# Flora

Comment:
fa = Faller (1975). 
ADAI: (FI) Gibson (1971).
BARR: (PU) Hussey 5/21/1874 (or could be MARI??); check label.
CUMB: Medley
EDMO: Faller (1975) = fa
LAUR: (EK) Fishermans Cove Rd 3 mi nw of Hwy 25 S on Woods Cr Lake
LOGA: (GH) E.J. Palmer #8281, 5 Jun 1920; LO RAthey-3363 13May1976 Reidsville, dry open ground under powelines at 8 mi post on Ky 178W; (PU) RMKriebel 1941; KY PLawless Logan Co glade (see also TBarnes); JC roadside W of Athey Barrens 2011Jul19 w/acid indicators nearby eg Deslae Vacarb Symdum Sympat [CHECK also Baker Prairie, TBarnes says common on top by entrance] 
MCRE (GH): get data...; (EK) Stephens Tract, Cumb Falls St Pk
METC: (US) get data
PULA: (US); (JC)....
WARR: (WK)
WAYN: (EK) 4 mi on Mt Zion Rd, 8 mi off Hwy 790, 15 mi sw of Somerset
Also general locations from following old colls
GH: abundant in the barrens of Ky.--May Short 1840"; and "barrens of Ky. Short 1842."
NY: Short "Phlox pilosa--Is this not the real Simon [??]. It is a beautiful species abundant in the Barrens of Ky. Fl. May. [P. walteri Chapm.]"--det. "P. amoena walteri (Gray) = [alpha symbol] E.W. 1929."
NY: C.W Short M.D. Ky 1840  "a beautiful dark purple species abundant in the Barrens of Ky. May."
NOTE: PZale says best patches in AL 60 mi from Birmingham in hills; often on road banks, more or lessglabrous and hairy

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern species is a somewhat conservative remnant of more open woodland and grassland on acid soils. It remains locally common on the Cumberland Plateau and adjacent hills to the west, especially along rights-of-way. But it has become rare or locally extinct further west in the former Big Barrens region, where most colls. date from before 1950. There are also 1840s colls. of "pilosa" by C.W. Short (GH, NY) from "barrens of Ky.", some stating "abundant"; these may be from CHRI. For "pilosa" Short (1840) noted: "It occurs in great abundance in early spring in the barrens; and it is a very handsome, low species, with dark purple flowers." 

    Compared to pilloa, amoena has distinctively compact cymes (with longest pedicels branches ca. 2-5 mm versus 5-15 mm), and deeper red-purple corollas with glabrous tubes (versus usually hairy). Also, its mid-cauline leaves are usually shorter (ca. 1.5-3 cm versus 3-4.5 cm), more or less oblanceolate (versus lanceolate to a sharp tip), with l/w ca. 4-6 (versus 9-12). Plants are generally shorter (ca. 15-30 cm versus 30-60 cm) and somewhat decumbent (versus more or less erect). Pubescence is strictly non-glandular (versus non-glandular or glandular). P. amoena tends to occur on more acid, infertile soils than pilosa, and does not persist in gardens without special care (Wherry 1955; confirmed by personal experience of JC).


Comment:
Plants along open boulder-cobble bars of the Big South Fork, Cumberland River, in MCRE appear to be P. amoena but largely glabrous. It is unclear what taxon these should be referred to; they may deserve a new name. P. pilosa ssp.detonsa and ssp. deamii may be intermediates between pilosa and amoena.

Footnote:
This segregate of amoena is known only from open boulder-cobble bars along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv. (in MCRE. Ky., and Scott Co., Tenn.), and along the Obed Rv. (Morgan Co., Tenn.). [These plants were initially referred by M in error to P. pilosa var. detonsa (Gray) Wherry, which is a glabrous plant of pine woods further south.] Typical amoena occurs on adjacent uplands, but is generally absent on the river bars. In plants on the bars, leaves below the inflescence are largely glabrous, except for the margins of petiolar bases; stems are thinly hirsute. In typical amoena, leaves and stems are densely hirsute. Local adaptation to stream-scouring (rheophytic) conditions is also known in P. pilosa ssp. sangamonensis Levin & D.M Smith of c. Ill., and in P. pilosa var. riparia Wherry on the Edwards Plateau in Tex. (Wherry 1955; Cr).


Comment:
1 = J. MacGregor (sight obs.).

ROCK: 2 - Medley (1993); check MM and other sources; see also JC notes and colls from upper Rockcastle Rv watershed.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the central and southern Appalachians. It is generally uncommon but locally abundant, as in Ky. on terraces along streams of the central and northern Cliff Section. It is curiously rare or absent in most of the Red Rv. watershed. P. stolonifera differs from all other eastern species of Phlox in its sterile prostrate basal stolons, produced at anthesis, that form large clonal patches of stems with spathulate to obovate leaves; also 2n = 28 (versus usually 14). P. divaricata is also somewhat stoloniferous, but has elliptic to oblong leaves. Also, flowers of stolonifera are deep red-purple with unnotched petals, unlike typical divaricata.


Comment:
Also LB: EDMO etc.
MV: CAMP, EDMO, MADI, ROCK.

Footnote:
This is widespread in wet riparian woodlands of most eastern states, but it is less common to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


FullName:
Cinna latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb.

Comment:
This circumboreal species is not confirmed for Kentucky. The BELL (TN) coll. by Hinkle has the inflorescence broken off.The LETC coll. is by Max Medley (check WK) and Foster Levy (check NC, Duke).

Footnote:
This northern (circumboreal) species is not confirmed in Ky. It extends south to Tenn. and N.C., but only at high elevation (W). A putative coll. from BELL (TENN) has lost its inflorescence. Colls. reported (M) from LETC may be accessed at WKU and NCU (or Duke Univ.).


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): MADI (BE). 

Some records need checking. 

1 = Anderson (1924), based on coll. (KY) lost in fire.

EK BARR "prat" of CLapham = car

FAYE: local dom at Moderly Spring; JC 2010.

Footnote:
In North America, this widespread variable alien is most frequent in northeastern and northwestern regions; 2n = 28 and 42 (FNA 24). It has been present in Ky. since 1890 or earlier (Gm), when  distributed for pasture. But it remains generally uncommon to rare, and restricted to the Bluegrass region or adjacent lowlands. It is locally dominant within a wet old field at Moberly Spring in FAYE.


Comment:
Includes colls of LB named C. cibaria (BRAC, LETC) and C. cibilis (GRNP), which are close and perhaps synonymous with C. mollis. But cibilis seems an obscure taxon; the coll. is noted "sandy terrace, with scrub pine." 

Check MM for BALL.

GH (det Palmer mostly): BATH, BOUR, BOYD, BRAC ("cibaria"), CAMP (weird suborbicular leaves; "cf. C. harbisonii Beadle" in ELB hand, DAVI, GRNP ("cibilis"), CLAR, KENT, LYON (glabrate but !Phipps), MARS, MCRA, ROWA, UNIO; Short ("populifera"...coccinea... mollis !Phipps).

Note GH: some BRAC "cibaria" and GRNP "cibilis" also referred by JC to iracunda or macrosperma; check again....

LO: MEAD, JEFF (by residential street? but probably wild).

MB: CALL, DAVI, LYON ("indet"); MCRA.

EK: incl LAWR colls like cibaria/cibilis with less truncate leaf bases.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is locally common on fertile floodplains and calcareous uplands, but it is much less common in most Appalachian regions (see also HFG). There is a loose association with Quercus macrocarpa and other species of browsed eutrophic woodlands. 
   
   Hybrids may be expected with pruinosa, punctata, collina, margaretta and other species (D, F, St; Lance 2006). Some colls. from LYON and TRIG (APSU) are atypical, with leaves more gradually narrowed at the base (versus trunctate), less hairy on lower surfaces, and paler olive-green (versus bluish-green); they resemble the more northern segregate, C. submollis Sarg. (F), and have been misidentified locally as C. calpodendron. They may result from hybridization with of mollis with calpodendron or a similar species. 

   Mapped records here tentatively include colls. of the closely related taxa described as C. cibaria Beadle and C. cibilis Ashe, which have more cuneate leaf bases and come from more eastern regions of the state, mostly along the Ohio Rv. and its major triburtaries: BRAC, GRNP, LAWR, LETC and MASO (B, Cr, M).


Comment:
The CAMP (LB) coll. was initially named C. pubiflora.  The FLEM (KY) coll. might be C. sicca instead. The EK records are from Clark & Bauer (2001); should be checked. 

BULL (NC) is correct: Mengelberg 90, Aug 1951, wood, Bullitt County (ex Davies Herbarium, Louisville). See also TODD (NC): D.F. Austin & J.L. Gentry 2776 (id confirmed by Phipps). 

LYON (AP,TN): E.W. Chester 87-848. CART (TN): E.M. & E.T. Browne 10254; redet from punctata to this.

GH: BATH, CARR (Braun), BOYD, JOHN, LAWR, LYON, MADI.

EK: LEE BRAC CARTCLAY LETC HARR (top S facing bluffs SFk Licking Rv, Rocky Ford Rd ca 1.3 mi nnw of Berry) LAWR MADI MCRE NICH OWSL ROBE;
GARR WOverbeck 2011 (streamside Maywoods).

Footnote:
Several variants have been described from other states, but these need further assessment (D, F, Gl, St, M, Lance 2006). Also, hybrids are possible with collina, crus-gallii or related species.


Comment:
B Reported as A. intermedia, which seems now interpeted as intermediate between A. canadensis and A. aorborea; need to locate her collection for examination.

GH: none.

Footnote:
This has often been interpreted as a hybrid between canadensis and arborea (K), but FNA (in prep.) and W have recently treated it as a distinct northeastern species. It resembles canadensis in its relatively small flowers (6-12 mm versus 10-20 mm in arborea) on erect racemes (versus drooping), but differs in its leaves at flowering more expanded, reddish and glabrescent (suggesting laevis). E.J. Palmer applied the name intermedia to a coll. of B from BOON (US!): E.L. Braun #857, 3 Apr 1935, Woolper Cr., field on terrace. This identification is consistent with FNA, but further assessment is desirable.


FullName:
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. var. kwanso Regel

Comment:
The GALL (KY) coll. was reported by Browne and Athey, but not found by J.C.


Comment:
The OLDH (LO) plants were noted as naturalized.


Comment:
These plants were found far from house sites and gardens.

JC colls LEE & WOLF.

Footnote:
This widely cultivated octoploid (2n = 120) is rarely naturalized in North America. There are a few colls. from valleys of the Appalachian Cliff Section. These plants were far from obvious evidence of old home sites or gardens, and in some cases colonies appeared to be spreading in the woods (Poindexter & Thompson 2008).


Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern diploid (2n = 20) is largely restricted to woods on mesic slopes with base-rich soils. It is abruptly absent from the southwestern third of Ky. and the western half of Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
The var. hebetifolium R.R. Gates from Florida, neglected in manuals but possibly distinct, was described with reference to a Kentucky collections, but probably in error (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
This is widespread in mesic to slightly xeric woods of eastern North America. Broadly defined, it is a variable species, but see notes under commutatum.


FullName:
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. crebra Fern. & Grisc.

Comment:
Check MU. Lower case records have not been checked for variety (some are vegetative). Records of var. palustris (see Grubbs 1989 for HICK) and var. amblyogona (RA for GRAV) need confirmation. The species was not listed by Braun.

1 = Catling 1998; based on colls at major herbaria.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America and in Central America. It is clearly the most common variety in the state, but some colls. need to be checked. A few colls. from LINC and ROCK (KY) may be transitional to the var. palustris (with larger, more angled fruit), which has also been reported from CALL (Catling 1998) and HICK (Grubbs 1989). P. palustris may also be confused--or perhaps hybridized--with P. pectinata Lam., which occurs largely on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but also at disjunct sites on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch, Catling 1998). P. pectinata has been reported from Ky., but apparently in error (M).


FullName:
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. amblyogona Fern.

Comment:
Needs confirmation but this widespread, largely mid-western variety is likely in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This is a widespread midwestern variety (with obtusely angled fruit), which extends into the lower Mississippi Valley (Catling 1998). There is a record from GRAV (R. Athey coll. for EKY; BA), but this has not been confirmed.


FullName:
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. palustris

Comment:
Needs confirmation; this southern variety is probably near the edge of its range in western Kentucky. 1 = Grubbs (1989); but collection not yet located. LINC and ROCK (KY) colls. may be intermediate between this var. and var. crebra or perhaps mixed.

Footnote:
This southern segregate, or at least transitions to var. crebra, probably occurs in Ky., but definitive colls have not yet been seen. See notes under var. crebra.


Comment:
The collection from HARD reported by Cranfill (1990) has not been located and the determination is now doubted; Medley (1993) suggested confusion with Myriophyllum heterophyllum.


Comment:
Check MU. Some colls. from CALL have very narrow leaves (KY); another  (WK) is noted "var. caroliniana"; see also MCRE (LB) coll det as this variety. However, this taxon is generally not recognized.

Check Burckhalter 1992 after Clark etc...

Footnote:
This eastern tree is widespread in most regions of Ky., but much less frequent on the more fertile base-rich soils. It was virtually absent in the original woods of the central Bluegrass region (Campbell 1989). Variation needs further study. Some narrow-leaved colls. from CALL may be referred to var. caroliniana (Poir) Fern., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments. See also notes under biflora.


Comment:
Check material cited by R. Clark and Jones (2005); from FLEM (EK; det biflora by Clark), see Clark & Bauer (2001); JC maybe but only transitional at best; peduncle 4 cm; leaves acuminate, tending to obovate. 

Some colls. have been labeled "biflora" but these are not convincing: LINC (EK; no det found 2008); BUTL (EK; Clark redet as sylv); CUMB (cited by Clark but none found at EK 2008). recheck with Clark...

ROCK (KY): MEWharton 2691 15Jun1938 bank of Copper Cr.; JC fruiting!!?? initially doubted but now accepted more or less; 2008.

CALL (KY) JCampbell 11Jul1996 flatwoods on Tobacco Rd w of Murray; see also typical sylvatica from same site; this coll has unusually narrow leaves.

Footnote:
This southeastern tree is sometimes treated as a variety of sylvatica. It is verified in adjacent w. Tenn. (Ch) and se. Mo. (Y), but there are only a few scattered records from Ky. (M; Clark et al. 2005), mostly with uncertain identification. A fruiting coll. from ROCK (KY; see also Wharton 1945) may be typical biflora, but even this has been doubted (Burckhalter 1992). It is possible there is intergradation with typical sylvatica. 

   N. biflora differs from sylvatica (F, Cr, W) in its fruiting peduncles usually 1-3 cm long (versus 3-5 cm), with 2 flowers (versus 3-5). Leaves are relatively thick and stiff, usually oblanceolate (versus obovate), with obtuse apex (versus acuminate), usually entire (versus often with a few distal teeth). The trunk is swollen or buttressed at base (not in sylvatica); and older bark has vertical furrows (versus vertical and horizontal). Identification is often difficult or impossible with leaves alone.


Comment:
MCRA 1 = sources of Medley (1993), who also notes some dubious records; see also Burckhalter 1992.

HICK (mm) is from sight of floating fruits. Check KSNPC.

EK: BALL HICK LIVI MARS

NCU ex Jessup Herb of Dartmouth College: MARS Eggleston "Great Cypress Swamp" 5Oct1909.

Footnote:
This southeastern tree is known only from sloughs near larger rivers in or near the Mississippian Embayment. Gm's reports from the Mississippian Plateau in TODD and WARR are dubious. However, further south the species is known from other disjunct sites in south-central Tenn. (Ch).


Footnote:
This southeastern species is common in most regions of Ky. It is uncommon to rare in the native woodlands of more fertile agricultural regions, but has become widely planted as an ornamental tree. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "In common with the red-bud, white oak and poplar, (tulip tree,) the dog-wood is confined in this country, to the thinner and more broken soils bordering on the Kentucky river and other water-courses, never being found on the first rate lands."

   Anthracnose fungus has reduced Cornus florida in the Ohio Valley since the 1990s, especially within successional forests where it had prospered before under relatively deep shade (Pierce et al. 2008). Nevertheless many healthy trees remain, especially in more open areas.


Footnote:
In Ky. this eastern species is generally restricted to mesic forested sites, especially ravines with base-rich soils. It is rare to absent in w. Ky. and w. Tenn., but its range does extend as far as s. Ark. and s. Miss. (PL). C. alternifolia is sharply distinct from other North American species of Cornus in its relatively mesic habitat, clustered alternate leaves, and lower chromosome number (2n = 20 versus 22).


Comment:
Lower case records appear transitional to C. obliqua.

WOLF: (EK) is the "sericea" of Clark et al. (2005): RCClark-25569 4Oct2004 xeric oak-pine-heath woods over sandstone, along trail from Sky Bridge parking area to Sky Bridge, clone of 4 stems <1m tall: JC has rather narrow brownish pith, lower leaf surface with spreading rusty hairs, the surface not whitened like sericea.

CW: seems switched with obliqua...

Footnote:
See notes under obliqua, which needs careful distinction. Compared to other eastern species of Swida (= Cornus subgenus Kraniopsis), both amomum and obliqua have longitudinally splitting bark (versus irregularly platy), relatively dark brown pith (versus pale brown to white), leaves with a moderate number of lateral veins (usually 4-6 per side), and seeds strongly ridged.


Species:
pusilla (patens, ?minima; He. crassifolia)

Comment:
1 = Davies (1955a), MCNP; see also Price (1893) for WARR. Further study of these pusilla and minima is needed, but they are generally combined in current treatments.

2 = Terrell (1996): HEND (IA); he also maps CALL, ?MARS, GRAV, ?LIVI, ?CARL, HICK (minima), MCRA (minina), ?MEAD, ?ROCK, TRIG, LYON.

JEFF (LO): PADavies-378 26Sep1943 roadside along Scotts Gap Rd.

Footnote:
This weedy diploid (2n = 16) annual is widespread across southeastern states. In Ky. it occurs mostly on disturbed ground in warmer regions. 

   Mapped records here include H. minima Beck from ALLE (WKY), HICK (MUR), FULT (MUR), ?MCRA (Terrell 1996) and WARR (WKY). F considered minima to be distinct, due to its larger calyx lobes; also it tends to have smaller leaves and a lower, more sprawling habit. But Terrell indicated that this largely midwestern taxon intergrades extensively with the more widespread southern H. pusilla, and should not be segregated. In Ky. there is no clear difference in range or habitat. 

   A more distinct (2n = 14), southwestern relative is H. rosea (Raf.) Terrell, with white to pink flowers, which is known from se. Mo., close to Ky. (Terrell 1996).


Comment:
WHIT (NP): 1993 Laurel Fork banks from TN state line up for 5.5 miles (MEvans?)

Footnote:
This prostrate perennial is restricted to central and southern Appalachian regions, where it generally occurs on banks of small streams, wet rocky sites and seeps; 2n = 32 and 48.


Comment:
PH & MB from Pennell (1935). 1 = Peter collection attributed to FAYE (KY) that burned, labeled "Lexington"; see Pennell (1935). 2 = J. MacGregor, pers. comm. 3 = D. Taylor, pers. comm. 4 = D. Barrett, pers. comm., on Rt 15 near BREA/WOLF line.

FLEM (DO): same locality as Carex juniperorum, Stenanthium; 0.2 m N Newman Cem.

OLDH (LO): JJMathews-212 1Aug1956 sparsely wooded hillside at La Grange.

Footnote:
This tall perennial (2n = 34) is widely distributed across eastern and central states but centered in the midwest and uncommon to absent on the Coastal Plains. In Ky. Veronicastrum is generally found in regions with a history of native grassland or large animal trails before settlement, though it is probably most frequent in brushy transitions rather than full sun.


Species:
polylepis {suggested: aristosa var. involucrata/retrorsa}

Comment:
This taxon seems to intergrade with B. aristosa; many colls. have tentatively ids.; it has been combined, without even variety status, in some versions of the Kartesz list, but a modern revision may not yet exist. Cronquist (1991) indicates that it typical of more sunny sites than B. aristosa.

Footnote:
The central native range of polylepis is considered to be somewhat more southern and western than aristosa (FNA 21). The two taxa appear to intergrade, and some authors have suggested varietal status (St, Cr) or combined them completely, as in Ark. and Mo. (Y), but a range-wide analysis is still needed. B. polylepis may be less shade tolerant (Cr) and more concentrated on wet ground (FNA 21). 

   B. polylepis differs from aristosa in its "calyculi" (bracts or bractlets around phyllaries), which are usually more numerous (ca. 12-21 versus 8-12) and broader (ca. 8-12 mm versus 5-7 mm); also, its disc florets are usually more numerous (ca. 60-100 versus 20-40); and its inner seeds (cypselae) are usually longer (7-8 mm versus 5-7 mm), with appended pappi (if developed) retrorsely barbed (versus antrorsely or retrorsely).  Some plants with awns retrorsely barbed were transferred to aristosa as var. retrorsa (Sherff) Wunderlin (1972), but the nomenclature remains uncertain. Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. may be the earliest basionym within the whole complex.


FullName:
Arabis pycnocarpa M. Hopkins var. adpressipilis (M. Hopkins) Rollins

Species:
pycnocarpa var. adpressipilis (hirsuta var. a.)

Comment:
Check RA for LIVI and WARR; check EKY.

EK: LIVI RAthey 4080 9Jun1978 Smithland; limestone terraces on Biswell Bluff Road.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states, from Pa. and Va. to Iowa and Mo. In Ky. the only records are colls. of R. Athey from LIVI (EKY) and WARR (check MEM). Distinction from typical pycnocarpa deserves further study, since intermediate plants are known in Ill. and Ind. (FNA 7).


Comment:
Recheck; cannot find at DHL 2008-2009; checked twice?!

Medley (1993): "Blummer s.n. JEFF!"

Footnote:
In North America, this alien is commonly cultivated (as "wall rockcress"), but escapes are verified only in northern regions (FNA 7). There is a coll. recorded from JEFF (DHL), but the label data were minimal (M) and it may have been mislaid.


Comment:
Not collected by myself for herbarium nearly as much as for food.

Footnote:
This is widely naturalized across temperate North America. Short (1837) provided the first clear record from Ky. It is a highly nutritious survivalist food ("watercress") that was introduced by pioneers. JC still collects it for food much more than for the herbarium. It is successful in sunny calcareous springs or associated streams, avoided somewhat by livestock, and now much more widespread in calcareous regions than records suggest. Its perennial decumbent rooting stems should initially be called stolons (Rollins 1993), but they tend to become covered with sediment, then rhizomatous with age (Y).  Although often treated in Rorippa, the species is much closer to Cardamine (Y, FNA 7).


Footnote:
This widespread weed is one of the few common alien mustards in eastern North America that spreads clonally with true rhizomes; see also Cardaria draba. It includes a polyploid series (2n = 32, 40, 48) but segregates have not been recognized (Y).


Comment:
The HARD (mm) coll. has sharper lobes than typical sinuata: M. Medley #19373. Although generally accepted as present in Kentucky, this is not confirmed.

Footnote:
This western species is a rhizomatous, diploid (2n = 16) relative of the alien sylvestris. R. sinuata has distinctive "small, vesicular, hemispherical trichomes that may be collapsed and scale-like in dried specimens" (Cr). It has been recorded from HARD (MM for WKY) and HICK (BT), but colls. have not been relocated and checked. There are verified records from adjacent s. Ill. and se. Mo. (PL, Y).


Comment:
Check MU; this species is abundant along major rivers in the west (especially BALL to FULT).

LO: ANDE, JEFF, MEAD, NELS, OLDH, OWEN, SPEN.

1 = Duncan 1967.

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern species is widely scattered but concentrated along larger streams and rivers, especially in western regions. It has spread locally onto uplands, probably after forest clearance. Short (1840) just noted: "on the banks of the Ohio River." The northern limit of this species is close to the Ohio Rv. in Ill., Ind. and Ohio, and further east there are only a few records north of S.C. (K, PL).


Comment:
The HENR (KY,KA) data are: H. Garman, 23 Aug 1910, "Henry Co." ; this is correctly identified. The LINC (MW @ MI) coll. is by Wharton 1453; it needs to be checked. This northern species is sometimes planted and may have escaped in a few places.

EK: see amomum for Clark et al. (2005) "sericea" along trail to Sky Bridge; see obliqua for a Browne coll of "alternifolia: then RCClark det "sericea" from WOLF on 715 at view of Sky Bridge

FAYE: see the Avon Army Depot population; perhaps hybrid with amomum; possibly an old planting but no evidence of that.

CW: SIMP HENR WOLF ROWA

Footnote:
In the Ohio Valley, this widespread northern shrub is virtually absent south of the glacial limit, and it does not even extend south along the higher Appalachians (F, W). However, it is often planted in southeastern states (as "red-osier" or "red-twig dogwood") and it may rarely escape. In Ky. there has been some confusion with other species, and old unverified reports of stolonifera are dubious (e.g. Gm); see also CW for recent records. The frequent planting of stolonifera as a "native" species in Ky. is not justified. There are two old colls., but it is not certain that these were from native plants: H. Garman, 23 Aug 1910, from HENR (KY) with no locality; and M. Wharton #1453 from LINC (check MICH). Some large plants occur at the Avon Army Depot in FAYE (JC for KY), but they may also result from planting. 

   Distinction from amomum can sometimes be difficult, and introgression is possible; see Z.E. Murrell in W for a modern treatment. Pith of stolonifera is usually thick and white (as used by Gl, Cr and others), but this may not be a generally reliable character. Both stolonifera and rugosa have relatively smooth green or reddish bark with protruding lenticels, leaves with numerous veins (up to 5-9 per side) and axillary tufts of hairs.


Comment:
The ROWA (MO) coll. data may be doubted; see Campbell et al. (1992). Other reports are dubious.

Footnote:
This northeastern shrub has been reported from Ky. by Pr, Gm and other early authors (M). The only known coll. is from ROWA (MDKY) in the 1930s and has dubious data (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
C. priceae has smaller flowers and fruits; described by Small, it was doubted by Fernald (1950), but still deserves further study. There is much variation within this species, which ranges widely across regions and habitats. Check TAYL (jc) record from eroded hills: is this priceae??

Footnote:
This distinctively pubescent species is widespread on base-rich soils from midwestern regions to the Gulf Coastal Plain. In Ky. it is concentrated in the Bluegrass region, on calcareous uplands of the Mississippian Plateaus, and along some western river bottoms. Variation across this range of habitats deserves further study, but may be generally continuous. Introgression can be expected with obliqua, stricta and other species (Y, W). 

   The segregate known as C. priceae Small from dry sites in w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (Sm, F) has been considered to have smaller fruits (3-4 mm wide versus 5-6 mm) and flowers (petals 2.5-4 mm long versus 4.5-6 mm), more scabrous upper leaf surfaces, and more consistently reddish/maroon twigs (versus green/olive to pinkish/reddish-brown). The type of priceae is from WARR (NY), but there are has been virtually no application of this name by botanists within Ky.


Comment:
1 = Wilson (1965); 

HICK 2 = Grubbs (1989). 

OHIO (MO) by Price was determined as intermediate between foemina and racemosa by Wilson (1965).

JC: Duncannon Swamp common; transplant to HARR failed; get more!!!

Footnote:
This southeastern species is close to the more northern racemosa, but colls. can be clearly distinguished in almost all cases; see Z.E. Murrell & A.S. Weakley (W) for a modern treatment. C. stricta, racemosa and drummondii share leaves with relatively few veins (3-5 per side).


Comment:
The MCRE (LB) coll. (South Fork riverbank) was det. by F.J. Palmer but it needs rechecking. The MENI (KY) plants could not be refound in the field; from banks of the Red River. Other reports are dubious; see Medley (1993).

BREA (ek): Hannan & Phillippe 2608, NW of Jackson, N Fk Ky Rv. 26 Jun 1979; tentative id, narrower leaves, more greenish stems than typical obliqua; to check further.

Footnote:
This is a widespread northeastern species of varied habitats, but in Ky. it is known only from a few sites on dry uplands of central regions. It has been confused with obliqua or stricta, and hybrids may be expected (Y, W). Dubious records due to confusion in nomenclature, possible non-native status or other problems have not been mapped here. The coll. from OHIO (MDKY) has been considered intermediate between racemosa and stricta. Seedlings of racemosa have been widely distributed by Kentucky Division of Forestry, using material propagated from Mo. (T. Sheehan, pers. comm.). The probable native records mapped here indicate that racemosa is rare in the state. Other species of Cornus should be preferred for general restoration.


FullName:
Eleutherococcus pentaphyllus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Nakai

Comment:
This may not be truly naturalized. The LYON (AP) record is from plants persistent after cultivation.

Footnote:
This East Asian shrub does not seem to have spread far from cultivation in eastern states. In Ky. there are colls. from GRAN (KNK), JEFF (KNK) and WHIT (EKY) that appear to be true escapes (M; Clark et al. 2005), but no reproducing populations are yet documented in the wild. A coll. from LYON (APSU) was a plant persistent after cultivation.


Footnote:
This small rhizomatous tree is widespread across southeastern states, and more or less adventive north of the glacial limit (Cr). In Ky it is concentrated in submesic sites on acid soils.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); check RA, MM; in "loess bluff ravines". 

This was not reported from WARR (or EDMO) by Price (1893), but she did report A. hispida, which may have been confused.

WOOD (KY)!!!! MEWharton 8591, wooded north slope above Clear Cr near Hifner Rd, 5 Aug 1954.

Footnote:
This tall herb is widely scattered over eastern and central North America, except on most of the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is generally restricted to relatively undisturbed mesic woodlands on acid soils.


FullName:
Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) Parodi

Comment:
This is a western species, perhaps expected as a waif. This information on BOON (MI) perhaps from Reznicek via Medley (pers comm); to check. Included in Jones (2005).

Footnote:
This western species was been collected in the 1990s from BOON (MICH, KNK) in the median of Interstate-75 (A.A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). It has now disappeared due to construction (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Not confirmed; the PULA (KY) collection of giganteus may suggest a transition to this species. The Kearney collection from BELL (US) was redetermined as alopecuroides by JC.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 60) occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain. There are a few reports from Ky., but verified colls. have not been located or confirmed; see notes under giganteus and alopecuroides.


FullName:
Spiraea japonica L. f. var. fortunei (Planch.) Rehd.

Comment:
All escaped plants of eastern North America are said to be this variety; check.

Footnote:
This widely cultivated shrub is now common in the woods of some Appalachian regions. First collected from Ky. in the 1930s (B), it is now locally abundant, especially along trails and woodland edges on low slopes and floodplains. It is more common than indicated by the records mapped here. Virtually all escaped plants of japonica in eastern North America are referable to var. fortunei (Planch.) Rehd.


Comment:
All plants match var. rosea, but this is not generally recognized in current treatments.

JEFF (LO): PADavies-349 10Aug1943 low ground, Poplar Level Rd.

Footnote:
This small shrub is widespread across northeastern regions, but largely restricted to open brushy areas on wet acid soils. In Ky. all plants match var. rosea (Raf.) Fern., a more western segregate with less dense inflorescences (Cr), but this has not been generally recognized in recent treatments (W).


Comment:
There are no clear, vouched reports of naturalization.

Footnote:
Although this is widely cultivated across eastern states, it has rarely been reported from a wild context, and then mostly in cooler zones (PL, W). It has been reported from MARS (BA) and perhaps elsewhere (as cited by M), but there is no clear evidence of true naturalization in Ky.


Comment:
CARR (LO): BGregory-245 26Jun1950 lawn, Sheffield yard off Black Rock Road.

Footnote:
This northern species has been found at only two native sites, near opposite extremes of the state: (1) a swampy meadow in BALL (coll. of R. Athey to check at MEM), where it cannot be relocated; (2) a rocky riverbank seep in PIKE (KY), where a small piece has been taken for cultivation by JC. These plant are typical alba, not var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel, a more eastern segregate that may deserve species status (W).


Comment:
Reported in error by Thompson et al. (1984) and others, apparently due to misprinting of P. recta (Medley 1993).


Footnote:
This polyploid (2n = 42) is widespread across eastern states, especially in dry old fields and roadsides.


Comment:
ROBE (CI, PH & other herbaria) is based on a Short coll, from "Blue Licks" (or maybe NICH). Recheck sources for JEFF (bt)?--did they confuse with OLDH (Braun 1943).

Footnote:
This is a widespread northern species of base-rich swamps and streambanks. The only records are from BOON (B), JEFF (BT), OLDH (B), and ROBE or NICH (PH etc., C.W. Short, "Blue-licks"; see also, Pennell 1935). None are dated after 1950.


Footnote:
This creeping perennial is supposed by some authors (e.g. F) to have native and alien genotypes in North America; 2n = 18 and 32-36. However, there is no known morphological distinction between such plants. In Ky. officinalis is largely restricted to Appalachian regions, and it does not appear to be particularly weedy. It seems likely that these plants are native.


FullName:
Smilax glauca Walt. var. leurophylla Blake

Comment:
The BALL (mu) coll. appears transitional to var. glauca. This variety may not deserve general recognition.

EK: BATH+ CLAY+ ESTI FLOY+ GRAY HARL+ HARD HART+ LARU LAUR+ MAGO MARI MART+ MONT+ MORG NICH PIKE+ POWE+ WOLF+

Footnote:
This relatively northern variety, with leaves glabrous beneath, may not deserve local recognition. There are no clear differences in distribution or habitat within Ky.


