the diploid arguta (F, W).


FOOTNOTE:
This is a generally uncommon to rare species typical of marshy shores around old sloughs and ponds, mostly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont but scattered west to Mo. Also expected is its southern relative, G. brevifolia Raf., which occurs in Tenn. close to Ky. in Montgomery Co. (1 mile ESE of Guthrie) and Morgan Co. (banks of Obed Rv.). Early colls. of C.W. Short from Ky. (Kew, PH) were named brevifolia by G. Bentham (in DeCandolle's 1846 Prodromus) or G. shortii by E. Durand, but viscidula was not described until 1919, and ssp. shortii not until 1935 (Pennell 1935). Short's colls. were probably from the wetlands of BATH or ROWA (Campbell et al. 1992). All colls. from Ky. are referable to var. shortii (Dur. ex Pennell) Gleason, with relatively large flowers and leaves; this taxon may be a meaningful western variant.


FOOTNOTE:
The largely midwestern C. micrantha (Engelm.) Gray has not been reported but may be expected since disjunct populations occur in Tenn. and North Carolina (FNA 3, W). It has distinctly larger flowers, but variation in flower size, cleistogamy and seed characters can be confusing within the genus. Further study of colls. is desirable.


FOOTNOTE:
This is frequently planted, and can persist at old-home sites, but seedlings have not been found; CW mapped it in CALL, LEWI, SHEL and WOLF.


FULL NAME:
Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Sophoreae>: Cladrastis kentukea (lutea)

FOOTNOTE:
This ancient relictual species occurs in scattered disjunct localities of east-central states, mostly in the Ozark region and around the Southern Appalachians. Most Appalachian trees tend to have much larger maximum size (often 5-7 dm dbh versus only 2-4 dm elsewhere) and more stump sprouting, but there are no clear differences in flowers or fruits (M. Vincent, pers. comm.).  In Ky., there are two main clusters of records: (1) in the central Kentucky River Palisades; (2) in southeastern mountains or adjacent bluffs. Several outlying records are unverified, including some from Gr. W.S. Bryant and JC have observed a small tree at Boone County Cliffs Preserve, but it disappeared during the 1980s; other records from n. Ky. are old or uncertain (KENT, PEND). Further field work is needed in western regions. The record from TODD (Little 1971) remains unconfirmed, but Cladrastis is known from adjacent Tenn. along bluffs of the Red Rv. in Montgomery Co. (Ch). Plants in the loess bluffs of FULT (MUR) have not been relocated in recent decades, but Cladrastis does extend south along such bluffs to La. and Miss. As in most Caesalpiniaceae (except Chamaecrista) but unlike almost all other Fabaceae, Cladrastis does not appear to fix nitrogen with rhizobia (Graves & Van de Poll 1992).


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium pratericola (dessicatum var. leptophylloides, "leptophyllum")

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may need to be rechecked for other species. This diploid (2n = 18) species is widespread North American species, except in southeastern states. It has narrow leaves that lack secondary veins, but larger leaves are 3-nerved from the base. Similar leaves are typical of C. pallescens Standl. of the southern Great Plains, and to C. dessicatum A. Nelson of more western states, which both may be expected in Ky. as waifs (Y). It may also be confused with the "lanceolatum" variant of album, which does have secondary veins, and no leaves 3-nerved from the base.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered in western and central Ky., this relatively inconspicuous species is rarely noted, and almost never seen in large numbers.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Punctatae> aff. incaedua (?collina/puncata x calpodendron/crus-galli)

FOOTNOTE:
These colls. are difficult to identify and varied, including possible hybrids (D, F). C. incaedua, with apparent colls. from HART and HOPK (KY), may be derived from collina and calpodendron. The colls. from CALL (MUR) and WHIT (GH) have been referred to C. disperma Ashe, which may be derived from collina or punctata (as one parent) and crus-galli (as the other). The coll. from KENT (PH) was initially determined as C. pratensis Sarg. (but see also C. peoriensis Sarg.). These taxa are mostly poorly understood, with scattered distributions centered in mid-western regions.


FULL NAME:
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Dysphania [Chenopodium*] ambrosioides

FOOTNOTE:
This is probably native to warmer regions, but now widespread across North America. It varies much in chromosome number (2n = 16 to 64) and several varieties have been proposed, but virtually all plants in Ky. have been referred to typical ambrosioides. Separation of var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray, with less bracteate spikes, may deserve further study (Y), but there is only one old report from Ky. (Short et al. 1833).


FULL NAME:
Dysphania pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Dysphania [Chenopodium*] pumilio

FOOTNOTE:
This Australian weed is widely scattered in North America, especially southeastern and Pacific region (PL).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Annui> annuus

FOOTNOTE:
This common annual sunflower is widely cultivated, but it also escapes and appears naturalized along disturbed rights-of-way and similar sites. Though probably originating in the southern Great Plains, H. annuus became domesticated for oil and other uses by native people in eastern states; see papers by C.B. Heiser and others in Ford (1985). Selection has increased seed size and head size, especially during the past century or so, but within a few generations of naturalization cultivars revert to wilder types. Varieties have not been recognized in recent treatments; all plants are diploid (2n = 34). See notes on hybrids under petiolaris and tuberosus.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Paniceae> tetanica (var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a northern relative of meadii, often on relatively damp sites. It is often difficult to distinguish and there may be intergradation, but authorities consider the two taxa to be distinct species (FNA 23). C. tetanica has a higher chromosome number; 2n = 56 versus 52. Some colls. from Ky, have been carefully determined as tetanica, following standard manuals (e.g. F, Cr); colls. from LEWI (A. Cusick at MICH) and ROWA (A. Risk at MDKY) have been particularly convincing. However, most or all colls. have now been redetermined as meadii by R. Naczi or A.A. Reznicek. Further revision is needed.


FULL NAME:
Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Americana> glutinosum (acuminatum)


FULL NAME:
Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. var. australis

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Thermopsideae>: Baptisia australis var. a.

FOOTNOTE:
Historical records indicate that this widely scattered eastern species was formerly abundant along several larger streams and rivers, but it is now common only along rocky banks of the upper Cumberland River system. Records from FRAN and GARR are historical references without known colls. M. Bender discovered a plant on banks of the Kentucky River in MERC, which is the only one known to remain in that watershed. A piece of this plant was taken for cultivation by JC; it flowers about two weeks later, in the same garden, than plants from the Cumberland River drainage.


FOOTNOTE:
This valuable crop (the common "alfalfa") has been much grown for forage for a century or more (Gr). In many cases it is likely colls. are from persistent plantings in old fields, rather than from secondary establishment. The few reports of ssp. falcata (L.) Archang. ("yellow alfalfa") are all from cultivated plants.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Vulpinae> oklahomensis (stipata var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southwestern species has been confirmed by R.F. Naczi for colls. of R. Athey and J. Grubbs from CALL, MARS and MCRA (MUR), which were previously named stipata. It may also be confused with conjuncta.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of the Mississippi Valley may be confused with alluviorum (especially) or digitalis and easily overlooked; further study of colls. filed under these species is needed. P. tubiflorus differs (F) in its corollas minutely glandular-puberulent within (versus glandless), leaves entire or nearly so (versus entire to sharply serrate), and stems glabrous (versus glabrous or hairy, at least in lines). It has been reported from Ky. (M), but no colls. have been located; the report of Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) from GRAV (SIU) was based on misidentified digitalis.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon digitalis (var. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation in this widespread eastern white-flowered species needs further study. It may intergrade with alluviorum, which has been combined by some authors.. Atypical colls. from LAWR, LEWI (KNK) and elsewhere have short-pubescent stems, suggesting transitions to calycosus (which is distinguished by its pale violet-purple flowers). Species recognized here in the digitalis-calycosus group appear to be somewhat confluent, but they are usually quite distinct from the canescens-pallidus group in their inflated corolla-throats, glabrous lower leaf surfaces, and lack of longer hairs on stems or leaves; see F, Cr and W for details.


FULL NAME:
Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub var. scandens

Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Fallopia [Polygonum*] scandens var. s.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread in eastern and central North America, this species may be relatively infrequent on more fertile base-rich soils. In Ky., it appears rare to absent in counties near the Ohio Rv. downstream of Appalachian regions. Mapped records include var. missouriensis (Rydb.) Palmer & Steyermark from HEND (KY-Agr.); that variety is not distinguished in recent treatments.


FULL NAME:
Eutrochium steelei (E. Lamont) E.E. Lamont

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eutrochium [Eupatorium*] steelei

FOOTNOTE:
This glandular-hairy species of southern Appalachian mountains was described by Lamont (1990) as a segregate of purpureum. However, the degree of distinction remains unclear in Ky. Colls. from BELL and PIKE (DHL) appear somewhat intermediate.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a rather uncommon southern species that can easily be confused with fruticosa; further revision of Amorpha colls. may be warranted across its range.


FOOTNOTE:
This circumboreal species was listed for Ky. by Short et al. (1833), Cr and others, but no colls. have been located.


FOOTNOTE:
Some uncertain records (open dots) may come from planted trees, including those from within Appalachian regions (Gr, CW). This species is widely scattered across eastern North America, but generally restricted to highly fertile soils on mesic to submesic sites. Although such landscapes are mostly converted to farmland, Gymnocladus survives well along woodland edges and fencerows, sometimes colonizing old fields. The fruits are relished by cattle, who often consume them during the winter and spring after they fall to the ground; see also Gr (1902). Deposits of seeds can sometimes be found in old barns (L. Crawfort, pers. comm.). Occasional dispersal by other larger mammals is also suspected. In addition to being generally dioecious, this tree is unusual in its lateral root suckering, up to 10 m or more from original stems (especially in males). Whether the correct spelling should be dioica remains unresolved (Y).


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium vulgare (fontanum ssp. v., triviale, "vulgatum")

FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan weed from Europe is an octoploid (2n = 144) that is often combined as a subspecies with C. fontanum Baumg., which occurs only in cooler regions of Europe. C. vulgatum L. is an ambiguous name proposed for rejection (FNA 5). Altough vulgare is often described as perennial, this is not obvious in most colls., and biennial to annual behavior may also occur.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium velutinum (arvense* var. ve.)

FOOTNOTE:
This tetraploid perennial (2n = 72) of rocky woods on base-rich soils occurs in scattered, somewhat disjunct regions across east-central states (FNA 5). C. arvense L., strictly defined, is a more northern diploid, but further revision is anticipated (Morton 2004). Ky. plants may be synonymous with C. arvense var. villosum (Muhl. ex Darl.) Hollick & Britt., perhaps to be renamed as C. velutinum var. villosum (new combination).


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium nutans (var. n.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This native diploid (2n = 34, 36) is typical of moderately disturbed submesic to subhydric woodlands and edges on fertile soils. However, it is rather uncommon and appears to have been generally grazed or mowed out of more heavily farmed landscapes.


FULL NAME:
Leavenworthia exigua Rollins var. laciniata Rollins

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata

FOOTNOTE:
The globally imperiled species is collected only from BULL and JEFF; there are also reports from NELS and SPEN (Ky. State Nature Preserves Commission). Var. exigua occurs in c. Tenn. and nw. Ga.


FOOTNOTE:
This perennial with large flowers is sometimes cultivated (as "musk-mallow") and may escape, especially in northern regions (Cr, PL).


FULL NAME:
CRESS: Arabidopsis (MOUSE-EAR), Arabis (ROCK), Boechera (ROCK), Barbarea (WINTER), Cardamine (BITTER), Draba (WHITLOW-), Leavenworthia (GLADE), Nasturtium (WATER-), Rorippa (YELLOW), Thlaspi (PENNY)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> paniculatum


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> nigra (americana var. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
There have been a few reports of this northern species (e.g. Greenwell 1935), but no verified colls. are known. There has been some confusion in nomenclature with P. americana var. lanata (B, M).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> alleghaniensis

FOOTNOTE:
There may be a coll. of E.L. Braun (# 4944) from MCRE that has been named this, according to M (check US). This central Appalachian species does occurs in w. Va. and it may be expected in the Cumberland Mts. of Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this largely Southern Appalachian species is known only from a few sites on dry sandstone ridges and slopes in pine-oak woods. It has occasionally been located due to its powerful sweet aroma, from flowering as early as late January (D. Dourson and A. Risk, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> gronovii

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species plus its close relative, longipilum, and to a lesser extent other members of Hieracium section Stenotheca, have some characters of Crepis. P.D. Sell (Cambridge Univ. Herbarium, pers. comm.) considers that these species should be transferred to Crepis or made a separate genus. But others might argue for a much broader concept combining Crepis, Hieracium and Pilosella.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern and western species is not mapped for Ky. in FNA 22, but it is "to be expected". There is a coll. from LINC (PH) determined as amplifolius by "H.A.W." in 1953, but that needs rechecking. This coll. was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s in "Dicks Rv near Crab Orchard", and was originally named P. lucens auct. (not L.), which is an old synonym of illinoensis. A recent coll. from Buck Creek in PULA (KNK) was determined as amplifolius by Clark et al. (2005), but this also needs to be checked. P. illinoensis is expected there instead, since it is locally abundant in the Little South Fork, a similar nearby stream.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] faberi

FOOTNOTE:
This abundant troublesome weed in cropped field was unknown until recorded by Beckett (1956).