Footnote:
This has been cultivated for its edible aerial tubers, and perhaps as an ornamental. It is now widely naturalized in east-central states, from Appalachian to Ozarkian regions (K, SE). The first Ky. record was provided by Wharton (1945). It may well occur in all Ky. counties; see also "bulbifera" of SE.

   D. polystachya (2n = 140-144) may be a true Dioscorea, and the North America plants could potentially be transferred to Merione (as reviewed by W). D. bulbifera L. is a closely related pantropical species with unlobed (versus lobed) leaves, which has been confused with polystachya in some mappings (SE). In North America, bulbifera is largely restricted to subtropical transitions on the southeastern Coastal Plain (K, W).


Footnote:
This is widespread across North America, but less successful in relatively warm or dry regions compared to albus (see notes under that species). In Ky. officinalis has been frequent for at least a century, especially along roadsides; there is no record of cultivation (Gm).


Comment:
To recheck; but this seems correct and this weedy species is expected widely in southern states.

LO: Jun 2008!
LGHickok #151 ("M altissima"), 11 Jul 1969: HICK 1.2 m from 307/58 jct on 58W, left for 0.5 miles; open field on right.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean annual is well-establlished in Pacific states but uncommon to rare in eastern states (PL, W). The only record for Ky. is a coll. in 1969 from HICK (DHL).


Comment:
In many cases, it is unclear if the plants are from remnant plantings or really naturalized.

Footnote:
This valuable crop (the common "alfalfa") has been widely grown in Ky. for hay and forage since the 1890s (Gm). Many colls. mapped here probably are from persistent plantings in old fields, rather than from secondary establishment by seed. The few reports of ssp. falcata (L.) Archang. ("yellow alfalfa") are all from cultivated plants.


Comment:
The KENT (NK) coll. should be rechecked. 

1 = Anderson (1924); CLHathaway Lexington 11 Jul 1917 KY Agr.

Not in Jones (2005).

"arvensis" of GRAV (MU) T. Frey #233 is japonicus? (JC).

Footnote:
This Eurasian diploid has been reported from Ky. by Anderson (1924), Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) and others, but the only verified colls. may be from KENT (KNK). Although widely scattered in North America (FNA 24), arvensis does not seem to be increasing in the Ohio Valley. It is relatively tall (often 80-110 cm), with large panicles (ca. 10-30 cm), and large anthers (2.5-5 mm versus 0.7-3 mm); lower leaf sheaths have distinctive soft appressed hairs. It is easily confused with japonicus, racemosus or other species, and all records deserve checking; see detailed key in FNA 24.


Footnote:
This largely tropical weed is adventive in warmer regions of the U.S.A. The only Ky. record is based on a reported coll. from MCRA in the catlog of R. Athey (check MEM).


Comment:
1 = Epling (1942), cited by Braun. Some material needs checking still for var. calvifolia, which may be worth recognizing.

Footnote:
This species mostly occurs in east-central states, centered on the Ohio Rv. watershed and central Appalachian regions. Typical nervosa is largely Appalachian.


FullName:
Scutellaria nervosa Pursh var. calvifolia Fern.

Comment:
Much material assumed to be var. nervosa needs rechecking (at EK, MU, etc.); this relatively northern variety, with smooth leaves, may be worth recognizing.

WK: MM-78-159 Cypress Slough, floodplain forest.

Footnote:
This variety--without hairs on upper leaf surfaces--may be worth recognizing, but more comprehensive revision is needed. It appears to occur mostly in lowlands to the east and west of the Appalachians.


Footnote:
This old medicinal herb ("horehound") is locally persistent in norhteastern states.


Comment:
The FULT (KA) coll. (Dalton #1417), det. by M. Medley, was missing in 1990. The UNIO (KA) coll. (Shacklett 1937) was also missing, but is dup. at GH. The JEFF (LO) coll. (Kellerman 1959) was not found in 1990. 1 = Wilkins (1985).

Footnote:
This northern species has been reported from Ky. by Kellerman (1959) and others, but colls. have not been verified (FNA 22). Colls. that were initially labelled as spirillus from FULT (KY-Agr.), JEFF (DHL) and UNIO (GH, KY-Agr.) are probably diversifolius. The two species are close and can easily be confused.


Comment:
1 = McKinney et al.; also mapped by CW

mm MUHL 2 = M. Medley (with Pinus strobus); may be TODD or LOGA instead. 

The ANDE (EK) coll. is remarkable: M. Wharton 9612, 13 Oct 1955, mesophytic woods, Anderson Co. (no other location).

Footnote:
This erect subshrub occurs mostly in northeastern and Applachian regions. Some disjunct western records in Ky. deserve further verification. There is a coll. from ANDE (EKY): M. Wharton #9612, 13 Oct 1955, "mesophytic woods" [but with no other data]. There is a report from EDMO (L. McKinney et al., pers. comm.; see also CW). There may be a coll. from MUHL (MM for WKY) or adjacent counties with native Pinus strobus.


Comment:
Earlier data: "GREE" (ka) coll. is from "Russell" without county noted--probably GRNP instead. 1 = Medley (1993); check MM.

Footnote:
This small shrub is a widespread northeastern and  Appalachian species, with extensions into adjacent regions on sandy soils. In older literature, there was some confusion with other species (M). Variation within the "baccata group" (sect. Decamerium) can be somewhat subtle, with vegetative characters often most useful (FNA 8, W). However, hybridization is not known to play a significant role.


Comment:
mm 1 = M. Medley (sight record), dubious perhaps; check mapped location on outlying sandstone knob.

Footnote:
This low clonal shrub is locally abundant on the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. and Tenn., with hundreds of sites. Elsewhere, it is known in the central Appalachians from Pa., W.Va. (SC) and Va., the Piedmont of N.C., and the Coastal Plain of Md. & Del., with a total of only 100-200 sites (State Natural Heritage Systems). The species should perhaps be treated in a new monotypic genus; the name Buxella was used by Sm but it is an invalid homonym (FNA 8, W).


Comment:
KNOX (NP): historic data... perhaps they assume from the "Corbin" coll.

LAUR (NP): head of small Laurel Rv trib ca. 0.5 mi NNW of mouth of Frozen Camp Cr ca. 300 ft N of powerline; on W side of W fork of FCC [?].

PULA (NP): 3 adj drains on ridge E of Ky 1003 ca. 1.5 aimi N of Mt Victory.

WHIT (KY) coll. just states "Corbin" for locality, which could indicate an adjacent county; there are also recent records from WHIT.

EK: MCRE

Footnote:
This southeastern species is restricted to seasonally wet, strongly acid soils, usually associated with Spagnum in sunny areas. In Ky. it occurs mostly on soils derived from the Corbin Sandstone of the southern Cumberland Plateau. An 1880s coll. attributed to WHIT (KY) is labelled just  "Corbin" and could be from an adjacent county. However, this species was also discovered in WHIT during the 1990s.


Comment:
1 = Ettman and McAdoo (1978); they reported from CHRI and FAYE, but the latter is not believable (perhaps an old Short collection); HARL = B&B now EK

2 = S. Price "Chalybeate" (MB painting); also coll!!!
MB: Sadie F. Price July 17, 1897' "Chalybeate Spgs., Ky. sand swamp."
MB: a sheet mixed top pieces with: (a) from "Sadie Price Herbarium" and written on sheet "Edmonson Co Ky"; (b) from "Miss C." "Mt Eagle Tenn."...

MB: also colls from MCRE by Wherry & Pennell 1927 (spagnum bog Pine Knot); McFarland & Rogers 1940 ("growing with H. conspicua in sphagnum boig 3 mi N of Whitley City").

EK: BELL LAUR MCRE POWE RUSS

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across eastern states, but largely restircted to seasonally wet acid soils in varied open habitats with native vegetation. The old disjunct western records from CHRI (Ettman & McAdoo 1979) and MCRA (BT) may be supported by colls., but these have not been located. Neither is there confirmation of Ettman & McAdoo's records from the Cumberland Mt. counties. However, Pr's record from EDMO is supported by her excellent painting of this species at MO, labeled "Chalybeate Springs, wet sand soil" on 29 Jul 1896; plus her coll. from the same locality, "sand swamp" on 17 Jul 1897. 

   Note that Blephariglottis may become the accepted genus for this and other Platantheras with tripartite or fringed lips (W).


Footnote:
This biennial is rarely established in eastern states. Some authors (W) have considered this species to form a monotypic genus, as Chaiturus marrubiastrum (L.) Reichenbach; 2n = 24.


Comment:
See also LETC (LB). MASO & MADI (ky) may be L. cardiaca but appear somewhat intermediate.

Footnote:
This annual or biennial is a southern relative of cardiaca that is locally established in eastern states; 2n = 20. The colls. from MADI and MASO (KY) appear somewhat transitional to cardiaca.


Footnote:
This perennial is an old medicinal herb that is widely escaped in eastern and central North America; 2n = 18.


Comment:
1 = Hannan & Medley (1982); 
2 = Rare species atlas in North Carolina (NC Dept. of Agr.); 
3 = H. Bryan, pers. comm.

MV: KENT, HARD.

Footnote:
This strict biennial is largely restricted to the Ohio Rv. watershed of east-central states, where it usually occurs on the moist fertile soils of gullies, toe-slopes and terraces. Flowering populations are often small sporadic, but sometimes they are spectacular, with thousands of plants covering several acres. It is generally the only native biennial in its habitat.


Comment:
Mapped in Kentucky by Reed (1961) but no collections have been located (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
This annual is a weed across Canada and northern states. It was mapped in Ky. by Reed (1961), but no colls. have been located (M); check Reed's materials at MO. It is likely that any plants in Ky. would be var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court, which has been treated as a species by some authors (W).


Footnote:
This weedy winter-annual is now widespread across temperate North America. It
may have been present in Ky. early after settlement, since Gray (1864) noted that it was "rather common" in northeastern states. But the first record from the state appears to have been in 1914 (Gm).


Footnote:
This is common across northern states and adjacent Canada, but much less frequent in warmer regions. Gray (1864) listed just New England and Penn. for its range at that time. Like amplexicaule, purpureum was not definitely recorded in Ky. until 1914, when Gm noted that is was "less common than the preceding." Both species are weedy winter-annuals in fallow fields or other disturbed ground, but purpureum is less tolerant of dry soils and can also occur more in woodlands.


Species:
dissectum (hybridum*; purpureum var. incisum)

Comment:
This appears to be an allopolyploid derived from purpureum and probably amplexicaule.

1 = McFarland (1941); but collection burned in 1948.

Footnote:
This taxon is reported to be an allopolyploid (2n = 36) derived from purpureum and probably amplexicaule (Mennema 1989). Within North America, it is rarely established in northeastern regions.


Comment:
A few collections may match var. perlonga, including LYON (AP), but this is not generally recognized in current treatments.

Nelson 1981 maps LYON!!

GH: CLAR, FULT, GRAV, JEFF, MEAD, UNIO.

Footnote:
Variation in this widespread eastern species of alluvial woodlands needs further study. Some colls. from Ky. appear transitional to hispida. Colls. from LYON and probably elsewhere are referable to var. perlonga Fern., with lanceolate leaves tapering from a trunctate base. Var. perlonga is known from the lower Mississippi Valley and, to a lesser extent, the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Nelson 1981), but it has not been recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. J.B. Nelson in W).


FullName:
Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. var. macrophylla

Species:
macrophylla var. m. (pinguifolia, velutina)

Comment:
Most have bluish flowers. Colls. referred to here key to var. macrophyllus or var. pinguifolius; lower case records are certainly A. macrophyllus, but the variety uncertain. The KENT (US) collection is by Braun, determined as var. macrophyllus by Lamboy.

Footnote:
This northeastern octoploid (2n = 72) is under-collected, because plants often do not flower in shady undisturbed forest (see also Y). Several segregates were recognized by F and others, but have been combined in recent treatments (e.g. Cr, FNA 20). Included here are the relatively smooth var. pinguifolia Burgess (with several colls. from Ky.) and the relatively hairy var. velutina Burgess (as in the coll. from NELS), as named within Aster. All of these plants generally have glandular inflorescences with bluish flowers, but leaves differ greatly in their shape, glandularity and pubescence.


FullName:
Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. var. ianthina (Burgess) new comb.

Comment:
Needs further study. These plants may be transitional to E. schreberi; some may also key to var. pinguifiolia. Most or all have white flowers. Braun's sight records (lb) must include other varieties; her colls at US (FLEM, MENI) are not very distinct.

Footnote:
This variety may be poorly defined (F, W); the mapping here is provisional. Distinction from smoother forms of var. macrophylla can be difficult. Colls. often have paler lilac or white flowers, and with their less developed glands, they appear somewhat intermediate between macrophylla and schreberi.


FullName:
Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. var. velutina (Burgess) new comb.

Comment:
Needs further study; may not be worth recognizing.


Comment:
check record of "macrophyllus" from Jess Gorge

KY: BATH RParatley Sheltowee Trace E of Clear Cr Lake; mix mes woods

Footnote:
Cr noted that this northeastern hexaploid (2n = 54) may have originated through hybridization between macrophylla (2n = 72) and divaricatus (2n = 18). E. schreberi differs from typical macrophylla in its pure white flowers (versus usually pale to deep lavendar, bluish or violet), and its glandless to sparsely glandular phyllaries and inflorescence branches (versus densely glandular). Upper leaf surfaces are eglandular and glabrous to sparsely villous above (versus glandular and scabrous but highly variable); well-developed basal leaves have a broad, nearly rectangular sinus (versus more rounded). Both species often spread clonally in the shade, with little or no flowering.


Comment:
JESS (jc) is from beech terraces in Jessamine Gorge; sight record to be vouched.

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is typically associated with beech forest on medium-acid soils. It is virtually absent west of the Cliff Section and eastern Knobs. A few plants have been found in JESS on terraces along the Ky. Rv. Palisades (Campbell & Meijer 1989).


Comment:
Recently found by Tom Barnes along Petros-Browning Road in WARR (JC).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in grasslands and thin woods on base-rich uplands of the Gulf Coastal Plain and scattered localities from the Ozarks to southern Ridge & Valley . In Ky. it is known only from outlying plants on roadsides in CALL (MUR), TRIG (recent coll. of JC along the Trace in LBL) and WARR (recently coll. of T. Barnes along Petros-Browning Road). These sites are probably remnants of original open woodland or grassland, now virtually all cleared for farmland or grown into forest.


Comment:
1 = Bryan (1977). Inclusion of commutatus may deserve reexamination. Also, some depauperate B. japonicus may be misidentified here (LETC?). Some colls are assignable to B. commutatus var. apricorum, which is generally not recognized: LOGA (KY), BARR (KY).

Footnote:
In its strict sense, racemosus has been mapped irregularly across temperate North America (FNA 24), but it is combined here with commutatus. The first reliable records from Ky. appear to date from the 1890s (Gm). Many records are probably referable to commutatus, which has more nodding, spreading panicles and larger spikelet parts but smaller anthers; see Y and FNA 24 for detailed keys. Some authors have suggested combining these species in North America (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, F), but they are generally treated as distinct in Europe. 

   B. commutatus often appears transitional from racemosus (2n = 28) to japonicus (2n = 14), and it may be the most variable of these three taxa (2n = 14, 28, 56). Colls. from BARR and LOGA (KY) are referable to B. commutatus var. apricorum, with distinctly pubescent lemmas. Some depauperate specimens mapped here are difficult to distinguish from japonicus.


Footnote:
This tetraploid annual of Mediterranean origin has distinctively short, dense panicles. Including four subspecies, hordeaceus is widespread across much of North America, especially western states, but it remains uncommon to absent in southeastern states (FNA 24). In Ky. most records are from roadsides and railroads, and made by John Thieret (KNK). These plants all appear to be typical ssp, hordeaceus.


Comment:
Records not confirmed. 1 = Garman (1914). Not in Jones (2005).

Footnote:
Although perhaps locally frequent in some northern states, this species does not seem to have become established in southeastern states. It was reported from FAYE by Gm in 1914, but no coll. has been located and there may have been confusion with japonicus (M). B. squarrosus has wider lemmas with conspicuous whitened margins, and panicles tend to be less spreading or drooping (Y, FNA 24).


Comment:
1 = Matthew (1962).  The HICK coll. is labeled "var. hirsutus".

Footnote:
This annual weed is widespread across temperate North America. It was unknown in Ky. until about 1900. In 1914 Gm noted: "sometimes observed along railroads and elsewhere." B. tectorum has now become locally abundant across the state; it remains closely associated with railroads and larger roadsides. Colls. from CAMP (KNK), HICK (MUR) and elsewhere are referable to var. hirsutus Regel, but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


Footnote:
In North America, this annual weed occurs mostly in mid-temperate zones of eastern and western states (FNA 24, K). Otherwise, its ecology is similar to the closely related species, tectorum, which is much more common. B. sterilis was not recorded in Ky. until the 1930s (B). It has distinctively larger spikelet parts, and it tends to be more robust overall; 2n = 14 and 28 (versus only 14 in tectorum). 

   B. diandrus Roth has even larger lemmas than sterilis, and may also be expected as a waif in southeastern states; 2n = 42 and 56 (Y, FNA 24). It has not been verified in Ky., but a coll. of sterilis was misidentified by Gunn (1968b) as B. rigidus Roth, which has often been included within diandrus (M).


Comment:
JC collected in 2004 from Island No. 8; check data and process!!!

Footnote:
This ranges widely across central and eastern states, but it is concentrated on dry sandy soils of the Great Plains, midwest and coastal regions. In Ky. it is known only from sandy banks of the Ohio Rv. in BALL (EKY,  WKY), and the Mississippi Rv. in FULT (JC for KY). Triplasis (2n = 40) is a small genus closely allied with Tridens (2n = 40 in most species).


Comment:
The WARR coll. is by S. Price (Browne 1962).

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely southern Appalachian species is known only from a coll. of S. Price (MO), made ca. 1900 in EDMO or WARR (Browne 1962; M). There is only one other species in the genus, which itself can be considered the only genus in segregated family Xerophyllaceae; 2n = 30 (W; and citations).


FullName:
Stenanthium leimanthoides (Gray) Zomlefer & Judd

Comment:
Cronquist (1991) reported this species from Kentucky, based on a coll. not yet located.

NY: none from KY (Feb 2006).

See also JEFF (LO): a weird scrappy bug-eaten coll that is hard to id: "Zigadenus densus" steep slope, Sleepy Hollow; coll by N.I. Felde 21Apr1967 #27 "The N.I. Felde Herbarium Univ of Louisville, Plants of Kentucky"... probably = Camassia scilloides??

Footnote:
This is known mostly from the southeastern Coastal Plain and southern Appalachians, but in Tenn. there are disjunct records from the Cumberland Plateau and adjacent oak barrens. It has been reported from Ky. (Cr, FNA 26), apparently based on a coll. not yet relocated (A. Cronquist, pers. comm. to MM).  

   The closely related S. densus (Desr.) Zomlefer & Judd, sensu stricto, is restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain (Cr, FNA 26, W). Inclusion of these species in Stenanthium is well supported; 2n = 20 throughout the genus.


Footnote:
This monotypic southeastern genus is largely restricted to acid infertile soils in thin woods and grassland; 2n = 32 (W). The only Ky. recent records are from a few sites on Cumberland Mt. in BELL (TENN) and HARL (KSNPC), near the Va. state line. There is also an old coll. from TODD (PH) that was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s: "near Elkton, meadows and barrens."


Comment:
Combined from varieties.

OWEN (1): J. Harrod (pers. comm.). 

2 = J. MacGregor (pers. comm.); recheck...

WOLF (3): D. Barrett (being raised from seed; var. unknown); see my maps???

Also FLEM (DO): vegetative; RFC Naczi 7346 & BA Ford, 28 May 1998; ca 4 m E Hillsboro N side Rt 1013 ca o.2 m N Newman Cem; along streamlet through mesic decid forest fre within small area.

FAYE: (KY) CWShort "meadows about Lexington. Rare. fl. June. 3-4 ft. high"; "Veratrum angustrifolium" orig det; S gram var rob det RGJohnson 1968.
FLEM: (KY) Mrs JKGrannis 1Nov1935 Flemingsburg; [var rob!!!]
ROWA: (KY) Mrs JKGrannis 8Aug1934 near Morehead; [var rob!!!]

Footnote:
This occurs widely in east-central states, but is centered in Appalachian and Ozarkian regions. It is a conservative species, surviving in scattered remnants of thin swampy woods and seasonally wet meadows, including some rights-of-way, especially on medium-acid soils.  In Ky. its distribution is highly fragmented, and several populations have disappeared since 1950; similar declines have been documented in s. Ill. (Edgin 2004). 

   Varieties are combined here, as in most recent treatments (e.g. Cr, FNA 26), but further study is warranted (W). Colls. from CALD, FAYE, FLEM, HART, HOPK, ROCK and ROWA are referable to var. robusta (S. Wats.) Fern., which may be typical of deeper swamps or relatively fertile soils. Colls. from LAUR, MCRE, PULA and WHIT are referable to var. micranthum Fern., which may be typical of streamhead seeps on infertile soils of the Cumberland Plateau. The latter appears distinctive, and needs to be compared with S. diffusa Wofford, which was recently described from sandstone rockhouses in adjacent Tenn. (Wofford 2006) and is expected in Ky.


FullName:
Stenanthium gramineum (Ker-Gawl.) Morong var. gramineum

Comment:
Not clearly separable from var. robustum; needs more careful study. 1 = J. Harrod (pers. comm.). 2 = J. MacGregor (pers. comm.). 3 = D. Barrett (being raised from seed; var. unknown).


Comment:
Some of the outlying records are surprising, even doubtful. The HARD (KY) occurrence is confirmed, though it is very rare there.

FAYE: KY Mary Ball Mobberly-22 26Apr1960 woods near Raven Run; JC notes that MWharton told me TG occurs in this region; check Land and Life...

CLAY: (EK) JBirchfield-1 23Mar2007 "dry mesic to pine forest" Clay WMA 1449 Cassidy Cr Rd.

Footnote:
This is a widespread northeastern species. In Ky. it occurs mostly in Appalachian region or adjacent hills. Some outlying records may be doubted, including the colls. from FAYE (KY) and NICH (EKY), which could be mislabeled or from cultivation. There are also sight records of B from EDMO and TODD, where this species might be expected in sandstone ravines.


Comment:
The f. album is scattered with the species. M. Medley has collected var flavum in  HARL. Separation from T. sulcatum is difficult and colls. need rechecking,  especially LB.

TAYL (EK) = flexipes.
FAYE (EK) = flexipes DPIttilo "forma Cahnae (Farw.) Louis-Marie"

Footnote:
See notes under sulcatum, which is difficult to distinguish in several colls. T. erectum varies much in flower color, but segregates are not generally recognized in recent treatments (W). Several scattered colls. have been referred to var. album (Michx.) Pursh, and one to var. flavum Eason (HARL for WKY).


Comment:
1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979).

ds = Dell Sasser (Perdue-Davidson orchid site).

2011: MCRE 2 plants with Hex con site off Roaring Paunch Cr.

Footnote:
This small orchid is widely scattered from Atlantic and southeastern states to Central America. In Ky. it is largely restricted to Appalachian regions or adjacent hills. There are a few dozen records from the state, but none indicate populations of more than 1-10 plants.


Species:
australis ("longirostra"; engelmanniana ssp. l.)

Comment:
Some colls. are to immature to be certain; separation from S. brevirostra needs checking.

LO: OLDH buggy

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv., centered on Appalachian regions and the Interior Low Plateaus. Some colls. from Ky. are difficult to distinguish from the more midwestern brevirostra, and should be rechecked. 

   Typical S. engelmanniana (which is largely on the southeastern Coastal Plain) and the related S. cuneata Sheldon (which is largely in more northern regions) have also been reported from the state, but probably based on misidentifications (M). Despite uniform chromosome number in the genus (2n = 22), there is little evidence of hydridization among these species or others (FNA 22).


Comment:
The TRIG (VB) coll. is R. Athey #4007.

1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979).

EK: ANDE FRAN LETC GARR HEND JEFF LINC MERC WAYN

Footnote:
This mycotrophic species is widely scattered in North America, except for most northern states and Canada, and south to Central America. Habitats are similar to odontorhiza, and the primary ecological difference is flowering time: usually in Apr-May versus Aug-Oct. Note: the genus has sometimes been spelled Corallorrhiza, but that is incorect (FNA 26).


Comment:
1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979).
wm = W. Meijer (Raven Run, etc.).  
kt = K. Thomas (pers. comm.).

EK: ANDE CART LETC POWE ROCK

Footnote:
This is widely scatted in eastern North America and Central America. Northern plants are mostly cleistogamous. Chasmagamous plants have been named var. pringlei (Greenman) Freudenstein; they occur locally in northeastern states, but are so far unknown in Ky. (FNA 26).


Comment:
1 = coll. at KY from Tennessee, within 1/2 mile of state line. 

MB: CWShort MD, Kentucky 1840; [no other data] "Corallorhiza multiflora" det maculata by Marion Fuller.

See Hexalectris for LOGA.

Footnote:
The only clear record of this widespread northern species is due to discovery by the dear, departed Mary Rogers around an old camp-fire near Pine Mt. Settlement School in HARL (EKY). It has also been found within half a mile of the Ky. state line in Scott Co., Tenn. (JC coll. at KY). There is a coll. of C.W. Short (MO dated 1840 that might be from Ky., but with no confirming data. BA's report from LOGA was based on a misidentified immature Hexalectris spicata (EKY).


Comment:
1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979); some = Br & Br EK now.

ANDE (jc) = Lee Crawfort (pers. comm.) on his farm in the Eden Shale foothills; dozens of plants in his woods, but deer may eat off tops; check with him.

FAYE: jc from Raven Run???; WOverbeck saw at Preston Springs among Lon maac etc 2011

Footnote:
This "crane-fly" orchid is widely scattered across southeastern and Atlantic states except those adjacent to Canada, usually in submesic to subxeric woods on medium-acid soils. Flowers are produced in Jun-Aug and resemble crane-flies; leaves are produced during Oct-Dec, usually about the time that sand-hill cranes fly over. It is one of the most common orchids in Ky. and may be increasing in east-central states (Y).


FullName:
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. pubescens (Muhl. ex Nutt.) J.G. Sm.

Comment:
This southeastern variety needs to be reassesed based on recent treatments (W). The single Ky. coll. from CALL (MUR) does appear correctly determined.


Footnote:
This perennial (with tuberculate roots) occurs from southeastern states to South America. In Ky. it is largely restricted to wetlands of the Mississippian Embaymemnt and among the Shawnee Hills.


Comment:
EK: FULT HEND (Mohlenbrock "Alisma triviale")  LYON 

FULT colls. include (LO+) R. Athey 2715 and 3785; NOT (EK) 3173 and 4403 (berteroi).

HEND (NP): 1998 from Sauerheber Unit sloughs; 1980 also check MM; see also BT who muast have seen a coll (?).

Footnote:
This annual occurs mostly from south-central states to Central America. In Ky. it occurs in similar habitat to cordifolius, but is much less common. Hybridization may be possible, base on an observation in Mo. (Y).


Comment:
MCLE (lo) from Argus only; not found at LO.

JEFF (LO): PADavies-203 21Aug1943 Mill Cr near Orell Rd.

KA FAYE and FRAN need to check data/id...
KY now: FRAN HGarman 7Jul1912 Frankfort sericea!!!
KY now: FAYE AMPeter 14Apr1878 "Winton. Right bank of creek below first water gap below the first suck-hole" sericea!!!

NA FRAN McFarland #72 16Oct1938 cited by Argus 1986; he did not map FAYE.

Footnote:
This is widely distributed over northeastern states, mostly growing on streambanks with relatively acid inertile soils. Though currently unknown in the Bluegrass, old records from this region (FAYE, FRAN) are confirmed; see also Argus (1986) and CW. However, the coll. recorded by Argus from MCLE (DHL) has not been relocated. In some early literature from Ky., the name S. petiolaris Sm. (a closely related northern species) was apparently used for sericea, but there was probably also confusion with eriocephala and even caroliniana.


Comment:
This may not be really naturalized. See Argus (1986).

Footnote:
This alien is sometimes grown for ornamental use as a "pussy willow" by florists. Most of the records mapped here may not be from truly naturalized plants. The coll. from HICK (MUR) is from a spontaneous plant, identified as ssp. oleifera (Sm.) Macreight by Clark et al. (2005). S. cinerea can be difficult to distinguish from discolor; see FNA 7 for details.


Comment:
The LB collections need reexamination. 
1 = sight of Medley (1993); why no MM? 
2 = Nelson (1919).

K: HICK (Troy AL herbarium); JC???

Footnote:
This northern "pussy willow" does not extend into the southern Appalachians (W). It is rare in Ky., and it cannot been relocated at some localities. Colls. reported by B from Appalachian regions were not mapped by Argus (1986) and need to be checked (perhaps at GH or US). S. discolor is variable, with a polyploid series (2n = 76, 95, 114), and can form fertile hybrids with humilis (2n = 38, 76). All other species of section Vetrix in Ky. may just have 2n = 38 (Cr; FNA 7).


Comment:
Lower case records may be tristis.

JEFF (LO): PADavies-201 25Aug1943 edge of wet woods, Poplar Level Rd.

2n 38, 76

Footnote:
This small "upland" or "prairie" willow is a widespread variable eastern species, reportedly including tetraploids (2n = 76) as well as diploids (Argus 1986, PL). It is often confused with occidentalis; see notes under that name. Also, early records of the more northern species, S. candida Fluegge (Defries 1884; Pr, Gm), may well have been based on misidentifications of humilis (M).

   In Ky. both humilis and occidentalis appear to have been formerly abundant in brushy transitions from woodland to native grassland, often in association with species like Corylus americana on drier sites or Spiraea tomentosa on damper sites. These willows were "a conspicuous feature in the Barrens" and (Michaux 1793-96; Short & Peter 1835, p. 338 as "conifera" and "longirostris"). S. humilis has remained relatively common in rougher woodland edges, old fields and fencerows at some localities, but it is not particularly weedy.


Species:
occidentalis (tristis, humilis var. microphylla)

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states, but most common in the central Appalachians, and rare to absent on the Coastal Plain (Argus 1986, PL). It is generally distinct from typical humilis, but some colls. are difficult to determine and variety status may be preferred. In Ky. it is less extensive and less weedy, being largely restricted to infertile acid soils.


Comment:
There have been reports, but probably based on misidentifications; this northern species is unlikely in the state; see Medley (1993).


Footnote:
This is naturalized across northeastern regions, but it is rare to absent in southeastern states (Argus 1986; PL).It is not clear if this species is truly naturalized in Ky. A tree formerly grew by the branch of Jessamine Creek below Wilmore in JESS (KY), and the species was reported from BOON by Nelson (1919).


Comment:
Presumably just cultivated; but the JEFF (NC) label data needs checking. See also Medley (1993) for records of cultivated plants.

Footnote:
This tree of the western Mediterranean region is presumably just cultivated in Ky. (M). But details of colls. from JEFF (NC, also Ind. Univ. SE) need checking. T. parviflora is a segregate of T. gallica L., which has been broadly interpreted in older literature (W).


Comment:
MCLE (np) by Hannan & Phillippe 04800 may be Echinocystis lobata; see Medley (1993).

Note: in w. Tenn. all along Miss Rv

Footnote:
This is a high-climbing perennial herb of swamp borders and river banks in southeastern states. It is known from all counties in w. Tenn. and se. Mo. along the Mississippi Rv. (Ch, Y). But the only verified record from Ky. is a recent coll. M. Homoya (WKY) from below Bissell Bluff in LIVI. A supposed coll. of KSNPC from MCLE (R. Hannan & Phillippe #04800) was based on misidentified Echinocyctis lobata (M).


FullName:
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai

Comment:
These are probably just waifs, not persistent.

Footnote:
This scrambling annual is the commonly cultivated watermelon. It does not seem to be persistent in the wild, but occasional plants do establish from discarded (or spat) seeds. Other common crop-plants in this family can be expected in similar contexts, but have rarely been reported (Chester 1992): Cucumis melo L. (canteloupe) and C. sativus L. (cucumber).


Comment:
LO: BALL, HARD, JEFF, MEAD.

ESTI: Anderson 1947 "prinus" and he also lists montana for ESTI

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across southeastern states, but concentrated in extensive tracts of swampy woods, especially gradual transitions to adjacent drier ground. The epithet prinus has been applied to this species by many authors; see notes under montana. Leaves of michauxii are sometimes confused with muhlenbergii, especially in the shade, where muhlenbergii is often much less densely stellate-hairy than in sun; introgression has been suggested (CW). Q. montana is somewhat intermediate in its pubescence. 

   Compared to muhlenbergii, leaf blades of michauxii (like montana) tend to have more rounded teeth (versus acute to hardened projections), larger average size (ca. 10-28 x 5-18 cm versus 5-15 versus 4-8 cm), more consistently obovate shape (versus often lanceolate to oblong), and more gradual narrowing at the base (versus broadly cuneate to rounded). Lower surfaces have largely erect felty hairs that have mostly 1-4 rays (versus appressed stellate hairs that have 6-10 rays), and tend to be less whitish-glaucous. Upper surfaces tend to be less glossy, with more impressed tertiary nerves that are clearly visible with transmitted light. See FNA 3, Stein et al. (2003) and W for more details.


FullName:
Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood

Comment:
The LIVI coll. was made by R. Athey (#916, #1023 @ NC), from sandstone glade, Mantle Rock (see Browne and Athey 1976). Other colls. of the species need to be rechecked. FNA does map for Kentucky.