FOOTNOTE:
This weedy native is widespread across North America.


FOOTNOTE:
Further study of possible varieties in this widespread northeastern species is needed. Some colls. from Ky. may be var. intermedius (Rydb.) B.L. Robins., which has a largely mid-western range, but with much overlap. This species mostly occurs in two distinct habitats: calcareous cliffs (especially to the west), and on sandstone boulders along Appalachian rivers.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Careyanae> digitalis var. d.

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in eastern North America, except in southern states. There has been confusion with several other species, especially if colls. are immature or incomplete.


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Physalis subglabrata (longifolia var. s.*)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with angulata; see also notes under longifolia (sensu stricto).


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Physalis longifolia (var. l., virginiana var. sonorae)

FOOTNOTE:
This western species, in its strict sense, may be unknown in the Ohio Valley (Sullivan 2004). It has been reported by Grubbs (1989) and others (M), but no coll. has been confirmed. The more eastern subglabrata has often been combined as a variety.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> latiglumis (altissimus, incanus)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species (sometimes named B. altissimus Pursh) has been reported by B and other authors (M), but the only verified colls. that have been located for this Atlas are from rich weedy flooplain woods in LEWI (EKY) and PULA (KY). Anderson (1924) reported that a coll. from FAYE then existed at KY: R. Peter, 14 Sep 1834, Clay's Ferry. There are colls. from some adjacent counties in Ind. (D), Ohio (GH) and perhaps other states (FNA 24). Compared to pubescens, latiglumis differs in its anthers, with are usually shorter (ca. 1.5-3 mm versus 2.5-4 mm), and produced in Aug-Sep (versus Jun-Jul); its sheaths have a distinct villous ring at summit (usually absent or indistinct in pubescens) and clasping auricles (absent in pubescens); nodes are mostly covered (versus at least the upper exposed). Leaves tend to be darker green and more numerous (ca. 6-20 versus 4-6), with plants often taller (up to 2 m versus 1.5 m). Plants originally described as B. purgans L. var. incanus Shear are now considered just a more hairy form; examples may include the colls. from FAYE and PULA.


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Gaylussacia <Decamerium> baccata

FOOTNOTE:
There are old reports of two related species, G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. and G. ursina (M.A. Curtis) T. & G. ex Gray. These were probably based on G. baccata; see M and Gr for details.


Scientific Name:
Campanulaceae: Lobelia spicata var. spicata (originalis, ?campanulata)

FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs across much of eastern and central North America, and several varieties have been described. Distinction of the widespread eastern var. spicata from var. leptostachys does not seem clearcut in some colls., and further study is needed; see D.J. Bogler (in Y) for a detailed key. A coll. from POWE (DHL) may be referable to the northern var. campanulata McVaugh, and B reported var. originalis McVaugh from several counties, but Bogler has included these taxa within var. spicata. F also reported the southeastern var. scaposa McVaugh from Ky., but colls. have not been located.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with lancastriensis, and some colls. should be rechecked. All plants are probably referable to var. cylindricus (Ell.) Fern. & Grisc., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been frequent confusion in vegetative colls. with other species, especially thomasii. Compared to thomasii (FNA 3), well-developed leaves at the ends of shoots tend to be smaller (ca. 6-8 cm long versus 8-11 cm), lanceolate to ovate (versus obovate), with a more asymmetric base; veins are fewer on each side (ca. 15-18 versus 21-24) and less closely spaced; hairs tend to be yellowish (versus whitish); buds and branches are glabrous (versus pubescent). Although corky wings are generally present on branches of both species, americana can also become somewhat corky, especially on drier sites. B's records (GH, US) from BREA, MADI & PIKE were based on misidentified americana. Compared to americana, the leaves of both serotina and thomasii are somewhat obovate (versus ovate) and broader (l/w = ca. 1.7 and 2, versus 2.5 in americana), with a more abruptly attenuate to acuminate apex (versus more gradually tapering from near the middle), softly hairy on lower surfaces (versus glabrous to slightly hairy), and consistently glabrous on upper surfaces (versus generally scabrous). A more detailed study of leaves would be useful.


Scientific Name:
Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Senna [Cassia] hebecarpa

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species is widely scattered in the Ohio Valley, but virtually unknown in Mo., Ark., Miss. and Ala. Although scattered across Ky. and Tenn., it appears to be generally rare in these states. However, there has been some confusion with marilandica. Included here is the hairy var. longipila E.L. Braun, which was collected in KNOT (GH).


FOOTNOTE:
M has reported this from MARS (for WKY).  Woods' (1983) report from HICK (MUR) was based on a misidentified coll. of pusilla. P, heterophylla is a southern species that extends north into the central Mississippi Valley.


FOOTNOTE:
There have been reports but also some confusion with wrightiana, and no verified coll. has been seen (M).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] leibergii

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by J, but confirmed colls. have not been located. A provisional report by R. Cranfill (1989, pers. comm.) was based on a misidentified coll. of boscii from HARD (KY). D. leibergii occurs mostly in the upper Mid-west; it was mapped in s. Ill. and s. Ohio by FNA 25, close to the Ky. borders.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> brevior (festucacea var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern and western species is close to the southern reniformis (mostly on the Coastal Plain), the largely south-central festucacea, and the largely mid-western molesta. There has been considerable confusion with those species and others. C. brevior is generally reported to occur on relatively dry soils (at least in the summer), somewhat like molesta in the Bluegrass region.


FULL NAME:
Quercus shumardii Buckl. var. schneckii (Britt.) Sarg.

Scientific Name:
Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> shumardii var. schneckii

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon is poorly understood, and the mapping here is provisional. Distinction from typical shumardii appears to be based simply on its somewhat smaller acorns, with ca. 1/3 covered by the cups. Typical shumardii is often closer to rubra in its acorns, with only ca. 1/4 covered by the cups. B claimed that var. schneckii was typical of terraces and lower slopes, while typical trees occur more on uplands; however, the opposite pattern has been reported elsewhere (W). Distributions appear generally similar in Ky., but var. schneckii is reported to have a relatively western range overall.


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> indecora

FOOTNOTE:
This papillate-flowered species (Y) occurs widely in western and southern states, Mexico and West Indies, especially in damp to dry sandy open habitats (F). Some Ky. records need to be rechecked; it may be rare in Tenn. (Ch). Colls. can all be referred to var. neuropetala (Engelm.) A.S. Hitchc., but that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


FULL NAME:
Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex J.A. Schultes

Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> gronovii

FOOTNOTE:
This tetraploid (2n = 60) is widespread in eastern North America, and one of the commonest species of Cuscuta in Ky. It occurs on many hosts in diverse habitats, but perhaps most typical of damper sites than pentagona. Var. latifolia Engelm. may be expected in Ky.; it differs in its relatively elongate, less overlapping calyx lobes, and shorter corollas with more elongate lobes, bearing some similarity to C. polygonorum (Costea et al. 2006b).


Scientific Name:
Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Villosae> villosa (var. v.)

FOOTNOTE:
This includes plants formerly known as var. intermedia; see also H. macrorhiza.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern native was collected in Ky. by Abbott et al. (2001) on Manchester Island, in the Ohio River (LEWI at BEREA). There have been other reports, but without details (Horton 1972; FNA 5). F. cilinodis may be confused with the weedy alien, convolvulus, and further discoveries are expected. However, its occurrences in the southern Appalachians are only at high elevation (W).


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Polygonum aviculare (monspeliensis, aviculare var. vegetum, ssp. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread annual weed from Eurasia has several segregates or close allies that need more assessment in Ky. Although treated recently as subspecies for FNA 5, some of these taxa have often been considered species, and there is little or no intergradation in many areas. Those reported from Ky. are P. arenastrum (ssp. depressum (Meisner) Arcangeli); P. bellardii (ssp. neglectum (Besser) Arcangeli); and P. buxiforme (ssp. b. (Small) Costea & Tardif); see notes under those names.


FOOTNOTE:
This common weed was recorded early after settlement (M'Murtrie 1819). Most material matches var. leiocarpum DC., but that segregate has generally not been recognized in recent treatments. Colls. from MEAD (DHL) and MERC (KY) would match the typical variety.


FULL NAME:
Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria ischaemum (?glabra)

FOOTNOTE:
The earliest report of this aliens, under the old synonym D. glabra Beauv., was by Short & Peter (1835). Variation in this species may need further review. Although not recognized by FNA 25, var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fern. was previously considered to be a robust native variant in the eastern U.S.A., especially southern regions (F). Colls. from HARD (Medley et al. 19778-92 for WKY) and perhaps elsewhere fit the description of that taxn.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium glabrum (laevigatum, asteriscus/trifoliatum var. latifolium)

FOOTNOTE:
This differs from typical trifoliatum primarily in having leaves all opposite (versus often trifoliate, at least below), and relatively broad (mostly 2-5 cm versus 1-3 cm). Also, lower leaf surfaces (except main veins) and stems are consistently smooth (versus sometimes scabrous-hispid), and plants are often relatively short. In the southern segregate known as S. confertifolium Small, leaves are much reduced from base upwards, the larger ones mostly 3-7 cm wide (versus 2-4 cm), with petiole ca. 2-5 cm long (versus 0-2 cm). Although species status may be reasonable (Sm; G. Nesom, pers. comm.), there has been much confusion with trifoliatum, and probably some intergradation. In its strict sense, glabrum appears largely restricted to calcareous regions of the southern Appalachians and southern Interior Low Plateaus (Miss., Ala., Tenn., Ga., N.C., ?S.C.), but it has been reported north to Ind. (D), Ky. and W.Va. (FNA 21). It is verified just south of the border, from east (Cumberland Mt.; JC for KY) to west (Fort Campbell; D. Estes for APSU). Within Ky. colls. from banks of the Big South Fork Cumberland Rv. in MCRE (KY) appear to be typical glabrum, but the others mapped here may just be transitional to trifoliatum. Further revision is needed.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> glabellum

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to perplexum, and ca. 1-10% of colls. appear somewhat intermediate (Isely 1990). There has also been confusion in nomenclature with D. humifusum (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Beck, which is unknown in the state.


FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. Some Ky. plants appear to have unusually rampant stolons with glabrous leaves, but may not be genetically distinct (e.g. those labelled "var. repens Simmers" from FRAN & OWEN at GH). Plants with unusually broad leaves (up to  5-6 cm wide), somewhat sharper serration, and more rounded bases, occur in relatively damp habitats of Kans., Okla., Mo., Ill. (GH) and reportedly Ky. (Cr). Rare hybrids with hirsuta do occur, but are not verified in Ky. B. subnuda Simmers & Kral (1992) was recently described in Ala. and Tenn., but determinations in Ky. and elsewhere have been erroneous. B. subnuda is intermediate between ciliata and hirsuta in several characters, but has calyx tubes puberulent with distinctively shorter hairs (< 0.6 mm), glabrate lower leaf surfaces, and glabrate lower stems.


FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. suggestings escapes of this cultivated species ("tomatillo") in FAYE (KY), HICK and LIVI (R. Athey; check EKY). However, their identification and status remains somewhat dubious. Some of these colls. are probably referrable to var. immaculata Waterfall (= P. ixocarpa auct. non Brot. ex Herman). This species is closely related to angulata, but has larger flowers (with purple maculations); see F and W for detailed keys.


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> papilionacea {sororia* var. p., suggested comb.}

FOOTNOTE:
These plants are close to sororia and affinis, which could all be treated as as intergrading varieties. Some plants also appear introgressed with  missouriensis, cucullata or other related species (see also: Gil-ad 1997, 1998). V. papilionacea differs from sororia in its generally paler, broader, and largely glabrous or glabrate leaves (except sometimes for hairs on petioles and on lower leaf surfaces at the base). After flowering, relatively large broad leaves are often produced. Although combined with sororia in some treatments (e.g. Cr, McKinney 1992, J), it has often been considered a largely distinct species typical of damper soils, especially mesic fertile floodplain woods, mowed open areas, yards, and other disturbed sites (Robinson & Fernald 1908, D, B, F, E.J. Alexander in G, St).


FOOTNOTE:
This Japanese species is spreading along the Ohio River banks and adjacent riparian woods, but rarely elsewhere in North America (Medley et al. 1985, Abbott et al. 2004). These plants may be referred to var. hachijoensis Honda.