This is a densely hairy southeastern variety (FNA 23, W). In addition to the confirmed colls. by R. Athey from LIVI and MARS (NCU), other colls. of the species need to be rechecked.


Comment:
There is a C.W. Short coll. at PH from Kentucky with no other data, det. by N.L. Britton. FNA does not map for Kentucky; but does for all adjacent states except W. Virginia.

Footnote:
This annual or short-lived perennial (?) ranges widely from Central America to southeastern states, growing on wet soils of varied type. FNA 23 does not map the species in Ky., but does for all adjacent states except W.Va. S. reticularis Michx. is a distinct species on the Coastal Plain, but closely related. There is a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) that was determined as muehlenbergii by N.L. Britton, but it is labeled Ky. with no other data and might have come from another state.


FullName:
Cymophyllus fraserianus (Ker-Gawl.) Kartesz & Gandhi

Comment:
1 = J. MacGregor (pers. comm.); in "Ky. Dept. Fish and Wildlife" herbarium: "at base of Big Black Mt along Looney Cr near Ky Rt 160"


Comment:
This new Ky. record was recently made by Reznicek (dupe to NK); a halophytic weed along Interstate 75 near Corbin; check county.

Footnote:
This western species of alkaline sites has spread into northeastern states mostly along salted interstate highways. The only record is a recent coll. of A. Reznicek (pers. comm.) from along Interstate 75 near Corbin in WHIT (MICH, NK).


Comment:
See also TRIG (NK); CALL (DO).

EK: BREC CALL CRIT EDMO FAYE GRAV JESS MCRA ROBE

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species of dry woodlands; 2n = 40. See notes under texensis, which has often been confused.


Comment:
Some collections are immature and not easily distinguished from retroflexa.

EK: CLIN FAYE MADI

Footnote:
This widely scattered southeastern species is most common in roadsides and other mowed areas on fertile soils, including lawns; it may have spread greatly after settlement. Some colls. from Ky. are immature and not easily distinguished from typical retroflexa. C. texensis differs in its perigynia averaging 1-1.3 mm wide (versus 1.4-1.8 mm), with l/w usually 2.3-3.1 (versus 1.5-2.3), and the basal spongy portion < 1.1 mm long (versus 1.1 mm or more). Its widest leaves are narrower on average (ca. 1-2.5 mm versus 1.4-3.4 mm), but this is not a reliable character; see Downer & Hyatt (2003) and FNA 23.


Comment:
This species was described by Mohlenbrock and Schwegman (1969; Brittonia 21:77-79).  

See also McKinney et al. (2000): BUTL (WK), MCLE (EK), MUHL (NK).

EK: CALL (McKinney coll from seep on Dalton Road off Ky 280); see also KSNPC database.

Footnote:
This was described by Mohlenbrock & Schwegman (1969) from s. Ill. It is locally common in lowland woods on seasonally wet, fertile clayey soils of the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys (see also: McKinney et al. 2000). C. socialis can easily be confused with radiata or rosea, and is probably more widespread than colls. indicate. Its perigynia are similar to radiata but more elongated (l/w = 3-5 versus 1.5-3); its largest leaves tend to be wider (1.5-2.2 mm versus 1.3-1.9); and it produces conspicuous rhizomes up to 6 cm long (versus more or less cespitose). Hybrids have been suspected but not confirmed; 2n = 58 in both species (FNA 23).


Comment:
The MORG (KY) coll. label offers no clues as to planted versus adventive status. There are no records of naturalized trees, despite its widespread planting.


FullName:
Mentha X rotundifolia (L.) Huds. (pro sp.)

Species:
X rotundifolia (longifolia x suaveolens)

Comment:
Check material for possible suaveolens. Wharton's collection from LINC (KY) was initially determined as M. alopecuroides (= X villosa).

Footnote:
This cultivar is occasionally escaped in eastern states. It is a fertile diploid (2n = 24) hybrid of suaveolens and longifolia, and it can be confused with the mostly sterile triploid (2n = 36) hybrid of suaveolens and spicata (= X villosa), which is not known to be naturalized in the state.


Footnote:
This widely cultivated diploid species (2n = 24) is commonly cultivated as "apple mint:" and locally persistent or escaped in southeastern states. It has been confused with the diploid hybrid between suaveolens and longifolia (= X rotundifolia); see also notes under longifolia.


Comment:
Collections from FAYE & LINC (KY) have been referred to X villosa (alopecuroides), but match X rotundifolia better; see Medley (1993), Beal & Thieret (1986).


Comment:
BE duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

EK: BRAC CRIT EDMO ESTI FULT GARR GRNP HEND HICK HOPK JEFF KENT KNOX LAUR LAWR MADI MASO MCRE MCLE OHIO OLDH PULA ROCK TRIM UNIO WHIT

Footnote:
This annual is widespread in varied wet shorelines and similar habitats across the United States, without any segregates; 2n = 96. It is often associated with sandy soils (F, Y), and in Ky. appears to be much less common to absent on calcareous soils. It is often confused with strigosus in the field, but its spikelets have distinctly shorter scales and are much less flattened; also roots are reddish, unlike any other Cyperus in Ky.


Comment:
EK: BALL FAYE FLOY FULT GRAV HICK LAUR LAWR PERR TODD WARR WAYN

Footnote:
This annual is a widespread variable agricultural weed, especialy with rice in sutropical regions; 2n = 16-128 (FNA 23). It is continuing to expand its range into warmer temperate zones.


Comment:
HARR (US/KW): JC coll for Millenium Seed project.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states from Iowa and Okl. to N.Y. and N.J. It flowers a month or so earlier than canadense, and is more concentrated on base-rich soils, but often in relatively open disturbed habitats.


Comment:
1 = Davis et al. (1968).

2 = Widrlelechner 1998 but he included decor; see aboriginum when these records also referred.

Provisionally included with the flagellaris group (Cronquist 1991). Distinct in F--"strongly resembling [flagellaris] and perhaps a pubescent phase of it"


Comment:
There are also some possible hybrids with A. rubrum: JEFF (KY, LO). 1 = Guetig & Jones (1991); check MU.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species was originally native to riparian zones, but it became much used on uplands for residential plantings at least a century ago (Gm). Open dots include colls. with uncertain native versus adventive status, as well as the unverified historical data of Gm and B. See notes on potential hybrids under drummondii and rubrum.


Comment:
Records of var. violaceum have not been separated; this may differ in appearance only in having glaucous twigs. 

1 = Guetig & Jones (1991); check MU.

Footnote:
This is widespread across North America, especially along riparian zones. It is generally rare to absent on infertile acid soils. In Ky., some western material is referable to var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger (with twigs glabrous, often glaucous), or to var. texanum Pax (with pubescent twigs, leaflets and fruits). However, these taxa are not generally distinguished in eastern states (W).


FullName:
Acer negundo L. var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger

Comment:
Medley (1993) cites a coll. from Allen (KY) that cannot be located. This taxon is not generally recognized.


Comment:
These colls. may be at Memphis or Murray; they need rechecking. This taxon is not generally recognized.


Comment:
ha = Hardin (1957b) as pavia X sylvatica for BELL and WARR; need to check.

HENR (KY) has few hairs; 

ROWA (KY) has flws less reddish, less elongated suggesting hybridization with A. flava. 

Variety needs checking; some seem to be the more western tomentose var. discolor.

Footnote:
Most or all Ky. colls. of this southeastern species are referable to var. discolor (Pursh) Gray, which is a relatively western segregate (F) with leaves broadly elliptic to oblong-obovate, up to 4-8 cm wide (versus lance-elliptic to lance-ovate, up to 2-6 cm wide), and "velvety to tomentulose" below (versus glabrous to glabrate). However, Hardin (1957a) and others have not recognized this variety. Outlying colls. from FAYE (CW), HENR (KY) and ROWA (KY) may be atypical, and perhaps hybridized with other species. They may have come from cultivated or escaped plants; see also unverified historical reports from FLOY, MONR and SCOT (Gm; not mapped here). 

   Hardin (1957b) reported hybrids of pavia with A. sylvatica Bartr. from BELL (H.A. Gleason #8831 at NY) and from "southern Ky." (S.F. Price #2385 at GH), but such crosses seem unlikely in the state. A. sylvatica is a more southeastern species, concentrated on the Piedmont and extending north in the Ridge-and-Valley region no further than Granger Co. in e. Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
Check CAMP (NC, NK?) to see if truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This widely cultivated tree--the se. European "horse-chestnut"--has not become truly naturilized in eastern North America. But self-seedlings do rarely appear, as in a coll. from CAMP (NCU, KNK).


Comment:
Braun states: "except westward, usually not a constituent of mesophytic forests but more often on dry slopes or on creek terraces."

Not mapped Garman 1913: ELLI FLOY BREA OWSL LESL PERR

Footnote:
Without flowers or fruits, this largely midwestern species is often hard to distinguish from flava. Moreover, Hardin (1957b) considered that some colls. of glabra scattered west of the Appalachians in Ky. (BULL, FAYE, CLAR, MADI at GH), Tenn, Ohio, Ind., Ill., Mo. and Io. exhibit introgression from flava; see also Beatley (1979). But in many cases this conclusion was based just on the presence of stipitate glands on pedicels and perianths. Evidence of introgression is clearest close to the Appalachians, often with stamens more exserted, greater differences between upper and lateral petals, and fruit spines relatively small or irregular. 

   A. glabra is largely restricted to base-rich soils in Ky. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "This species is abundant throughout the forests in the rich lands of Kentucky  ...it is sometimes eaten by cattle, and often with fatal effects." Past or present occurrence of glabra within the rugged Appalachian hills of Ky. remains uncertain. CW mapped it in CLAY and LAUR, but details are not yet available. Gm listed several other counties that are not mapped here. Yet glabra is known nearby from sites in s. W.Va., and more frequently in the Ridge and Valley of Tenn. and Va. (K, PL).


Species:
croceus ("globulosus", "echinatus", retrorsus var. robustus)

Comment:
Recently reported in Kentucky; details to be documented (Mears 1999, Jones 2005). This southern species is close to C. echinatus, which is also a previously misapplied name here, while true echinatus was known as ovularis.

EK: MADI MCRE

Footnote:
This relative of retrorsus occurs  from southeastern states to South America. It is also close to C. echinatus Ell., a name that has been previously misapplied to C. croceus, while true echinatus was known as C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr. C. croceus was recently reported from Ky. (Mears & Libby 1995, Libby et al. 1997), and is probably adventive.


Comment:
Also LB: MCRE.

BE duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

EK: BALL BREC CALL CARL CLAY DAVI FULT GRAV GRAY HICK HOPK LIVI LOGA LYON MADI MARS MCRA NELS MCRE OHIO PULA TODD UNIO

Footnote:
In Ky. this widespread southeastern species is locally common in fields and native grasslands, especially on well-drained sandy soils.


Comment:
Coll. from CAMP was det. by J. Thieret: "railroad".

Footnote:
This widespread western species extends east to midwestern states. In Ky. it is known only from a single coll. along a railroad in CAMP (KNK).


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35). ROBE (KW) from "Blue Lick" is a duplicate of the burned KY collection cited by Pennell.

Footnote:
This rhizomatous perennial is widely scattered over eastern and central North America, usually in thin woods on medium acid soils.


Comment:
Although initially identified as the more western ludoviciana, these plants are probably referrable to riparia, as detailed by L.T. Collins (1973, Ph D, U of WI), with distinct acute calyx lobes, found on Ambrosia trifida, centered along lower Ohio Rv.

CHECK "O. ludo" (KA) coll data!!!!!!!!!!! MM says label data from tobacco... check.
PEND: Braun cites Munz 1930 paper in BTBC for taxonomy;  but no data in that paper from Ky. check US; see BTBC 57:620 1930--few colls cited poor maps.

KY ex KA Maceo in DAVIESS co. near KY 231 bridge over Ohio

As ludoviciana initially
US: LB Sep1953 Scito Co OH "Nile Tsp. (Herdman Farm)"
US: E.Hall "Athen Ill." 18?? det riparia by Turner Collins 1972; seems = coll above.

Footnote:
Although these plants were initially identified as the more western O. ludoviciana Nutt., they have now been described as a distinct species by Collins et al. (2009; see also H. Uhlich at www.orowiki.org). O. riparia has flowers with distinctly acute calyx lobes and strongly curved corolla, produced in Aug-Oct (versus Apr-Aug). It is known along larger streams and rivers in or near the southern Great Plains and (somewhat disjunct) in east-central states from Ill. and Tenn. to Va. In the east, it is known only along or near the central Mississippi, Sangamon, Wabash, lower Ohio, New, James, Shenandoah and Potomac. It grows on roots of tall annuals: usually Ambrosia trifida or Xanthium strumarium, occasionally A. artemisiifolia, Nicotiana tabacum or other species. 

   D. Boone (pers. comm.) has recently rediscovered this species in Hamilton Co., Ohio, but there are only a few old records from Ky. or elsewhere along the Ohio Rv. Collins al. cited a coll. from PEND: Chicoine #4745, 27 Nov 1942, Ohio Rv. banks at Ivor. B's report of ludoviciana from PEND must also belong here, but there is no coll. at US. An old coll. from DAVI (KY ex. Agr. Sch.) also appears to be this species: Geo. M. Taylor, 1 Oct 1902, at Maceo [near Ky. 231 bridge across Ohio Rv.] "on tobacco."


Comment:
HARD (RC): see Cranfill (1991) but no coll to KY; check UC Berkley.

Also PU:  from Ky Garmam 1891 but no details?

NCU: ex Herb Wm Trelease "on tobacco Sep 1894 (?).. Drummond Tobacco Co."

Footnote:
The first reports of his Eurasian parasite in North America were during 1840-1890 from Ky. (Gm). There are also records from Ca., Tex., N.C. and Va. (Musselman 1985, Musselman & Bolin 2008; PL). It became most problematic on hemp, but also occurs on tobacco and occasionally other plants, especially Brassicaceae and Solanaceae. It has apparently declined in Ky. since the end of the hemp industry, but has survived locally on tobacco grown for seed, e.g., on the farm of J. Van Shipp in WOOD.

   The related species, O. minor J.E. Smith, is known from w. Va. and s. W.Va. (K, SE, W). It differs in the calyx, divided to base into two lobes, these each usually 2-lobed (versus usually with 4 equal lobes about half as long as tube).


Comment:
1 = Raven Run (Campbell et al 1995); check details

KY: JESS WMeijer in sugar maple forest, Ky Rv above Camp Nelson; Little Hickman Qd; 1 May 1977
KY: FAYE Strache 1, Dry Branch, Ky Rv, hillside; 15May1958

Footnote:
Although widespread in most humid temperate regions of North America, this species is curiously uncommon in central and lower sections of the Mississippi Rv. watershed (K). Within Ky. this species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions or adjacent hills. This is the only North American species of Orobanche that is restricted to woodlands, where it is reportedly parasitic on several kinds of plant (F, Cr), including Saxifragales and Asterales.


FullName:
Limnobium spongia (Bosc) L.C. Rich. ex Steud.

Comment:
BALL (LO)

GRAV (NP): 2000 Terrapin Cr SNP at Wooden Bridge crossing by old cr channel on Alderdice Rd ca 1 rdmi W of jct Ky 97

Footnote:
Floating aquatic of southeastern states, also disjunct on south side of Great Lakes, and in tropical America. In Ky. it is rarely collected, with records only from the Mississippian Embayment and wetlands within the Shawnee Hills.


Comment:
MADI colls. are from Tates Creek near I-75 (EK,MO): "Curtis Rd at bridge over Taylor Fk downstream from Wilgreen Lake" 1996.

?and ponds? (NY). 

There is  also a R. Peter coll. (Kew, Leiden, MI, NY) from "Kentucky River", perhaps in MADI or FAYE.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across north-central regions of North America in varied kinds of lakes, streams, rivers and estuaries. But it has become rare to locally extinct within the central Mississippi River watershed, as well as several peripheral parts of its range. In addition to a few recent colls. from streams or ponds in FAYE (JC) and MADI (EKY, NY), there is a 1830s collecton of R. Peter (MICH, NY) from "Kentucky River", probably in MADI or FAYE. 

   E. nuttallii differs from canadensis in its leaves, which are mostly 1-1.7 mm wide (versus 1.8-2.5 mm), with l/w ca. 5-10 (versus 2-5), and more spaced at growing tips (versus densely overlapping). Its rarely collected flowers are smaller and separate in bud from mother plants soon when mature (versus produced on a long flexuous stalk). In Europe, both nuttallii (2n = 48) and canadensis (2n = 24 usually) have spread to become locally weedy in eutrophic waters; hybridization remains virtuallly unknown (Cr, FNA 22).


Comment:
FAYE (MI): R. Peter, 1834, "lagoon, banks of Ky Rv below Raven Creek".

LO: JEFF (Carl Smith 6 May 1957, near lakes and ponds, South Park Road).

Footnote:
This is widespread across much of North America, especially in slow calcareous waters, but it has become rare to locally extinct in several east-central states with intense agricultural impacts on water quality. There is an old coll. from FAYE (MICH), made by R. Peter in 1834, from "lagoon, banks of Kentucky River below Raven Creek." During 2010, JC rediscovered it in FAYE at Lindsay Spring, on the edge of Lexington, growing mostly in cool water at a depth of 1-2 m.


Comment:
The TODD (mu) coll. is a confusing mixture of aquatic species.

Footnote:
This aquatic species has been widely used in aquaria. It sometimes escapes, and has become locally naturalized in southeastern states (K, SE). The coll. from TODD (MUR) is a confusing mixture of aquatic species.


FullName:
Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelm.) Magnus

Comment:
There is a also prehistoric collection from Jackson Pond (LARU; Wilkins 1965).

The record from SHEL (Beal & Thieret) was probably based on a coll of N. minor (LO); excluded.

MEAD: see also Hoskinson 1951 M.S. thesis flora of Meade Co at Univ of L cited by M.

POWE (NP): Eastern National Guard Training site ca 1.7 mi on Westbend Snow Cr Rd from Ky 15, in pond 100 yds to S.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in oligotrophic waters of northeastern states and adjacent Canada, and has suffered much historical decline (FNA 22). The few scattered Ky. records mostly come from ponds and slow streams in regions that have less intense agriculture. Some records may need rechecking for minor, which has been confused.


Footnote:
This is widespread in lakes and rivers of North and Central America. It is known from scattered locations across Ky., but generally not in eutrophic waters. Although the species has several cytotypes and described varieties, plants of east central states are reportedly the typical variety, with 2n = 24 (FNA 22). Despite earlier reports, that number is predominant among other eastern species in this "vegetatively plastic" genus (Cr), but hybrids are not documented.


FullName:
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt

Comment:
Presence is not confirmed. Colls. of N. guadalupensis at LO were misidentified as N. flexilis by Beal. Fruits were reported from Jackson Pond sediments in LARU (Wilkins 1985), but should be rechecked for N. minor.

Check OWEN (NK); cited by MM in new notes: Thieret 53419 (KNK).

Footnote:
This widespread northern species has been reported from Ky. by Gunn (1968), Kellerman (1959) and others, but its presence is not confirmed. Some colls. of guadalupensis at DHL were misidentified as flexilis.


Comment:
re check Cranfill coll from HARD immature at LO = acuminatus???

CALL and MARS id confirmed by others (see Beal & Thieret 1986).
NK: CLIN

Footnote:
This variable species is widely scattered across eastern North America, but strongly concentrated in Atlantic states and the Great Lakes region (F, K, PL). In Ky. it is largely restricted to wet acid soils on the southern Appalachian Plateau and on the Mississippi Embayment.

   Also expected in Ky. is a related species, J. brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau (= J. canadensis var. brachycephalus Engelm.); 2n = 80 in both taxa (FNA 22). This may be particularly close to subcaudatus (see below), and a deeper review of colls. in the canadensis group is needed to check identifications. J. brachycephalus occurs mostly in northeastern states and adjacent Canada, but there are scattered records south to Ga., Ala. and Okl. (K, W). Unlike canadensis, it occurs mostly on calcareous soils.


FullName:
Juncus subcaudatus (Engelm.) Coville & Blake

Comment:
Colls. need careful study. The BELL (TN) coll. has seeds that may fit this species but they are rather immature.

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely northeastern and montane species appears to be rare, with virtualy no recent verified records. It is close to the more widespread species, canadensis, and it can also be confused with acuminatus (FNA 22, W). There is a verified 1930s coll. of B from MONR (US). The colls. from BELL (TENN) and MCRE (KY) are somewhat immature, and deserve further examination. Records from CALL (perhaps at MUR) were probably based on canadensis (M).


Comment:
The report from ROWA in Beal and Thieret (1986) was based on misidentified J. acuminatus.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is uncommon to rare in the Ohio Valley, and restricted to infertile acid soils. It is close to brachycarpus and easily overlooked without mature capusules, which equal or exceed the perianth (versus half to 2/3 as long), with a prominent beak of valves that do not separate at dehiscence (versus abruptly mucronate, the valves separating). Both species produce short stout rhizomes.


Comment:
Reported by Browne and Athey (1992); collections via ME should be checked. Also reported tentatively from BULL (OK) by Medley (1993). This mid-western species (in s IN) differs from virginiana in its glandular inflorescence.

Footnote:
This midwestern species is similar to virginiana, but clearly differs in its glandular inflorescence. It is known from a few sites in s. Ill. and s. Ind. (K, PL), but there are only vague reports from Ky. It was listed for Ky. by BA (check MEM or EKY), and more  tentatively by M from BULL (based on a coll. at Oklahoma State Univ.).


Comment:
The WARR (wk) is correctly identified, but may be from a garden.

MERC (jc): noted with Baptisia australis; to revisit... on Ky Rv banks across from boatramp at ?Noneruch... check.

Footnote:
This is widely distributed across eastern North America, but it is rare to absent in many regions, including the central Ohio Valley. In Ky. it occurs mostly in thin woods and scoured edges along larger streams, especially on sandy soils. It can hybridiize with other species; see notes under virginiana.


Comment:
This species is widely scattered in eastern states but has been rarely collected in Kentucky. All material should be checked. 

1 = Grant & Epling (1943); check data. 

sp (2) = Price (1893).

HARD KY??? check

MONT (EK): J. Campbell 799, 30 July 1984, site 29 around cemetary S of route 1050, ca. 3 miles SE of Rt 460.

AP: misided; LYON = pilosum with unusually broad lvs

Footnote:
Mapping here is tentative. This variable species (2n = 40, 80, ca. 108) is reportedly widespread in southeastern and Atlantic states but uncommon to absent in the Ohio Valley and upper midwest (Cr, K, W). It has been rarely reported in Ky., and all colls. should be rechecked. 

   The closely related southern Appalachian diploid (2n = 38, 40), P. montanum Michx., was reported from c. Ky. by Linney (1882), but that record might have been based on muticum. Compared to the incanum group, both montanum and muticum have more densely capitate inflorescences (without evident branches), and calyx lobes that are relatively short (0.5-1.5 mm), more or less equal, lacking distinct apical tufts of long jointed hairs. P. muticum itself also has distinctively short (0-3 mm) petioles. It appears somewhat intermediate between the incanum group and the pilosum group.


Species:
pycnanthemoides {suggested: incanum var. p.}

Comment:
Separation from incanum and loomisii is uncertain; this needs further study. The lb records could be either species. Braun concluded that no clear separation between this species and incanum or loomisii was possible, after 25 years of field work; JC concurs after 25 years of similar exasperation, but Jones (2005) and Weakley's enthusiam, following Chambers (1993), may spark new efforts. This species is said to be a tetraploid, with largely Appalachian range, but extending west to southern Illinois, western Kentucky and perhaps northern Alabama.

Miami: LEWI, ROWA.

Footnote:
After 30 years of work in the field and herbarium, B concluded that no reliable separation of pycnanthemoides, loomisii and incanum is possible, and subsequent botanists in Ky. have generally shared this view. However, Chambers (1993) and others have insisted that pycnanthemoides is a distinct tetraploid species (2n = 72), with a largely Appalachian range but also extending to s. Ill., w. Ky. and perhaps n. Ala. See also notes under incanum


Comment:
These plants may be partly just intermediate between incanum and pycnanthemoides; they need further study. 

Most or all so-called "incanum" in Kentucky may be this taxon. 

The LB records are "intermediate". 

1 = other sources of Medley (1993); includes MADI; but all need checking. 

P. loomisii is said to be a diploid species, with a largely southern range; strict incanum is a tetraploid, with more north-central range, not much overlapping.

Miami: KNOT, MADI, MENI.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional; further review of the loomisii-incanum-pycnanthemoides group is needed. In calyx and pubescence patterns, loomisii appears somewhat intermediate between incanum and pynanthemoides, but Chambers (1993) and others have shown that it is a distinct diploid (2n = 38) species with a southeastern range east of the Mississippi Rv. Yet the best diagnostic character remains troublesome: compared to pycnanthemoides, loomisii has smaller seeds with a smoother surface (F, Cr, W).


Comment:
Discovered in the 1990s by J. Kiser along a roadside with powerline close to the WHIT county line; collection given to JC who may still have it awaiting processing at KY or EK.

Footnote:
This biennial is closely related to angularis, but more concentrated on the southeastern Coastal Plain, especially on acid sandy soils (Cr, W). It has narrower leaves (l/w ca. 2.5-4 versus 1.5-3), broadest near the middle above the tapered base (versus near the rounded-subcordate base); also, stems are not winged below the middle (versus winged); flowers tend to be smaller and less numerous; 2n = 32 versus 38. A patch of about 30 plants was discovered in 1994 by J. Kiser (KY), on a roadside by the large powerline on uplands at Duck Run in se. MCRE. Some plants had white flowers. These have not reappeared in recent years; fire or soil disturbance is probably required to allow fresh establishment, but mowing has been excessive.


FullName:
Phlox maculata L. var. pyramidalis (Sm.) Wherry

Comment:
1 = Wherry (1929-34). Some plants may be transitional to the more northern var. maculata, but typical plants of var. maculata may not occur in Kentucky.

EK: BATH CASE CLIN GARR HARL KNOX LAUR LEE MCRE MONT POWE PULA WHIT; non-maculate HARL JACK MCRE WAYN; perhaps var. maculata LAWR MENI PULA WOLF

Footnote:
Variation in this eastern species needs further attention. Most plants in Ky. are clearly referable to var. pyramidalis, which has more numerous, crowded, narrower leaves and later flowering (Wherry 1955; F, W). Some appear at least transitional to the more northern var. maculata, but that taxon may not be clearly distinguishable in Ky. Reported ranges of these varieties overlap extensively in Ky. 

   Some plants mapped here under maculata lack purple spotting on the stems, and have been confused with glaberrima. These appear concentrated in southeastern counties: including HARL, JACK, MCRE and WAYN (EKY). Natural hybrids between glaberrima and maculata have been documented, and appear suggestively similar to carolina (Levin 1963).


Comment:
1 = Wherry (1929-34). 
Some added colls. from HICK (MU), CALL (MU), WOOD (KY) may be transitional to P. amplifolia.

WK: HART (JC 2007 + white form).

EK: EDMO GREE JACK etc etc..... 
EK CLIN FAYE "amplifolia"

NCU: R. Peter "Wood near Lyn" July 1834 [LYON] ex Jesup Herbarium of Dartmouth Collge

Footnote:
This vigorous riparian species is widespread in east-central states. It is also widely cultivated, and native status remains uncertain in a few of the records mapped here. The white-flowered form is infrequent in the wild, but relatively common in cultivation. See notes under amplifolia.


Comment:
1 = Wherry (1929-34).

BELL: Henderson Fk Rd, 1.4 mi N of jct Ky 74 (EK)
BULL: Bernheim Forest N of waterfall area along horse trail (KY)
FRAN: Rocky Br near Elkhorn Cr (KY)
GREE: Greensburg. Ky Jul 8 1892, coll HGarman [det EJWherry 1927] (KY)
HARD: base of Muldraughs Hill below KY 2762 N of its jct with KY Lincoln Trail (KY); Cedar Cr valley on farm of Skees (later Lear) (KY)
HENR: 1.4 mi N of Lockport, hillside (KY)
JEFF: (LO)
LARU: Braun
MEAD: along Otter Cr Rd ca 1/2 mi from Otter Cr (KY)
NELS: 1 mi W of Jatown Ch on Rt 46 (EK)
OLDH: Rt 1694 ca 1 mi E bridge over S fk Harrods Cr, Sleepy Hollow (EK); (LO)
OWEN: slope along Sawdridge Cr upstream of bridge with gravel rd from US 127 (KY)
POWE: Wherry 
SCOT: Rt 1962 across from Johnson Control, 1 mi from Georgetown (EK)
SPEN: (LO)
WARR: (WK)
WOLF: Wherry
WOOD: Griers Cr (KY); Brushy Run (KY)

Footnote:
This is distributed in east-central states with a curiously fragmented range. One concentration of records occurs in s. Ind. and nc. Ky., perhaps centered on glacial refugia along the lower Kentucky River (as in Boechera dentata) and lower Salt River (as in Phlox pilosa). It has sometimes been confused with paniculata, but differs in many characters and tends to occur in more mesic woods on slopes, while paniculata usually occurs on floodplains (Wherry 1929-34; F, Cr, W). A few colls. suggest hybridization between these two species, but there is no definitive evidence.


Comment:
Some collections may be transitional to var. villosum; including BOYL, GARR, GREN, SHEL & UNIO (EK), MONR (BE); see also records under var. villosum.

Footnote:
This is centered in east-central states. Some colls. mapped here may be transitional to var. villosum.


FullName:
Polemonium reptans L. var. villosum E.L. Braun

Comment:
Most uncertain (lower case) collections are somewhat pubescent but lack the long glandular hairs of var. villosum; these occur mostly west of Appalachian regions.

Footnote:
This occurs only in Ohio and Ky., on relatively acid soils along the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus and in the adjacent Knobs. Uncertain records (mapped as open dots) are unusually pubescent, but they lack the dense long glandular hairs of typical var. villosum, and they mostly occur west of Appalachian regions.


Comment:
Another coll. from BOUR (KY) may be var. illinoensis; purple color forms have been rarely seen (MM).

LO: ANDE, BALL, BULL, EDMO, FAYE, FRAN, HART, JEFF, MEAD, MENI, NELS, OLDH, OWEN, POWE, SPEN, WOOD

Footnote:
Recognition of this monotypic genus remains controversial (W); 2n = 58 (versus 34, 68, 102, etc. in Campanula). It is a widespread winter-annual (or biennial) across eastern states, except New England, but locally much reduced due to browsing by deer or livestock. In c. Ky. it has been called "Shawnee Salad" due to human use for edible greens (R. Houp of Wilmore in JESS, pers. comm.). A coll. from BOUR (KY) is referable (within Campanula) to the western var. illinoensis (Fresen.) Farw., which may deserve further taxonomic attention.


Comment:
FAYE (KY) = M. Grayum coll. (he has catalog & data at MOBOT); R. Cranfill probably also collected; both collections are from campus at Univ. of Ky.

Footnote:
This rhizomatous polyploid (2n = 102) is a weed that is locally naturalized in northeastern regions, especially in mowed areas, but remains rare to absent in southeastern states (PL, W). In Ky. it is known only from 1978 colls. by R. Cranfill and M. Grayum on the Univ. of Ky. campus (FAYE).


Footnote:
This monotypic aquatic genus is largely restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain east of the Mississippi Rv., plus scattered sites in the Piedmont and southern Appalachians. In Ky. it is known only from the southern Appalachian Plateaus and Cumberland Mts., growing in ponded areas along rivers, streams and streamheads, mostly on acid sandy or boggy soils.


Footnote:
This emergent aquatic occurs widely in wetlands across eastern states except in the upper midwest, but it is most common on the coastal plains (FNA 22, W). The species contains two polyploids (2n = 88, 112), but segregates are not recognized. In Ky. it is largely restricted to lowlands on the Mississippi Embayment and along the lower Ohio Rv.


Footnote:
This is the largest species of Lemnaceae, with a cosmopolitan range in eutrophic waters of temperate and tropical regions (FNA 22, Y). There are several cytotypes; 2n = 30 to 80.


FullName:
Landoltia punctata (G.F.W. Mey.) D.H. Les & D.J. Crawford

Footnote:
This has reportedly spread from South America to eutrophic waters of southern states in recent centuries, partly due to use in aquaria (FNA 22, W). The species is easily confused with the larger species, Spirodela polyrhiza, but there is justification for its placement in Landoltia as a monotypic genus; 2n = 40, 46, 50.


Comment:
Presence unconfirmed. Reported by Short et al. (1833). LOGA (mm) is only a sight record, but this species is distinctive, with tangled colonies of plants connected by persistent stipes.

Footnote:
This distinctive, submerged mat-forming species is widespread globally and has varied cytology; 2n = 20-80. It is expected in Ky., but there are no verified records. It was reported by Short et al. (1833), and M provided an unverified sight record from a woodland pond in LOGA.


Comment:
There are several reports, but there are no collections from naturalized plants; this may not spread by seed.

Footnote:
This commonly cultivated Eurasian plant ("comfrey") sometimes persists in old gardens, and it was reportedly naturalized in some places early after settlement (Short & Peter 1835). However, it has not become established in the wild (Gm, M). Although considered medicinal for varied purposes and used as forage for some livestock, this species--and several other Boraginaceae--can become toxic for generalist herbivores due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Culvenor 2000, Stewart & Steenkamp 2001).


Comment:
GARR (KY) and other collections tend to var. pustulatum, which is a species in some treatments.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean weed is widely scattered in Ky. but usually in small numbers. Colls. from GARR (KY) and elsewhere appear transitional to var. pustulatum (Sibthorp & Sm.) Coincy, which is treated as a species by some authors. However, no colls. are clearly referable to that taxon (M).


Comment:
No collections clearly match this species, though several appear intermediate between this and vulgare; see Medley (1993).


FullName:
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 28) was first reported by Short (1837): "within the last year or two has made its first appearance in this neighborhood, where it is rapidly over-running the lots and commons around Lexington and is likely soon to become a pestiferous weed." Gm noted in 1914: "a very common pasture weed... also in clover and alfalfa meadows. Commonly observed on waste land. Locally abundant."


Comment:
The NELS (KY) coll. appears hybridized with A. undulatus, as does an additional one from ROWA (KY); an additional coll. from JESS (KY) appears to be hybridized with A. sagittifolius. Braun (1943) noted hybrids with laeve.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species of somewhat mesic woodlands and edges.
Most plants mapped here appear to be typical cordifoluim, but variation needs further study; 2n = 16, 32 (FNA 20) and perhaps other numbers (Cr). See also notes under lowrieanum. Occasional plants appear hybridized with undulatum (e.g. NELS & ROWA at KY), urophyllum (JESS at KY), laeve (B), or other species. Some colls. (ADAI & TAYL at Field) are referable to var. polycephalum (Porter) Nesom, which is not recognized in recent treatments. 

   Typical cordifolium is distinguished from related species by its rays usually bluish to purplish (versus brigher blue to white); phyllaries have obtuse to acute, purplish tips (versus usually more acute to acuminate, green) with moderately elongated blazes (l/w ca. 2-3); lower leaves are deeply cordate (versus usually less cordate to truncate) and deeply toothed (versus shallowly toothed to entire), with scarcely or obscurely winged petioles (versus often strongly winged). Plants vary in pubescence, but typically do not approach glabrous or densely hairy conditions.


FullName:
Oenothera oakesiana (Gray) J.W. Robbins ex S. Wats. & Coult.

Comment:
Braun notes: "oak-chestnut woods at 4000 ft." This coll. needs to be checked; it was determined as laevigata by Munz (1937); this species occurs mostly in the northeast and eastern Coastal Plain.

GH: none. Mostly Canada; also MD, VA. Munz made var.

The only record is a coll. from HARL (check US) by B: "oak-chestnut woods at 4000 ft." This record needs to be checked, though it was determined as the synonymous O. laevigata by Munz (1937). O. oakesiana is a largely northern species, but also occurs on the eastern Coastal Plain, south to North Carolina.

NO--probably parviflora.

This is a largely northern species, but also occurs on the eastern Coastal Plain, south to North Carolina. The only possible record is a coll. from HARL (US) by B: "oak-chestnut woods at 4000 ft" at the summiut of Black Mt. This coll. was determined as the synonymous O. laevigata by Munz (1937).


Comment:
There are reports by Brown & Athey (1992), Jones (2005) and others.

The HARL lb record is her coll from Black Mt det levigata by Munz (1937); see notes in Medley etc., a misinterpretation.

GH: none; neither from TN; yes from NC, VA, WV.

Dietrich et al. (1997): FAYE (IND); HICK (MT).

Footnote:
This weedy northern species extends south to N.C. in the Blue Ridge, and there are scattered records from the Ohio Valley, especially Ind. It is likely that parviflora originated from hybridization of nutans with another species. O. oakesiana (Gray) J.W. Robbins ex S. Wats. & Coult. is a less widespread northern species probably derived from hybridization of parviflora with biennis (Dietrich et al. 1997). There are colls. from ADAI (EKY), FAYE (Univ. of Ind.), HICK (Montreal Bot. Gard.) and perhaps elsewhere. B's coll. of oakesiana from HARL (US) is tentatively included here, since Munz (1937) redetermined it as O. laevigata Bartlett, a synonym of parviflora.


Species:
villosa (canovirens, biennis* var. canescens)

Comment:
Most of these collections, except CART (MO) and perhaps MONT (ek), appear to be ssp. canovirens, but this taxon is not recognized in most current treatments. O. villosa should perhaps be combined with O. strigosa. Both are combined under biennis var. canescens by Cronquist (1991).

GH: none.

Dietrich et al. (1997): 
ssp. villosa BALL (IND); CALL (UNCC); HENR (NY, UNCC); MEAD (UWL); TRIG (UNCC).
ssp. strigosa NONE

SI: CALL.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species is often confused with the largely eastern biennis, and further analysis is needed. Colls. from CALL, DAVI, GRAV and HICK (MUR, SIU) have been referred to O. strigosa (Rydb.) MacKenzie & Bush, which has been treated as a more western subspecies of villosa, but these determinations appear to be erroneous (Dietrich et al. 1997).


FullName:
Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mackenzie & Bush

Comment:
Reported by Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) but needs verification and further comparison with villosa; combined also with biennis in some recent treatments.

GH: none.


Comment:
See also Dietrich & Wagner (1988) for other records in same counties.

SI: LIVI, CARL, FULT, GRAV.

Footnote:
This weedy annual is widespread in temperate North America. In Ky. it is widely scattered, especially on sandy soils, including some river bottoms (e.g. Gm), but generally absent on rich calcareous soils.


FullName:
Oenothera clelandii W. Dietr., Raven & W.L. Wagner

Comment:
The ROWA (MO) appears to be a depauperate collection that needs more study. 

1 = Davies (1955). 

CLAY (DS) is be the source for Dietrich & Wagner (1988); "Newfound, Lloyd s.n."
check acronym.

Footnote:
This northern species occurs in prairies and fields on sandy soil, mostly in the upper midwest, with disjunct occurrences east to New Jersey and eastern New York.The few colls. from Ky. need to be rechecked (Davies 1955, Dietrich & Wagner 1988, Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
WHIT (1) = D. Taylor (pers. comm.). 
NELS (2) = Greenwell (1935). 

LETC (NP) is glabrate (?); recheck: ca 1.7 rdmi ENE of US 119 on Ky 932; trail on W side of creek.
MARS (LO): RAthey #3522 2Aug1976 Ky Dam Village, open woods W of Holiday Inn on US 62W ("fruticosa"); (LO) JBolton #30 15Jun1970 McCracken Co line on "Spur Track" Rd. ("fruticosa").
MCRE (GH): (E.L. Braun, 15 Jun 1935; "Alum Cr. road, ridge (shale soil)"); none from TN.
MENI (NP): N of Chesnut Cliffs along FSR 918A ca 0.2 rdmi from jct w/FSR 1056 on N side of road.
OLDH (LO): JJMathews #713 18Jun1961 dry roadside bank on Shiloh Lane near Harrods Cr. ("fruticosa f. angustifolia").
ROCK (NP): along Horse Lick Cr ca 0.8 rdmi SW of FS 455 bridge over Laurel Br.

Footnote:
This is a relatively northern species that appears close to the more southern fruticosa, but differs in its persistent overwintering basal rosettes; its greatly reduced upper leaves; its stipitate-glandular inflorescence (versus appressed-pubescent), which is often nodding; and its usually smaller flowers with petals ca. 5-10 mm long (versus 15-20 mm). Although the species is reportedly just diploid (2n = 14), it is a "complex heterozygote" (Cr).

   Compared to fruticosa, perennis is much less common in Ky., being restricted to distinctly damper sites, including hydroxeric soils that dry out in summer. However, the mapping here is provisional; a few colls. should perhaps be transferred to tetragona, including those from Appalachian riverbanks. Plants in western regions generally match perennis but at least some (e.g. from MARS) have relatively erect (not nodding) inflorescences with larger flowers, suggesting a transition to tetragona.


FullName:
Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers (sensu lato)

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan weed ("dandelion") has been common since early after settlement. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "No portion of the Union is more completely overrun by this naturalized foreigner than this section, being so abundant as to give a yellowish hue to pastures in early spring." T. officinale contains a polyploid series (2n = 16-48), and many apomictic microspecies have been named in Europe. Such nomenclature has not been applied in North America, and the more precise names for our common plants remain somewhat uncertain (FNA 19, Y, W).


Comment:
These are mostly tentative records, but Medley (1993) seemed certain. Colls. annotated this at EK appear to be T. officinale instead. Colls at NC from N Am are mostly unclear; seeds not distinctly reddish in most cases; "corniculate appendage" unclear.

Footnote:
Although widely reported across North America, this species was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 19 and there has been uncertainty about its identification and nomenclature. T. erythrospermum is close to officinale, but differs in its leaves lacerate (versus usually just lobed or toothed, at least in lower leaves), with petioles slightly winged distally (versus broadly winged); also, seeds are brick red, reddish-brown or purple (versus olive, olive-brown, tan or gray). It has been reported from Ky. (M), and several colls. have been noted with reddish seeds (from BULL, CALL, FAYE, FLEM, FRAN & SHEL). But most or all of these lack the distinctive "hooded appendage near the tip" of the inner involucral bracts (Cr); they may just be forms of officinale.


Footnote:
This common annual diploid (2n = 18) is a widespread (cosmopolitan) weed. It has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833).


Species:
pellita ("lanuginosa"; lasiocarpa var. latifolia)

Comment:
BALL (KY) coll. is R. Athey #782: 
BALL (EK) RAthey-910 18May1970, open swamps in Ballard WMA.
BALL (LO): RAthey R. Athey #3351 9 May 1976, wet meadows in Ballard Waterfowl Management Area.

Footnote:
This distinct polyploid (2n = 78) is widespread across northern states and adjacent Canada, but known in Ky. only from one locality: wet meadows and open swamps in Ballard County Wildlife Management Area (colls. of R. Athey at KY, EKY, WKY).


Footnote:
This distinctive northeastern species occurs mostly in Appalachian regions and around the Great Lakes. Disjunct southwestern records, as far as the Ouachitas, are mostly old and obscure (FNA 23, K). In Ky. it is among the few strongly rhizomatous sedge species, and it is largely restricted to damp acid soils on fresh sandy alluvium along small streams or in nearby seeps. C. prasina has similar range and habitat, but grows in more stabilized vegetation and is strictly cespitose.


Comment:
1 = L. McKinney (pers. comm.)

EK: CALD JEFF MADI POWE ROWA TRIG WARR WASH WOOD

Footnote:
This distinctive, large cespitose species occurs only on damp calcareous soils in east-central states, from mid-Atlantic to Ozarkian regions (FNA 23, K). In Ky. an apparent hybrid with typhina (= X deamii F.J. Herm.) was collected by C.W. Short from KENT (PH).


Comment:
The KENT coll. is in the Lea Herbarium at PH.


Comment:
Reported from Kentucky by Radford et al (1968) and Browne & Athey (1992); but Medley (1993) could find no evidence of a collection.


Footnote:
This large, cespitose, southeastern species occurs mostly in wetlands of the Coastal Plain, but it extends north locally into ponds on the Cumberland Plateau. Its less robust relative, C. glaucescens Ell., has been reported from Kentucky (RAB, BA), but there is no evidence of a collection (M, FNA 23, K).


Comment:
The BALL (EK, KY) coll. is R. Athey-705 17Jun1969, Ballard WMA, wet meadows.

It was also discovered recently in CLIN (DO, EK: Nazci et al. 2002): 4.5 m NW Albany ca 0.7 m W Rt 639 0.9 m SW Rt 639 x 90; 36-44-49 85-10-32; sphagnous opening in Acr Quph Lq.

Footnote:
This widespread northern (circumboreal) species of seasonal wetlands has been collected in BALL (KY) by R. Athey in 1970; in CLIN by Naczi et al. (2002); and recently in BOON and LEWI by R. Cranfill (for NKY). There are also old reports of this species by Britton & Brown (1896), Small (1903), Mackenzie (1931) and others, but these may just be based on C.W. Short's ca. 1840 coll. (NY ex Meisner Herbarium) from "west of Ky.", which cannot be attributed to Ky.


Comment:
1 = RA (probably); see Medley (1993).

OLDH (LO): JJMathews-657 5Jul1959 edge of open ditch at Harmony Landing.

Braun: GALL (CINC)

JEFF: Cherokee Pk Jun 2010 distinctly glandular!!!

Raf 1836 4:37 V connata Raf "West Kentucky near waters..."; but Pennell  made this same as catenata

Footnote:
If broadly defined to include V. glandifera Pennell, this circumboreal species of base-rich wetlands is widespread across cool temperate regions of North America. Although some authors consider it native in eastern states, plants of probable European origin may now be more widespread across North America (F, Cr). The earliest definite records of these taxa in Ky. were ca. 1910-1950 (M). Rafinesque (1836, 4:37) described connata from "West Kentucky near waters"; his plant may have belonged with glandifera, but no type coll. is known. 

   Pennell (1935) considered anagallis-aquatica an alien and glandifera a distinct native species, with glandular hairs in inflorescences (versus glabrous or nearly so), more acuminate sepals, shorter styles, leaves widest near the base (versus about the middle) and more serrated. He mapped glandifera from central Atlantic states to the Ohio Valley. Some colls. from Ky. do fit his description of glandifera, but a thorough revision is still needed. Authors since Pennell have generally combined it with anagallis-aquatica (F, Cr) or with catenata (W). See also notes under catenata and americana; 2n = 36 in all of these taxa.


Footnote:
This occurs mostly in base-rich wetlands of northeastern states and adjacent Canada. It is rare in the central and southern Appalachians (K, W). In Ky. it is known from a discovery by J. Thieret on the Ohio Rv. bottomland in BRAC (KNK) during the 1970s, but he could not relocate the plants in later years. There is also an old report from Short (1840): "borders of Rock-Castle River, and other mountainous situations."


Footnote:
This is widespread in wetlands on acid soils in eastern states, except New England.


Species:
maximum (lanatum*, sphondylium ssp. montanum)

Comment:
LETC (lb) is based on a photograph on Black Mountain at more than 3000 ft; check location of photo. Medley notes two unverified dubious reports from further west in KY. The LEWI (BE) record is a recent collection from Manchester Islands by Rudy Gelis (Abbott et al. 2004). Check maximum versus lanatum.

CHRI M says CW Short coll at PH annotated by RL Stuckey as from CHRI but no clear basis for this.

GRNP: Ed Hartowicz coll at EK from Ohio bottom.

Footnote:
This is widespread on damp fertile soils in northern and western regions of North America, and it is closely related to the Eurasian sphondylium. In Ky. it known from scattered disjunct sites. There are recent colls. from bottomlands along the Ohio River: by R. Gelis from Manchester Islands in LEWI (BEREA; Abbott et al. 2004); and by E. Hartowicz (pers. comm.) from GRNP. There are older records from mesic-subxeric woods on Black Mountain (including Benham Spur), which still need to be verified (M). There are also uncertain western records attributed to CHRI (C.W.Short coll. at PH) and the Cumberland River bottom in TRIG (W.L. Thomas 1968: Univ. of Louisville M.Sc. thesis cited in M). H. maximum is known from adjacent Stewart Co. in w. Tenn. (Ch).


Footnote:
This biennial is widely naturalized and locally abundant on damp fertile soils in much of temperate North America; the parsnip is a cultivar selected from the wild type. In Ky. it has probably been common since the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864; Gm), at least in farmland on the best soils. J. Thieret (pers. comm.) reported that he got skin rashes from handling leaves of wild plants. Although the cultivated parsnip is potentially delicious, some people have a fierce dislike of them (several other taxa in the Angelica group are toxic).


Comment:
Another coll. from OLDH (LO) is f. roseus.

Footnote:
This biennial is widely naturalized in temperate regions of North America; the carrot is a cultivar (ssp. sativus) selected from the wild type. D. carota is often abundant, especially on moderately dry but somewhat fertile soils of occasionally mowed roadsides, old fields and pastures. It has been present in Ky. since the mid-1800s or earlier (Rafinesque 1840; Gm). Rafinesque (1936, 1:31, 4:24-28) expressed uncertainty about its naturalized versus native status in North America, and described several segregates. 

   D. pusillus Michx. is a native weedy annual that is widely known across southern states, north to Mo., Tenn. (Ch), Va. and perhaps Pa. (D. scariosus Raf.). Varied diagnostic characters, inconsistent in some cases, have been used for pusillus (Sm, F, Cr, Y, W). It is generally less robust, with smaller primary umbels (ca. 2-6 cm across versus 6-10 cm) that remain more or less flat-topped in fruit (versus with incurving rays); 2n = 22 versus 18.


Comment:
ROWA ( MO): K. Carr, 12 May 1941, dry hillside opposite Power House. This horticultural alien may just have been planted at this site.

Footnote:
This has been widely planted in northeastern states, and locally naturalized. In Ky. escapes have been collected in CALL (Ind. Univ. SE), FRAN (EKY) and ROWA (MDKY) from isolated waifs or old plantings (Weckman et al. 2002; CW).


Comment:
Recently found by R. Jones on Black Mountain (Naczi et al. 2002).

Footnote:
This is a common shrub of northeastern regions and high Appalachian mountains. In Ky. it was recently found by R. Jones at ca. 3400 ft elevation on Black Mt. in HARL (Naczi et al. 2002).


Footnote:
This is a largely Appalachian species. In Ky. it occurs mostly along streams on sandy soils, from rocky banks of larger river to swampy sites along smaller streamheads. It is also found rarely on sandstone clifftops.


Comment:
1 = Conrad (1972); but no collection found at KY.

AP: CALL.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is verified in Ky. from CALL and GRAV (MUR), but Conrad's (1972) reported coll. from MCLE cannot be located at KY. There is also a believable report from BARR (KSNPC database). Further east, nudum may be expected on the Cumberland Plateau, where it occurs widely in Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
This ROWA (MO) coll. is V. lentago but it may be mislabeled (see Campbell et al. 1992). There are several other dubious reports; see Medley (1993). Weckman (2000) also rejected this species based on a detailed investigation.

Garman: BATH BELL FAYE

Footnote:
This northeastern species is widespread across most of Ohio, including counties close to Ky. (PL). There are several reports from Ky., as cited by M and Weckman (2000), but these are generally dubious. A coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may be mislabeled (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
AP: SHEL, FAYE, MADI.

Much misided rufidulum filed under prunifolium...

PU: BARR Hussey 1874

Footnote:
This species of east-central states is often confused with the more southern rufidulum. The leaves of prunifolium are relatively thin and dull (versus somewhat coriaceous and glossy), glabrous or slightly brown-scurfy below (versus red-scurfy). Also, it tends to spread more from underground runners, sometimes forming thickets. Peak flowering is usually about 2-3 weeks earlier (mid-April versus early May). Both are concentrated on base-rich soils, but prunifolium occurs on more mesic sites. Both species are concentrated on base-rich soils, but prunifolium occurs on more mesic sites


Comment:
AP: SPEN, LINC, CHRI, TODD, TRIG, LYON.

PU: CLAR Beckett 1957

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species. See notes under prunifolium.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); perhaps MM. 

2 = Huffaker (1975). 

ROWA (mo) may be trilobum (= opulus var. americanum) but locality data is dubious (see Campbell et al. 1992). 

Some of these records may not be true naturalizations; see also JEFF (NC).

AP: KENT (Weckman coll.); also at EK.

MADI EK BGAD "americanum"

Footnote:
This has been cultivated in northeastern states (often as the "Snowball" cultivar), and it has occasionally escaped. In Ky. colls. from JEFF (EKY; M) and KENT (EKY) appear to be from self-seeded plants, but most other records have less certain status. A coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may be the closely related northern species, V. trilobum Marshg. (= V. opulus var. americanum Ait.), but label data are dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
BALL 1 = source of Medley 1993; check RA (1969) MM

JEFF (KY): MMedley 20080-96 25Aug1996 weed in crack in parking lot at U of L herbarium, Floyd St.

Footnote:
Although often recognized in floras, at least as a subspecies (e.g. FNA 20), some studies indicate that this widespread southwestern taxon is not clearly distinct from typical H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby of the southeastern Coastal Plain (especially ocean dunes); see citations of Y and W. In Ky., most records are from dune-like sandy areas along the lower Ohio Rv. and the Mississippi Rv., or nearby. The coll. from JEFF (KY) is from a waif found in the parking lot by the herbarium in 1996.


Comment:
1 = Harvill (1941. This is a western species, only adventive in eastern states.

Footnote:
This western species appears to be only adventive in eastern states.


Comment:
Reported from Kentucky by Radford et al. (1968); NC should be checked.

Footnote:
This widespread variable weed of the Old World tropics is common on the Coastal Plain in southeastern states, and occasionally adventive further north (FNA 25, SE). It was reported from Ky. by RAB, but no coll. has been found.


Comment:
The BULL (KY) coll. is from a "remnant plant" from sown fields.

Footnote:
This annual has been widely cultivated (as "black-eyed pea" or "cow-pea") since about 1900, at least in warmer regions. However, it rarely persists and does not become naturalized. Other related species in this genus, and the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), follow the same pattern.


Comment:
Presumably colls. are only from waifs not well established populations.


Comment:
KY: MEAD LAUR BREA ROCK

EK: ANDE Ky Rv floodplain Bryant 1978

Footnote:
This is widespread on damp soils across eastern North America. In Ky. it is generally rare to absent in largely agricultural landscapes on relatively fertile soils, which might be attributed to past disturbances rather than direct influence of the soil. It may have been used extensively for food by native people, but there is no clear evidence of cultivation; see C. W. Cowan in Ford (1985).


Comment:
HICK (JC): 2004 from crest of sandy bank on Middle Bar; var. id needs checking.

KENT (PH): from the Lea Herbarium; it needs checking; see Braun 1943.

JEFF (LO): H.A. Sosin & H. Bishop #7, 28 Jun 1932, Ashbottom Rd at railroad.

OLDH (LO): coll moved <2008; check UK...

Footnote:
This is widespread in central North America, with extensions to Pacific and Atlatic coastal states in the cool temperate zone (FNA 24). E. canadensis has been often confused with glabriflorus, riparius, virginicus (especially var. intermedius) and others. The few known colls. are from banks of the Ohio Rv. or Mississippi Rv., or within a few miles of these rivers. All colls. except the one from HICK (JC) are were made before 1950. E. canadensis is sometimes planted with seed-mixes from more western prairies, and records from probable plantings are excluded here. 

   E. canadensis is highly variable but segregates are not well-defined. Most Ky. colls. are referable to the midwestern var. robustus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Mackenzie & Bush, which may result from introgression with virginicus or glabriflorus (FNA 24). But the coll. from JEFF (DHL), along a railroad, resembles the more southwestern var. brachystachys (Scribn. & Ball) Farw.


Comment:
Recently collected from Manchester Islands by R. Geiss & R. Thompson; the coll. differs from most wiegandii in having awns with little or no curvature and the leaf surface glabrous (-scabrid?); it may be hybridized with E. riparius.

Footnote:
This northeastern species was recently found on Manchester Islands in the Ohio River (LEWI) by R. Geiss & R. Thompson (BEREA). The coll. differs from typical wiegandii in having awns with little or no curvature and the leaf surface glabrous (-scabrid). It may be hybridized with riparius.


Footnote:
Throughout its range this species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions or nearby hills. For Ky. earlier reports from western counties are highly dubious but slightly intriguing (Gm, Little 1971, Faller 1975, FNA 3). Barton's (1919) data indicate that this species (or perhaps locally allegheniensis) was a significant component of the original forests only in or near the Cumberland Mts.


Comment:
It is unclear if these collections are from truly naturalized or planted individuals. Occasional seedlings and saplings with little chance of forming populations may not warrant mapping.

LAUR Thompson col also at NCU.

Footnote:
This European white birch is widely planted and reportedly escaped at scattered sites across northern regions of North America. In Ky. there have been colls. from JEFF (NCU), LAUR (BEREA), OLDH (DHL) and PIKE (CW), but these generally appear to be from persistent plantings, rather than truly naturalized plants. There are also a few old reports of the native white birch, B. populifera Marsh., and the dwarf birch, B. pumila L., but these are highly dubious and unverifiable (M).


Comment:
C. punctata sensu stricto may be a more northern species; most Kentucky records may be referred to collina. 

1 = Medley (1993); from Varner?--check collina instead.

GH: only a Short coll. without locaity; det Phipps! But see C. collina.
MB: none.

Tentative ids from "indet" folders at MB: UNIO; Tullahoma, Tenn.; Chattanooga, Tenn.

JACK: EK JAbner 93-38 Horse Lick Cr watershed, edge of road below George Isaaca Cave, moist woods near floodplain, partial shade, rare.

Footnote:
This appears to be rare in Ky. but it is close to collina, with more records, and the separation here is tentative; see also B. In its narrow sense (D, F), punctata is a complex northeastern taxon, with Appalachian extensions mostly at higher elevations (HFG, W). 

   C. punctata may be distinguished from collina by its fresh mature fruit usually 12-22 mm wide (versus 8-12 mm), completely glabrous including the calyx (versus pubescent and persistently so on the calyx); flowers usually with 20 stamens (versus 10-15); leaves of flowering branches usually 3.5-5 x 2-3 cm (versus 2-3 x 1.5-2 cm); leaves of vegetative branches mostly obovate, deeply cut or with narrow spreading lateral lobes near apex (versus mostly elliptic, not deeply cut but sometimes slightly lobed); and twigs ashy gray (versus dark). Plants with more hairy twigs and leaves, centered in the northern Ohio Valley, have been called var. canescens Britt. (Gl, F).


Comment:
JEFF (CI): Kreke sn swamps near Louisville.

1 = source of Medley (1993), perhaps Short & Peter (1835) or an associated collection. 

2 = Barbour & Barbour (1950). 

3 = Greenwell (1935). 

NOT BARR and ESTI from Anderson (1947); mistakenly cited in Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable northern species (FNA 21). The only records from Ky. are dated before 1950 (M). Colls. from "bank of the Ohio River" in CAMP (check PH) and "swamps near Louisville" in JEFF (Univ. of Cincinnati) are verified, but colls. have not been located to support the other records. W has suggested that plants of Southern Appalachian mountains, in forests on mesic acid soils (which might include any plants from HARL), may be distinct from more northern plants in base-rich wetlands. Similar shifts of habitat may occur within Heracleum maximum, Cirsium muticum and Cypripedium parviflorum.


FullName:
Eutrochium steelei (E. Lamont) E.E. Lamont

Comment:
Described by Lamont (1990). 

HARL (LB @ US) collection and others were initially called purpureum. 
HARL (EK)!!

LETC (np) = R. Cassell & J. MacGregor (sight); also np records

D. Taylor (pers. comm.) may also have records from BELL. 

BELL & PIKE (lo) appear transitional to purpureum.

Footnote:
This glandular-hairy species of southern Appalachian mountains was described by Lamont (1990) as a segregate of purpureum. However, its degree of distinction remains unclear in Ky. Colls. from BELL and PIKE (DHL) appear somewhat intermediate.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 20) occurs in southeastern states, mostly on the Coastal Plain. In Ky. it is known only from one patch along banks of the Cumberland Rv. in WHIT, plus an unverified report by Pr from WARR. In addition, Woods & Fuller (1988) reported the related species, E. lancifolium (T. & G.) Small (= E. semiserrartum var. lancifolium), based on R. Athey #2910 (MUR) from CALL. However, the coll. has not been relocated, and lancifolium is known mostly from s. Ark., n. La. and e. Tex. Reports indicating another allied species, E. glaucescens Ell. (= cuneifolium Willd., misapplied), appear to have been erroneous (M).


Comment:
Includes Short's record (PH) of E. glaucescens from "hills of Lincoln Co."; see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable species in eastern states, most common on base-rich soils in the midwest. In Ky. altissimum is most abundant on calcareous soils, but it does occur locally on non-calcareous soils or highly leached calcareous soils. Chromosome numbers deserve further investigation; 2n = 20, 30 and 40 across its range. Also hybrids with serotinum and hyssopifolium can be expected (FNA 21, Y).


Footnote:
This is a largely southeastern grass but it also occurs on sandy soils in the southern Great Lakes Region. It is locally abundant in open woods on the southern Cumberland Plateau of Ky. The disjunct western record from GRAY (KY) is confirmed; other disjunctions occur in s. Ohio, s. Ill. and w. Tenn. (FNA 24).


Comment:
Plants included under arkansana should be rechecked.

OLDH (LO): JJMathews449 6Jul1956 wooded meadow edge at LaGrange.

Footnote:
This is scattered over east-central states, but most common on glacial plains south of the Great Lakes. It generally grows in shallow ponds and swampy glades within wooded wetlands. See notes under arkansanas, which can be hard to distinguish.


Comment:
The MARS (RA) coll. is from a "chrome ore pile"; it needs checking; this is supposed to be deposited at ME and WK.

Check FNA.

WK: none.

Footnote:
This is a Eurasian species typical of damp sandy coastal flats. It was collected from a "chrome ore pile" in MARS (Browne & Athey 1976; coll. perhaps at MEM). It remains virtually unknown elsewhere in North America (FNA 23).


FullName:
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray

Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993). The JEFF (LO) coll. has uncertain locality data. The MCLE (NP) coll. was misided. as Cayaponia grandifolia fide M. Medley; this cannot be located at LO however; check EK. Dr. Bill Witt (pers. comm.) (Univ. of Ky. Agri. Sch.) also reported this from BALL, CARL, FULT, HICK, MCRA and UNIO; but perhaps referring to Sicyos.

MARS (KA) is by Pat Dalton; from lowlands; ca. 1985

Footnote:
This high-climbing annual is widespread across northern and western states, but rare to absent in the southeast (PL, W). It has often been cultivated "for arbors and freely escapes" (F, Cr), but this practice has probably dwindled in modern horticulture. In addition to several old records from Ky., there is a 1985 coll. of P. Dalton Haragan from MARS (KY-Agr.) on a river bottom. A coll. by KSNPC from MCLE ca. 1980 was initially misidentified as Cayaponia quinquefolia (M).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993). 2 = Price (1893).

rd BALL = Robert Dunblap pers comm-- is growing in his garden!!! 2010

Footnote:
This is a climbing or scrambling perennial herb of southeastern states. It is widely scattered across southern regions of Ky., usually in weedy roadsides and old fields. It may have spread north after agricultural expansion during recent centuries or millenia.


Comment:
There is a collection of K. Carr, labeled "Gearhart Pond, near Morehead", in ROWA; the identity needs rechecking, and the label data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
Reported from Kentucky by Short et al. (1833), Gray (1864); a collection with this name may be at PH, but in the undetermined folder. This species occurs on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and is very unlikely in Kentucky.


Comment:
The colls. from HARD, BELL, CARL may be var. ludens. More careful study is needed to separate colls. at the varietal level.

Footnote:
This variable annual (2n = 28-90) is widespread in eastern states on moist to damp fertile soils, often weedy in gardens and among buildings. Colls. from BELL, CARL, HARD (KY, MUR) and probably elsewhere are referable to var. ludens (Miq.) C.B. Clarke. That variety is not recognized in most recent treatments, but see Tucker (1989).


FullName:
Commelina communis L. var. ludens (Miq.) C.B. Clarke

Comment:
These records are uncertain; they should probably be included with var. communis until further study.


Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species of damp floodplain woods. It is the most robust Commelina in eastern North America, with distinctive rhizomes; 2n = 60.


Comment:
Includes var. cylindrata, which is widely distributed with the species.

Footnote:
This is widespread in mesic woods of northern states and adjacent Canada, but extends further south into east-central states than stellata. Typical eastern plants are tetraploid (2n = 72). Mapped records here include the southeastern segregate, var. cylindrata Fern. (F), which has not been recognized in recent treatments (W).


Footnote:
This diploid occurs in cooler regions of northeastern states and adjacent Canada, usually in mesic woods on acid soils. In Ky. it is known only from the Cumberland Mts. and a few ravines in the Appalachian Cliff section. Merging of Maianthemum (with dimerous flowers) and Smilacina (with trimerous flowers) is favored by some authors (W).


Comment:
"borealis" HARL EK = umb (Jones-8961)

DDourson: plants in general are of "Pyrola" in POWE have relatively short orbicular leaves and more purplish flowers than usual.

Footnote:
This is restricted to central and southern Appalachian regions, usually in mesic woods on strongly acid soils. The species is somewhat variable in leaf shape, flower color and fruit color. A population in POWE has unusually short orbicular leaves and relatively purplish flowers (D. Dourson, pers. comm.). 

   Occasional plants have suggested transitions to the more northern C. borealis (Ait.) Raf., but there is no definitive evidence of intergradation between these two species (FNA 26). Much borealis has 2n = 32 reported, in addition to 2n = 28; in all other Clintonia species of North America, 2n =28.


FullName:
Clinopodium vulgare L. var. neogaea (Fern.) C.F. Reed

Comment:
jc BOON at Big Bone Lick state park in cedars locally common; taken to propagate.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern North America, except on most of the southeastern Coastal Plain. Rafinesque (1936, 1:31) expressed uncertainty about its naturalized versus native status. In Ky. most or all plants are referable to C. vulgare var. neogaea (Fern.) C.F. Reed, which is generally considered native to North America. F distinguished these plants from Eurasian ones (var. vulgare) as follows: flowers lilac-pink to white (versus purple-red); leaves larger (?), glabrous or only sparsely strigose on upper surfaces (versus copiously strigose-villous); and more upright habit (?).


Comment:
AP: CHRI, GRAY, TODD, LYON, TRIG.