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias exaltata (phytolaccoides)


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium <Blitum> bonus-henricus

FOOTNOTE:
This occasionally cultivated tetraploid (2n = 36) perennial is locally escaped in northeastern regions, but virtually absent elsewhere in North America (FNA 4, PL). The only record from Ky. is a coll. in DAVI (MUR): Austin & Gentry #3495, 3 Aug 1966, waste pond bank by oil storage tank, 1.2 m W of US 431 on Marksburg Rd., ditch crossing road.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species (largely on the Coastal Plain) has been reported from Ky. by F and others, but no colls. have been located. It is known from w. Tenn., and may be expected on the Coastal Plain in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Molles> mollis (cibaria, ?cibilis)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is locally common on fertile floodplains and calcareous uplands, but it is much less common in most Appalachian regions (see also HFG). [There is a loose association with Quercus macrocarpa and other species of browsed eutrophic woodlands.] Mapped records here tentatively include the closely related species, C. cibaria Beadle and C. cibilis Ashe (B, Cr, M). Hybrids may be expected with pruinosa, punctata, collina, margaretta and other species (D, F, St, Lance 2006). Some colls. from LYON and TRIG (APSU) are atypical, with leaves more gradually narrowed at the base (versus trunctate), less hairy on lower surfaces, and paler olive-green (versus bluish-green); they resemble the more northern segregate, C. submollis Sarg. (F), and have been misidentified locally as C. calpodendron. They may result from hybridization with of mollis with calpodendron or a similar species.


FOOTNOTE:
This abundant crop ("soybean") leaves occasional waifs or relics in old fields, but it is not known to naturalize.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipulata> canescens


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Amorpheae>: Dalea <Petalostemon> candida


Scientific Name:
Linderniaceae (Scrophulariaceae*): Lindernia anagallidea (dubia var. a.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Although this often occurs with typical dubia, with little geographic segregation, it appears generally distinct and may generally occur in less weedy situations (and perhaps deeper pools). A coll. from KENT (KNK) may be transitional to typical dubia.


FULL NAME:
MALLOW: Anoda (BLUE), Callirhoe (POPPY-), Hibiscus (ROSE-), Malva, Malvastrum (GLADE-), Napaea (LOWLAND), Sida (PRICKLY), Sidasodes (RIVER)


FOOTNOTE:
JC was lucky to be present during this coll. from MCRE (KNK), perhaps the last new species for Ky. discovered by our beloved, lately deceased John Thieret; at the first stop on a grand tour, he spotted it 10 feet from the car behind the Stearns restaurant.


Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> herbacea (var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. of this variable Appalachian species are not easily distinguished from pulverulenta or lasioneura, and need to be rechecked; see notes under those segregates.


FOOTNOTE:
This western species appears to be only adventive in eastern states.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread across southern states but largely restricted to calcareous or other base-rich soils. Original habitats are not clear, but it has become locally abundant in roadsides, crop fields, gardens and similar sites. It may have increased much since settlement; the first records from Ky. were in the 1880s (Linney 1882; Pr).


FOOTNOTE:
There appear to be occasional hybrids with intermedia and others.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] scoparium

FOOTNOTE:
Although locally abundant in southern and western regions of the state, this widespread southern species is virtually unknown in northeastern regions. A disjunct site was recently reported in southeastern Ohio (Gardner et al. 2004).


FOOTNOTE:
All naturalized records date from after 1993 (M). Although widely planted for several decades, this species has only begun to spread during the 1990s. This acceleration may be caused by the increased variety of genotypes being cultivated, leading to more fertile cross-pollinated seed being produced (Vincent 2005, Culley & Hardiman 2008). It is becoming common in urban areas and along major highways. Vincent provided much new data on this species, plus records of hybrids with P. betulifolia Bunge or P. X bretschneideri Rehd. from BULL (MUR, WKY) and CAMP (KNK, MUR).


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> coryli

FOOTNOTE:
This papillate-flowered species occurs mostly in northern and western regions. C. coryli is close to the more southern indecora, and in similar habitats, but it is much less common, and was considered globally imperiled or vulnerable (G2G3) by Costea et al. (2006c). Colls. have been from reported HARD (MM for WKY) and probably elsewhere (M; Costea et al. 2006c), but details are not yet available.


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> cephalanthi

FOOTNOTE:
This 3- or 4-merous species is widespread in wetlands of northern and western regions. In Ky., it has been reported only from CALL (Funk & Fuller 1978; check MUR), ROWA (B; check US) and UNIO (Shacklett 1937; check KY-Agr.). Colls. probably exist, but have not been confirmed.


FOOTNOTE:
Mapped records of this frequently cultivated alien come from parks, roadsides and a cemetary where it has escaped. In Louisville, it became locally dominant in Cherokee Park after the 1974 tornado, and it is now easy to confuse with cordata (P. Haragan, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] italica

FOOTNOTE:
This species (foxtail millet) may have been artificially selected from S. viridis to produce large numbers of relatively large disarticulating seeds (Cr, FNA 25). It is often cultivated for wildlife or livestock and can occasionally escape, but it may not be truly naturalized in the state. Colls. that are probably persistent from plantings are excluded.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Lolium multiflorum (perenne var. aristatum*)

FOOTNOTE:
This grass was first introduced for trials a century ago (Gr), but did not become widely used until the 1930s or later (Anderson 1924; B). Some records may be from plantings.


Scientific Name:
Acanthaceae: Justicia lanceolata (ovata* var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
This differs from typical ovata is its lax spikes with single secund flowers (versus congested with opposite pairs of flowers), its smooth seeds (versus minutely muricate), and its more elongated leaves (l/w = ca. 5 versus 3). It occurs mostly on the Gulf Coastal Plain and upstream into the central Mississippi Valley. J. ovata is restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain (W).


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Kochia [Bassia] scoparia

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread variable species native to Eurasia. Plants in North America are generally treated as ssp. scoparia (FNA 4). The common cultivar "summer cypress" is treated as forma trichophylla (A. Voss) Stapft ex Schinz & Thellung (apparently = var. culta Farw. but not = var. trichophylla (Stapf) Bailey). This cultivar is less hairy, have relatively long narrow leaves, and turns bright red in the fall (see also Cr). Escaped plants of this cultivar are known (M) from CAMP (KNK), MASO (sight record) and PIKE (EKY); they are not included in the map.


FOOTNOTE:
W cites recent research in support of this generic assignment.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. west of Appalachian regions appear generally valid, but the coll. from WOOD (KY) was made by a student and a label error is possible.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleogenus> engelmannii (ovata* var. e./detonsa)

FOOTNOTE:
This has a widespread North American range like obtusa. These have generally been considered distinct taxa, at least as varieties. E. engelmanii typically occurs around larger. more stable, less eutrophic bodies of water; it is much less common than obtusa around small artificial farm ponds.


FULL NAME:
FOXGLOVE: Agalinis (LESSER), Aureolaria (YELLOW), Dasistoma (MULLEIN), Tomanthera (EAR-LEAF)


FULL NAME:
Equisetum kansanum: see E. species  ferrissii


FOOTNOTE:
This northern and western species was reported from Ky. by Linney (1882), Britton & Brown (1897) and others (M), but no coll. has been located. It does occur at higher elevation in w. Va. (W).


FOOTNOTE:
This vigorous annual vine is an aggressive invader of disturbed fertile soils, especially sandy river banks. The first report was by Gunn (1969b) from JEFF. By the 1980s, japonicus had been documented in several counties along the Ohio Rv. upstream of JEFF and along the Big Sandy Rv. (M). During the 1990s to present, it has also become locally abundant along banks of the Kentucky Rv. in the Bluegrass Region (report by A. Berry to KSNPC in 2008). It is much more widespread than colls. indicate.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Draba reptans (caroliniana)

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from WARR by Pr, and there may be other old records; colls. need to be searched for at MO and elsewhere.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a highly variable cosmopolitan species (nearly worldwide), but taxonomic segregates have not yet been well defined (FNA 22).


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. from HICK, ROWA and probably elsewhere may be referrable to var. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Pers. (or treated as a ssp. by Woods.). However, more work is needed to determine if that hairier northeastern taxon can be consistently distinguished in the state.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Iva annua (ciliata)

FOOTNOTE:
A large-seeded selection of this weed was widely cultivated in east-central states for food by native people during the Woodland period, ca. 2000-4000 years ago  (King 1985). Based on fossils, those plants were named var. megacarpa (Blake) R.C. Jackson, but they now appear to be extinct (St, M).


FOOTNOTE:
This species was supposedly collected by C.W. Short in the "barrens" of western Kentucky, based on old correspondence (M). It is a frequently cultivated species and has been reported as an escape in several regions of North America, but in Ky. it has not taken hold in the wild.


FOOTNOTE:
This small somewhat weedy species is widely distributed across most temperate regions of the planet, but probably originated in western North America, where the genus is most diverse. It is possible that M. minimus has spread west after settlement (W). However, C.W. Short made collections from CHRI in 1818, which became named M. shortii Raf. in 1819 (M; Short et al. 1833).


FOOTNOTE:
The first North American records of this European species were from Ky. ca. 1940 (Bartholomew 1941); it has increased steadily into grasslands since then.


Scientific Name:
Liliaceae: Lilium superbum (canadense ssp. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion between this largely Appalachian species and and closely related mid-western michiganense. There may be intermediates in western regions of Ky. The coll. from HARD (KY) was initially determined as michiganense (Cranfill 1991), but it has large anthers amd smooth leaves that suggest superbum. In addition to Black Mt. in the east and some swampy lowlands in the west, intervening localities for this species have recently been found along banks of the Big South Fork in Ky. (MCRE at EKY) and Tenn., and on uplands on the Cumberland Plateau (LAUR at EKY; Libby et al. 1997).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum loomisii (incanum var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants need to be reexamined for reliable mapping. They may be partly intermediate between incanum and pynanthemoides, but Chambers (1993) and others have shown that this is a distinct diploid (2n = 38) species with a largely southern range.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> miliaceum

FOOTNOTE:
The exact identity and status of these varied plants need further investigation. P. miliaceum (a "millet") originates from Asia, and several cultivars exist as well as wild types; chromosome numbers range from 2n = 36 to 72 (FNA 25). FNA 25 indicates that more robust plants with disarticulating florets can be distinguished as ssp. ruderale (Kitagawa) Tzvelev, and that this is naturalized in much of North America. In Ky. it has been grown for at least a century (Gr). Currently much seed is fed to birds or spilled, and some colls. probably come from resultant waifs.
Some of the colls. mapped here have much smaller spikelets than reported in FNA and other manuals: ca. 2.5-3 mm versus 4.5-6 mm.


FOOTNOTE:
There have been several reports (including FNA 3), but no colls. have been located (M). This species has often been confused with stunted forms of muhlenbergii. It is a low shrubby species, typically reaching only 1-3 m tall, and sometimes spreading by rhizomes. Its leaf blades have only (3) 5-7 (9) veins on each side, compared to (8) 10-13 (16) in muhlenbergii, and their bases are usually cuneate (versus usually truncate). It is known from disjunct regions of the east-central states, in remnants of native scrubby vegetation on a range of soils (not typically on calcareous like muhlenbergii). The map in FNA 3 is not accurate. The closest known plants are in the Ridge-and-Valley region of w. Va. (HW+). It might have been expected on open rocky summits of the Cumberland Mts. before fire suppression, and it was reported from BELL by Defries (1884a,b).


FOOTNOTE:
It is not clear if records are from truly naturalized plants that have spread into uncultivated land. There are colls. from CALL (MUR) and perhaps CHRI (M); also, Gr noted "not often seen" in 1914.


FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs mostly in open woodland and grassland on the southeastern Coastal Plain. There are several disjunct populations in Miss., Ala., Ga. and s. Tenn. (FNA 25). The plants in PULA grow in a highly diverse unique remnant of native vegetation on acid xerohydric soils; see also Drosera brevifolia.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread North American species is now largely restricted to marshy places on some riverbanks, but a few records suggest that, before settlement, it might have occured in wet grasslands elsewhere (as in Panicum virgatum).


FULL NAME:
Ilex montana Torr. & Gray ex Gray var. montana

Scientific Name:
Aquifoliaceae: Ilex montana (monticola, ambigua var. m.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This Appalachian species has been treated as a variety of the more southern I. ambigua (Michx.) Torr. by some recent authors. However, there is virtually no overlap in range or morphology, according to the recent treatment of W. Reports of typical ambigua from the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. (M, J, CW) and Tenn. (Ch) may just be based on plants of mollis with relatively small hairy leaves. These plants have often been referred to I. beadlei W.W. Ashe or to I. montana var. mollis (Gray) Britt., but those names have probably been misapplied (W). They include some of the colls. from MCRE, POWE and WOLF (KY). There are also old unverified reports of "Ilex mollis" from EDMO (Hussey 1876; Pr).


FULL NAME:
Panicum implicatum: see Dichanthelium acuminatum


FULL NAME:
TREFOIL: Desmodium (TICK-), Lotus (BIRD'S FOOT)


FOOTNOTE:
This became a common weed early after settlement (Short 1828-29).