MUHL: Tooley Hill S of Greensville; roadside E side
(much larger plant, wider lvs than typical ten)

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states in grassland on dry or damp soils. It varies much in chemistry, leaf width and other characters. Although tenuifolium is generally glabrous, a few colls. from Ky. have hairy stems. Both diploids (2n = 40) and tetraploids (2n = 80) are known across its range (W). However, segregates have not generally been recognized, and hybridization with other species is not documented. There has been nomenclatural confusion with P. flexuosum (Walt.) B.S.P., which occurs in southeastern states, mostly on the Coastal Plain (W).


Comment:
A rare species of calcareous seeps from R&V to Ozarks; deamii and sullivantii are more northern relatives deserving at least variety status. Medley collected at "Falls-of-76" with Parnassia grandiflora in CLIN (MM/LO); data are missing in Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This is a variable, widely reported species (or variety of fulgida), but it is generally uncommon (F, Cr, FNA 21). It has been much confused with palustris and umbrosa in some treatments; see also notes under "tenax-speciosa intermediates" and sullivantii. It may be reasonable to adopt a broader definition of speciosa, that would include most or all of these taxa as segregates, except umbrosa. 

   Typical speciosa (as outlined here) appears to occur in midwestern fens, and in calcareous seeps of east-central states from the Appalachian Ridge & Valley region to the Ozarks, but it is rare in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch). The only Ky. site currently known is the seep with Parnassia grandiflora in CLIN near "Falls-of-76"; see colls. of M. Medley (DHL and for WKY). There is also an 1835 coll. of C.W. Short (mounted with hirta at GH), without locality.


Comment:
Though needing more study, this does appears to be a species typical of calcareous glades in the Interior Low Plateaus, especially in the lower Ohio Valley. The thin stoloniferous patches, small basal leaves, and trichome pattern are distinctive.

GH: WAYN (L.B. Smith & A.R. Hodgdon #3914, Beaver Creek, rich wooded slope); see also truncata.
EDMO & NELS (NY) are from LB or contemporaries.
GRAY (NY): H.E. Ahles #7572, 22 Aug 1953, "abundant in roadside ditch, north of Holly" [near Leitchfield]; "Rudbeckia deamii" but redet as R. tenax by JC.

KY: CART LINC GRAY HARD BULL WOOD (robust long lvs "edge of woods on dry rocky slope, Mundy's Landing") JESS (Scotts Grove); plus WAYN (banks of Little SFk) and PULA (roadsides) misid earlier as truncata... perhaps a few interm.
EK May 2006: LOGA and MADI were errors??? Not found; where now??
MU: July 2006 RA from CHRI (#4949 "fulgida") and LOGA (#3765 "fulgida var. speciosa")
WK: HART (MM and JC 2007); TODD RAthey-3537 "speciosa" (dupe at Oxford MS!); BREC MM! 1980? "calcicola Cranfill"; MM HARD CART (old fiield Tygarts Valley) [no roots].

CLAR, MADI (jc): need to get colls from JK Smith glades, other ekpc work.

US: EDMO WAYN NELS PULA (x fulgida?)

Footnote:
This was recognized as a species by Sm and F but has been largely overlooked for 50 years. Its stoloniferous habit, small basal leaves, and pubescence patterns are generally distinctive (J. Campbell, in prep.). R. tenax is distributed across southeastern states, typically in dry rocky glades and open woodlands on base-rich soils. Some colls. come from roadsides on sandy uplands of the Cumberland Plateau, where there appears to be hybridization with typical fulgida, but these populations are probably somewhat adventive and promoted by imported limestone gravel. There may be also some intergradation with speciosa and truncata; see notes under those species.


FullName:
Rudbeckia aff. tenax {"tenax-speciosa intermediates"}

Comment:
LEWI (NY): Cusick, Hymes Knob.

MADI (NY, GH): F.T. McFarland #28, 10 Aug 1943; low moist sandy soil in old meadows and roadsides, 1.5 miles on Rt 52 E of Richmond.

FRAN (EK): D.K. Walker #446, marsh and swamp, S side of Backbone, E of Peaks Mill Rd, W of Elkhorn Creek.

FRAN (EK): S. Rice FR-514, 25 Sep 1981; Trumbo Bottom, wet meadow.

PULA (EK): F. Carter #107, 14 Aug 1988; creek edge, Old Waynesboro Rd.

US: Fleming Co margin of swamp east of Hillsboro 21Aug1940 ELBraun 3376
US: Carter; wet-dry flats&banks, calc soil, n Olive Hill on rt 59 1Sep1948 ELBraun 4859

Footnote:
The plants mapped here are similar to scattered colls. from Tenn., Mo., Ind., Ohio, Pa., Conn., Mich. and probably elsewhere (GH, MO, NY). They appear close to tenax, but have relatively long, narrow, lanceolate cauline leaves, often with large irregular serrations or lacerations. They have been recorded from relatively damp lowland habitats, in contrast to the rocky glades of typical tenax. These differences suggest a transition to speciosa (as circumscribed here), and a closer analysis of these two species is needed throughout their ranges.


Comment:
Though needing more study, this may be a species of limestone cliff ledges and glades on the west side of the Cumberland Plateau (KY to AL); but see also R&V (GA). The dense clumps, long narrow basal leaves, and trichome pattern are distinctive. See also Medley (1993) for suggested varietal combination.

Check possible collection at WK from CART in processing; Medley 415 (??)... "truncata??" by myself in 1990s.

WAYN: also JC (check colls and the plants I cultivate) from west of South Fork near mined area where Hyp sphaerocarpon also collected.

WK: MCRE MM-2935-81 Little South Fk at upstream end of Wild River Section; 2918-91 SW corner of jct US 27 and Ky___; roadside at woods edge.

KY: MCRE PULA only; some redet as tenax or intermediate (esp roadsides and riverbanks).

Footnote:
Sm treated this as a species along with other segregates of fulgida, and a modified version of his treatment is accepted here (J. Campbell, in prep.). R. truncata is close to missouriensis (see notes under that name), but generally distinct in its dense clumps, long narrow basal leaves, narrow truncate cauline leaves, general paucity of hairs, and eciliate bracts of disc florets. 

   Ky. plants are quite similar to the type (NY): J.K. Small, 6-12 Aug 1895, along the Chickamauga Creek near Ringgold, Catoosa Co., Ga. Small (1898) noted that truncata occurs "in the northwestern and little explored part of [Ga.]... quite common in the limestone districts". B's coll. (NY, #2630, 8 Sep 1939) from Cox Bend in PULA was annotated by Cronquist as "correctly identified with R. truncata but no more than a variety, at best, of R. fulgida." The species also should be searched for in Ala. and Tenn. along limestone cliffs around the southern Cumberland Plateau and Ridge & Valley region.


FullName:
Rudbeckia missouriensis Engelm. ex C.L. Boynt. & Beadle

Comment:
This largely Ozarkian species may occur on a limestone cliff overlook above the Ky Rv (JESS).

Medley (1993) cites Hunter et al. 4088 [from BREC] at Murray State University, which needs checking; July 2006, no this is confirmed hirta var. pulcherrima!!!

Its clumping habit, long narrow villous basal leaves, and trichome pattern is distinctive; less spreading clumps, more hairy than truncata.

LO ex MU: BREC "fulgida var. miss." Hunter et al. 4088 is serotina.

Footnote:
This largely Ozarkian species is not verified east of the Mississippi Rv. except in s. Ill. It has been reported from Ky. in FNA 21 and other literature, but no convincing colls. have been seen (M). R. missouriensis appears to differ from truncata mainly in its denser pubescence, relatively narrow leaves, and more ascending branches. Plants referable to either taxon should be searched for further within intervening regions. Somewhat hairy plants from JESS (overlook near Camp Nelson) have suggested missouriensis, but are probably closer to truncata.


Footnote:
This annual is the cultivated "chamomile"; it may rarely escape, but does not seem to be truly naturalized. There are colls. from HEND (KY), LAUR (KY) and JEFF (DHL). See FNA 19 for notes on the correct name.


Footnote:
This annual originated in western North America, but has become a common weed in temperate regions around the world; see notes on its status in FNA 19. It was not recorded in Ky. by Anderson (1947), B or earlier botanists, but became widespread mostly after 1970;


Comment:
The LINC (PH) coll. was det. by "H.A.W." in 1953 and needs rechecking; it is by C.W. Short: "Dicks Rv near Crab Orchard" (originally named P. lucens, a synonym of P. illinoensis).

Footnote:
This is a widespread northern species that has been reported from Ky., but see notes under illinoensis.


Comment:
The FAYE (KY) record is most likely location for a C.W. Short coll. from "Ky.  Rv."  (originally named P. acutifolium); cannot locate here 2008!!!!!!!!

Loans went and came back fo Robert Haynes (2000) and CB Hellquist (1995).

Check othert Short sources.

Footnote:
This northern diploid (2n = 26) has been reported from Ky. (RAB, M), but it was not mapped here by FNA 22; hybrids may a source of confusion. The only record included by M was based on a 1830s coll. of C.W. Short from the "Kentucky Rv." (probably in FAYE or MADI), but the coll. appears to have mislaid at KY (check also PH); see notes under tennesseensis.


Comment:
This species is expected in the upper Cumberland River system; plants seen in the Rockcastle River below Livingston (at ROCK & LAUR boundary) may be this species; flowering material is needed.

Plants reported by T. Bloom (KSNPC), JC and others in the Rockcastle Rv. near Interstate 75 (at ROCK & LAUR boundary) may also be this species, but complete colls. are needed.

KY Short's "heterophyllum/acutifolius" was seen here in 1980s (my notes and M) but is still speculation; apparently the coll is misplaced; not here in 2008; see also epihydrus.

Footnote:
This globally rare species of larger streams in the central Appalachian has been overlooked in Ky., although it was mapped here by FNA 22. It is close to epihydrus (which was apparently combined by Cr and other authors) and to diversifolius; some intergradation is suspected. P. tennesseensis is distinct from diversifolius in its larger floating leaves (ca. 8-12 mm wide) with more acute tips; also, stipules are partly adnate to leaves (FNA 22). 

   Some 1830s colls. of C.W. Short from "Kentucky Rv." are obscure or need to be rechecked, but are tentatively mapped here in FAYE. They were initially labelled "heterophyllum" or "acutifolium" but filed under epihydrus (at KY), natans (at MICH) or gramineus (at GH). The only other coll. made in the Kentucky Rv. watershed is from CLAY (GH): E.L. Braun s.n., 7 Jul 1933, Red Bird River, quiet parts of stream. 

   More recently, tennesseensis has been collected in the Cumberland Rv. watershed: Marsh Cr. of MCRE (KY). It has been suspected in the Rockcastle Rv. of LAUR and ROCK, a few riffles below Livingston (sight records of JC and T. Bloom, KSNPC). In Tenn., it occurs in tributaries of the Big South Fork, which flows into Ky. through MCRE (Ch).


Comment:
GH collections include some LB (HART, BOON).

LO: JEFF, MEAD, PULA.

EK: BATH CLAY CLIN HARL HICK HOPK MADI MCRE WHIT

Footnote:
This is the most common species of Potamogeton in stagnant water across southeastern states, but there is no evidence of distinct varieties or definite hybrids (FNA 22). Floating leaves are typically 3-8.5 mm wide and have obtuse tips; without these leaves, colls. are hard to identify. Plants with broader leaves and more acute tips, especially in flowing waters of major streams and rivers, should be compared with tennesseensis, which has been overlooked. See also spirillus.


Comment:
1 = sources of Jones (1985b), Medley (1993). Also reported from CART by Huffaker (1975), but unlikely and no voucher found.

LB: HART etc.

TRIG: also JF (IndSE)

Footnote:
This southeastern small tree is generally restricted to base-rich soils, but in a wide range of habitats from swamp margins to rocky bluffs (W). In Ky. it is most common on subxeric to xeric sites, but can also occur on damper sites. See notes under lanuginosum.


FullName:
Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. ssp. oblongifolium (Nutt.) T.D. Pennington

Comment:
There is supposed to have been a NP (MCLE) collection of R. Phillippe/R. Hannan (from Floyd's woods?) seen by M. Medley; need to check collection catalog, etc.

A coll. is supposed to have been made ca. 1979 by R. Hannan & L. Phillippe (KSNPC) at Floyd's Woods in MCLE, but this has not been relocated (M).

Footnote:
This species has a more southern (ssp. lanuginosum) and western (ssp. oblongifolium) range, compared to lycioides, but overlapping (FNA 8, K). It may be more concentrated in relatively mesic habitats, where ranges overlap (W). S. lanuginosum differs in having persistently hairy twigs and leaves (versus more or less glabrate), and smaller fruits (ca. 6-8 mm long versus 10-15 mm). Ssp. oblongifolia occurs widely in the lower Mississippi watershed, but has not been verified in Ky. or Tenn. (Ch, K). It was reportedly collected ca. 1979 by R. Hannan & L. Phillippe (KSNPC) at Floyd's Woods in MCLE, but the plant has not been relocated in herbarium or field (M). 

   Early records of the largely maritime southeastern species, S. tenax L., might have been based on lanuginosa (M). There has been some confusion among these and other taxa, especially in regions of overlap, and hybridization is suspected; see keys and notes in FNA 8, Y and W.


Comment:
1 = Rob Jacobs (sight record). 

2 = Gonsoulin (1971) dissertation: CLAY GARR HARR METC MORG; these not believed here. Even though the G's diss is apparently backed up by his from these four counties collections, data are dubious; note suspicious dates (16-17 July 1969 for all five collections) and localities (well scattered) in that source. Searching in these localities has not been successful.

It is known from adjacent Stewart & Dixon Counties, Tennessee (Chester 1991) and from Harrison County, Indiana (M. Homoya).

EWChester & Carbonell 14698 (APSU EKY) LYON "healthy wild population in oak-dominated woods above Kentucky Lake, 31 Jul 2006; see CW.

Footnote:
The only reliable record of this southeastern species is a recent coll. by E.W. Chester from LYON (APSU, EKY; reported by CW). It has been also been reported from WHIT (R. Jacobs, pers. comm.) and perhaps collected elsewhere (Cr, Gonsoulin 1974). However, it cannot be relocated at some sites, where data remain dubious (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988, Chester 1991, M). S. grandifolius is known from nearby counties in s. Ill., s. Ind., se. Ohio, w. Va. and across n. Tenn. (K, PL). 

   Compared to americanus, plant dimensions in grandiflorus are generally greater (FNA 8), especially the flowers, with corolla lobes 15-22 mm versus 10-12 mm. Also, leaves are relatively broad (l/w ca. 0.7-0.8 versus 0.5) and hairier beneath (densely fine pale pubescent versus glabrous to dense rusty); 2n = 32 versus 16.


Comment:
There is also a densely pubescent CALL (KY) collection that may be referred to var. pulverulenta. However, the latter is typical of more southern pine woods, and only transitional plants are expected in Kentucky; see Weakley. See also OHIO (GH or MB) for Price collection name pulverulenta.

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern shrub is restricted to swampy woods in western regions. A few more densely pubescent colls. from CALL (KY) and OHIO (GH, MO) have been referred to var. pulverulentus (Michx.) Perkins. However, that taxon is typical of more southern piney flatwoods, and Ky. plants are probably no more than transitional (W).


Comment:
1 = records of Medley (1993); check MM. 
2 = Wharton & Barbour (1991). 
3 = Rogers (1941); collection probably burned. 
Some or all of these may be from gardens, not really naturalized.

Footnote:
This South Asian diploid annual (2n = 22) has been grown ornamentally for over a century, and sometimes escapes (Gm). Some colls. may not be from truly naturalized plants.


Comment:
Separation from var. laevigatum needs further study; some of these records may need adjusting. Lower case records match bicorne, but are provisionally combined here for a full species distirbution map.

Footnote:
This variable allo-octoploid (2n = 88) annual is probably derived in part from lapathifolia (Kim et al. 2008). Possible distinction of the northern var. laevigatum Fern. (as described within Polygonum), deserves further attention (F), but varieties within this species are not readily recognized (FNA 5). See also notes under bicornis and careyi.


FullName:
Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) G. Maza var. laevigata (Fern.) new comb.

Comment:
Separation from var. pensylvanicum needs further study. Moreover, this taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments. Provisionally combined with the typical variety.

= P. bicorne??? in previous notes; but no source--where from??? NOT SO???


Comment:
hg 1 = Garman (1914) "one specimen from Stanford"

This is a northern species close to pensylvanicum but with 2-7 mm bristles on ocreae (versus none or <1 mm), and stems hirsute proximally (versus glabrous) (FNA 5). The NK collections do not seem that distinct, with only a few bristles; need further study but provisionally accepted here.

Footnote:
Further verification is desirable. This northeastern annual is close to pensylvanicum and differs in its stems, which are hirsute towards the base (versus glabrous); its ocreae, which have 2-7 mm bristles (versus none or <1 mm); and its leaf blades, which are more or less hirsute, especially on veins (versus glabrous or appressed-pubescent).


Footnote:
This cosmopolitan annual weed is an allotetraploid (2n = 44) that probably orginated in part from lapathifolia (Kim et al. 2008). The epithet maculata has been widely applied to the species (K), but apparently in error (FNA 5).


Comment:
Reported in error as Polygonum caespitosum by Browne & Athey (1992). The typical variety is unknown in North America.


FullName:
Persicaria longiseta (de Bruyn) Moldenke

Comment:
LO: BELL, BULL, CAMP, JEFF, JOHN, LETC, OLDH, PIKE, SPEN..

Footnote:
This alien annual was first reported in North America ca. 1910, within northeastern regions, but it has now spread through most eastern regions (FNA 5). It has been confused with another East Asian species, P. posumbu (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) H. Gross (= P. cespitosa (Blume) Nakai), which is unknown in North America; 2n = 40 in both taxa (Kim et al. 2008). The correct author citation has been unclear (K, W).


Species:
punctata {+ vars. confertifolia, leptostachya}

Comment:
Most or all of these may be var. confertifolium (P. leptostachyum), but this assumption needs careful examination.

Footnote:
Several varieties of this tetraploid (2n = 40-44) have been proposed, but some recent treatments have not considered these distinct enough to recognize (FNA 5); see also robustior. Most colls. from Ky. have been referred to var. confertifolium (Meis.) Fassett, within Polygonum, but further study is needed. The typical variety has been reported from CALL, HICK and MERC (M); it may be distinguished (Cr) by its rhizomatous habit (versus mostly annual), inflorescences less interrupted and terminating branches (versus often interrupted and branching from lower nodes), and achenes mostly trigonous (versus lenticular). The potential for confusion or intergradation of typical punctatum with P. hydropiperoides (especially var. opelousanum) needs further investigation.


FullName:
Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small var. punctata

Comment:
1 = Fassett (1949); check sources. Needs further study to separate from var. confertifolium; provisionally combined. A collection from CALL (MU) is reported by Fuller & Woods (1988) as the typical variety. 2 = Grubbs (1989) for HICK (check MU).


Comment:
1 = Fassett (1949); check sources. This species is largely distributed on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains; it is known from adjacent Missouri. Further study of punctatum is needed.

Footnote:
Further records may be expected from closer study of material filed under punctata. P. robustior is a widely scattered perennial in eastern North America but concentrated on "peaty shores" in coastal regions (FNA 5). It differs from punctata in its inflorescences, which are uninterrupted (versus interrupted); its ocreolae are overlapping (versus mostly not), their margins with hairs lacking or sometimes up to 1 mm long (versus mostly with hairs up to 2 mm). Its leaves are 2-4.5 cm wide (versus 0.6-2.4 cm).


Comment:
Recheck the CHRI (LO) coll. Two colls by LB (KENT, BOON) are det as "var. projectum", which is no longer recognized.

EK: CLIN! MAGorton 99-1004 1999Aug07 0.9 km N of Ky 90 on Ky 829, roadside and driveway of farm on W side of road.

Footnote:
This highly acrid annual is native or adventive in much of North America (F, FNA 5). In Ky. most records are from the northern Bluegrass, but it may be more widespread. P. hydropiper is a variable diploid (2n = 18-24. cited by Kim et al. 2008) that can be confused with punctata (F, FNA 5). Its seeds are minutely roughened and dull (versus smooth, lustrous). Its calices are mostly greenish or pink-purplish (versus whitish). Its inflorescences have lax arching-drooping branches (versus erect to spreading), and are generally more condensed, with axillary branches sometimes enclosed in ocreae (versus never) and subtended by regular leaves.


Footnote:
In Ky. this Appalachian perennial is known only from the "High Rocks" of Cumberland Mt. (HARL), overlooking Va.


Comment:
These records combine var. robusta, which needs more study in Kentucky before reliable separation. This taxon has been reported from EDMO, ROCK, MERC, WARR and other sites; see Medley (1993) and others. Baskin & Baskin (1982) found no difference in life cycle, seed dormancy and germination characteristics.

GH: "cliffs of the Ky. Rv." (H.A. Griswold), BULL, CLAR, GREE, JESS, MERC, WOOD; f. glandulosa Steyerm. EDMO; f. media (?) LINC.; var. robusta only from AR, TN and TX. No M. muscorum.

NCU: ex Jessup of Dartmouth College: "summit of the calcareous cliffs of the Kentucky: H.A. Griswold; JC more robust than following
NCU: MADI Berea Dec2 1899; bare rocks mt tops ex Herbarium NLT Nelson

Footnote:
This annual occurs mostly on calcareous outcrops and roadsides in the Ozark region, Interior Low Plateaus and other calcareous regions in midwestern and southeastern states. See notes under muscorum.


Comment:
These are tentative records, all needing further study; for now best combined with typical patula. These records do not suggest any separation in habitat or range.

Footnote:
This has generally been treated as M. patula var. robusta (Steyermark) Maguire. It is known mostly from the Ozark region, where it is typical of "sandy openings of mesic upland forests; also open, disturbed areas" (Y). Disjunct eastern populations have been reported in Ga., Ala., Tenn. and Ky. (as reviewed by M and FNA 5). At least in Ky., such disjunct plants have no clear difference from patula in distribution or life history (Baskin & Baskin 1982), and they are not mapped separately here (but see Ch and PL).

   Typical muscorum differs from typical patula in its 3-veined sepals (versus 3-5); leaves mostly 1.5-3.2 mm wide (versus 0.5-1.5 mm); seeds black and muriculate-papillate (versus reddish-brown to black and tuberculate). R.K. Raebeler et al. (in FNA 5) indicated that occasional plants "from Ga., Ky. and Va. have glabrous sepals with only three strong veins, resembling those of muscorum; in other features, including the seeds, they are clearly referable to patula. The status of the plants with three-veined sepals remains ambiguous..."


Comment:
1 = sight record of R. Durrell (Medley 1993). The CHRI (PH) collection is assumed general location of Short from "wet rocky places, [presumed] near Hopkinsville"; check all details. This is somewhat tenuous, but it is likely that this species' southern range does include Kentucky.

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable species, typical of base-rich outcrops. Typical michauxii occurs from northeastern regions to Ark., Mo., Ohio, Va. and perhaps S.C. (F). There is an old coll. of C.W. Short (PH) from "wet rocky places", presumed by M to come from near Hopkinsville (CHRI). There is also a sight record from POWE (M). While somewhat tenuous, its occurrence in Ky. was also accepted by F and FNA 5.


Comment:
Braun: "formerly frequently seen as a weed in or near grain fields; no longer common." Did this reflect shifts to mechanical harvesting? 1 = Price (1893). 2 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); check. 3 = F. Levy (check NC). Check MI for LINC.

Footnote:
This tall annual has been a common agricultural weed in eastern states. First recorded in Ky. during 1880-1893 (M), it was "one of the unquestionably dangerous plants" in 1914, due to its toxic saponins (Gm). Gm noted: "it grows among small grains and not among corn (maize). It is frequently seen also along roadsides and in fence corners." However, in 1943 B added: "no longer common." Today, it is widely scattered but generally infrequent to rare. The decline has presumably been due to changes in agricultural practices.


Comment:
LIVI (KA): Mrs Lee Thelkeld, 16 Oct 1942, numerous in pastures, thought to be poisonous, Salem. Check RA for MCRA; see also Heineke (1987).

Footnote:
This perennial is escaped from cultivation (as "mullein pink" or "rose-campion") at scattered sites in eastern states. In Ky. there are few records: a coll. in 1942 from LIVI (KY-Agr. Sch.); and colls. ca. 1970 from two adjacent counties (R. Athey colls., probably at MEM). See R.K. Rabeler in Y for notes on generic treatment.


Footnote:
This biennial (or short-lived perennial) is widespread in North America. S. alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause is closely related and often treated as a subspecies in Europe. In North America, intermediate plants predominate and the name latifolia takes precedent (FNA 5), but plants have often been named Lychnis alba Mill. in older literature. Another closely related, intergrading perennial species, S. dioica (L.) Clairville (= Lychnis d.), has been reported from Ky., but no coll. has been located (M). There has also been confusion in nomenclature with S. vulgaris.


Species:
vulgaris (cucubalus; latifolia var. pubescens)

Comment:
The HARD(LO) coll. says just "Fort Knox" and could be from MEAD or BULL.  There is also a coll. of "S. latifolia" from NK to be checked…

Footnote:
This rhizomatous perennial is widely scattered in North America, but generally less common than true latifolia, which has been confused. Early reports of "latifolia" generally refer to vulgaris; see notes under latifolia.


Footnote:
This alien biennial has become documented in eastern states mostly since 1990 (Cr, FNA 5, W). In Ky. it is known only from colls. of J. Thieret along railroads and roadsides in CAMP (KNK).


Footnote:
This perennial is widespread in east-central states. A few colls. have been referred to var. scabrella Palmer & Steyermark (e.g. B), but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
Reported by Abbott et al. (2001); get data. This is native species of rich woods and alluvium, local in mid-western states east to Pennsylvania and Tennessee; adventive further east perhaps.

Footnote:
This is an uncommon native rhizomatous perennial of fertile alluvial woods in midwestern states, locally eastward to Pa. and Tenn. It was reported by Abbott et al. (2001) from Manchester Island, in the Ohio River (LEWI). It is related to the European species, S. vulagaris, but tetraploid (2n = 48 versus 24) like virtually all other native species of Silene in eastern states.


Footnote:
This annual may be native across much of temperate North America. It is especially common along roadsides and railroads in eastern states, and may be somewhat adventive. But Gm considered it native: "a rather common weed in Kentucky meadows" including clover fields. S. antirrhina is diploid (2n = 24), like the alien species of Silene in eastern states.


Comment:
See also Garman (1914).
 1 = Rogers (1941); collection probably burned.

Footnote:
Although this annual is widely distributed across North America, especially northern states, it may generally be just "an occasional adventive weed" (FNA 5). The only reported colls. in Ky. date from ca. 1910 to 1940 (KY-Agr.; Gm; Rogers 1941).


Footnote:
This is a widely scattered annual in temperate North America, but it does not seem to be increasing in Ky. Most records date from 1910-1940 (Gm, B, M). The few colls. during more recent decades were by J. Thieret in the northern Bluegrass.


Comment:
See also possible transitions to ssp. pensylvanica under that name. 1 = Medley (1993); check MM.

PU: MARI? Hussey 5/21/1874; county inferred from date; check coll. "var. pennsylvanica"

Footnote:
This taxon is restricted to disjunct regions of s. Ohio, c. Ky., c. Ala., s. Mo and perhaps elsewhere. In Ky. it occurs on limestones and on black acid shale.
A few colls. from ROWA and MONT (KY) may be transitional to the northeastern S. pensylvanica Michx. Both taxa have been combined as varieties or subspecies with the strictly southeastern S. caroliniana Walt., but treatments have been inconsistent and further revision is desirable (FNA 5, W). Recent molecular analysis indicates that these three taxa are about as distinct from each other as they are from virginica, with which they can hybridize (Burgleigh & Holtsford 2003).


Comment:
The ROWA (MO) coll. may be at least transitional to this variety. Medley 10335-84 from MONT also suggests this. And Braun also noted that her ROWA (LB) collection tends towards this var., which does occur in S Ohio.


Comment:
1 = Fred Case coll.? (Univ. of Mich.). 

WARR: Price (1893); painting at MB with "Scottsville Road, roadside thicket, July 17, 1889.

3 = inferred location from Short (PH); check.

EDMO (2): Medley; check his refs. for old "barrens" records; might be Price???

HART(US) coll is from LB, "in dry soil in company with prairie plants in the "barrens""; RS also found a patch along US 31. 

JEFF (NY): Short s.n. from "Jefferson Co." no date.

There is also a dubious record from MCRE in Rogers (1941); the specimen would have burned; not cited in monographs; he did not list S. virginica (check).
...Colls. from MCRE cited by Rogers (1941) have not been found (perhaps lost in the 1948 herbarium fire at KY); they may have been S. virginica, which was not listed by Rogers.

Footnote:
This globally threatend grassland species occurs at scattered localities in midwestern and southeastern regions. It often survives along rights-of-way rather or in other degraded habitats rather than good remnants of native vegetation. In Ky. it is currently known from just HARD and HART, but there are old records from at least four other counties; see M and KSNPC for details.


Comment:
PU: MARI Hussey 5/21/1874

AFlodden: robust 2/more nodes below flw; late May-Jun (later); more mesic

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across east-central states, including Ky. More robust plants with relatively small calices in central Appalachian regions have been named var. robusta Strausbaugh & Core. That taxon has been reported from Ky. but further review is needed to assess its status (Stausbaugh & Core 1978; W).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993).

PU: EDMO Hussey 1873.

Footnote:
This mostly occurs under sandstone cliffs in the Appalachian Plateaus, but in Ky. it also occurs further west under limestone along the Kentucky River Palisades, and in sandstone ravines of the Shawnee Hills.


Comment:
BELL: Abbott et al. (2004) at BE; NP (Pounds??) from CGNHP; and LB 1937 collection from "edge of woods, mountain slopes" on Log Mountain.
HARL (2): Medley (1993), assumed MM; and several NP records 1977-1980.
POWE (1): D. Dourson coll. (to D. Taylor for BE or EK); 2 sites.
UNIO (NK): in woods by Anvil Rock.

Footnote:
This occurs in southern Appalachian regions and scattered disjunct localities westward to Ark., mostly on mesic wooded slopes with base-rich rocky soils. It is generally rare and deserves global listing for protection. In Ky. it is known only from a few records in the Cumberland Mts. and the Shawnee Hills, plus two sitres in POWE discovered by D. Dourson during the 1990s (coll. to D. Taylor for EKY).


Footnote:
Formerly much cultivated, this alien is now a widespread weed in temperate North America, especially along roads and railroads. Ga noted: "Everywhere along pikes, railroads, and about old premises... It is one of the old-time ornamentals belonging to the period of the Star-of-Bethlehem, periwinkle and blackberry lily."


Comment:
The GALL (CI) collection noted by Braun states: "occasional on roadsides".

Footnote:
This alien is widely scattered across cool temperate regions of North America, but generally rare in southern states. In Ky. it is known only from an old coll. in GALL (Univ. of Cincinnati), with B's note "occasional on roadsides."


Comment:
May not be truly naturalized; often cultivated.

JEFF: (LO) AWitten-51 20May1965 2121 Stowers Lane, Louisville, vacant lot in dry soil.

Footnote:
This commonly cultivated species ("sweet-william") may occasionally persist or escape, but it does not seem to become truly naturalized in eastern states. There is a coll. of dubious status from a "vacant lot" in JEFF (DHL).


Footnote:
This alien has been widespread in pastures across northeastern states since Gray's (1864) time or earlier. Although widespread in Ky., it is usually just infrequent to rare. Gm noted: "In meadows. Eaten and said to be relished by horses. Not common except locally." Several other showy species of Dianthus or the related Petrorhagia may occasionally escape from cultivation but do not appear truly naturalized.


Comment:
This ornamental is often cultivated and probably not truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This commonly cultivated species ("garden pink") may occasionally persist or escape, but does not seem to become truly naturalized in eastern states. There is an apparently wild coll. from ROWA (MDKY).


FullName:
Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood

Footnote:
This cultivated species ("childing pink") can become a weed in more northern and eastern states (PL, W), but it does not appear to have become truly naturalized in Ky. The only wild record is a coll. of B from roadsides in ROBE.


Comment:
This appears to be native along sandy banks of the Mississippi River.

3 colls; see NP, RA??? 1970, 76, 83.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered on base-rich soils across North America, but most common in the Great Plains and generally rare to absent east of the Mississippi. It appears to be native along sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. in BALL (DHL).


Footnote:
This has spread from its orginal range in the Great Plains, and now widely scattered in temperate North America.


Comment:
Recheck; not noted by JC. This is cultivated and may not be truly naturalized.


Comment:
Check MM for FULT; also found by jc in FULT during 2004 on Island No. 8.

Footnote:
This annual occurs mostly in the southern Great Plains. In Ky. it appears to be native on or near sandy banks of  Mississippi Rv. and lower Ohio Rv. But, in general, the species is adventive in southeastern states, especially along railroads (as in CAMP).


Comment:
The KENT (nk) coll. has leaves with acuminate teeth but not lustrous above; perhaps it is "C. giganteum".

WOOD: Ellwood Carr coll at Pine Mt.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) is widely naturalized in North America, but generally uncommon or rare. Its status and habitats in Ky. are not clear. Records of Gm, McFarland (1942) and others appear to have been based on misidentified album (M), and there may also be confusion with simplex.


Species:
simplex (gigantospermum, hybridum var. s./g.)