FULL NAME:
Urochloa platyphylla (Munro ex Wright) R. Webster

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Urochloa (Brachiaria) platyphylla (Brachiaria p.)


FOOTNOTE:
It is not clear if this European species--the cultivated flax--is truly naturalized, but there are records from FULT (R. Athey), MADI (KNK) and PULA (BEREA). Although rarely cultivated in Ky. currently, it has been widely grown in southeastern states. L. lewisii Pursh is a related species in western states that also has attractive blue flowers, and is often distributed as a "wildflower" in eastern states. Further checking on identifications is advisable.


FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from CALL (MUR) is verfied as this southwestern species: with accession number 558 but the collector's name lacking, 20 June 1940, from "Kentucky Wildlife Refuge" [presumably along the Tennessee Rv. before impoundment]. It was initially determined as S. angularis.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Poinsettia> cyathophora (heterophylla var. graminifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
Almost all records of E. heterophylla L. from eastern North America probably belong here (Cr, W).


FULL NAME:
Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. var. puberula Rehd.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] angustifolia var. puberula (?spinosa)

FOOTNOTE:
Records are mostly tentative; some may be transitional to ioensis.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread across eastern North America, this species is uncommon to rare in warmer or drier regions, including much of w. Ky. and c. Tenn. (except close to the Mississippi Rv.). In 1914, Gr noted: "found everywhere in thickets and in openings, clambering over fences, rocks and shrubs, and in the absence of support, sometimes sprawling on the ground." C. scandens remains widely scattered across north-central Ky. in richer soils, but it has become rare in more populated areas. It may have been reduced due to harvesting of fruiting branches for decoration, and perhaps local intense browsing by deer and livestock. Gradual invasion of orbiculatus could pose another threat by direct competition and slow genetic introgression (Pooler et al. 2002; Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This alien has the potential to become widespread along woodland edges due to dispersal by birds from plantings. It has become locally abundant at several scattered localities, but especially in northeastern regions where it seems to have spread from extensive populations across se. Ohio (D. Taylor, pers. comm.). In several northern and eastern regions of North America, especially urban areas, this species is now a major problem. Although present for over 50 years, major invasions only occurred after 1970, probably assisted by promotion for horticulture. Unfortunately, its ornamental fruit has been touted, with insufficient attention fo the alternative cultivation of scandens.


FULL NAME:
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Cronq.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Boltonia asteroides var. recognita (latisquama var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely midwestern taxon is generally distinct from the more southern var. asteroides, but they have often been combined as varieties (FNA 20, Y, W); both are tetraploids (2n = 36). Var. recognita appears closer to the diploid var. latisquama (Gray) Cronq., which has a similar range but remains unknown in Ky. (FNA 20). It has also been confused with B. diffusa (another diploid), and some records need to be rechecked.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a sexual diploid species (2n = 28), largely restricted to east-central states in relatively mesic woods (FNA 19; W).


FOOTNOTE:
Included here as oped dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and B. Although still widespread across Ky., except on the richest calcareous soils, this species is rarely abundant, and good nut crops are uncommon due to shade and squirrels. Yet, as in some mid-western regions (e.g. Y), Corylus was locally dominant in more open woodland and brushy grassland early after settlement. In the "barrens" around Green Rv. or Salt Rv., during a period with declining fire frequency, Flint (1822) noted: "Small hazel bushes from two to three feet in height abound in these; and the quantity of nuts produced exceeds any thing of the kind which I have ever seen." The only viable remnants of such vegetation today are reported from n. Ind. and n. Ill. (NatureServe website; CEGL 005072).


FULL NAME:
Cyperus macilentus (Fern.) E.P. Bicknell

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> macilentus (lupulinus ssp. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely northeastern taxon is morphologically distinct from the more northwestern species, lupulinus, with only rare exceptions (FNA 23). It has also been confirmed in the state by Mears (1999). The three colls. mapped here all come from banks of the Ohio Rv. or nearby.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Erectae> [Gerardia] decemloba ("obtusifolia")

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs on foothills and plains around the central and southern Appalachians. It is close to A. obtusifolia Raf., a species of the southeastern Coastal Plain that has been sometimes combined or confused, and thereby reported from Ky. There has also been confusion with gattingeri, to which colls. from CALL are here reassigned (Woods 1983; M).


FULL NAME:
Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelm.) Magnus

FOOTNOTE:
Some records may need rechecking for minor, which has been confused.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Intricatae> rubella (intricata var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is combined with intricata by some authors, but it may be a relatively distinct segregate with narrower leaf bases and fewer lobes. It is largely restricted to central and southern Appalachian regions, but also reported from the Knobs of s. Ind. (D).


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Solenotinus> sieboldii

FOOTNOTE:
This is often cultivated and can occasionally escape. A small reproducing population has been found in MADI (Weckman et al. 2002; EKY). Leaves have an unpleasant "burned rubber" smell when crushed. The allied species, V. plicatum Thunb., is often planted has locally escaped in some northern and eastern states (PL, W), but it is not yet confirmed in Ky.


FULL NAME:
Aster kentuckiensis: see Symphyotrichum priceae


FULL NAME:
GENTIAN: Gentiana, Gentianella, Sabatia (ROSE-)


FOOTNOTE:
Most records of this species are from c. Tenn.; in addition to the few from Ky. there is one from Ala. (Al-Shehbaz 1988b).


FULL NAME:
Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var. brachycarpa (Richards.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Sisymbrieae>: Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa


FULL NAME:
Scutellaria galericulata: see S. epilobiifolia


FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species was listed for west-central Ky. by Hussey (1876) and Linney (1880, 1882). However, no colls. of these early geobotanical explorers have yet been located (perhaps at Purdue). The species is known from se. Mo., c. Tenn. and other disjunct localities in southeastern states (FNA 3; W).


FOOTNOTE:
Distinction of the hairier var. bifolia Farw. (= var. interior Fern.) is not clearcut, and there appears to be little or no geographic separation in Ky., but further study may be warranted. See also lanceolata.


FULL NAME:
Carex juniperorum Catling, Reznicek & Crins

FOOTNOTE:
This was described by Catling et al. (1993), and more details were supplied by Naczi & Ford (2001). It is known only from dry open woods and glades on calcareous soils in ne. Ky., se. Ohio, s. Mich. and s. Ont.


FULL NAME:
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. appalachiana Brummitt

Scientific Name:
Convolvulaceae: Calystegia [Convolvulus] sepium ssp. appalachiana


Scientific Name:
Polygalaceae: Polygala ambigua (verticillata var. a.)


FULL NAME:
Polygala verticillata L. var. isocycla Fern.

Scientific Name:
Polygalaceae: Polygala verticillata var. isocycla

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from the typical variety needs to be checked; there may not be significant taxonomic differences.


FULL NAME:
Polygala verticillata L. var. verticillata

Scientific Name:
Polygalaceae: Polygala verticillata var. v.


FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. have greenish or whitish flowers (MCRA, METC).


FULL NAME:
MARIGOLD: Bidens {with showy flowers} (BUR-), Dyssodia (STINKING-)


FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported from old fields and disturbed areas in HICK and JEFF (M), but colls. have not been confirmed. This is a wild uncultivated garlic of Europe; it is rarely adventive in North America.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleogenus> olivacea (flavescens* var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from the confluence of Big and Little Caney Creeks in ELLI by Cusick (1989), but the coll. needs to be rechecked (NY, NCU). E. olivacea is a widely scattered eastern species, mostly in coastal or lacustrine regions, but FNA 23 did not include Ky. in the range. It has been confused with E. intermedia in Ohio, where both species do occur. Distinction from typical E. flavescens (Poiret) Urban may be difficult in zones of overlap, but these taxa should be recognized at least as varieties (FNA 23) if not species (W). E. flavescens is a more southern (largely subtropical) plant with a higher chromosome number; 2n = 30 versus 20.


FULL NAME:
Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. moniliformis Tuckerman

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> scoparia* var. moniliformis

FOOTNOTE:
The taxon seems to merit more than forma status, as treated in F. It occurs across most of the range of the species, but with less southern extension. Although locally distinct in Appalachian Ky., intermediates are known in other states (e.g. colls. at DOV). However, A. Reznicek, R. Naczi (pers. comm.) and others doubt the taxonomic significance of congestion versus extension within the inflorescences of scoparia (as in tribuloides).


FULL NAME:
STAR-GRASS, WATER: Heranthera <Zosterella> dubia


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> blanda (laxiflora var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread, somewhat weedy species is often confused with other species. Occasional hybrids are suspected (e.g. with digitalis in WARR at BEREA), but there is little direct evidence of this. There is considerable variation in perigynium shape, and in the length of the staminate peduncle; also, 2n reportedly ranges from 30 to 36 (?40) across its range.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> cephaloidea (sparganioides var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs in northeastern woodlands on base-rich soils, with records as far south as s. Ill. and c. Ind. (PL). It is close to sparganioides, but differs in its condensed spikes (with lower internodes ca. 0.5-1 cm versus 2-3 cm), and in more obscure features (F; FNA 23). There is a verified coll. by C.E. Mueller, now at MO ("ex herb Arthur D. Pease, Wilson, New York"); but it is labeled just "Louisville, Ky. 1889" and that provenance may be doubted. There have also been reports, including various synonyms, from WARR (Pr in addenda), perhaps FAYE (Short & Peter 1835, Anderson 1924), and HARR (JC for KY). However, the coll. named C. muricata L. var. cephaloidea Dewey by C.W. Short at PH was det. by K. Mackenzie as C. laevivaginata.


FULL NAME:
Silphium laciniatum L. var. robinsonii Perry

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium laciniatum var. robinsonii

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in or near the lower Mississippi Valley. Typical var. laciniatum occurs mostly in the Mid-west and is unknown in Ky., though a coll. from CALL (US) appears transitional. There also appears to be some hydridization with pinnatifidum.


FOOTNOTE:
Most colls. (perhaps all) are referable to the southern var. hispidula Gray, but this is not recognized in recent treatments.


FULL NAME:
Lobelia appendiculata: see L. gattingeri


FULL NAME:
Dryopteris austriaca: see D. carthusiana & D. intermedia


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species is unlikely to occur in Ky. (R. Naczi and A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). It was mapped in the state by FNA 23, but colls. have not been seen or verified. Colls. have been reported from BULL (KY--mislaid?), MADI (BEREA--in processing?) and MORG (sent to MICH?). C. alopecoidea is close to conjuncta, but differs in its sheaths, with smooth fronts and with faint or absent abaxial veins (FNA 23). Also, it sometimes has a simpler non-compound inflorescence as in section Phaestoglochin.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Stellulatae> atlantica (var. a.*; incomperta)

FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. suggest intergradation with howei, seorsa or other species. Cr considered that most members of the section Stellulatae are "more or less confluent" in eastern North America.


FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated root-vegetable ("salsify") may not be truly naturalized. There have been a few reports, but only one record may be verifiable: the coll. from FLEM by B (probably at US). Hybrids with dubius and pratensis may be expected (FNA 19).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Tragopogon dubius (major)

FOOTNOTE:
This attractive weed was first recorded in the 1950s (Davies 1955, Beckett 1956).


FOOTNOTE:
This alien was first reported by Greenwell (1935). See Y for notes on variation and nomenclature, which remains uncertain.


Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Echinodorus parvulus (tenellus var. p.*)

FOOTNOTE:
As a broadly defined species, tenellus has a widespread tropical and temperate American range, but in North America known localities are generally few and far-between (FNA 22, W), and it seems imperiled in most states. It typically occurs along seasonal drawdown zones in various types of marginal or periodic wetlands. The more northern plants have been named E. parvulus, and although recent treatments have combined these taxa, more definitive study of variation is needed. The name E. tenellus (Martius) Buchenau var. parvulus (Engelm.) Fassett may be a reasonable compromise.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Pycreus> flavicomus (albomarginatus)


FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated species is established in a few patches at Cherokee Park in JEFF, but does not seem to be spreading widely yet (P. Haragan, pers. comm.; Olmstead Parks Herbarium).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> philadelphicum (ssp. p., capillare var. sylvaticum)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to gattingeri, with a similar range in east-central states, but perhaps associated more with drier non-calcareous soils, including sands but avoiding damp clays.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Brassiceae>: Brassica napus ("rapa")

FOOTNOTE:
This was not recorded as a wild plant in Ky. until the 1960s (M). It includes var. napus, the widely cultivated "rape" (also known as "canola oil seed"), and var. napobrassica (L.) Peterm. ("rutabaga"); 2n = 38 (Al-Shehbaz 1985). The latter has been collected in a wild context from OLDH (DHL). B. napus may have hybrid origin from B. sylvestris L. (2n = 18; also the progenitor of B. oleracea L. or "cabbage") and B. rapa L., with which there has been some confusion.


FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated species ("brown mustard" or often grown as "mustard greens") has hybrid origin from nigra and rapa; 2n = 36 (Al-Shehbaz 1985). It is widely naturalized in North America; the paucity of records from Ky. reflects the frequent botanical boredom with brassicaceous weeds.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread eastern species, but in Ky. it is largely restricted to regions where open woodland or grassland was maintained by fire before settlement. It has a remarkably clearcut northern limit in Appalachian regions. Despite much field work, Parthenium remains unknown in PULA, ROCK, LAUR, KNOX and BELL. This limit may reflect the northern extent of more open fire-maintained woodland before settlement (Campbell et al. 1991). Several variants of the species have been described, especially by C.S. Rafinesque, but these have not been recognized in most recent treatments (M, FNA 21). The relatively hairy and rhizomatous var. hispidum (Raf.) Mears should be investigated further (Mears 1975; Y). It is largely mid-western, but known also in Ill. and Tenn.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Arenaria leptoclados (serpyllifolia var. tenuior, ssp. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
The only known coll. of this largely northeastern species may be from WOOD (DHL+; Wharton 1945, FNA 5). It is diploid (2n = 20), in contrast to the closely related tetraploid, serpyllifolia (2n = 40), which has larger leaves and flowers. The latter is much more widespread in temperate regions, but colls. need to be rechecked for leptocladus. Although generally considered alien, the status of both taxa may be somewhat uncertain.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Arethuseae>: Bletilla striata (hyacintha)

FOOTNOTE:
An apparently spontaneous plant was discovered by R. Williamson and grown in his garden in JEFF; a photograph is in files of M.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda clinopodia (fistulosa var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. Some populations in regions west of the Appalachians tend to have unspotted, pure white, relatively large corollas (versus greenish-white with spots), calyx teeth with more large stipitate glands, narrower leaves or shorter petioles, based on local observations and R. Simmers (pers. comm.). G noted a "stouter and more branched" form of clinopodia, with "a few large, stout, stipitate glands" on calyx lobes (versus just minutely stipitate glandular in Appalachian clinopodia). However, possible correlations among these characters have not been fully analyzed. Colls. (EKY, KY) from BELL, BUTL, GARR and HARL have exceptionally narrow leaves. There has probably been introgression with other species, especially fistulosa (and see "intermediate" records). Some other colls. may be hybrids with bradburiana (EDMO at GH), M. media (BELL & HARL at GH) or sp. nov. ("cf. russeliana" in MADI at GH, KY), but further study is needed. There has been considerable confusion in identifications.


FULL NAME:
Monarda sp. nov. (clinopodia-fistulosa intermediates)

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda sp. nov. {clinopodia-fistulosa intermediates}

FOOTNOTE:
These plants have been provisionally named M. serotina by R.T. Simmers (pers. comm). Based on initial revision (especially at GH, NCU & NY), they occur largely west of the Appalachians (Ala., Ky., Ill., Ind., Mo., Ohio, Tenn.), but are also scattered in the east (D.C., Del., Md., N.C., Pa., W.Va.). They appear intermediate between fistulosa and clinopodia, with probable hybrid origin and further introgression. In contrast to fistulosa, most colls. are from relatively mesic woods and edges on lowlands. Mid-cauline blades are usually (2) 2.5-4.5 (5.5) cm in breadth (versus 1-2 cm), widest about a third from the base (versus a quarter), relatively deep green, and on longer petioles (usually 2-3 cm versus 0.5-2 cm). Lower surfaces have scattered spreading hairs, longer (generally 1-2 mm versus <0.5 mm) and not as dense, compared to fistulosa var. mollis. Corollas are less uniformly, paler pink at tips to almost all white (versus more uniformly deep pink-purple), and usually less hairy; the apical beard of hairs on the upper petal (lip) is usually indistinct or absent; and the calyx orifice is usually less hairy. Flowering in Ky. and Tenn. occurs from early to mid-Jul; fistulosa has more varied dates, from late Jun to Aug, but with a peak in late Jul. D and St noted this broad-leaved form of fistulosa in more deeply wooded areas, but considered that it intergraded with the species. Compared to clinopodia, these plants are usually more robust and branched; leaves are generally hairier below and less bluish-green; calices tend to have less slender-stalked glands; corollas are usually pinkish, unspotted, glandular, and with relatively dense pubescence (versus white, often dark-spotted, largely glandless and glabrous).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] columbianum (acuminatum ssp. c., sabulorum var. thinium)

FOOTNOTE:
Nomenclature, variation and distribution need further study. D. columbianum appears to intergrade with acuminatum, lindheimeri, meridionale and other close relatives. It has been recently treated as a largely northeastern subspecies in the acuminatum group (FNA 25). However, the shorter ligule hairs, and the dense hairs on sheaths and culms have suggested more distinction than the other taxa treated here within acuminatum (see also: Hitchcock & Chase 1950; Yatskievytch 1999). A few colls. have been referred to Panicum tsugetorum Nash (with longer spikelets), which is combined in recent treatments.


FULL NAME:
LOOSESTRIFE, PURPLE: Decodon (SHRUBBY), Lythrum


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> verrucosa (tenuis var. v.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in the Mississippi drainage, but also east to central Atlantic states (FNA 23, PL). Closer examination is needed to clarify distinction from typical tenuis, which occurs mostly from Appalachian regions to the Atlantic; 2n may be usually 20 in both taxa. Without its distinctly depressed, coarsely rugose achenes, verrucosa can often be distinguished by its relatively thick rhizomes with fibrous scales (FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Acnida> tuberculatus (Ac. altissima, subnuda)

FOOTNOTE:
This species may have originated in northern regions, from the Ohio Rv. to the Great Lakes, but is now a widespread weed in North America. The mapped records include var. subnudus S. Wats., which is not recognized in recent treatments. See also rudis.


FOOTNOTE:
This is an occasionally escaped ornamental, but perhaps not truly naturalized; there are records from LIVI and PIKE (M). The more showy cultivated plants are known as var. cristata (L.) Kuntze.


FOOTNOTE:
This western species apparently spread east largely along railroads (FNA 4).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Lactuca serriola ("scariola")

FOOTNOTE:
This has probably been present since the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864); it was "common everywhere" in 1914 (Gr).


FOOTNOTE:
Within Ky. the disjunct western and eastern records of this species are outliers between the two main centers of its range: in the Ozark region and around the Southern Appalachians (Smith 1976). The range is somewhat more continuous in Tenn. (Ch). Some plants from WHIT (GH, MO) may be referred to the relatively glabrous var. robusta Gray ex Eames, but that southern Appalachian segregate is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
Variation is complex, but treatment has been inconsistent (e.g. Cr, FNA 21, Y, W). The species is probably just planted or adventive in Ky. and Tenn., where most or all plants may be referable to var. harveyana (Gray) Sherff. That segregate is centered on the Ozark-Ouachita region, but with disjunctions in and near the Piedmont of n. Ga., where other segregates also occur (Smith 1976). There has been occasional confusion with lanceolata, and some colls. mapped here should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> alba

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion between this northern species and P. serpentaria or other species, but records from Ky. are confirmed. There is also an 1840 coll. of C.W. Short (GH) from the "barrens of Ky.". P. alba is similar to trifoliolata and serpentaria, but usually has a distinctively deep reddish-brown ("cinnamon") pappus (versus stramineous or pale brown). P. trifoliata is distinct in its primary involucral bracts, which are as long as the pappus (versus shorter), and its outer ones ("calyculi" of FNA 19) are deltoid to ovate (versus deltoid to lanceolate or setaceous).The more southern serpentaria differs from both of these northern species in its pubescent involucral bracts (versus glabrous).


FULL NAME:
Lythrum alatum Pursh var. lanceolatum (Ell.) Torr. & Gray ex Rothrock

Scientific Name:
Lythraceae: Lythrum lanceolatum (alatum var. l.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Species status for this relatively southern segregate of L. alatum has been revived in some recent treatments (W). There is little overlap of ranges, except perhaps in Ky. and Tenn., but lanceolatum becomes quite rare towards the north within these two states (Graham 1975; PL).


FOOTNOTE:
Compared to Carpinus, leaves differ in their downy lower surfaces (versus glabrous); and they are usually more coarsely serrate, with less distinction between large and small teeth (as in the clearly double-serrate Carpinus). Var. lasia Fern., with densely villous branchlets, has been distinguished on the Coastal Plain, but is not recognized in recent treatments (F).


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Solanum ptychanthum ("americanum"; nigrum var. virginicum)

FOOTNOTE:
Nomenclature has been confused (see Cr, W and citations). Virtually all previous reports of S. nigrum L. should be included with this native diploid (2n = 24). The true S. americanum Miller appears to be more southern (and perhaps diploid). Typical nigrum is a hexaploid from Europe and has not been verified in Ky. A cultivar in this complex known as "Burbank's Wonderberry" was widely distributed a century ago or more, about which Gr stated: "The berries are edible, if one desires to think so,"


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] maculata (Pe. maculosa, Po. persicaria)

FOOTNOTE:
This Eurasian weed is an allotetraploid (2n = 44) that probably orginated partly from lapathifolia (2n = 22); see Cr and FNA 5.


FOOTNOTE:
Most colls. appear to be the typical variety, but there is an unconfirmed record of var. crispa (Benth.) Deane by Davies (1955).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Eubotrys [Leucothoe*] racemosa

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species (largely on the Coastal Plain) was reported by M'Murtrie (1819), and is known from adjacent counties in e. Tenn., but there are no verified records from Ky.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Echinacea (Brauneria) purpurea


FULL NAME:
Oenothera tetragona Roth var. sharpii Munz

Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> tetragona var. sharpii

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon was described from Ky., Tenn. and Alabama. It may be somewhat intermediate between tetragona and fruticosa, with a mixture of glandular and non-glandular hairs on the capsule; but flowers are relatively small, and leaves are less elongated, and distinctly velutinous (W). It was reported from EDMO, FLEM and HARD by Munz (1965), but colls. have not yet been located and reviewed.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia speciosa (fulgida* var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a variable species that has been confused with umbrosa in some treatments; see also notes under "tenax-speciosa intermediates". Typical speciosa occurs in calcareous seeps of east-central states, mostly from the Ridge & Valley Province to the Ozarks, but it is rare in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch). The only site currently known in Ky. is the seep with Parnassia grandiflora in CLIN near "Falls-of-76"; see colls. of M. Medley (DHL and for WKY). There is also an 1835 coll. of C.W. Short (mounted with hirta at GH), without locality. The relatively northern segregates, R. sullivantii C.L. Boynt. & Beadle (widely grown as the "Goldstrum" cultivar) and R. deamii Blake, may be treated as varieties of speciosa and might be marginally expected in Ky. (J. Campbell, in prep.). A distinct variant in this group may also occur in the cedar glades of c. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion in appearance with C. communis (especially var. ludens). Also, there has been some confusion in nomenclature with C. nudiflora L. (M), which is an old synonym of Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan.


FULL NAME:
Rudbeckia grandiflora (D. Don) J.F. Gmel. ex DC. var. alismifolia (Torr. & Gray) Cronq.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia grandiflora* var. alismifolia

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Ozarkian species is known only from two old colls. in JEFF (DHL), which could have been native or adventive: P.A. Davies #743/748, 2/4 Aug 1943, uncultivated field/dry hillside, Illinois Avenue. R. grandiflora is rare east of the Mississippi Rv., but it may be native in some disjunct prairies and glades, at least in Ga. (W).


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Poiophylli> dudleyi (tenuis var. d., uniflorus)

FOOTNOTE:
Early reports of J. dichotomus Ell. (tenuis var. platyphyllus), a southern Coastal Plain species, are probably referable to dudleyi (M).


FULL NAME:
Geranium carolinianum L. var. carolinianum

Scientific Name:
Geraniaceae: Geranium carolinianum var. carolinianum

FOOTNOTE:
This appears to be the predominant variety but further checking is needed. G. carolinianum is one of the few native species that have become locally problematic annual or biennial weeds in horticultural settings.


FULL NAME:
Geranium carolinianum L. var. confertiflorum Fern.