Footnote:
This unusually large-leaved tetraploid (2n = 36) is widespread across North America, but rare to absent in most southeastern states (PL). In Ky. it is known mostly from ravine forests under limestone or sandstone cliffs; in Tenn. it is known only around the adjacent Cumberland Plateau (Ch). C. simplex has relatively large seeds (ca. 1.5-2.5 mm long), and is associated with archaeological sites of Woodland age. It does not seem to have been widely domesticated as in buschianum (Ford 1985), but especially large-seeded plants (ca. 2-3 mm) from the Great Plains have been segregated as var. standleyanum (Aellen) Fern.


Species:
pratericola (dessicatum var. leptophylloides, "leptophyllum")

Comment:
JESS (AS): J. Brushaber 198, 10 Jul 1990, waste area, Wilmore. The true leptophyllum is more western. 1 = Gunn collection at KY cited by Medley (1993) but not found there now.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) is widespread across temperate North America, except in southeastern states, where perhaps just adventive. Some colls. may need to be rechecked for other species. C. pratericola has narrow leaves that lack secondary veins, but larger leaves are 3-nerved from the base. Similar leaves are typical of C. pallescens Standl. of the southern Great Plains, and C. dessicatum A. Nelson of more western states, which both may be expected in Ky. as waifs (Y). C. pratericola may also be confused with the "lanceolatum" variant of album, which does have secondary veins, and no leaves 3-nerved from the base.


Species:
giganteum (+ centrorubrum; album var. c.)

Comment:
Excluded; records follow annotations at NK; but it is not clear how this differs from album, and this is generally combined with typical album in recent treatments.

Recheck in FNA small-seeded character.

Footnote:
Further revision is needed. C. giganteum and C. centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai are closely related Asian taxa that are provionally mapped here together. Compared to typical album (FNA 4), these taxa are relatively robust, with stems up to 2-3 m, and more densely farinose; leaves are up to 15 cm long, often distinctly 3-lobed (versus weakly lobed), and dentate to entire (versus densely dentate); seeds are reportedly smaller, on average. 

   C. centrorubrum (or album var. centrorubrum Makino) is a densely reddish-farinose plant (Ohwi 1975) that has been rarely reported in North America, but it is represented by colls. (MM for WKY) from HARL (around Pine Mt. Settlement School) and JEFF (widely escaped from cultivation of R. Cassell). This taxon may be much more widespread, but it is frequently difficult to distinguish from giganteum (FNA 4).


Comment:
This planted alien persists and suckers aggressively.

Footnote:
This has been widely planted in temperate regions of North America. It persists aggressively through root sprouts, but establishment from seed is not documented in Ky. Distinction from  X canescens deserves closer scrutiny. Also, hybridization with grandidentata can be expected, as it is well documented further north (FNA 7). Such hybrids lack the deeply 5-lobed "neoformed" leaves of alba on vigorouus sprouts, and regular leaves are "irregularly and compoundly toothed."


FullName:
Populus X canescens (Ait.) Sm. (pro sp.)

Comment:
1 = Greenwell (1935). This is a horticultural hybrid that can persist aggressively.

Footnote:
This is a horticultural hybrid that can be aggressively persistent through root sprouts. Its status needs further study. It can be distinguished from alba by its leaves (Cr, W), which are less lobed on vigorous shoots (merely toothed versus 3-7-palmate), and less hairy when mature (glabrescent versus white-tomentose).


Comment:
1 = sight reports from stream banks; but only second hand information (Campbell et al. 1992). 

See also Little (1971), who mapped it in several northern Bluegrass counties. There are several other reports. Most or all of these may be based on grandidentata.

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable northern tree that is known close to Ky. in se. Ind., se. Ohio and perhaps W.Va. (PL). There are some old obscure reports from Ky. (M), plus more recent reports from northeastern counties, but none are verified (Little 1971, Campbell et al. 1992). There may have been confusion with grandidentata. An apparent spontaneous hybrid of tremuloides and grandidentata occurs at the Boone County Arboretum (K. Stone, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This northeastern species may have increased in Ky. since settlement. Included here as open dots are the historical data of Gm. It appears to have been uncommon even during 1910-1940 (Gm, B). There is a belief among some foresters that increase occurred during salvage of Castanea dentata after the chestnut blight. See note on potential hybrid under alba.


Comment:
See also GALL, reported by Garman (1913).

BALL (LO).

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across eastern states in disjunct areas: mostly on broad swampy bottomlands of the Coastal Plain, along the lower Ohio Rv., and south of the Great Lakes (Little 1971, PL). Further verification is needed in Ky. for some of the inland records.


Comment:
Reported by R. Clark (in Jones 2005), Browne & Athey (1992) and others, but probably based on X jackii. P. balsamifera is a circumboreal species that is not native to Kentucky.


Species:
cf. balsamifera x deltoides (X jackii, X gileadensis, "candicans")

Comment:
Known generally as P. candicans; Balm of Giliead or "Bamagilly". This can spread from broken twigs according to Medley (1993).

EK: CART LETC MENI (RClark calls them var. candicans or var. subcordata but Kartesz has them lumped under ssp. balsamifera).

Clark claims "reproductive material" shows true balsamifera!!!

Footnote:
This is a commonly grown cultivar of the widespread northern species, P. balsamifera L. It may be derived from hybridization with deltoides (Cr; W and citations; see also, Clark et al. 2005). The trees sucker from roots and may also establish occasionally from broken twigs, but do not produce seed; these plants are reportedly all femaler. 

   Most or all trees in Ky. appear to be the form known as X giliadensis Rouleau ("Balm-of-Gilead" or locally "Bamagilly"), which differs from typical X jackii in its pubescent petioles (versus glabrous). However, that form probably does not deserve formal taxonomic recognition (W). The name P. candicans Ait. has also been applied to these plants, but may be synomymous with typical balsamifera (FNA 7). Typical balsamifera is rarely if ever planted in Ky., and it is not well-documented as native within southeastern states, even at higher elevations (W).


Footnote:
This variable species ranges widely across temperate regions of North America, but typical deltoides is restricted toi the eastern half (FNA 7). Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gm and B. Although widely scattered over Ky., deltoides mostly occurs along larger rivers with much fresh alluvium deposited each year. Its small wind-blown seeds have allowed local establishment in modern cleared landscapes. But it was much less common in 1900-1910, when it formed a significant component of timber resources only on lowlands of the Shawnee Hills, and along the lower Ohio Rv. and the Mississippi Rv. (Gm, Barton 1919). Hybrids with nigra have been cultivated widely in eastern states (K, W), but escapes are unknown in Ky.


Comment:
1 = Greenwell (1935). This may not be truly naturalized; check data if possible. Weakley notes "weakly spreading to disturbed areas in the vicinity of plantings".

Footnote:
This widely planted tree--the columnar "Lombardy poplar"--does deserve distinction from the typical European black poplar, though it is often treated just as a horticultural form. It can spread locally with suckers but seedlings are unknown; only male plants are known in Ky. (CW). Colls. that may suggest escaped status are known from NELS (Greenwell 1935), PIKE (CW) and OLDH (DHL), but the tree does not seem to become truly naturalized.


Comment:
This species is undercollected; it is widespread on rocky river banks in eastern and north-central Kentucky. 

1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM (not in Argus?? or are they...).

Footnote:
This southeastern riparian willow occurs mostly on the western side of the Appalachians and Interior Low Plateaus, in the Ozark-Ouachita region, and on the south Atlantic Coastal Plain. In Ky. caroliniana is widespread along larger streams and rivers with scoured shrubby banks, but generally absent along smaller streams. It has the most strongly glaucous lower leaf surfaces among native willows of Ky., but see also notes under eriocephala, which can be confused.


Footnote:
This arborescent willow is widespread across temperate North America. In addition to its original swampy habitats, it has become widespread around artificial impoundments, along roadside ditches, and similar places. Its twigs easily break off, which can lead to local clonal spread.


Comment:
Reports from central Kentucky were based on alba x pentandra.

Footnote:
This is widespread across central North America, and extends east into the Great Lakes area. The only Ky. record is a 1930s coll. of E.J. Palmer (#16502) from BALL (MO, US). Reports from central Ky. have been based on misidentifications of alba x pentandra (X ehrhartiana C. Mey.); see Argus (1986) and M for details.


Comment:
Recheck these. 1 = Clyde Reed herbarium (to MB?); see Argus (1986). 2 = Adams et al. (1968).

Footnote:
This originates from southeastern Europe, but has been widely planted in North America. The extent of naturalization in Ky. is not generally clear based on collection data. See also alba for records of hybrids.


Comment:
Assumed MM from ROWA; see Medley (1993).

NC (ex Jessup) : LYON WWEggleston "Kuttawa"

Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 10, 20) is widely distributed from east-central states to the Great Plains but restricted to xeric rocky calcareous sites, usually in thin woods and small openings along bluffs. In Ky. most records are from extensive limestone cliffs along the Palisades of Kentucky Rv. (or tributaries) and along the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus. It remains unknown within the Green Rv. watershed, but does occur further south along the Cumberland Rv. (Ch).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A.& D. Löve

Comment:
MADI: see also recent discovery by Barnes/others near Berea (JC has living coll.). 

ah = Harvill (1941) 

2 = other sources of Medley (1993); 

WHIT is at least sight record of JC.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 16) occurs in open swampy woods, seeps and wet meadows on acid soils in Appalachian regions, northeastern states and across southern Canada. In Ky. it is rare, with most records from remnants of significant wetlands in Appalachian regions or nearby. The outlying western coll. from CALL (MUR) was initially misidentified as A. praealtus: R. Athey #5132, 14 Oct 1985, Backusburg, West Fork of Clarks River at Ky 464, in pond bordering river.


Comment:
Not confirmed; this is close to puniceum but somewhat more northern, more glabrous, more rhizomatous. FAYE (PH): Short, Ky. Rv. Banks N of Elk Lick Cr . 

BELL (NP) coll. has not been located; initially called A. lucidulus, considered error by Medley. Feb 07 found!!!-- it IS A. prenanthoides NOT lucidulus as det by RHannan & LRPhillippe 26.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species is close to puniceum, but considered distinct in most recent treatments; 2n = 16 and 32 (Cr, FNA 20, W). S. firmum differs in its long creeping rhizomes (versus stout caudex), forming large patches; upper stems are pubescent in lines to glabrous (versus uniformly hairy); leaves are distinctly crowded in the inflorescence. It is typical of more calcareous sites; see also St and Y. In Ky., the only known record is an 1840s coll. of C.W. Short from FAYE (PH): "Kentucky River banks north of Elk Lick Creek".


Species:
squarrulosa (earliei, scabra; scariosa var. sq.)

Comment:
Includes Braun's sight records of "scariosa", which suggest transitions to aspera. Check Gibson (1961).

Footnote:
This is a variable southeastern species that may introgress with other species (Cr, Y), especially L. aspera (see notes under that species) and locally L. scariosa (L). Willd. Hybrids are relatively frequent within this genus, which has a consistent chromosome number; 2n = 20 in virtually all reports. However, no simple hybrids of squarrulosa appear to have been named (FNA 21). Relatively hairy plants, formerly known as L. scabra (Greene) K. Schum., are included here.

   There has been confusion with typical scariosa, which appears somewhat transitional from squarrulosa to aspera. L. scariosa occurs further east in Appalachian regions, especially around the shale-barrens of Pa., Md., W.Va. and Va.; reports from Ky. are erroneous (M).


Comment:
Some MU colls. appear close to L. squarrulosa. Another MARS (WK) coll. is white flowered (f. benkii).

WK: HART (RN at Bioreserve).

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across central North America, but rare to absent in Appalachian and Atlantic regions. It is largely restricted to remnants of native grassland, usually on more base-rich soils than squarrulosa. L. aspera is variable and can hybridize with several other species, with six named in FNA 21; see also notes under X spheroidea. Relatively glabrous plants in Ky. have been named var. intermedia (Lunell) Gaiser, especially in older treatments, but are generally mixed with the typical variety and have no clear difference in distribution. Hairy plants (var. aspera) have a more western range in North America, but there is often too much overlap and intergradation for clear distinction (FNA 21). 

   There has been confusion with squarrulosa; both species have peak flowering usually in Sep (-Oct). Local introgression has been suspected in Ky. (especially in more western regions) and in Mo. (Y), but this was not reported in FNA 21. The only consistent observable difference between these two species is that the middle phyllaries of squarrulosa are glabrous to hirtellous, with margins usually firm to somewhat coriaceous, and green to whitish. In aspera, middle phyllaries are glabrous, the margin hyaline and erose to irregularly lacerate, often purplish (see also: Cr).


FullName:
Liatris aspera Michx. var. intermedia (Lunell) Gaiser

Comment:
This is the more glabrous variety, apparently with more eastern range but overlapping.


Species:
aspera x spicata (X ?spheroidea, steelei)

Comment:
See also ROWA (GH); all from the distinct population on Clack Mountain; these plants may be of hybrid origin from aspera var. intermedia and spicata (X sphaeroidea). The MCRA (mu) collection may be var. aspera x spicata (X steelei). Check Gaiser (1946) for range.

Footnote:
There is a small but distinct population of a glabrous hybrid between L. aspera var. intermedia and L. spicata on Clack Mountain in ROWA. These relatively uniform plants have been studied several times (initially by E.L. Braun at GH), and may behave as an incipient species. They have been named L. X spheroidea (or "sphaeroidea"), but that name may just be a synonym of aspera (FNA 21, Y). Similar but hairier colls. from MCRA (MUR) and perhaps HART (M) may be var. aspera x spicata, which has been named  X steelei Gaiser. There is a need for more definitive study of variation in these species and their apparent hybrids.


Comment:
Not verified. ROWA (MO) by K. Carr #208, 13 Sep 1936, dry field Morehead; though correctly identified, this may be mislabeled (see Morehead District Inventory, Campbell et al. 1992). The FLEM coll. id. needs checking; it may be L. spicata. The correct name may be L. pilosa (Kartesz).

M: Liatris graminifolia (Walt.) Willd.   Frazee 1869; Harvill 1941; Meijer 1972b; Riddell 1835; H. J. Rogers 1941; Short et al. 1833.
= Liatris microcephala (Small) K. Schum. all specimens of Liatris graminifolia (Walt.) Willd. seen by me have been misidentified Liatris microcephala (Small) K. Schum.  According to Stucky and Pyne (1990) Liatris graminifolia (Walt.) Willd. does not occur anywhere near Kentucky.  The report from Menifee County (Harvill 1941) is probably referable to Liatris microcephala (Small) K. Schum. but there are no currently known specimens  or populations, from that region.


Comment:
This needs to be checked; this larger flowered close relative of dodecandra is apparently adventive from western North America.

Footnote:
This western taxon has been treated as a large flowered subspecies or variety of dodecandra by H.H. Iltis (FNA 7). In Mo. there is much intergradation and little overall difference in range or habitat (Y). But trachysperma is reportedly more weedy and perhaps only adventive into northeastern states (W). A coll. from TRIG (APSU) has been referred to this segregate, and other colls. of Polanisia need review.


Comment:
There has been confusion with B. rapa (campestris); lower case records may be true B. rapa; needs further study. This has hybrid origin from oleracea and rapa.

Footnote:
This variable annual is widely cultivated in cool temperate regions of North America, and often escapes. It includes var. napus, which is the widely cultivated "rape" (also known as "canola oil seed"), and var. napobrassica (L.) Peterm., which is the "rutabaga"; 2n = 38 (Al-Shehbaz 1985). B. napus was not recorded as a wild plant in Ky. until the 1960s (M). Almost all records are referable to var. napus, but var. napobrassica has been collected in a wild context from OLDH (DHL). B. napus may have hybrid origin from B. sylvestris L. (2n = 18), which is also the progenitor of B. oleracea L. ("cabbage") and B. rapa L., with which there has been some confusion.


Footnote:
This annual tetraploid (2n = 32) has hybrid origin from nigra and rapa (Al-Shehbaz 1985). It is often cultivated as "mustard greens" (or as "brown mustard" for its seeds). It is widely naturalized in North America; the paucity of records from Ky. reflects the frequent botanical boredom with brassicaceous weeds.


Comment:
The JOHN coll. and others may actually be M. floridulus.

Footnote:
This widely planted ornamental has become naturalized across east-central states, especially in mid-Atlantic and Appalachian regions (FNA 25). It was first recorded in Ky. during the 1930s by B. It is now abundant in some Appalachian regions and locally elsewhere, especially in brushy old fields and roadsides. See also notes under floridulus, which may be confused. 

   The sterile triploid cultivar known as M. X giganteus Greef & Deu is probably derived from M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Franch (Linde-Laursen 2004). It is the subject of much research on potential use for biofuel at the Univ. of Ky. and elsewhere (J. Chappell, pers. comm.), but a fungal leaf blight has caused serious problems in Ky. (Ahonsi et al. 2010).


FullName:
Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Laut.

Footnote:
This is an even more robust plant than sinensis, with wider blades and longer rachises, but smaller spikelets; 2n = 38 typically in both species (FNA 25). M. floridulus is an ornamental that has not been widely reported as naturalized in North America, but colls. filed under sinensis should be rechecked. Some colls. mapped here as sinensis (e.g. from JOHN at MDKY) may be at least transitional to floridulus. But in Mo., plants previously referred to floridulus (St) are now considered closer to sinensis (Y).


Comment:
The BOON (AC) coll. is at "MU" (national acronym).

2n = 40

Footnote:
This alien annual has become a serious invasive problem of woodlands in east-central states. It was first recorded in Ky. during the 1930s (B), and by the 1980s it had become widespread across most of the state. It is especially abundant on damp medium-acid soils that have been exposed along floodplains or trails. It is generally avoided by herbivores, and often associated with cattle or high deer populations.


Footnote:
This weed from the Mediterranean region is widespread in subtropical to mid-temperate regions of North America. It was first reported from Ky. in 1893 (Pr). In 1914 Gm noted: "not as common in Kentucky as it is farther south, but is likely to be encountered anywhere in small quantities... Its known value as a forage plant is decidedly in its favor..." It has become abundant locally along roads and in farmland that is not regularly mowed or grazed.


Comment:
This is also widely reported in U.K. Agr. Exp. Sta. weed data. The ssp. id. need checking in these colls.

2n = 20, 40

Footnote:
Typical ssp. bicolor is the common small grain crop of subtropical and temperate regions that is known as "sorghum" or "milo"; there are several cultivars. More weedy plants known as ssp. drummondii (Steud.) de Wet (= S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf.) or "shattercane" may be derived from hybrids between ssp. bicolor and the original wild progenitor, ssp. arundinaceus (Desv.) de Wet. (FNA 25). Ssp. drummondii is common in corn crops, and probably includes most of the colls. mapped here. However, there is much interbreeding between these taxa and further study is needed.


Comment:
This may be from sown seed only; both colls. should be rechecked.


FullName:
Rubus allegheniensis Porter var. allegheniensis

Comment:
MM coll data added Jun 2007 for JOHN, MEAD

Footnote:
This widespread species of northeastern woodlands extends south into Appalachian regions and other hills. In Ky. it extends into the Knobs but more western records remain somewhat dubious. Some uncertain records may reflect hybridization with pensilvanicus (or related taxa); see notes under alumnus.


FullName:
Boechera perstellata (E.L. Braun) Al-Shehbaz

Comment:
Braun also notes a hybrid with laevigata: FRAN (LB).

Footnote:
This perennial is known only from wooded calcareous slopes at a few localities in c. Ky. and c. Tenn. The plants in Tenn. have been considered distinct, as var. ampla Rollins, by some authors. B collected an apparent hybrid with laevigata in FRAN (GH). Although most closely related to dentata, no transitions or hybrids have been documented.


Comment:
Not verified. 1 = Wildberger (1880).  Also Linney (1880, 1882) reported from central Kentucky, probably BOYL or MERC. This species is known from Harrison Co., Indiana, and is expected in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This is a globally rare biennial concentrated in rocky, base-rich woods of central Appalachian regions, but with disjunct localities west to s. Ind. (Harrison Co.), adjacent to the Knobs region of Ky. (D). Colls. from Ky. are unknown, but there are old reports from FRAN (Wildberger 1880) and BOYL or MERC (Linney 1880, 1882). These reports may have been based on Boechera shortii; generic assignment has also been uncertain (FNA 7).


Comment:
For CALL, see also Fuller (1980); Fuller et al 871 (MU) but not found at MU; recheck. 

CALL (EK): RAthey 2334 30 May1973 same loc as below
CALL (NC): R. Athey 2766, 2 Jun 1974, Backusburg, upland gravel ridges on West Fork of Clarks River; also M.J. Fuller & J.K. Hyneman 860, 23 Apr 1972, Backusburg Hill, 3 m W of Kirksey on Hwy 464, S side of road, E side of river, 450-500 ft asl, 88-27-30", 36-42-30".

See also Fuller (1980): Fuller et al. #871 (but not found at MUR).

Footnote:
This biennial is widely scattered over eastern states, mostly in rocky woods, but generally rare except in the Ozark region (NS). In Ky. the only records are from gravel ridges on Backusburg Hill in CALL (EKY, MUR, NCU).


FullName:
Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al-Shehbaz

Comment:
Check MU; must have been on loan or mislaid when JC visited in 1990s.

Footnote:
This biennial is widespread across eastern and central North America, mostly in rocky woods with base-rich soils. In Ky. it most common on limestone, but smaller populations occur on less calcareous sites. Some plants referred to "burkii" (see below) may just represent depauperate plants on less fertile soils.


FullName:
Boechera burkii (Porter) Windham & Al-Shehbaz ?

Comment:
CART (NC): Cusick collection. ROWA (NC): A.W. Cusick 26386A; see also lb. Further study is needed; there may be several tentative records. This taxon may not be highly distinct; but Weakley is maintaining it in Boechera, as B. laevigata var. 1, with cauline leaves not at all auriculate or sagittate-clasping at the base. In this character, it appears somewhat similar to the shale-barren endemic species, (undescribed in 2004) that has shorter calyx, later flowering, inflorescence more branched, shorter fruits, and narrower wings on seeds; see Weakley.

Al-Shebahz is working on this still...

Footnote:
Mapping here is somewhat tentative. This largely central Appalachian biennial has recently been redefined as a distinct species by Windham & Al-Shehbaz (2007; FNA 7, W), but the status of its disjunct records in c. Ky. remains somewhat uncertain. There has also been some confusion between burkii and plants of the shale barrens in Va. and W.Va. that are now known as B. serotina (Steele) Windham & Al-Shehbaz. 

   Plants mapped here do fit the traditional description of laevigata var. burkii, with cauline leaves not at all auriculate or sagittate-clasping at the base, linear and entire (F). B. burkii reportedly also differs from typical laevigata in its more numerous cauline leaves (ca. 18-28 versus 7-15), and its narrower petals (ca. 0.5-0.7 mm versus 1-1.5 mm). Further confirmation of these characters is needed in Ky.


FullName:
Arabis pycnocarpa M. Hokkins var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins

Species:
pycnocarpa var. pycnocarpa (hirsuta var. p.)

Comment:
1 = Bryant (1973).

FRAN: MM and JC on the Benson Creek "Red Bridge Ridge" with other rare species.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across western and northern regions of North America. In Ky. there are three reported colls. from rocky woods in the central Bluegrass, but only one has been fully accessioned (MERC at KY; see also M and Bryant 1973).


Comment:
1 = Harker et al. (1981); 
2 = E. Hartowicz (sight record); 
3 = W. Meijer (mapped sight record at Raven Run, 1970s).

Footnote:
[Previous spelling as "quinquefolium" was incorrect (W, Y).] This species is widespread in eastern North America, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain.  This medicinally potent herb is still widely scattered over Ky., usually on medium-acid soils in mesic to somewhat subxeric woods. But intense repeated harvesting has continued to greatly reduced its density, especially in economically troubled Appalachian regions. Even in the best habitats, a day of general botanical survey rarely reveals more than 5-10 plants. Yet Ky. reportedly leads the nation in its annual harvest, estimated to be about 30,000 lbs (dried); see Y and International Herald-Tribune (2007).


Comment:
LAUR (NY) is Braun s.n.? 3 May 1934; see web catalog; see also NP collection (H&P?).

Footnote:
[Previous spelling as "trifolium" is generally considered incorrect (W).] This species is widespread in northeastern and Appalachian regions. In Ky. it is generally restricted to mesic woods on lower slopes and terraces with medium acid, sandy soils. Although the plant locally forms large populations (probably with though clonal divisions), it has a highly fragmented distribution in the state, suggesting great sensitivity to past disturbance (especially rooting by hogs). P. trifolius differs from quinquefolius in several fundamental characters (Philbrick 1983; Cr, W and cited literature). It has short rhizomes that are attached to globose roots (versus no rhizomes and fusiform roots); leaves are smaller and less divided; flowers are androdioecious (versus monoecious); ripe berries are yellow-green (versus bright red); 2n = 24 (as in most native Araliaceae) versus 48.


Footnote:
This widely cultivated species is native to the oceanic climate of western Europe (usually known as "English ivy"). It has become locally abundant at scattered sites in southeastern states, due to vegetative spread. As a high-climbing vine, Hedera has not been able to tolerate winters in most of the mid-west, though it may persist as ground-cover. In Ky., at least, there is no evidence of establishment from seed. Flowering occurs during the fall or mild winters, but subsequent production of seed may generally fail due to cold. Most plants in North America are tetraploids, within the context of most Araliaceae (2n = 48), but octoploids (known as "Irish" or "Atlantic" ivy) are also cultivated and may be expected to escape (Y).


Comment:
This is an Asian species becoming naturalized in eastern States as a lawn weed.

1 = Medley 1993; from where? 

JEFF also MM coll 19622-91

Garman 1914: "introduced in a park at Louisville, where it is reported as spreading."

Footnote:
This species from warm wet regions of Asia and Africa has become locally naturalized in lawns at scattered sites across eastern states. The first record from Ky. was in 1914 (Gm).


Comment:
The MCRE (MM) was a rediscovery of MCRE (LB @ US). This genus was recently transferred from Apiaceae; see Weakley. 

KSNPC has reported this from ALLE near Goodrum Cave Preserve  in 2000: E ranked pop

NP (2008) also has old records from PULA and WAYN...??? from where???

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species of boggy seeps is known from few verified sites. It was rediscovered in MCRE during 1987 (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988), but B's site in ELLI (US) has not been relocated. Details of recent reports by KSNPC are not yet available.


Footnote:
This native annual is widespread in cool temperate and boreal regions of North America, and it sometimes adventive in southeastern states. It was first recorded from Ky. in the 1930s (B). Compared to pusillum (Y, FNA 24), jubatum is generally more robust, with distinctively arching to nodding inflorescences (versus erect) and much longer, outcurving awns (those of lemmas 10-70 mm versus 4-8 mm); 2n = 14, 28 and 42 (versus only 14).


Comment:
Not mapped; widely planted with occasional waifs but not truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This annual grain crop (barley) is widely grown in North America, and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


Comment:
Recheck all material. This species is similar to multiflora.

LO: OLDH ("noisettiana"); SPEN (" foliolosa"); both det R. Clark; JC both these have hairs on styles!! Note difference in stipules not so clear cut--still glandular along margins, teeth less fine... to be detailed better in descriptions, keys...

EK: LAWR METC BRAC CLIN FLOY HARR LEE LETC MASO MCRE ROBE (all = DPerkins?); also?PIKE (white form larger lflets...???)

Footnote:
This commonly cultivated diploid is a scrambler ("memorial rose" or "rambling rose") that may be included within the broader species concept of R. luciae Franchet & Rochebrune ex Crépin (W; FNA in prep.). It is similar to multiflora, but differs in the generally larger dimensions of its flowers and fruits (W); some colls. should be rechecked. Flowers vary in size and color, from deep rose-pink to white. The common form in southeastern states (as "Dorothy Perkins") is usually pink with doubled petals (RAB). These plants can also be confused with X centifolia; see notes under gallica.


Comment:
This evergreen cultivated species is reported by Browne & Athey (1992) but no collection has been located; check ME, RA. Is this really naturalized anyway? Fernald (1950) and Cronquist (1991) indicates a southern distribution, north to Tennessee and Virginia, but not in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This evergreen diploid (2n = 14) was reported by BA, and recently mapped by SE in HICK, but no collection has been located. Well-established persistent plantings or escapes are common on rich soils in warmer zones of southeastern states, extending north to c. Ark., s. Tenn. and e. Va. (F, Cr, W).


Comment:
These are var. carolina, including var. glandulosa. Added colls det as f. glandulosa are BULL (LO), CLAR (KY), MADI (KY); also Braun lists records of var. glandulosa from CAMP (CI), CLAY (LB), FLEM (LB), WAYN (LB).

GH: BALL, BATH, BREA, CALL, CAMP, CHRI, EDMO, ESTI, HARL, JESS ("virginiana", McFarlan #123/125), KENT, LETC, LEWI ("spineless form", Braun), LOGA, LYON, MCRE, MUHL, OWEN, ROCK; f. glandulosa HARL, UNIO, WAYN.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern tetraploid (2n = 28). The typical variety (including var. glandulosa (Crepin) Farw.) is predominant in Ky. Open dots indicate good published records of the species, but without det. of variety.


FullName:
Rosa carolina L. var. villosa (Best) Rehd.

Comment:
This hairy leaved variety may not be worth recognizing.

GH: HOPK, OHIO, MCRA, HANC, ROCK, OWEN.

Footnote:
This segregate has not been recognized in some recent treatments; although centered in midwestern regions, there is much overlap in range with typical carolina. Var. villosa has traditionally been recognized from its relatively hairy leaves. But it is generally equivalent to ssp. subserrulata (Rydberg) W.H. Lewis, which is best distinguished by its relatively robust stems, often stouter infrastipular thorns, and denser internodal prickles (Lewis 2008).


Comment:
There are several reports, but examined material has all been misidentified. Check recent coll from HARR (EK) reported by Clark & Bauer (2001). This is a northeastern species known south to the Blue Ridge of Tennessee and N Carolina, and perhaps Ozarks. This also a report from central Tennessee (Chester et al. 1997). To be expected but not confirmed.

GH: checked Nov 2006; see carolina, palustris.

EK: LARU = setigera; HARD = setigera.

MENI and MERC (KY) with Clark det as virginiana seem not to be this; perhaps canina.

Footnote:
This largely northeastern tetraploid has been reported south to n. Ga., ne. Tenn. and n. Mo., but it occurs mostly in coastal regions from N.J. to Nfld., with few records far inland (F, Cr; Lewis 2008). There have been several reports of this species from Ky. (M, J), but most have been based on misidentifications. Clark et al. (2005; see also CW) reported colls. from six counties. The coll. from ROWA (EKY), at least, is verified here: E.M. & E.T. Browne #10492, 28 Jun 1965, from roadsides/fallow land 0.6 mi W of Haldeman P.O. on Ky 174.  Apparent hybrids with carolina are known (X novae-angliae W.H. Lewis), and differences are not obvious in some colls. 

   R. virginiana becomes an upright taller plant, usually to 2 m (versus somewhat pendent, up to 1 m in carolina), and is much less colonial. Its infrastipular thorns are more or less curved and taper gradually from relatively stout flattened bases (versus straight or declining, less tapering, slender, terete); also, acicular thorns are generally concentrated or restricted to stem bases (versus often numerous on upper branches). Its stipules tend to be more dilated upwards into broader lanceolate tips that are less divergent; adnate portions are usually 4-9 mm wide (versus 1-4 mm). Its leaflets are usually 7-9 (versus 3-7), clearly lustrous (versus dull to slightly lustrous). Its corymbs have up to 6 (15) flowers (versus 3 (6)), with more than one often on stems of the season (versus usually solitary); sepals are up to 20 mm (versus 12 mm).


Comment:
GH: UNIO ("virginiana", Shaklette #360); FLEM, GRAV, CART; also "Croley, swamp" McF and Anderson.

KY: EDMO "blanda"

MADI: Duncannon  Swamp (WOverbeck pers comm)

Footnote:
This diploid is widespread on wet sites across most of eastern North America, but in Ky. it is largely absent from the Bluegrass region. R. palustris differs from carolina in its stouter, often hooked, infrastipular stipules (suggesting virginiana), its stipules with a longer adnate ("caniculate") portion, and its leaves with more numerous, finer serration (F). 

   The related southwestern species, R. foliolosa Nutt. ex. Torr. & Gray, has more numerous, elongated leaflets, and may be expected in w. Tenn and w. Ky. (W; FNA in prep.). BA's report of the more northern species, R. blanda Ait., was based on a misidentified coll. of palustris from EDMO (KY).


Comment:
See also apparent hybrids with melanocarpa (X prunifolia).

LETC (lb) is melanocarpa.

1 = Kearney; check GH NY etc...

Footnote:
This is widespread on relatively wet, acid soils across much of eastern North America, but absent in the upper midwest. Putative hybrids with melanocarpa have been collected in CALL (WKY), LETC (B), MCRE (CW) and PULA (CW). Such plants are reported to form distinct populations in states east of Ky., sometimes treated as a distinct species with a broad northeastern range (PL, W): A. prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd. [= Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) E.B. Phipps). 

   Note that Aronia has been included by K.R. Robertson & J.B. Phipps within the genus Photinia (as followed by K and PL). But if these genera are merged Aronia has priority (as reviewed by W).


Comment:
In some cases, it is uncertain whether the plants were originally planted.

Footnote:
This cultivated species (a yellow stonecrop) is locally persistent on rocky sites, but it is not clear if new patches have formed disjunct from original plantings; 2n = 72.


Footnote:
This is often cultivated (as "golden carpet" stonecrop), and it may be locally escaped; 2n = 80.