Scientific Name:
Geraniaceae: Geranium carolinianum var. confertifolium

FOOTNOTE:
The separation of varieties mapped here is highly provisional; although generally recognized in current treatments, differences in pubescence and inflorescence are not clear, and there may be little difference in distribution within Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species has been confused or combined with normalis or brevior, with some suggestion of hybrid origin (Gl, Cr), but J. Mastrogiuseppe et al. (in FNA 23) have affirmed its status as a species. In Ky., it is locally common on uplands with damp or compacted clay soils, especially in abandoned pastures or hayfields of the Bluegrass region. C. normalis occurs in more mesic or shady habitats; while brevior may occur in drier habitats.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Cardamine douglassii (bulbosa var. purpurea)

FOOTNOTE:
This species of east-central states occurs typically on submesic or subxeric woods on fertile base-rich soils. There may be rare hybrids with bulbosa (e.g. a coll. from ROWA at KY), which usually flowers 2-3 weeks later (Al-Shehbaz 1988b) and occurs on much wetter soils. Both species have varied chromosome numbers across their ranges: 2n = 64 to 96 or, in douglassii, 144. To the north or west of Ky., douglassii may occur on relatively damp sites, with more chance of hybridization (as reviewed by Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This occasionally escapes from garden areas, but it is not clear if all records are from truly naturalized plants in wilder sites.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> lupulinus (ssp. l.; filiculmis)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may need to be rechecked for macilentus. Also, there appear to be occasional hybrids with lancastriensis and perhaps other species (see also: FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys clingmanii ("nuttallii")

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in the southern Blue Ridge (W, PL). There are dubious reports of from JESS by McFarland (1941), and from ROCK (check MICH) by Wharton (1945), with no confirmed colls. There are plants that are referrable to clingmanii or to clingmanii-ovata intermediates in s. Ind, and s. Ill. (D, Nelson 1981, Cr).


FOOTNOTE:
Mapped as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and colls. that may not be from truly native plants. This southeastern species was originally concentrated on relatively acid soils, especially in Appalachian regions, but it has now become widely cultivated. Seedlings occasionally establish from plantings, and it becoming difficult to distinguish truly native plants with some recent colls.


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Physalis pubescens (barbadensis, "pruinosa")

FOOTNOTE:
This pantropical species has been confused with P. grisea ("pruinosa"), P. cordata Mill. (= pubescens var. glabra) and P. heterophylla var. ambigua, and some colls. need to be rechecked. Most or all material may be referable to var. integrifolia (Dunal) Waterfall, but further work on intraspecific variation is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
The commonly cultivated plant is a sterile clone (2n = 48).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Diarrheneae>: Diarrhena americana (var. a.)


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Teucrium canadense* var. c.

FOOTNOTE:
This typical variety occurs along the eastern Coastal Plain and up from the Gulf into the central Mississippi Valley. Some colls. (MUR) appear transitional to var. virginicum. An atypical coll. from HICK (MUR) has leaves only 1-1.5 cm wide, and bracts ca. 15 x 3 mm, mostly longer than flowers.


FULL NAME:
Teucrium canadense L. var. virginicum (L.) Eat.

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Teucrium canadense* var. virginicum

FOOTNOTE:
Further study of varieties is needed. A coll. from HARD was referred to the northern and western var. occidentalis (Gray) McClintock & Epling by Cranfill (1991), but this has not been confirmed.


FULL NAME:
Eupatorium: > Ageratina, Conoclinium, Eutrochium, Fleischmannia


FULL NAME:
Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Hypericum> cf. pseudomaculatum (punctatum var. ps.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a poorly understood large-flowered southern relative of punctatum (Y). It has been rarely documented in southeastern states (W), and may be largely restricted to Ozarkian regions (D. Estes, pers. comm.). However, all Ky. records are from Appalachian regions, with a northeastern concentration. B listed pseudomaculatum as rare in open oak woods (formerly with chestnut) of BELL and HARL (check US). The name has also been applied to colls. from  GRNP and ROWA at KNK. Further revision is needed.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Silvicolae> iracunda (populnea, brumalis, macrosperma var. demissa)

FOOTNOTE:
Several colls. are referable to this species, but distinction from C. macrosperma remains uncertain in some cases. Based on F, G, SC, W, Lance (2006), A. Haynes (pers. comm.) and provisional examination of material (including GH, MO & NY), iracunda differs in its smaller or less succulent fruits; its leaves short-hairy to glabrate above when young (versus scabrate), more deltoid in gross outline (versus ovate), firm to "subcoriaceous" and more bluish; its leaf lobes not distinctly acuminate and outwardly bent ("reflexed") as in macrosperma; and its spines usually smaller. The circumscription of this taxon needs further work. C. iracunda (and others in Silvicolae) may be transitional between macrosperma (or its allies) and pruinosa (or its allies).  Variety status has been suggested, as C. macrosperma var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggl. However, some 33 synonyms are provisionally included at GH. C. iracunda was originally known only from southeastern states, especialy in low flat woodlands, but its definition can be reasonably extended to include more northern plants (e.g. HFG). C. brumalis Ashe is a northeastern variant with more coarsely serrated leaves and larger corymbs. Both species were recorded from Ky. by F.


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Luzula multiflora (campestris var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping here is tentative; few records are confirmed. Distinction of this variable northern (circumboreal) species from the southern diploids (2n = 12), echinata and bulbosa, is difficult in some cases. Typical multiflora in eastern states is tetraploid (2n = 24) and some northern segregates are hexaploids. These three species may appear to intergrade in Ky. (see also B), but closer examination may prove otherwise. L. multiflora is similar to bulbosa in its inflorescences and perianths (though generally larger), but differs (FNA 22) in its generally longer seeds (1.1-1.7 mm versus 0.9-1.3), with a shorter appended caruncle (averaging 0.3-0.5 mm versus 0.5-0.7 mm). Like echinata, it lacks bulblets and distinctly whitish leaf bases; but typical plants (F) may form relatively dense tussocks and tall flowering stems (ca. 1.5-6.7 dm or more versus 1-4.5 dm or less in the other two species).


FULL NAME:
Fimbristylis perpusilla Harper ex Small & Britt.

FOOTNOTE:
This globally rare species of dried shores occurs mostly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. D. Boone (for APSU) has recently discovered it on mudflats of Honker Lake in TRIG, extending its known range 150 miles west from the Cumberland Plateau of Tenn. (Wofford & Jones 1988).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Americana> pauciflorum


FULL NAME:
Desmodium ochroleucum M.A. Curtis ex Canby

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipulata> ochroleucum

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported for Ky. by RAB, but no voucher has been located. It is known from adjacent Montgomery Co., Tenn. (Ch) and nearby in se. Mo. (St). D. ochroleucum is a globally rare southeastern species with creamy flowers and creeping habit.


FULL NAME:
Panicum ovale: see Dichanthelium villosissimum etc.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Rosaeifoliae> illecebrosus

FOOTNOTE:
M noted a coll. from LAWR (KY-Agr.), but it appears to have been mislaid. This cultivated Japanese species ("strawberry-raspberry") is naturalized in W.Va., but the context of the Ky. coll. is unknown.


FOOTNOTE:
This includes var. pubescens Raf., which is recorded from JEFF (DHL) and probably elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Virides> viridis (interior)

FOOTNOTE:
Possible varieties and hybrids (especially with crus-gallii or its allies) deserve further study (F, St). A coll. from BALL (KY) with more deeply serrated or lobed leaves may be referable to var. lutescens Palmer ex Gleason. (but see also var. interior (Beadle) Palmer). A coll. from MCRA (check MO) with bright yellow fruits was named forma padukensis Palmer & Pickens. Var. lanceolata (Sarg.) E.J. Palmer is known from w. Tenn. Also expected is the closely related C. nitida Sarg., with thick glossy leaves, larger flowers and fruit (St), suggesting hybridization with crus-gallii.


Scientific Name:
Geraniaceae: Geranium <Robertiella> robertianum (var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is not verified. It was reported by Hussey (1876) from EDMO or nearby; a coll. should be searched for at Purdue Univ. G. robertianum is a widespread northern (circumboreal) species, but perhaps only naturalized in most eastern states. It is known from at a few scattered sites in the Ohio Valley, including nc. Tenn. (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> mahaleb


FOOTNOTE:
This weed is widespread in northwestern regions, especially in association with sheep and wool, but virtually unknown in southeastern states. There is only one certain record from Ky. (Cranfill & Thieret 1981; KNK).


FOOTNOTE:
This species is sometimes confused with cuneatum or (in forms with paler flowers) luteum. In addition to its relatively elongated stigmas and stamens, T. sessile generally has smaller flowers and leaves (FNA 26). Some colls. are referable to forma viridiflorum Beyer (GRAV, JEFF, JESS, MEAD) or forma luteum (CAMP). A coll. from HENR (KY) has four sets of petals and sepals.


Scientific Name:
Campanulaceae: Lobelia gattingeri (appendiculata var. g.)


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium boreale: see D. cf. bicknellii


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Atriplex patula (var. p.)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Antennaria parlinii (plantaginifolia var. arnoglossa)

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping here is provisional. A. parlinii has been treated as an intergrading variety of plantaginifolia (Cr), with the most obvious difference being the glabrate or glabrous upper surface of its basal leaves (versus persistently tomentose). However, parlinii reportedly consists of largely apomictic, non-staminate polyploid plants (2n = 56, 84, 70, 112), with various hybrid origins from the diploids (2n = 28) plantaginifolia, solitaria and racemosa Hook. (FNA 19). Although several colls. from Ky. have been determined by authorities as parlinii (e.g., from FLEM and LEWI at NCU), few if any have the distinctly longer involucres (7-13 mm long versus 5-7 mm) that are described in manuals. Typical parlinii is also supposed to have longer staminate corollas (3.5-5 mm versus 2-3.5 mm) and pistillate corollas (4-7 mm versus 3-4 mm), and glandular upper stems. Several colls. (perhaps most) could be transferred to plantaginifolia var. ambigens; see notes under that name.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> dowellianus (occidentalis* var. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
Three colls. from PULA were initially referred to this taxon in 1940-1960: (1) E.L. Braun (see B but not located at US), "very distinct in appearance and habit of growth, and in habitat; dry soil, open grassy slopes"; (2) F.T. McFarland (F, MO, etc.), probably in the same general locality as B, a roadside near Somerset; and (3) D.M. Smith-K-121 (KY), 11 Sep 1958, roadside 2.5 miles southeast of Science Hill. These identifications remain uncertain, along with the status of dowellianus in general. Cr treated it as H. occidentalis var. dowellianus (M.A. Curtis) Torr. & Gray, with a largely Appalachian range. It differs from typical occidentalis in its more branched and leafy stems; leaves are broader, sometimes more serrated, usually withering soon at the base, less reduced up the stems, and less pubescent (scabrous/strigose versus hirsute on upper leaf surfaces). H. dowellianus is somewhat similar to atrorubens, and hybrid origin has been suggested (Heiser et al. 1969), but F suggested a broader concept, with similarity also to H. laetiflorus Pers. (sensu lato).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> mollis

FOOTNOTE:
This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 34) typical of native grasslands, especially in mid-western regions, and occasionally adventive to the east. There may be rare hybrids with occidentalis (= X cinereus Torr. & Gray) and perhaps giganteus (?= X doronicoides Lam.); see M for records of these hybrids from Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is highly variable, and polyploids have been reported; 2n = 46, 92, 138. Hybrids are suspected with pennsylvanica (2n = 46) and profunda (2n = 138); see Cr, Black-Schaefer & Beckman (1989) and their cited literature. However, there has been little definitive study of this variation across the range.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Pyracantha [Cotoneaster] cf. coccinea (C. pyracantha)

FOOTNOTE:
P. coccinea is the most commonly cultivated species of the genus in North America, but although escapes have been widely reported across southern and coastal states, it does not appear to have become invasive. From Ky., there is only an old obscure report by Linney (1882). P. crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem. is another commonly planted species, from the Himalayas; it was recently reported from TAYL (CW), and needs to be assessed for potential naturalization as well.


FULL NAME:
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. palustris

Scientific Name:
Haloragaceae: Proserpinaca palustris var. p.

FOOTNOTE:
Var. palustris, or at least transitions to var. crebra, probably occurs in Ky., but definitive colls have not yet been seen.. See notes under var. crebra.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Purpureae> [Gerardia] purpurea

FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. This species is close to fasciculata, and there may be intermediates. A coll. from ROWA seems to be var. parviflora (Benth.) Boivin (= A. paupercula (Gray) Britt.), but the label data are dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Purpureae> [Gerardia] fasciculata


FULL NAME:
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke


FOOTNOTE:
Most material is referable to var. ramosum, though colls. from ADAI, LETC, JEFF (EKY) and WARR (WKY) would be var. obtusum. However, this taxonomic separation is probably not clear enough to recognize.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is widely scattered across southern regions of the state, usually in weedy roadsides and old fields. It may have spread north after agricultural expansion during recent centuries (or perhaps millenia).


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha gracilens (var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is close to virginica and monococca (and somewhat intermediate), but all three taxa appear to be distinct species (Y).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> elliptica (tenuis var. borealis; ?acuminata)

FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. may be transitional from elliptica to compressa (LEWI at KNK, R.F.C. Naczi #3811), or to tenuis (ROWA at MDKY & KNK, L. Meade #564), but are clearly not typical elliptica. However, BT mapped the ROWA coll. as elliptica. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees is a synonym of elliptica, but it was probably applied in some cases to plants now known as E. bifida (M).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> erythropoda (calva)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris squarrosa (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is the most widespread species of Liatris in Ky., but still generally uncommon to rare. It appears to be a somewhat conservative remnant of open woodland or grassland. See notes under cylindracea and hirsuta.