Footnote:
This unusual succulent of mesic to subxeric woods occurs mostly in east-central states, and is completely absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain (K). It has varied chromosome numbers according to Cr (2n = 16 to 48), but FNA 8 reported just 2n = 32. No segregates have been recognized.


FullName:
Hylotelephium telephioides (Michx.) H. Ohba

Comment:
There is also a record of S. telephium, a cultivated Eurasian species, from CALL (MU) but this collection has not been relocated; it may be the basis for reports of S. telephioides from FULT; see Medley (1993).

MEAD: TBarnes has pics; Otter Cr state park.

Footnote:
This occurs in the central Appalachians east of Ky., and on cliffs in disjunct localities of w. Ky., s. Ind and s. Ill. near the Ohio Rv. It is generally diploid (2n = 24, rarely 48). Some reports (including from CALL and FULT) may be based on escaped waifs of H. telephium, which is commonly cultivated (M).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM for CUMB.

Footnote:
This variable species occurs mostly in the Ozark-Ouachita region and the Interior Low Plateaus, on various types of rock; 2n = 22, 44, 66 (Cr). In Ky. it is largely restricted to limestone outcrops in three regions: (1) clifftops and rocky pastures along the Kentucky River Palisades of the central Bluegrass region; (2) similar sites along the Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries downstream from the Appalachian Plateaus; (3) flat-rock glades or similar nearby sites in the Pennyrhile Karst Plain around the Shawnee Hills. There may be considerable genetic differentiation among these populations and others across the species' range. Plants of flat-rock glades in c. Tenn. appear to be distinct in several characters (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, usually along small streams and shorelines in thin woods and edges. See FNA 8 and W for references to family placement.


Comment:
1 = McKinney et al. (Mammoth Cave National Park); need county and verification. There are remarkably few recent collections.

KA FAYE check!!!

2n 28

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to southern Appalachian regions, especially in mesic ravines. It is probably widespread in most of Appalachian Ky. but there are remarkably few recent colls. The only records from the Bluegrass region are old colls. (KY-Agr.) from ANDE and FAYE that seem to be valid. The disjunct record from EDMO (McKinney et al. 1990) needs to be confirmed. 

   Astilbe biternata is often confused with Aruncus dioicus (Rosaceae). Both are tall herbs of mesic woods with compound leaves and paniculate inflorescence of small white unisexual flowers). A. biternata is usually dioecious--versus strictly so in Aruncus. Habitats are similar habitat, though Aruncus is somewhat less restricted to mesic sites. A. biternata can be distinguished as follows (FNA 8, W): terminal leaflets 3-lobed (versus 0-2 lobed), glandular (versus nonglandular) hairs on stems and lower leaf surfaces, flowering slightly later, with 10 stamens (versus 15-20), and usually 2-carpellate fruits (versus 3-4).


Species:
petiolaris (Micranthes p.; S. michauxii*, leucanthemifolia)

Comment:
jc = vegetative collection (PULA); US Forest Service data (MCRE); see inventory reports and GIS.

Footnote:
This is endemic to the southern Appalachians. Records from MCRE and PULA are tentatively based on inadequate colls., but detailed in reports to Daniel Boone National Forest (Campbell et al. 1994). M.S. Lanning (2009, M.S. thesis, Western Carolina Univ.) and W have recently supported the generic placement of Sm that is followed here.


Comment:
Short (PH): "muddy thicket, Henderson Co., Ky., near Mr. William Greers, fl. 10th May. The only place I have seen it." This is a northern species of bogs and seeps.

2n = 56, 84, 112

Footnote:
This polyploid is widespread in northeastern wetlands; 2n = 56, 84 and 112 (FNA 8). It was collected by C.W. Short (PH) ca. 1830: "muddy thicket, Henderson Co., Ky., near Mr. William Greers, fl. 10th May. The only place I have seen it."


Comment:
1 = L. Pounds (pers. comm.): "spring fed creek along War Fk near Turkey Foot Campground: (ca, 1980); this needs verification at the site. 

Medley's (1993) citation of JC for MCRE is an error; see S. michauxii.

2n = 22

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 22) is endemic to the central and southern Appalachians, mostly at higher elevations. In Ky. the only verified records are from Black Mt. or nearby (HARL, LETC). For JACK, there is only a sight record of L. Pounds (pers. comm.) ca. 1980, from a "spring fed creek along War Fk near Turkey Foot Campground."


Comment:
Reported from Kentucky apparently in error by Radford et al. (1964) and others; see Medley (1993) and Weakley.


Comment:
The CART colls. (KY, MO) and a HARL coll. (KY) may be f. albolutescens or, in latter case, perhaps transitional to T. erectum. Separation from T. erectum is difficult and all colls. need rechecking. Tom Patrick indicates that much Kentucky material appears intermediate; see his annotations at KY, etc.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian species occurs mostly west of the Blue Ridge. In Ky., many plants appear transitional to the more northeastern erectum; the combination T. erectum var. sulcatum Barksdale is available if desired. However, these two taxa appear generally distinct across most of their ranges (Patrick 1984; FNA 26; W); 2n = 10 in both (as in all Trillium), but chromosomes differ in morphology (Hill 2005). 

   T. sulcatum is distinguished by its cup-shaped flowers, with "petals carried somewhat forward to recurved-spreading in distal half... ovate to broadly ovate-overlapping" (versus "spreading, carried in same plane as sepals or ascending slightly... lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or occasionally ovate"); it has larger stamens (15-18 mm long versus 5-15 mm) and ovaries (14-18 mm long versus 5-10 mm); its smell is "faintly musty, like fresh fungus" (versus "fetid, like a wet dog"); pedicels are relatively long and often flexed or declined (versus erect). Flowers are usually maroon (petals) and purple (sepals); a few paler colls. are referable to forma albolutescens Patrick (e.g. from CART and HARL at KY). Without flowers, leaves may be tentatively distinguished by their "obovate to broadly elliptic shape" (versus "broadly rhombic to ovate-rhombic").


FullName:
Smilax biltmoreana (Small) J.B.S. Norton ex Pennell

Comment:
See also var. ecirrhata for possible records. This and var. biltmoreana may both deserve species status.

Footnote:
This diploid is generally rare, known mostly from the Blue Ridge region but also disjunct elsewhere in southeastern states. It differs from ecirrata in its leaves, which are less numerous (5-7 versus 8-13), narrower (l/w ca. 1.8-3 versus 1.4-1.7), glabrous and glaucous beneath (versus pubescent and green); also its lowest peduncles usually stem from leaf axils (versus bract axils). There is a coll. from WARR (NCU) determined by Mangaly (1968) as this species; see also FNA 26. While this record may be valid, it is desirable to review all material that has been referred to ecirrata, hugeri or biltmoreana in the state, before a definitive treatment for these taxa.


Comment:
"lb" are colls. not det. to var. A POWE (MW # 1178) coll. is intermediate.

1 = Duncan (1967); vars not distinguished.
ek vars not distinguished.

An extraordinary coll. without flowers or fruits from WHIT (S. Phillips #25 at EKY) might be interpreted a hybrid of glauca and rotundifolia; its leaves are unusually narrow but otherwise like glauca; its twigs are like rotundifolia; NO just mixed coll?

Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states, but largely restricted to acid soils.
Colls. mapped as open dots are not assigned to variety. Leaves of glauca are strongly whitened and often covered with short "hairs" below (or granular protruberances), often mottled with pale patches above, and entire margined.

   Compared to other greenbriers of Ky., S. glauca has stems that are relatively slender (ca. 2-3 mm wide at base versus 3-5 mm), terete or slightly ridged, often glaucous when young and tend to blacken with age. Prickles are dense along lower internodes with varied sizes, but tend to be just stout, recurved and restricted to nodes in distal parts of plants. Rhizomes can become relatively large and deep.


Comment:
The FULT (MM) coll. is vegetative (also R. Athey, pers. comm. to M. Medley).

Footnote:
This species of southeastern swamps is known from se. Mo., and it might occur in Ky. as temporary or outllying waifs. There have been unverified reports from FULT by M. Medley and by R. Athey (M), but colls. have not been located.


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): LAUR (BE). The WHIT (ky) coll. gives only "bog, Cumberland Falls" as locality; this McFarland coll also is at NC; the locality may be misleading; perhaps in MCRE to west of river.

Footnote:
This globally imperiled species is known only from low hills around the southern Appalachians, especially on the Cumberland Plateau. In Ky. it is restricted to damp sites on flatter uplands of the southrern Cliff Section, especially on soills derived from the Corbin Sandstone. A 1949 coll. attributed to WHIT (KY, NCU) has only "bog, Cumberland Falls" as the locality, and it might have come from adjacent MCRE. However, this species was also discovered in WHIT (KY) a few miles northeast of Cumberland Falls during 1993 (Campbell et al. 1994). 

   In Ky. integrilabia is restricted to boggy, acid, infertile soils in streamheads of small (5-20 acre) watersheds with virtually no disruption by roads, farming or similar disturbance. Declines have occurred at some sites in recent decades, apparently due to excessive competition from trees in areas recovering from logging (with dense shade and drying-out of soil). Also, head-cutting of streams threatens to drain some areas, especially after the unusually heavy rainfall of 1990-2010. Plants can prosper in open areas with occasional cutting, especially in rights-of-way under powerlines where most flowering occurs in early Aug (later than most others in the genus). But they can survive for decades in the shade without flowering. Plants are often identifiable locally by their leaves, which have a rather distinctive deep glossy green, narrow strap-like appearance.


Comment:
1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979): JACK etc
2 = Bryant (1978), Alton Station Swamp; may be coll. at Thomas More College.
wf = W. Francis, pond along old KY 15. 
hb = H. Bryan, KY 801 at I-64.  
db = D. Barrett (ca. 1990), pond at mouth of Sexton Creek (tentative?).

EK: ADAI CART ?CHRI CLIN DAVI FRAN FULT JACK MCLE MONT POWE OHIO ROCK

MADI: ?Duncannon  Swamp (WOverbeck pers comm) CHECK

Footnote:
This ranges from mid-Atlantic states to the Ozarks. In Ky. most records are from lowlands in thin swampy woods and associated openings with damp medium-acid soils. P. peramoena is virtually absent from the Bluegrass region and other areas with fertile soils that have been largely converted to agriculture.


Comment:
Numbered records are mostly dubious sight records--they might refer to unusual slightly fringed forms of P. peramoena.  

"jv" for following records.
MENI = R. Clark (MA?), D. Fig, J. Varner. 
WOLF = M. Wharton, J. Varner, E.H. Richards.

Also POWE (NP): get data...???

HARL (LO): BWetherby 106W 14Jun1950 rich woods on Black Mt.

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is known for certain only at high elevation on Black Mt. (HARL). There are also sight records from MENI, POWE and WOLF by several people (Campbell et al. 1989; KSNPC), but these may have been based on unusual forms of peramoena with less fringing.


Comment:
1 = Ettman and McAdoo (1978).  2 = M. Evans (Meadow Creek Swamp in WAYN and Marsh Creek meander in MCRE).  3 = J. MacGregor.  4 = D. Sasser. Also MADI (BE): Upper Silver Creek lake area.

EK: CLAY ESTI HARD JACK MADI MENI WHIT

JEFF: pd saw and photo after burn at Iroquois Park "oak savanna"

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern North America except the southeastern Coastal Plain. In Ky. it usually occurs in varied open habitats on medium-acid clayey soils with some seasonal dampness but often drying severely in summer. It is the only Platanthera sometimes found in old fields with little native vegetation.


Comment:
Reported from Kentucky by Britton (1901) and Small (1903); no colls. are known.

NY: none from KY (Feb 2006).

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species of wet prairies was reported from Ky. by Britton (1901) and Small (1903), but no coll. has been located.


Comment:
The ROWA record is based on a Peck coll. (PH) from "Licking River marshes" combined with a map (UNC, Chapel Hill) showing Pogonia and Drosera in "marshes"near the current Rowan County airport.

Footnote:
This species of boggy sites ranges widely over eastern North America, but most records are from the Coastal Plains and in the Great Lakes area. Inland, it occurs only locally in Appalachian and Ozarkian regions. Currently in Ky., the only known plants are along a dirt road on Pine Mt. in LETC (MM for WKY). 

   The coll. attributed to ROWA (PH) was made in 1834 by Clarendon Peck from "Licking River marshes." That historic record is supported by the extraordinary colored map of Oct 1834: "A Picter of Peck's Travels on Licking." The map was discovered by A. Risk among the materials of  C.W. Short in the Southern Historical coll. at Duke University. It shows "Pogonia & Drosera" in "marshes" on "High Flat Land" near the current Rowan County airport (Campbell et al. 1992).


FullName:
Cleistesiopsis bifaria (Fern.) Pansarrin & F. Barros

Comment:
1 = Ettman and McAdoo (1979).
2 = D. Taylor (USFS) coll./sight record. 
db = D. Barrett (sight records).

LESL: EK JKiser 428 13Aug1994, Gray Mt 0.2 mi N on ridge top from where FS road 1723 has hairpin curve; 365830N 832150W; recently burnt rocky east facing slope.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian species is distinct from C. divaricata on the Coastal Plain; see also W for review of rationale for generic assignment. In Ky. most records come from the southern Cliff Section, especially on dry acid soils in powerline rights-of-way. But populations are generally thin, with only 1-10 plants usually found at each locality.


Comment:
1 = Ettman and McAdoo (1978); now Br & Br at EK in sev cases!

Footnote:
This ranges widely over eastern states but it is restricted to woods on dry acid soils. In Ky. populations are usually thin despite an ability to spread with running roots (Y). The largely Appalachian I. medeoloides (Pursh) Raf., is known from adjacent counties of Ohio and Va. (K, PL). That species is globally rare but may be expected in Ky. on cooler or more mesic sites than verticillata, especially with Pinus strobus (W).


Comment:
BATH (PH) is from Short's note on a coll.: "June 1831, Licking River swamp". 

The only post-1980 records are from MCRE and WHIT.

Thanks to Doug Goldman (GH): see his data sheet. 
Note the NYS ref for PULA is not Bronx but Brooklyn Botanical Garden; "C.S. Wetherly s.n., 25 Jun 1883, "pine barrens".
Also, WOLF (F.T McFarland 4816, 29 Jun 1936, Sky Bridge; coll at "ND"--North Dakota?).

1 = Ettman and McAdoo (1978) for WOLF; but see also ND.

2 = S. Price, handwritten on her 1893 list (M.  Medley has photocopy); check MOBOT more...

Footnote:
This ranges widely across eastern North America but is restricted to seasonally damp strongly acid soils. In Ky. it has been found at scattered sites in eastern and central regions, but the only records after 1980 are from MCRE, PULA and WHIT. The record from WHIT (not LAUR as reported by Libby et al., 1997) is a photograph (GH), since the population was so small. C. tuberosus has a widespread eastern range, except in the lower Mississippi Valley. 

   D. Goldman has recently described C. oklahomensis from widely scattered sites, mostly in the Mississippi River watershed (FNA 26). This new species is known from c. Tenn. and n. Ill., and might have occurred in w. Ky. It differs in the near simultaneous opening of its flowers (versus sequential); the distal portion of middle lip is usually much narrower than long (versus usually much wider than long), triangular to broadly rounded (versus typically anvil-shaped); the stigma is typically flat against column surface (versus at angle); corms are elongate and forked (versus globose to elongate, not forked), and they may be able to survive unfavorable conditions for longer periods (D. Goldman, pers. comm.).


Comment:
1 = J. Aldrich (sight--Cave Hollow).  2 = J. MacGregor (sight). The CALD record was by R. Athey (pers. comm. to M. Medley) with no coll.

2006 GH, NY: none but loan to Miami?
2007 NY: FAYE--Robert Peter, Lexington, Kentucky [printed label], July 1833, "in grassy thin woods near Lexington"; HARL--TH Kearney #105, Aug 1893, Pine Mt.

Footnote:
This mysterious mycotrophic species is widespread in the eastern U.S.A. but rarely seen. It occurs in mesic forests (broadly defined), but mostly on rotted logs, along paths, near wetland margins, or in other interruptions of the ground vegetation, "usually developing only at remote periods" (F). Flowering appears generally sporadic from year to year, but plants sometimes appear in mass about two days after large drops in temperature during July and August (Dister 2005). In Ky. most records come from Appalachian regions, especially in recent decades. The coll. from FAYE (NY) was dated Jul 1833, by Robert Peter: "in grassy thin woods near Lexington."


Footnote:
This small shrub is a diploid (2n = 18) that is widespread in eastern and central states, especially on dry base-rich soils. In Ky. it is especially common in thin woods and brushy old fields that have a history of browsing by livestock.


Comment:
Living material from ESTI is in my yard and at UK Arboretum.

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable western and northern species; 2n = 36 and 54. In Ky. it occurs on several narrow limestone ridges in the eastern Knobs, together with other rare or disjunct species (e.g. Calamagrostis insperata). These populations are completely disjunct from the species' extension down the Ridge-and-Valley region to w. Va., and those in the Great Lakes region (PL, W). 

   Var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake of Pacific regions is widely cultivated, but is not known to have escaped in Ky. It has much larger fruit (ca. 12-20 mm versus 6-10 mm), less hairy leaves, and larger potential  size (ca. 0.8-3 m versus 0.1-1 m tall).


Comment:
1 = Davies (1955a). 

2 = Anonymous (1979a) or other source of Medley (1993). 

JC recalls a Medley coll from MCRE (check field notes). 

There is also a Short coll (CI) without locality. 

Recheck BELL (BE) for "perfoliatum"; perhaps all is aurantiacum.

CRIT (LO): RAthey-3343 8May1976 Marion, dry limestone slopes 4.3 mi on Ky 120 E.

Footnote:
This is reportedly widespread across most of eastern North America, but most common from midwestern regions to Ohio and Pa. and uncommon or rare in southeastern states (PL, W). It is poorly known in Ky. There has been confusion with aurantiacum, and some records need to be rechecked, but hybrids have not been documented here or elsewhere (Y).


Comment:
Recheck EDMO (NC, WK?). ESTI (KY) and BELL (BE in part) are the smooth-leaved var. glaucescens. ANDE (KY), CRIT (MU) & MERC (KY in part) are the hairier var. illinoense. These may not be worth recognizing.

Footnote:
In Ky. this widespread northeastern species is generally restricted to subxeric woods and thickets on limestone, and it is relatively frequent along the Kentucky River Palisades. Variation deserves further study (Cr, Y). Colls. from BELL (BEREA), ESTI (KY) and EDMO (NCU) are referable to the relatively eastern var. glaucescens Wieg., which has glabrous leaves. Colls. from ANDE (KY), CRIT (MUR) and MERC (KY) are referable to the relatively western var. illinoense (Wieg.) Palmer & Steyermark, which has longer hairs. The only variety in Mo. is illinoense (Y).


FullName:
Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. var. glaucescens Wieg.

Comment:
Dets. may need checking; but see also BELL (LB). This smooth-leaved variety may not be worth recognizing.


Comment:
1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); check Boone Cr--JC found there...
2 = source of Medley (1993); check Durand (1834 letter to Peter); Short & Peter (1834); Michaux 1803-6, etc.

hg Garman 1913 "reported from Gallatin County by Mr. J.F. Donaldson."

WOLF (mo), MCRE (lb) and other records may be dubious. 

Based on field work in recent decades, this species is scattered on rocky points in the central Palisades of Kentucky River; but there are no other verified populations currently known.

FAYE (KY ex Agr)!!! HGarman 13May1900 banks of N. Elkhorn Cr, Mt Horeb Pike.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 12) is widespread across North America except for southeastern states, where it extends south to Ga. but only at higher elevation. Almost all verified records in Ky. since 1980 are from the Kentucky River Palisades, where it occurs on or near rocky limestone points. Most records elsewhere remain unverified. B collected it from a "heath bald" in LETC (check US), and reported it from CART and MCRE; M collected it in LEWI (for WKY).


Comment:
Pennell's (1935) only pallidus from Kentucky is FAYE (KA), but this collection is not found here now, and data may be doubted as simply "Lexington". P. pallidus (with paler flowers), brevisepalus, and canescens (with larger flowers) are difficult to distinguish in KY. Some of these records may be at least transitional to brevisepalus. Pennell mapped this species mostly to the west and east of Kentucky, but this may have been an artefact of collection density.

Clements (1995): combined with brevisepalus
HARD (NY- Cranfill coll.!!!); OWEN (LO); PULA (PH); not reliable!!!! see my data...
Mar 2007: OWEN (LO) not convincing (in fruit)

SI: CALL; recheck!!
WK: BARR WARR; recheck versus tenuiflorus--much confusion at KY

KY: ??somewhat tentative revision Mar 2009: LIVI GRAY MCLE BUTL CRIT

Footnote:
This is largely midwestern but Pennell (1935) also mapped disjunct plants in Appalachian regions east of Ky., where they may be adventive. In Ky. there has been some confusion with brevisepalus (in eastern regions) and with tenuiflorus (in western regions); see F, Cr and W for alternative keys. 

   P. pallidus (along with the Ozarkian P. arkansanas Pennell) differs from brevisepalus and canescens in its leaves, which are firm to subcoriaceous (versus "herbaceous and membranaceous"), the cauline ones lanceolate to oblong/linear and ca. 0.5-2 cm wide (versus ovate to oblong/lanceolate and ca. 1.5-4.5 cm wide), usually entire or remotely denticulate (versus sharply dentate to entire). Hairs on stems and leaves are usually rather dense ("velvety") and short (ca. 0.1-0.5 mm versus often up to 0.5-1 mm). Flowers are whitish outside (versus purple- or violet-tinged), with relatively short sepals (2-5 mm versus 5-10 mm) and corollas (1.5-2.2 cm versus 1.5-3.5 cm).


Comment:
Not verified but possible. The ROCK (NC) coll needs checking; the species is also reported from TN (Stewart Co.), adjacent to KY. This is generally a Coastal Plain species, with reddish-purple flowers.

Clements (1995): EDMO (NY, Palmer s.n.).

Footnote:
This has distinctive reddish-purple flowers on strongly acending peducles, and mostly occurs on sandy soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain from Ala. to Va. For Ky., colls. have been reported in herbarium databases from EDMO (NY) and ROCK (NCU), but these remain dubious. P. australis has also been reported from w. and c. Tenn., including Stewart Co. adjacent to Ky. (APSU; Ch), but all records from Tenn. are incorrect according to D. Estes (pers. comm.).


Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928-35); GALL (KY) was burned.

Clements (1995): ANDE (EK); BOUR (KY); CART (GH); CLAR (KY); ESTI (EK, PH); FAYE (KY); FRAN (MObot, PH, US); HARD (PH, TENN); JESS (EK, TENN, KY, PH, MObot, US, VBilt); LEE (KY); LINC (MObot); MADI (EK, TENN); MERC (KY); NICH (KY); OWEN (LO, GH, PH, US); ROBE (PH, US); SCOT (US); WOOD (EK). Recheck BOUR, JESS, etc. at KY. He maps WARR also.

AP: FRAN.

WK: not BARR (to canescens group); FRAN (MM).

HART: scrappy coll for WKU on Goebel Tracts; see herbarium?

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in midwestern to northeastern regions, generally on limestone clifftops. In Ky. it is known mostly from the Bluegrass and Knobs regions, but it is probably much more frequent in western regions than records indicate; D mapped much in s. Ind. See also notes under tenuiflorus.


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35). Some records are tentative; separation from hirsutus can be difficult.

Clements (1995): CALD (MObot); CALL (MU)*; CHRI (PH); CRIT (WK)*; EDMO (GH); LIVI (WK, VBilt); LOGA (LO); LYON (AP); MARS (MU, WK)*; MUHL (PH, TENN); OHIO (GH, MObot); TODD (AP); TRIG (AP); WARR (MObot, PH, KY).
*Some of these need checking; JC did not find in herbaria... recheck all...

LOGA (LO)!!!
WK: HART (JC 2007; AM says common in glades on Bioserve); LIVI MARS CRIT WARR ALLE.

NOT Feb 07 HARD (LO); see brevisepalus; Cranfill sent his Penstemon to DHL!!! not KY.

KY: LYON BUTL WARR LIVI

PU: "hirsutus" from ?BARR/EDMO Hussey 1874; to check!!

Footnote:
This is restricted to calcareous glades and prairie remnants in the southern Interior Low Plateaus and Black Belt. Distinction from hirsutus can be difficult (Pennell 1935, Clements et al. 1998). Both tenuiflorus and hirsutus differ from other species in their relatively closed corolla throats, without darker lines (often present in others). Also, their stems usually have dense, long-curling, mostly glandular hairs (versus mostly glabrous to canescent, with non-glandular hairs except in inflorescences).

   P. tenuiflorus differs from hirsutus in its pubescent leaves (versus largely glabrous), remotely serrate to entire (versus usually with numerous teeth), relatively firm and gray-green (versus thin and bright green). Its flower buds are yellow (versus yellow-purple), the corolla creamy white at anthesis (versus violet-purple with white lobes); sepals are 2-5 mm long (versus 3-8 mm).


Footnote:
This attractive perennial weed (common toadflax or "butter-and-eggs") is widespread in temperate North America. In Ky. it established early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). In 1914, Gm noted: "most frequently observed on waste ground and commons around towns." It is now widely scattered across farmed regions.


FullName:
Nuttallanthus texanus (Scheele) D.A. Sutton

Comment:
Some colls. need rechecking versus canadensis (var. c.); all MU material is texanus. 

LIVI etc 1 = source of Medley (1993); perhaps RA. 

See also F. Levy coll of canadensis from PIKE that needs to be checked (NC?); probably texanus.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread from southern states to temperate regions of South America, but it be largely adventive in eastern states (F, Cr, W). In Ky. it appears somewhat weedy and adventive, but it may be native on sandy soils of the Mississippian Embayment, as in w. Tenn. (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.). See also notes under canadensis.


Comment:
G. shortii is generally combined but Fernald (1950) recognized this based on its larger, darker corolla lobes, suggesting transition to decipiens. More bug-free material and careful study is needed in obliqua, shortii and decipiens.

"shortii" ided from LEWI (NK)

Braun (1943): "Prairie patches: Rowan, and a spm. seen in the Gray H. labeled "Hb. Torr. - from C.W. Short, Lexington, Ky."

Gray 1887 (Elements of Botany) cites Short from "E. Ky."

CRIT: (WK) "decipiens" of RAthey-3375 & 3533.

BULL: (WK!) MM-19340-90.

JESS: Garman 1914 "shortii" High Bridge.

DMinney: likes fire--pops up at any site  (Ohio ILP).

Footnote:
This is a fairly widespread species of calcareous soils in east-central states. It has generally been combined with the Appalachian Gonolobus shortii (Gray) Gray, but further study is needed. There are rather few good colls. of Matelea (or Gonolobus) from Ky., and they have often been damaged by insects in our herbaria. G. shortii has been recorded from JESS (Gm), LEWI (MDKY). ROWA (B) and elsewhere. 

   Compared to typical obliqua, shortii has been distinguished (F) by its longer (13-15 mm versus 6-12 mm), broader (2-2.5 mm versus 1.5-2) corolla lobes, which are dark "chocolate-purple" (versus greenish-fuscous outside, purple inside); also, the crown is reportedly thinner (Gray 1889). G. shortii suggests a transition to decipiens.


Comment:
1 = other records from Medley (1993), probably based on his collections and perhaps RA (check catalogues). See many more in M; must be errors...

Jones (2005) doubts existing records but it probably does occur; ids. are not helped by confusion of figures in Gleason  (1952).

Footnote:
This species of base-rich soils in the mid-south (S.C. to Okla.) has been reported from Ky. (including CARL, MARS and WARR) based on colls. of R. Athey and M. Medley, but it is not yet verified (M). Identification has been difficult due to inadequate colls. and varied treatments, with obliqua often confused; figures of flowers appear switched in Gl but not corrected in Holmgren et al. (1998). 

   Based on more reliable treatments (perhaps F and Y), the corolla lobes of decipiens are usually brownish-purple to almost black (versus usually paler in obliqua), (7) 10-18 mm long and 3-6 mm broad, widest at or above the middle (versus more linear), with l/w ca. 2-4 (versus 4-6). See further notes under obliqua.


Comment:
Needs confirmation and further study, but there are increasing reports (check recent field notes).

1 = Shaklett (1937); check Ky Agr. GH etc.

2 = Nelson (1919); perhaps dubious.

WK: CUMB confirmed = BAnderson-8, 14Jun1972 roadside 12 mi N of Burkesville on Hwy 61.

jc: FLOY veg coll from upper Wilson Creek; check further (2008).

Footnote:
There have been few reports of widespread southeastern species from Ky. and some of these remain unverified. M. caroliniana is close to decipiens and intermediates have been reported further south. It may be less concentrated on base-rich soils but still "nutrient-rich" (W).

   Compared to decipiens, corolla lobes of carolinensis are shorter (usually 7-12 mm versus 11-15 mm), broader (40-50% as long versus 25-33%), and rotate (versus ascending); buds are bluntly ovoid (versus oblong-conical). In both species, corolla lobes are widest at or above the middle (versus tapering from the base to an acute apex in obliqua), and the crown is thin, with alternate lobes prolonged into acute or acuminate tips (versus fleshy, with lobes all truncate or emarginate in obliqua).


FullName:
Gonolobus suberosus var. granulatus (Scheele) Krings & Q.Y. Xiang

Comment:
Gonolobus should be segregated from Matelea; see Weakley's citations.

WK: MM-16172-87 "obliqua".

JC: PULA Cain Br "boatramp" Sep 2010

See Kriangs 2006 for some records: BALL; JEFF; MADI (Rabbott sterile coll at FLAS from Fort Boonesboro)

WOOD: 2 mi beyond Versailles on road to Sublet's Ferry, Jul [no year indicated] (fl, fr), C.W. Short s.n. (KY).

Footnote:
This is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coastal Plain, but has been submerged within the more southeastern G. suberosus (L.) Ait. in most past treatments. Typical suberosus (= Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt.) is not known definitively from Ky., although Kriangs (2006) cited a coll. of a transplant from JESS to the Univ. of North Carolina in 1963. There is an abrupt shift between the two taxa from the Interior Low Plateaus to the Ridge-and-Valley, with no proven overlap but molecular data suggests incomplete genetic separation. 

   Based on recent analysis (Krings & Xiang 2005), granulatus should be recognized at least as a variety. It differs from typical suberosus in its uniformly olive-green to orange corolla lobes, on fresh upper surfaces (versus multi-colored, generally dark maroon to brownish near the base and green to yellowish near the tips). Also, laminar dorsal anther appendages are yellow, with apex rounded or truncate (versus dark purplish or maroon-tinted, with apex bilobed to emarginate).

   See Y and W for recent taxonomic review at genus and species level. In addition to clear differences from Matelea in fruits and flowers, Gonolobus tends to be less hairy (with sparse versus moderate to dense hairs on lower leaf surfaces), and leaves tend to have narrower shape (oblong-ovate to broadly ovate versus ovate to suborbicular).


Footnote:
This biennial has a broad southeastern range, but, at least within the Ohio Valley, it is uncommon to absent in calcareous regions.


Comment:
1 = Peck (1834); see old map in Campbell et al. 1992.

KNOX (NP): "Negro Creek ca. 1500 ft SSE of its confluence with E Fk Lynn Camp Cr along dirt road ca. 300 ft NW of bend in county road."

WHIT: old coll from "Corbin" (KY???); also LB #595 "near Jellico, Tennessee; also Wolf Creek Church site of JC...

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern perennial is restricted to a few seasonally wet meadows on acid soils of high terraces among the eastern Knobs and on the southern Appalachian (Cumberland) Plateau. Habitat has been destroyed at several sites, and none of the few remaining sites for this species or its associated vegetation are protected. Efforts to propagate this species from seed have failed.


Comment:
The CALL (MU) collection appears correctly identified; accession number 558, collector's name lacking, 20 June 1940, Kentucky Wildlife Refuge; initially determined as angularis, but L.R. Phillippe redetermined this collection, and JC agrees that it is campestris.

Footnote:
This annual occurs from the lower Mississippi Valley to Tex.; 2n = 26. A coll. from CALL (MUR) is verified, with accession number 558 but the collector's name lacking: 20 June 1940, from "Kentucky Wildlife Refuge" [presumably along the Tennessee Rv. before impoundment]. It was initially determined as S. angularis.


Comment:
Probably includes all material previously treated as heterophylla in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This tall, variable annual from warmer American regions is widely cultivated for ornament (as "fire-on-the-mountain") and escaped across southeastern states. Almost all records of E. heterophylla L. from eastern North America probably belong here (Cr, W).


Comment:
JESS (jc) scattered in Jessamine Gorge.

HARD (LO) from R Cranfill--not at KY!!!! (should be a complete set).

JEFF: Pat Haragan found along Floyds Fork in 2007; also David Fothergill reports.

Footnote:
This occurs in much of eastern North America, but it is not generally common, largely restricted to somewhat base-rich soils, and rare to absent on much of the Coastal Plain. Mapped here as open dots are the data of Gm and B. Dirca is easily overlooked and probably more widespread in Ky. than indicated by colls. In the "Walden Woods" of METC and similar sites, it is locally common in open understories around the upper fringes of mesic wooded ravines, where deer may browse selectively on more palatable species. Dirca spp. are small shrubs known to spread with rhizomes (Graves 2004), and they are generally toxic or repellant to generalist herbivores.


Comment:
Check Wharton (1945), Little (1977) for other records.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern North America, it becomes uncommon to rare in southeastern states, where replaced by the infamous Z. clava-herculis L.  Zanthoxylum spp. are among the few woody species of temperate regions that combine both thorniness and browsing-repellant chemistry; see also Maclura pomifera. 