FOOTNOTE:
This biennial (or occasionally annual) has been common in Ky. for a century or more, especially along roadsides and in rocky old fields. Though not generally cultivated, Gr noted: "I believe it is sometimes planted for bee pasture." M. albus is close to M. officinalis, but differs (Isely 1998, W) in its white flowers (versus yellow), ca. 3.5-5 mm long (versus 5-7 mm), the wing petals about as long as the keel (versus generally longer). The spelling "alba" is incorrect for the epithet.


Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] purpurea (var. p.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This variable widely distributed species of southeastern states is generally distinct from the largely mid-western H. lanceolata, but several colls. in western regions seem transitional. Some colls. from southern regions are unusually hairy: from CALL, CHRI, MCRE, TODD. Smaller plants from rocky areas may also appear distinct locally, somewhat resembling H. montana Small of the Southern Blue Ridge. Further revison is needed.


Scientific Name:
Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Grossularia> missouriense (gracile)

FOOTNOTE:
Without flowers or fruits, this mid-western species is hard to distinguish from the more northeastern cynosbati; a few identifications remain tentative.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Centotheceae>: Chasmanthium ("Uniola") laxum (ssp. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is largely restricted to damp acid soils that dry out during the summer (i.e. hydroxeric), usually in thin woods or edges.


Scientific Name:
Acanthaceae: Ruellia humilis var. humilis

FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. There may be transitions to R. caroliniensis, which was confused in earlier nomenclature. A coll. from JESS (KY) is referable to var. longiflora (Gray) Fern., which is not recognized in current treatments; see also var. calvescens.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Torilis arvensis (anthriscus)

FOOTNOTE:
Torilis was first reported as "japonica" during the 1940s (B, Slack 1941, Wharton 1945), but these were based on misidentifications of arvensis; see notes under japonica. T. arvensis has become a locally abundant weed on fertile base-rich soils, especially in the Bluegrass Region.


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium praecocius (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) ?

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] praecocius (ovale ssp. p., villosissimum* var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
Plants matching the description of praecocious do occur in the state, but colls. are often difficult to distinguish from villosissimum, and records are combined in this Atlas, pending further study.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Triadenum [Hypericum] walteri


FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. (EKY, KY) from FAYE, JESS, MADI, MERC that may be referred to this northern species, but these need careful reexamination. It is possible that they are just forms of umbilicata.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Trifolieae>: Trifolium aureum ("agrarium")

FOOTNOTE:
This large showy relative of campestre was reported as early as 1893 (Pr), but it has remained much less frequent. In 1914, Gr did not list it.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia aff. tenax {"tenax-speciosa intermediates"}

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. mapped here are similar to scattered colls. from Tenn., Mo., Ind., Ohio, Pa., Conn., Mich. and probably elsewhere (GH, MO, NY). They appear close to tenax, but have relatively long, narrow, lanceolate cauline leaves, often with large irregular serrations or lacerations. They have been recorded from relatively damp lowland habitats, in contrast to the rocky glades of typical tenax. These differences suggest a transition to speciosa, and a closer analysis of these two species is needed throughout their ranges.


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> subsinuata ("palmata")

FOOTNOTE:
This has been erroneously named V. palmata in the past, according to McKinney (1992); see notes under that species. V. subsinuata is typical of relatively mesic calcareous woods, while true palmata (formerly known as V. triloba) generally occurs on moderately dry or acid soils. However, these species do appear to intergrade, and there is still some associated uncertainty about nomenclature (Gil-ad 1997, 1998).


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Heracleum maximum (lanatum*, sphondylium ssp. montanum)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species is known from scattered disjunct regions. There are recent colls. from bottomlands along the Ohio River: by R. Gelis from Manchester Islands in LEWI (BEREA; Abbott et al. 2004); and by E. Hartowicz (pers. comm.) from GRNP. There are older records from mesic-subxeric woods on Black Mountain (including Benham Spur), which still need to be verified (M). There are also uncertain western records attributed to CHRI (C.W.Short coll. at PH) and the Cumberland River bottom in TRIG (W.L. Thomas 1968: Univ. of Louisville M.Sc. thesis cited in M). It is known from adjacent Stewart Co. in w. Tenn. (Ch).


FULL NAME:
Spiraea japonica L. f. var. fortunei (Planch.) Rehd.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Spiraea japonica var. fortunei

FOOTNOTE:
This was first collected in the 1930s (B). Virtually all escaped plants of japonica in eastern North America are var. fortunei (W, PL). S. japonica is now locally common in some Appalachian regions, and is more widespread than indicated by colls.


FOOTNOTE:
All plants match var. rosea (Raf.) Fern., but this has not been generally recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) quadriflora

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species of wet meadows, fens and streambanks is very rare in southeastern states (Ray 1956, W). The few Ky. records are mostly old and obscure, from BATH (or perhaps ROWA, based on M's interpretation of a Short & Peter coll. from "Licking River" area), JEFF (C.W. Short, PH, from "slate bluff below Louisville"), and MCRE (Rogers 1941). See also notes under L. hybrida, which differs in its broader leaves and distinctly veined sepals.


Scientific Name:
Samolaceae [Primulaceae*]: Samolus floribundus (valerandi ssp. parviflorus)

FOOTNOTE:
Although typically found along small streams in partial shade, this species can also occur in various damp upland situations, sometimes growing from dormant seed when soil is disturbed.


FULL NAME:
Croton lindheimeri (Engelm. & Gray) Engelm. & Gray ex Wood

Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Croton lindheimeri (capitatus var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is centered around the lower Mississippi Valley, and probably occurs in Ky. See Y for a detailed key and discussion of differences from capitatus; the two taxa have been combined as varieties. There are reports of colls. from CARL (R. Athey #694 at Memphis) and CHRI (Johnston 1958), but these have not been verified.


FULL NAME:
Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell.-Arg.

Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Intricatae> intricata (straminea, neobushii, ?buckleyi, ?biltmoreana)

FOOTNOTE:
This variable species is widely distributed in Appalachian and northern regions. Included here are records of C. neobushii Sarg. (a potential western segregate with small fruits and pinkish anthers), C. straminea Beadle (with yellowish fruit and pinkish anthers), C. buckleyi Beadle (Cr, M), and C. biltmoreana Beadle (= C. intricata of Egglest. non Lange). The latter is a pubescent form with foliaceous bracts that may deserve variety status (W, Lance 2006); it is widely reported in more eastern states, but not yet determined in Ky. except perhaps for a recent coll. from NICH (JC for KY).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> ontarione (var. o.; A. panotrichus)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a tetraploid (2n = 32) that may have originated from hybrids between forms of lanceolatum and lateriflorum (FNA 20, Y and their citations); its habitat is generally intermediate. The floral characters of ontarione are similar to lateriflorum. In Ky at least, ontarione seems consistently distinct; its leaves, at least the upper ones, are uniformly puberulent. However, it is sometimes confused with lanceolatum since lower leaves are occasionally glabrate or glabrous. More glabrous plants around the Great Lakes have been named var. glabratum (Semple) Brouillet & Bouchard.


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Chamaelirium luteum (obovale)


FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated "day-lily" was first recorded as an escape in the 1930s (B). It is often impossible to distinguish persistent plantings of this popular species from spontaneously established plants. Included here are records from GALL and  MARS (KY) of the double-flowered var. kwanso Regel. Also, the yellow H. lilioasphodelus L. is collected from OLDH (DHL), but perhaps only persistent after cultivation. Various cultivars and hybrids involving these taxa are commonly grown, often persistent, and perhaps spontaneously dispersed.


FOOTNOTE:
This is the only native evergeen vine in Ky., with a northern limit just north of the Ohio Rv. It occurs on warmer slopes in s. Ohio and sw. W.Va. but it has not yet been recorded in adjacent Ky. counties, where north and east aspects prevail along the major river valleys.


FOOTNOTE:
Variaton may deserve further study. The incidence of cleistogamy seems to vary widely in space and time. A coll. from WAYN (KY) has creamy white flowers, and a pure white form was seen in HARR during 2006.


FULL NAME:
Amaranthus graecizans: see A. albus & A. blitoides


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Gigantei> grosseserratus (instabilis)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western, diploid (2n = 34) species is probably native in grassland remnants of Ky., and has persisted or spread along roadsides. There has been some confusion with maximiliani., and hybridization with that species or others is possible (FNA 21).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Sphenopholis intermedia (obtusata var. major*)

FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. (e.g. from GRAV at WKY) may be transitional to typical obtusata, but  intermedia is generally quite distinct. There has been much confusion among the three species of Sphenopholis in Ky. A more detailed key is needed (e.g. based on F).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> hispidus (var. h., marilandicus)

FOOTNOTE:
See also the closely related caricetorum and carolinianus.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Rhynchosia tomentosa (erecta)


Scientific Name:
Hyacinthaceae [Liliaceae]: Muscari neglectum (racemosum)

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from JEFF, LINC, LYON and PULA, but most or all localities were close to residential areas or old home sites.


FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. from TRIG (APSU), but it is not clear if this was persistent from an old planting or not.


FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from BOUR (KY) is referable (within Campanula) to the western var. illinoensis (Fresen.) Farw., which may deserve further taxonomic attention.


FULL NAME:
PEA-VINE: Amphicarpaea (COMMON), Dioclea (WOODY)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis capillaris (tenuis; alba var. vulgaris)

FOOTNOTE:
In North America, this largely European species is commonly sown for lawns and other sites designed for short mowed grass, especially in cooler regions to the north. In Ky., capillaris does not appear to be established in the wild, but there are a few scattered records (BALL, ESTI, ROWA) that need further verification (M).


FULL NAME:
LILY, SPIDER-: Hymenocallis, Lycoris (RED)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Schizachne [Melica] purpurascens (M. striata)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Torreyochloa [Puccinellia] pallida (Glyceria p.)


FOOTNOTE:
This has been found only in BOON (KNK), along a salted interstate highway. It is probably spreading along such sites through much of North America (Cr).


FOOTNOTE:
This has been recently found in heavily trampled athletic fields and similar areas (Brandenburg & Thieret 1996), often with Poa annua and other annuals (all aliens except P. chapmanniana & Veronica peregrina). Although present in North America for many decades, this species has only recently been extensively documented; it is widely found in Ohio, especially at fair grounds and similar places (A. Cusick, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca <Schedonorus> pratensis (ssp. p.; "elatior")

FOOTNOTE:
The first report was by Short et al. (1833). Although seed was widely sold for agricultural use a century ago or more, this species proved much less desirable than F. arundinacea, Poa pratensis or other grasses. Gr noted: "in our plot, never spread from the lines in which seed was sown"; and its seed was much less highly priced than arundinacea (13 cents per pound versus 22-25 cents).  In most cases, separation of colls. from arundinacea is provisional, but these taxa are generally distinct. T. Phillips (Univ. of Ky., Dept. of Agronomy) has detailed knowledge, with various living accessions of both species. See F. arundinacea regarding nomenclature.


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Onosmodium molle (ssp. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under hispidissimum, which seems to intergrade with molle in LOGA and perhaps elsewhere. The status and distribution of true molle (as a var., ssp. or species) remains uncertain, given the varied treatments and identifcations (e.g. Baskin et al. 1983, Turner 1995a). Typical molle may be virtually restricted to c. Tenn., where is it locally common in the cedar glades and nearby farmland. The only other verified records may be from one locality in s. Ill. and one in n. Ala.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Pastinaca sativa

FOOTNOTE:
This alien biennial has probably been common since the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864; Gr), at least in farmland on the best soils.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien has been present since the mid-1800s or earlier (Rafinesque 1840; Gr).


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lantana> lantana

FOOTNOTE:
This alien has been collected in FRAN (EKY) and ROWA (MDKY), apparently from isolated waifs or old plantings (Weckman et al. 2002; CW).


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Pseudotinus> lantanoides (alnifolium)

FOOTNOTE:
This species of northeastern regions and high Appalachian mountains was recently found by R. Jones at ca. 3400 ft elevation on Black Mt. in HARL (Naczi et al. 2002).


Scientific Name:
Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea quaternata (villosa* var. glabrifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is relatively abundant throughout Ky. and in other Appalachian states, but is much less common on the Coastal Plain, where largely replaced by villosa (W). It does occur in more northern states, but it has often been reported as villosa in floristic manuals.


FULL NAME:
Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. var. dioicus

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Aruncus dioicus var. d.

FOOTNOTE:
Western material should be rechecked for var. pubescens.


FOOTNOTE:
This weed ("black medic") has been common since before 1914, when Gr noted: "used extensively for the adulteration of red clover seed, which may account for the frequent appearance of plants in cultivated ground."


FULL NAME:
Cinna latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb.

FOOTNOTE:
This northern (circumboreal) species is not confirmed in Ky. It extends south to Tenn. and N.C., but only at high elevation (W). A putative coll. from BELL (TENN) has lost its inflorescence. Colls. reported (M) from LETC may be accessed at WKU and NCU (or Duke Univ.).


FULL NAME:
Boechera dentata (Raf.) Al-Shehbaz & Zarucchi

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] dentata (shortii; perstellata var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered in midwestern regions, this species is local to rare from the Ohio Rv. to c. Tenn. and n. Ala. (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). The nomenclatural priority of dentata Raf. over shortii Fern. has been recently established in preparation for FNA (Al-Shehbaz & Zarucchi, in prep.).


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium polyanthes (J.A. Schultes) Mohlenbrock

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] polyanthes (sphaerocarpon var. isophyllum)

FOOTNOTE:
Occasional hybrids with sphaerocarpon can be expected (FNA 25).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] commsonianum (ovale ssp. pseudopubescens, var. addisonii)

FOOTNOTE:
This may occur in the state, but it is close to villosissimum and a critical revision of colls. is needed. It appears transitional to the more southeastern D. ovale (Ell.) Gould & C.A. Clark, which has longer spikelets and less long hairs on the foliage, and occurs largely on the Coastal Plain. FNA 25 indicated that commsonianum (Ashe) Freckmann (as a subspecies of ovale) has a range similar to villosissimum, but confirmed colls. from Ky. have not been located.


FULL NAME:
Liparis liliifolia (L.) L.C. Rich. ex Ker-Gawl.

FOOTNOTE:
D. Goldman (pers. comm.) has pointed out that this species has declined greatly in some northeastern states (especially N.Y. to Va.), apparently due to browsing by dense deer populations. Such decline has not yet been noted in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this northeastern species is known only from Appalachian regions. The outlying record of Pr from WARR or EDMO has not been confirmed.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien is locally naturalized in some northern regions, including parts of states to north and east of Ky. It has been reported from Ky. (Anderson 1924, Rogers 1941, FNA 24), but there have been misidentifications, and its occurrence remains dubious (M). A coll. was made in FAYE (KY Agr. Sch.) during 1894, but perhaps just from a cultivated plant.


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> glomerata

FOOTNOTE:
This bracteate species is close to compacta and colls. should be rechecked. C. glomerata occurs mostly in mid-western regions, especially on tall herbs in Asteraceae (F). The only confirmed coll. is from Helianthus and Silphium, at a swale of Eastview Barrens in HARD (MM for WKY & KY). Colls. have also been reported WARR (Pr; check MO) and perhaps elsewhere (M).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> plukenetii (retrofractus var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. were made in the 1930s (B) and the 1980s (J. Campbell at KY) from the same general locality in MCRE. The record from ROWA is tentatively based on Braun #4840 (perhaps at US), which needs to be rechecked.


FULL NAME:
Ludwigia hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) Zardini, Gu & Raven

Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Ludwigia (Jussiaea) hexapetala (uruguayensis; grandiflora ssp. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from HICK by Grubbs (1989) but no coll. can be found at MUR.


FULL NAME:
MUSTARD: Alliaria (GARLIC), Brassica, Conringia (HARE'S EAR), Descurainia (TANSY-), Erucastrum (DOG-), Erysimum (TREACLE-), Sisymbrium (HEDGE-)


FULL NAME:
Panicum meridionale: see Dichanthelium acuminatum & D. columbianum


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Torilis japonica

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread Asian alien has been confused with the largely European arvensis in much previous North American work (W, Y). There are virtually no confirmed records from Ky., but further study is needed. T. japonica differs in having (3) 4-10 (12) bracts at the base of the involucre (versus 0-1 or occasionally 2); also, the bristles on fruits tend to be shorter (0.4-0.8 mm versus 0.6-1.1 mm) and more ascending (versus nearly perpendicular).


FULL NAME:
Gentiana cherokeensis (W.P. Lemmon) Fern.

FOOTNOTE:
E.L. Braun wrote this name in her catalog at US for coll. #4885 from MCRE, but this coll. cannot be found at US. This unusually narrow-leaved taxon has often been combined with saponaria, but it may be distinct, with a southern Appalachian distribution (W).


FULL NAME:
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Betulaceae <Coryloideae>: Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana

FOOTNOTE:
Most material of the species has not been checked carefully, but this variety is clearly the predominant type.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> lowrieanum (A. cordifolius var. laevigatus)

FOOTNOTE:
This Appalachian taxon is close to the more widespread eastern cordifolium, and there may be intermediates. These species have been combined in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20). However, leaves of lowrieanum are generally distinct, being glabrous and slightly glaucous, with less serrated margins, less cordate bases (at least in upper leaves), and more winged petioles (F, J). Phyllaries usually lack purplish tips (which are found in cordifolium). Occasional colls. appear hybridized with species other than cordifolium, especially undulatus (e.g. from HARL at EKY, PERR at KY). Cronquist (1980, Cr) and others have suggested that some plants known as lowrieanum are derived from hybrids between cordifolium and laeve, but in Ky. lowrieanum rarely occurs in the same habitat as laeve.


FOOTNOTE:
There are no verified records from the Bluegrass: colls. from JEFF and OLDH (DHL) come from acid shales fringing this region; Gr's report from CAMP seems dubious.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but largely restricted to acid infertile soils. Gr's report from CAMP seems dubious; but see also Oxydrendrum arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum and Quercus coccinea.


FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species is widely scattered across Ky., but it is frequent only in northeastern counties along the Ohio Rv.


Scientific Name:
Pyrolaceae [Ericaceae]: Orthilla [Pyrola] secunda

FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. named thi from LAWR (NY): J.H. Christ #9782, 8 Sep 1938, Blaine, on Trail Creek divide, east of Ketchum, under spruces. This curious record needs to be checked; the note "under spruces" suggests a labelling error or cultivated status. O. secunda is a northern circumboreal species that is known south to N.J., Md. and Ind.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from BELL, CARL, HARD (KY, MUR) and probably elsewhere are referable to var. ludens (Miq.) C.B. Clarke. This variety is not recognized in most recent treatments, but see Tucker (1989).


FOOTNOTE:
This species is widely cultivated, and a few records may be difficult to distinguish from native plants. The white-flowered form is infrequent in the wild, but relatively common in cultivation. A few colls. may be transitional to amplifolia.


FULL NAME:
MIST-FLOWER: Conoclinium (BLUE), Fleischmannia (PINK)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Elytrigia> repens (Agropyron r.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This was not recorded in Ky. until about 1900. In 1914 Gr noted: "not as common in Kentucky as it is farther north and west. It has been noted at Lexington, and has been sent me once or twice from Western Kentucky." Anderson (1924) also stated "scarce" but it has gradually become widespread and locally abundant, especially in some old pastures where it may have been promoted. The appropriate treatment for repens remains uncertain (FNA 24). Most plants are hexaploid (2n = 42), whereas all other Elymus spp. in Ky. are tetraploids (2n = 28). Segregates have not been generally recognized in North America, but F and others have suggested that plants along the north Atlantic coast, and perhaps adventive inland, may be treated as a native taxon: A. repens (L.) Beauv. var. subulatum (Schreb.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes (but see "A. pungens" of FNA 24). The coll. from MCRA (MUR) may be referred to var. subulatum forma setiferum Fern.


Scientific Name:
Fumariaceae [Papaveraceae]: Capnoides [Corydalis*] sempervirens


FOOTNOTE:
It is unclear if the single coll. from Ky. (BALL at MUR) represents a wild population or a rare garden-escape. This "common wormwood" has long been cultivated for its biochemical properties, but it has only become widely naturalized in northern regions (PL).


FULL NAME:
Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. rigidulum

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> rigidulum var. r. (agrostoides)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. need to be rechcked for possible assignment to var. elongatum; see also P. longifolium.


FULL NAME:
Tradescantia subaspera Ker-Gawl. var. subaspera

Scientific Name:
Commelinaceae: Tradescantia subaspera var. s.


Scientific Name:
Juglandaceae: Carya <Eucarya> illinoinensis (pecan)

FOOTNOTE:
Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr. Excluded are colls. that probably came from planted or escaped trees; see CW. The native range of this commonly planted species (pecan) was originally centered in the lower Mississippi Valley, but even before Virginian settlement it is likely that native people extended its distribution. Native populations appear to have occurred along the Ohio Rv. bottomlands upstream to at least JEFF. Above this, there are colls. that suggest native status in TRIM (DHL) and KENT (B). C. illinoinensis also extended up the Cumberland Rv. to the Nashville Basin (Ch), but its status further upstream in Ky. remains uncertain. There are rare natural or artificial hybrids with laciniosa and other species. Also, various cultivars or selections are often planted or grafted. The spelling "illinoensis" (F) was incorrect (Cr, FNA 3).


Scientific Name:
Juglandaceae: Carya <Apocarya> tomentosa ("alba")

FOOTNOTE:
The confused name C. alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. has been applied to this species in some literature (W), but there is a proposal to reject that name (Ward & Wiersema 2008). During the Virginian settlement of Ky. (Campbell 1989), the common name "white hickory" was also applied to cordiformis (bitternut), which does have a distinctly whitish bark, more so than tomentosa (mockernut).


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread across North America, but often considered to be adventive in more eastern regions (Cr, W). In 1914, Gr noted: "observed only along the Ohio River." It is still largely restricted to counties along the river.


FULL NAME:
Solidago arguta Ait. var. caroliniana Gray

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> arguta var. caroliniana ("bootii", "yadkinensis")

FOOTNOTE:
These southern plants differ from the more northern var. arguta in their hairy (strigillose) seeds; leaves remain glabrous, and both taxa are probably diploids (2n = 18). F and others have erroneously treated such plants as var. bootii (Hook.) E.J. Palmer & Steyermark, which is a more distinct southwestern taxon, with hairy leaves as well as seeds (FNA 20). The name S. yadkinensis (Porter) Small also appears to have been sometimes misapplied to these plants (Cr, W).


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Poinsettia> davidii (dentata var. gracillima)

FOOTNOTE:
This is closely related to dentata, but tetraploid (2n = 56 versus 28) and not  readily forming hybrids (Y; summarizing the unpublished Ph.D. of M.H. Mayfield). It has recently been resurrected as a species, but previously most manuals have not recognized it, even as a variety of dentata: var. gracillima Millsp. It reportedly has a more northern range, but with much overlap. Data mapped here for Ky. are from PL, citing Mayfield; see Y for a detailed key.


Scientific Name:
Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> shumardii var. shumardii ("texana")

FOOTNOTE:
There are occasional hybrids with velutina, rubra and perhaps others; introgression may be extensive in some populations. Q. shumardii is often difficult to identify based on leaves alone, which are similar in shape to coccinea but usually with shorter petioles (ca. 20-30% of blade length versus 35-45%), and relatively deep green above, often turning maroon in fall (versus bright green, turning scarlet). In both species, but especially shumardii, well-developed sun-leaves have lobes that broaden distally, often pinching off the sinuses.


Scientific Name:
Alliaceae [Liliaceae]: Allium tricoccum (var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to burdickii, and some colls. need to be rechecked.


FULL NAME:
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J.& K. Presl

FOOTNOTE:
This was introduced at least a century ago, and considered exceptionally useful. Gr noted: "Among 40-50 forage plants kept growing at the Ky. Experimental Farm for a number of years, this has always, winter and summer, been one of the finest in appearance..." It was widely cultivated through the 1920s (Anderson 1924), but has now become rather uncommon or rare, since its agricultural role has been replaced by Festuca arundinacea. The coll. from SIMP (KY-Agr.) is referred to var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner, and needs to be investigated further.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern species has been verified with colls. from only two western counties: FULT and MCRA (MUR). There is also a coll. of C.W. Short (at Univ. of Cincinnati or elsewhere) from Ky. (Short & Peter 1834; B, Gl), which needs to be checked. However, reports from Appalachian regions (M) have been based on misidentified colls. of lurida or lupulina: BELL at KY ( Anderson 1924); MCRE at MUR (Rogers 1941); ROCK at KY (F.T. McFarland in 1940). C. hystericina has been also been reported as far south as Tenn. (Ch) and Ga. (W).


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> amoena var. a.

FOOTNOTE:
There are also a 1840s colls. of C.W. Short (GH, NY) from "barrens of Ky.", with some stating "abundant". P. amoena tends to occur on more acid, infertile soils than pilosa, and does not persist in gardens without special care (Wherry 1955; confirmed by personal experience of JC).


FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported from MARS (BA) and perhaps elsewhere (as cited by M), but there is no clear evidence of true naturalization in Ky. Although salicifolia is widely cultivated in eastern states, it has rarely been reported from a wild context, and then mostly in cooler zones (PL, W).