   In Ky. americanum is widely scattered but locally common in relatively few localities, especially on base-rich soil in thorny scrub around old pastures. Its distribution in Ky. and Tenn. is somewhat similar to the original concentrations of Juniperus virginiana, as documented by Barton (1919) and others. It is unusually abundant near the J.K. Smith power plant in CLAR. And on ridges above Slate Creek near Howards Mill in MONT, stems are up to 4 m tall and 10 cm thick.


Footnote:
This is ranges widely over southeastern states (north to N.J. and Neb.), but it is patchily distributed, apparently associated with areas that have a long history of brushy openings in the woods. Although usually found on rocky calcareous sites, it can also occur on deeper soils, where its running roots and low palatability may allow it to resist local disturbance from browsing.


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992), but no vouchers are located.

Footnote:
This distinctive thorny evergreen shrub occurs widely in warmer regions of southeastern states, and is locally abundant on the Gulf Coastal Plain (W). It was reported from Ky. by BA, but without details and no colls. have been located. It has been mapped from w. Tenn., s. Ill. and s. Mo. (K, SE).


Footnote:
This infamous, malodorous Chinese tree was grown initially as an exotic ornamental, but has become widely naturalized in thin woods, edges and abandoned built-up sites, especially where repeated cutting or browsing occurs. It is remarkably persistent through widely spreading root suckers that proliferate after larger stems are removed. The first report from Ky. that suggests naturalized status was by Hussey (1876).


Comment:
Palmer 17829, Owensboro, banks of the Ohio River. Baskin & Baskin (1989) suggest that this collection is from a cultivated plant, but Medley (1993) considers their argument insufficient to reject from flora.

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to rocky calcareous sites of the Edwards Plateau (Tex.), the Ozark region (Ark., Mo., Okl.), and the southern Highland Rim (Ala., Ga., Tenn.). It was collected in DAVI by E.J. Palmer (#17829 at GH) on 10 Jun 1920 from "high alluvial banks of the Ohio River just below Owensboro... However, it may have been a more recent introduction there, as it is usually found only in rocky ground and along bluffs" (Palmer 1927). Baskin & Baskin (1989) reviewed the context of this coll. and suggested that it was from a cultivated plant, but M considered their argument insufficient to reject the species from Ky.'s flora.


Comment:
Reported by Matthews (1971) from OLDH but no collection can be located at LO or elsewhere acc to Medley (1993) ... but...

LO 2008: rechecked this was redet erroneously as Ampelamus; it does seem to be C. nigrum: JJMatthews 1957 Jun 21; dry roadside thicket at Lake Louisville.

Footnote:
There is little evidence that this occasionally cultivated Mediterranean vine is truly naturalized in the Ohio Valley or central Mississippi Valley, but records are scattered widely across northeastern regions (PL). In Ky. it is known from only one coll., from a "dry roadside thicket at Lake Louisville" in 1957 (JEFF at DHL).


FullName:
Stenanthium gramineum (Ker-Gawl.) Morong var. robustum (S. Wats.) Fern.

Comment:
Difficult to separate from var. gramineum; colls. need to be rechecked.


FullName:
Stenanthium gramineum (Ker-Gawl.) Morong var. micranthum Fern.

Comment:
The PULA (mm) coll. is from Hindsfield Ridge, and the var. needs rechecking. Plants from sandstone rockhouses in the Big South Fork region of Tennessee appear to have especially distinct minute flowers and smal overall dimensions.


Footnote:
This has a broad range across southeastern states, but it is rare in most of them, with very few sites in Ill., Ky. and Tenn. (NS, PL). Although the species has often been treated in Melanthium, that genus is not supported by recent analysis (as cited in W; see also Liao et al. 2007). In Ky. species of Veratrum 2n = 16 (FNA 26).


Comment:
A ROWA (MO) coll. has dubious data, with same date as a Black Mt. (HARL) coll. by same person (W.A. Weller, 12 Aug 1959).  A vegetative BELL (WK) coll. (E.J. Carr & J.R. MacGregor, Apr 1980, Log Mt.) may be this, but was det. "viride".

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian species is common only at moderate to high elevation, especially in the Blue Ridge. In addition to the disjunct colls. from southeastern counties of Ky., there is a coll. labeled as from ROWA (MDKY) but the data are highly dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
JEFF (LO): PADavies 20Sep1943 George Rogers Clark Park, Louisville.

Footnote:
This remakable poisonous species (with complex alkaloids like others in the genus) is widely scattered across east-central states, but common only in some midwestern regions, especially the Ozarks of Mo. (Y; PL). In Ky. and Tenn. the few records are clustered in calcareous hills that may have been refuges for mesic forests during past disturbances. Flowering often does not occur, and in Ill. Ebinger (1993) indicated that it may be promoted by fires. In Ky. no response to fire has been suggested, but the population at Mammoth Cave National Park did flower well after unusually dry years in the 1990s (R. Seymour & C. Lapham, pers. comm.). 

   V. woodii is the only North American species of Veratrum (sensu lato) with blackish, purplish or maroon flowers, versus whitish, creamy, greenish or brownish (when dried). Such dark-flowered species probably form the primary division within Veratrum, rather than the variously interpreted Melanthium (Liao et al. 2007; see also citations of W).


Comment:
A KY coll. from WOLF (KY) has been annotated var. obovale by E.W. Chester.

Footnote:
This largely dioecious species is widely scattered over southeastern states. In Ky. it is generally restricted to mesic or submesic woods, especially on sandy soils and perhaps never on calcareous soils. It is the only species generally recognized in the genus, which is allied with the East Asian Chionigraphis; 2n = 24 (APG, W and citations). A coll. from WOLF (KY) has been annotated var. obovale by E.W. Chester, which needs further assessment (W).


Comment:
Includes a few records of var. kwanso, at least an extra collection from MARS (KY); a large variety of color forms exists. Also, the yellow H. lilioasphodelus is recorded as naturalized in OLD (LO).

Footnote:
This commonly cultivated "day-lily" was first recorded from Ky. as an escape in the 1930s (B). It is often impossible to distinguish persistent plantings of this popular species from spontaneously established plants. Included here are records from GALL and  MARS (KY) of the double-flowered var. kwanso Regel. 

   In addition, the yellow H. lilioasphodelus L. is collected from OLDH (DHL), but perhaps only persistent after cultivation. Various cultivars and hybrids involving these taxa are also commonly grown, often persistent, and perhaps spontaneously dispersed.


Comment:
Lower case ek records have short petioles and glabrous leaves.  Needs further study, but some of these colls. seem clear enough.

Footnote:
This has often been treated as a distinct northern species (e.g. F, W), but there may be some intergradation with typical cannabinum along its southern borders, and specimens are often impossible to assign (Y). Variety status is often preferred (Cr) or even complete combination (Y, J). Colls. often lack middle stem leaves, which have characteristically short petioles (ca. 0-3 mm versus 5-10 mm) and rounded to cordate bases (versus cuneate to rounded).


Species:
androsaemifolium x cannabinum (X floribundum, medium)

Comment:
This is presumed to be the same as A. medium. The ESTI (KY) coll. is vegetative.

ROWA: B notes the hybrid collected (?? check)

Footnote:
Plants mapped appear to be largely of hybrid origin but may include a few more or less pure plants of androsaemifolium. The latter ranges widely over northeastern and western North America, but tends to occur in more woody habitats. It extends south in or near the higher Appalachians to c. Ga. (W). There are a few records of pure A. androsaemifolium L. from ROWA (MDKY; Campbell et al. 1992) and perhaps elsewhere. Gm stated of it: "not uncommon about meadows and in open woodland in western Ky."


Comment:
The label data for ROWA (MO) may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
The CAMP (NK) (redet as salicifolia?) and JEFF (LO) colls. are probably adventive or cultivated.

Footnote:
This southeastern species has a generally abrupt northern limit. The disjunct coll. from JEFF (DHL) may be from a cultivated plant. Treatment of tabernaemontata and its segregates remains uncertain (2n = 16, 22, 32); see notes under salicifolia.


Species:
salicifolia (tabernaemontanum* var. s. and gattingeri)

Comment:
Some ids. are only tentative; this taxon may include the more pubescent, less glaucous, gattingeri as a variety. This species tends to have denser inflorescence (especially gattingeri), narrower leaves, dense clonal growth and full sun preference.


The CAMP (NC, NK) colls were initially ided as A. illustris; then gattingeri by JC; check coll and location! "across from California Christian Church near Rt 8 at California crossroads." Some green some glaucous!!!

BSorrie: gattingeri is more uniform in size, usually pub; he calls the CAMP thing gattingeri...

Footnote:
This southeastern taxon is generally distinct from typical tabernaemontanum in its denser inflorescence, narrower leaves (ca. 1-3 cm wide versus 3-6 cm), denser clonal growth, and preference for more sunny conditions. Differences are clear in cultivated plants grown side by side. 

   The name A. tabernaemontanum var. gattingeri Woodson has been applied to plants of the Interior Low Plateaus (especially along rivers) that differ from salicifolia in their more pubescent, greener lower leaf surfaces (versus glabrous, glaucous), and denser inflorescences (F, W). Such plants include colls. from HOPK (KY), MCRA (NCU) and perhaps elsewhere, but there is not enough information to justify general recognition in Ky. (see also Y). 

   The largely Ozarkian A. illustris Woodson is a more distinct taxon in this complex (Y). A. illustris is widely cultivated but may be native to riverbanks in c. Tenn., where perhaps indistinguishable from gattingeri (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Not mapped here are colls. from CAMP (KNK, NCU) initially referred to illustris, which were probably spread from cultivation; their identify and provenance remain uncertain.


FullName:
Amsonia salicifolia Pursh var. gattingeri (Woodson) new comb.

Species:
salicifolia var. gattingeri (tabernaemontana var. g.*)

Comment:
This is a suggested combination with the more loose-flowered, glabrous, glaucous salicifolia.

See also MCRA (RA catalog).

This name may be reasonable for these plants of the Interior Low Plateaus, but they may not be distinct enough in appearance or habitat to be worth recognizing. They differ from typical A. salicifolia in their generally pubescent, green lower leaf surfaces (versus glabrous, glaucous), and perhaps denser inflorescence (F). Colls. from HOPK (KY), MCRA (NCU) and perhaps elsewhere may be segregated.

BSorrie: has not called any colls from KY gattingeri but it is close in s Ind w Tenn etc.


Comment:
These data include ssp. interior and ssp. tuberosa; most Kentucky material appears to be ssp. interior or intermediates; plants suggesting ssp. tuberosa are scattered widely over the state, and do not appear to form a distinct taxon.

WK: MM! MARI.

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern and central states. Most Ky. plants appear at least transitional to be the western var. interior (Woods) Shinners. But colls. that are closer to the more eastern var. tuberosa are also scattered widely over the state. These taxa may not be worth separating in Ky., but see Y to west and W to east; they often been treated as subspecies. Woodson's research (culminating in 1964) indicated that distinction of these taxa became reduced due to migration and mixing along roadsides during the 20th Century.


Comment:
Separation from ssp. interior may not be practical in Kentucky; see species entry.


Footnote:
Several cultivars of this small Central Asian tree ("Siberian crab-apple") have become extensively planted across North America in recent decades. Self-sown escapes are becoming widely scattered across Ky., much more so than indicated by the few colls. mapped here. Leaves (unlobed) and twigs are largely glabrous; fruits are medium-sized (ca. 8-10 mm) with deciduous calyx. The horticultural taxonomy of these plants is complex (CW), with much variation in flower color, fruit color and other characters. However, only diploids are recorded (2n = 34); in other horticultural Eurasian species of Malus, there are varied chromosome numbers (Gu C-Z & S.A. Sponberg in Flora of China 9).


Comment:
Lower case colls except lb may be var. lineare, but this is not clearcut.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species of dry sandy soils.


Comment:
This taxon is not always clearly distinct from T. dichotomum and variety status may be better. 

1 = Davies (1955); 
2 = Beckett (1956); 
cl (3) = C. Lapham, pers. comm.; 
4 = Hoskinson (1951); 
5 = McKinney et al. (1990). 

Lower case (ky) may be dichotomum.  Most records need checking. ESTI (NC): M.E. Wharton, 9 Sep 1939; confirmed by Weakley.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is generally distinct from typical dichotomum, but some colls. from Ky. need checking. There may be some intergradation in the state; 2n = 38 in both taxa.


Comment:
Most or all S. ovata in Kentucky appears to be var. versicolor (= calcarea), but this is generally combined with var. ovata. The EDMO (WK) coll. has unusually small leaves and may be var. ovata in the strict definition. But not all collections have been carefully checked. See also var. pseudovenosa records of Epling (1942); but that variety may not be distinct from versicolor.

Footnote:
Variation in this widespread species of east-central states was detailed by Epling (1942), but has been dealt with in different ways by subsequent authors. Using F and Cr, most plants in Ky. have been referred to the largely midwestern var. versicolor (Nutt.) Fern., which has relatively broad leaves (8-12 cm versus 5-8 cm) and short bracts, compared to more southwestern plants that have been known as var. ovata or var. bracteata. However, recent revision by B.A. Sorrie and Weakley (W) has now indicated that the type of ovata should be included with versicolor rather than bracteata. 

   Further study is needed in the state, and some colls. mapped here should probably be transferred to bracteata. Also, using Epling and Cr, a few colls. with relatively sparse eglandular (versus dense glandular) hairs have been treated as var. calcarea (Epling) Gleason (including ssp. pseudovenosa Epling). Epling and Cr distinguished that taxon in Ky., Tenn. and N.C., but F and W have included it with var. versicolor.


FullName:
Scutellaria ovata Hill ssp. bracteata (Bentham) Epling

Comment:
HICK & EDMO (NC) colls are det as var. bracteata, which is made a subspecies in some treatrments. However, this taxon is not recognized in other recent treatments. Perhaps combine provisionally with var. ovata.

WK: HART (JC 2007; to be rechecked but apparently var. ovata with Fernald).


Colls. from EDMO and HART (WKY) may be var. ovata in its strict definition. Colls. from EDMO and HICK (NCU) have been referred to var. bracteata Benth., which was treated as a more southern subspecies by Epling, but combined with var. ovata in more recent treatments.

Footnote:
This taxon may be centered in the central and lower Mississippi watershed (Epling 1942). B.A. Sorrie and Weakley (W) have recently indicated that its most distinctive character is the lower lip of its flowers, which is cleft and erose (versus entire), bearing large lateral auricles (versus undulate or weakley auriculate). See notes under ovata. In Ky. there are verified colls. from EDMO, HART and HICK (NCU, WKY), and more colls. probably exist under ovata, sensu lato.


FullName:
Scutellaria ovata Hill var. calcarea (Epling) Gleason

Comment:
1 = Epling (1942). 

Also reported by Gleason & Cronquist from KY; but colls not yet located. This variety may be combined with var. versicolor (Fernald 1950).


Comment:
PIKE (LO) coll. needs rechecking for possible saxatilis. These taxa may intergrade.
2008 Jul not found here...

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian taxon is verified only from Tenn., Va., N.C. and Ga. (Epling 1942; F, Cr, W). It has been reported from Ky. (M), but there has been confusion with saxatilis, and recent revison of W has indicated that arguta should be included as a variety within S. ovata ssp. rugosa (Wood) Epling. 

   Ssp. rugosa is not known from Ky. but might be expected in the Cumberland Mts. Compared to typical ovata (F, Cr, W), its relatively small corollas have a blue lip with two white lines (versus white with a few blue spots); its leaves are smaller, rugose, usually densely hairy (versus sparse), and often purplish; plants are somewhat sprawling and relatively short, with less clear differentiation of racemes (thus resembling saxatilis).


Comment:
BELL (1): Epling (1942), which is dubious for FAYE, with uncertain label of Short. 

ELLI (NP) coll. was by T. Bloom in 1992 (check NP).

BATH colls. need rechecking for possible arguta; 

LEWI also coll by LB.

MONR (1): Epling 1942.

ROWA (NP): prob at MO Roberts Br in powerline ca 1.6 aimi NNW of Morehead.

2000 NP database also has MEAD with no more details.

Footnote:
This uncommon plant occurs from the Appalachians north to Ind., Pa. and Del., usually on mesic slopes and terraces. Short (1837) found it on a "marshy flat at the Olympian Springs" (BATH, check PH). More hairy plants in Ky., with some glands, have been referred to S. saxatilis var. pilosior Benth. or to S. arguta, but probably in error; see notes under arguta.

   In contrast to the ovata group (Cr, W), saxatilis is a somewhat decumbent plant, often spreading over logs or talus; stems usually have at least sparse curved-ascending mostly eglandular hairs (versus spreading or retrose, often glandular); leaves are truncate (versus cordate); flowers are partly axillary (versus strictly terminal) and sometimes secund.


Comment:
1 = Beal & Thieret (1986); 2 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM, RA, EK, MO. Check if EK has from CLIN (Libby et al. 1997).

Footnote:
This has range and habitat similar to virginica, but typically occurs in more woody vegetation with some shade.


Comment:
1 = R. Houp, pers. comm. (near Menter Branch W of Wilmore).

Footnote:
This mycotrophic perennial is widely distributed across southeastern states. Obolaria (a monotypic genus) usually occurs in somewhat mesic woods, which is unusual for Gentianaceae, and it is the smallest member of the family in eastern North America; 2n = 56.


Comment:
The BULL (MM) coll. Is from the lake at Bernheim Forest where it was not planted. It is also known from Tennessee within a few miles of Kentucky in Land-Between-the-Lakes (TRIG).

Footnote:
This floating aquatic is often sold for water gardens, and it may be increasing in southeastern states (W). In Ky. it is known only from the lake at Bernheim Forest (BULL; MM for WKY). It has also been collected in Montgomery and Stewart Cos., Tenn., close to TRIG (APSU).


Footnote:
This weedy vine is widespread across southeastern states, especially on damp fertile soils. It probably occurs in all counties of Ky., but it is much less common in forested hilly regions. In addition to being typical of old fencerows and roadsides in farmland, Campsis is locally common in native vegetation along wetland margins and riverbanks.


Footnote:
This monotypic genus of southeastern states has a northern limit just north of the Ohio Rv., where it occurs on warmer slopes in s. Ohio and sw. W.Va. It has not yet been recorded in most adjacent Ky. counties, where north and east aspects prevail along the major river valleys, but it is abundant along ravines further south in the Bluegrass region. Bignonia is the almost only evergeen woody vine that is native to Ky. (most Smilax spp. sometimes have partially persistent leaves). It may be the basis for "Jessamine" County, where local history indicates that the county was named after a common flower along Jessamine Creek.


FullName:
Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm.

Comment:
1 = Shacklett (1937). 

LO: EDMO? (veg.), TRIM (bug-damaged).

Plants from HICK, FULT, CARL, UNIO & MCLE are probably native, and some archaeological and historical evidence suggests that scattered trees occurred upstream to S. Ohio and W. Virginia before settlement. Much is planted now and there are frequent escapes. Some collections are hard to tell from C. bignonioides, especially without flowers.

Footnote:
The original main range of this widely planted tree was probably in the central to lower Mississippi Valley (Little 1971; W). Colls. from the Mississippi and Ohio Rv. bottomland in CARL, FULT, HICK, MCLE, UNIO and perhaps elsewhere appear to be from native plants. Rafinesque (1836, 1:31-32) suggested that this species was spread to the north by Indian tribes. There is archaeological evidence that speciosa occurred upstream along the Ohio in W.Va. before 1500 AD (Hemmings & Core 1976), and this species is currently frequent in the lower Kanawha Rv. valley. Much speciosa is still planted throughout the whole Ohio Valley, and there are frequent escapes. Consistent distinction of native from adventive plants is not attempted here. Also, distinction from bignonioides needs to be rechecked in several cases; see notes under that species.


Comment:
The species appears to be native in MCRE & WHIT and perhaps MCLE, TRIG, etc., but this remains uncertain; other records are from plantings or escapes. Clark & Bauer (2001) stated that it appears native along the Ohio River in MASO (EK). Distinction from speciosa is often difficult, especially without flowers; the vegetative CARL, CALL & HICK (all MU) may suggest C. speciosa (glabrous).

Footnote:
The main range of this widely planted southeastern tree was probably on the Coastal Plain from Ga. to Miss., probably on more acid, infertile and siliceous soils than speciosa (Little 1971; W; R. Olsen, pers. comm.). Status in Ky. and Tenn. remains somewhat uncertain. All Ky. records may come from escaped plants, but native status has been suggested in MCLE, MCRE, TRIG, WHIT and perhaps elsewhere (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW, M). 

   C. bignonioides is often confused with speciosa, especially without its distinctive smaller flowers and fruits (Gm, F, Cr, J, Y; R. Olsen, pers. comm.). Leaves of bignonioides tend to be more malodorous, more persistently pubescent (with stellate hairs as well as straight ones), and less long-tapered. Its bark is initially light brown (versus reddish-brown); older trunks have distinctive short thin scaly plates (versus elongated ridges and furrows); trees tend to be short, with more spreading branches. There is genetic evidence that some cultivated plants are derived from hybridization (R. Olsen, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Proboscidea louisianica (P. Mill.) Thellung

Comment:
1 = Price (1893). Perhaps native to the broader river valleys in the west, but adventive more widely.

Footnote:
This widespread southern weed is sometimes cultivated for its fruits. It may be native in Ky. on some western lowlands and along the Ohio Rv., but adventive elsewhere (FAYE, JESS, WASH). Further evaluation of the records and localities is needed. P. parviflora (Woot.) Woot. & Standl. is a more southwestern species that was cultivated for fiber by native people (Ford 1985).


Footnote:
This creeping diploid (2n = 14) perennial is nearly cosmopolitan. Typical serpyllifolia is considered alien in North America (Cr). In Ky. it became established early after settlement. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "common in grass lots."


Comment:
There is a coll. from cultivation in CAMP (KNK); erroneously reported from GRNP by JC before. Also coll from Cave Hill Cem in JEFF (LO).


Footnote:
This polyploid (2n = 52) annual is a widespread native weed in temperate regions of North and South America, with var. peregrina predominant in most of the range. Early after settlement in Ky., it was "abundant in gardens and cultivated fields" (Short 1828-29).


FullName:
Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell

Comment:
More study is needed. More colls. under var. peregrina may belong here. But this does not seem a markedly distinct taxon; mixed populations occur. The MARI (KY) coll. has hairy sepals and fruits but apparently not glandular enough.

Footnote:
This may have originated in southwestern regions (Pennell 1935, F, Cr). In Ky. it does not seem to be an ecologically distinct variety; mixed populations often occur.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 14, 16) annual became a common weed across eastern North America after the late 19th Century, when it was "rather rare" and confined to coastal states (Gray 1864, 1889). In Ky. the first report of "arvensis" was in 1914, when Gm noted it was common in pastures and meadows, and had probably been introduced among forage seeds. However, it may also have been the plant called "agrestis" by Short (1828-9; Short et al. 1833): "Cultivated fields and pastures common."


Comment:
Perhaps not clearly distinct from V. polita; colls. need rechecking. Not reported by Braun.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 28) annual is probably widely scattered over eastern states, but it is similar to the closely related polita and there has been much confusion (Ch, W). Colls. from Ky. should be checked further.  All verified Ky. colls. are dated from after 1970. In the late 19th Century, it was still mostly (or perhaps only) "near the coast" (Gray 1864, 1889).


Comment:
See Abbott et al. (2004). Perhaps not clearly distinct from V. agrestis. Some colls. are tentatively placed here. Not reported by Braun.

Footnote:
In North America, this widely scattered diploid (2n = 14) annual appears to have been virtually unknown before Pennell (1935) and F, appearing first on ballast at ports. It is easily confused with agrestis, and colls. from Ky. deserve to be rechecked (Abbott et al. 2004). All Ky. records are from after 1970.


Footnote:
Under various synonyms, this tetraploid (2n = 28) annual was first reported in North America by Rafinesque in 1832 (Pennell 1935), then by Gray (1889) as "rare in Atlantic states". It is now widely scattered across temperate regions. The earliest Ky. record was provided by McFarland (1942); B did not include it.


Comment:
The HICK coll. was by Webb from Murphy's Pond.

Footnote:
This occurs on similar sites to smalii, mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain but also extending up Atlantic states to eastern Canada. The only Ky. record is a 1970s coll. from near Murphy's Pond in HICK (Webb 1987).


Comment:
See Brandenburg & Thieret (2003: JKAS) for recent records: CAMP (NK).

Footnote:
This is becoming common in northeastern states and adjacent Canada (FNA 26, W). In Ky. it is known from a few sites in woods on toe-slopes and floodplains, and it may be increasing along or near the Ohio Rv. (M; Brandenburg & Thieret 2003).


Comment:
ESTI (lp): L. Pounds (sight) along Middle Fork, Station Camp Cr.  

LEE (jm): C. Andre and J. MacGregor (sight); mouth Flat Br of Indian Cr. 

CLAR (BE) record is from a quarry.

PULA (NP): Buck Cr 0.25 stmi down from mouth of Short Cr.

M cites MADI from JC but must be error; no record???

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is known mostly from calcareous rocky banks of medium-sized streams along the western margins of the Appalachian Plateaus.  Optimal habitat appears to include low muddy cracks among boulders. It has also been found by R. Thompson on a limestone quarry floor in CLAR. S. lucida is the earliest flowering Spiranthes in the state, usually in May-Jun; 2n = 44 (versus 30 in most others).


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35) for some of these records.

WK: MM HEND WARR UNIO.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread in temperate North America, usually growing on bare wet ground.


Comment:
Reported by Barbour & Barbour (1950) but not verified; unlikely in the state.


Comment:
All material is var. shortii, but this taxon is not generally recognized in current treatments. 

1 = Pennell (1928-35); the type of ssp. shortii is Short coll with location unknown.

2 = source of Medley (1993); to check; perhaps just extension of KNOX site

JACK: erroneous in previous draft: Jackson Co. Ohio!!!!

ROWA: also MV coll.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 14) is a generally uncommon to rare in marshy shorelines around old sloughs and ponds, mostly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont, but also scattered west to Mo. All colls. from Ky. are referable to var. shortii (Dur. ex Pennell) Gleason, with relatively large flowers and leaves; this taxon may be a meaningful western variant. 

   Also expected is the southern relative, G. brevifolia Raf., which occurs in Tenn. close to Ky. in Montgomery Co. (1 mile ESE of Guthrie) and in Morgan Co. (on banks of Obed Rv.; D. Estes, pers. comm.). Early colls. of C.W. Short from Ky. (Kew, PH) were named brevifolia by G. Bentham (in DeCandolle's 1846 Prodromus) or G. shortii by E. Durand, but viscidula was not described until 1919, and ssp. shortii not until Pennell (1935). Short's colls. were probably from the wetlands of BATH or ROWA (Campbell et al. 1992). Another related species, the tetraploid, G. aurea Michx. (= G. lutea Raf.), has been reported from Ky. but probably in error (see M for details).


Comment:
JEFF (LO): yes colls (missed before); 2008 Jul.

ROWA (PH); see Pennell (1928-35); 

ROWA inferred from "swamps of Licking River" (but could also be BATH). 

1 = sources of Medley (1993); not including dubious FAYE & FRAN.

WK: MM HARL KNOX.

Footnote:
This southeastern annual is often confused with neglecta; 2n = 16 in both species, but hybrids are unknown. G. virginiana tends to occur on more acid soils, often sandy or boggy.


Comment:
See also Braun collections from LAUR at PH, CI.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly in damp places within pine savannas on the Coastal Plain. It does not belong in Gratiola, and might even be justified in the monotypic genus Tragiola (W; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Comment:
See  Pennell (1928-35) for some of these records.

1 = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

Footnote:
This weedy annual is widespread across eastern states, but centered in the Mississippi Rv. watershed. It is abundant along exposed shores of rivers, and has also become a common weed in regularly cropped fields. The genus is monotypic.


Comment:
This is a cultivated plant, rarely naturalizing in North America; reported by Pennell (1935) but no collection is located.

Footnote:
This is an ornamental annual from southern Europe that has become naturalized at a few sites in North America, especially in the Pacific northwest (PL). It was reported from Ky. by Pennell (1935), but no coll. has been located. The more showy perennial "snapdragon" from Mediterranean regions, Antirrhinum majus L., is not known to have escaped in Ky. at all. Despite much cultivation and occasional escapes, neither species appears to be truly persistent in eastern states (F, Cr, W).


FullName:
Chelone obliqua L. var. erwiniae Pennell & Wherry

Comment:
The species needs further study, especially the HICK (MM) coll. These Appalachian colls. may be better named var. erwiniae (see Medley 1993).

Footnote:
Variation within this species deserves further study. There is a southern Appalachian race with 2n = 56, which may represent var. erwiniae (Nelson et al. 1998); in the rest of the species, 2n = 84. All Appalachian colls. of obliqua in Ky. have been referable to var. erwiniae, following Pennell (1935), but that taxon has not been distinguished in some recent treatments.


FullName:
Chelone obliqua L. var. speciosa Pennell & Wherry

Comment:
1 = Medley (1993) thesis; check MM, NP.

FULT (NP): 1977 "Obion Cr bordering Hickman Bottoms Road; check who? coll?

MUHL (NP): 1996 at "South side of Illinois RR tracks ca. 0.2 m e of Pond Rv and ca. 0.7 m w of McNary; check who, coll?

ADAI was error; see M.

Footnote:
This midwestern variety appears to be generally distinct (Pennell 1935; F). In Ky. it is locally frequent in western swamps and seeps on medium acid soils. However, some colls. from GRAV (WKY) and HICK (MUR) may be at least transitional to var. obliqua.


Comment:
Needs further study versus var. elatior; several Appalachian colls. may be the latter. Added colls. from MCRE (KY), MORG (KA), WHIT (KA), CALL (MU) are f. tomentosa. A CALL (WK) coll. is var. linifolia.

1 = MacFarland 1948; check details for Jess Gorge???
See also Meijer/Campbell notes from Delaney Ferry Swamp; Meijer paper?

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 28) is widespread in wet woodlands across eastern North America, except on the Gulf Coastal Plain. Variation deserves further assessment. Some Appalachian records mapped here may be transitional to var. elatior. [With the out-moded treatment of F, a coll. from CALL (WKY) was referable to var. linifolia Coleman; and several scattered colls. have been referred to forma tomentosa (Raf.) Pennell.]


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35) for some of these records; also MCRE & PULA. Needs more study versus var. glabra; most material at KY & MO is just tentatively separated; Weakley notes poor distinction in general. LB collections may be at CI; see Pennell (1935).

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian variety has reddish flowers and relatively large leaves (F). However, distinction from typical glabra is often unclear, and some authors have combined these taxa (W; see also, Nelson et al. 1998).


Comment:
1 = Grubbs (1989). 
2 = sources of Medley (1993); 
SIU to check (Mohlenbrock et al. 1966): redet as digitalis by FSCrosswaite 1968 and JC agrees!!!
Check also RA catalog and material.

This widespread species of the Mississippi Valley may be easily overlooked, being confusable with digitalis.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in or near the Ozark region, but appears to be adventive in some eastern states (Pennell 1935). Although distinctive, it can be confused with alluviorum (especially) or digitalis; further study of colls. filed under these names is needed. P. tubiflorus differs (F) in its corollas minutely glandular-puberulent within (versus glandless), leaves entire or nearly so (versus entire to sharply serrate), and stems glabrous (versus glabrous or hairy, at least in lines). It has been reported from Ky. (M), but no colls. have been located; the report of Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) from GRAV (SIU) was based on misidentified digitalis.


Comment:
See Pennell (1925-35). Some colls. have short-pubescent stems like calycosus: LAWR (NK), LEWI (NK).The species may intergrade with P. alluviorum.

HARR (jc): discovered at Griffith Farm in collection field; to be propagated.

Clements (1995): JEFF (LO); MONT (EK); OLDH (LO); OWEN (LO); TRIG (AP)

jc: check plant found at Griffith Woods

SI: CARL, GRAV, MCRA ("alluviorum").
WK: MCRA, CRIT, BARR.

Footnote:
This eastern species of damp fertile soils is considered to have originated in midwestern region, and may be somewhat adventive to the south and east (Pennell 1935; F). It is often difficult to distinguish from alluviorum and calycosus. This group is usually distinct from the canescens-pallidus group in their less bearded sterile filaments, inflated corolla-throats (with little internal ridging and lower lobes more or less equalling upper lobes), glabrous lower leaf surfaces, and lack of longer hairs (ca. 0.5-1 mm) on stems or leaves (Pennell 1935; F, Cr, W). 

   Mapped records are tentative in some cases. P. digitalis has been combined with alluviorum by some authors, and some colls. need checking; see notes under the latter. Both taxa have largely white flowers with hairy anthers. Some atypical colls. mapped here from LAWR, LEWI (KNK) and elsewhere have short-pubescent stems, suggesting transitions to calycosus or laevigatus, which are distinguished by their glabrous anthers and often distinctly purplish flowers.


Comment:
1 mm = Medley (1993), from stream bottom in MENI, sandstone ridgetop in ROWA (MM?). 
Most or all of these may be from cultivated plants or escapes; most likely to be native on damp rich lowlands and seeps in cooler Appalachian areas.

Footnote:
This humming bird-pollinated species is native to cooler regions east and northeast of Ky., especially at higher elevation, but it has been widely cultivated. Plants in Ky. appear to be the broad-leaved form that probably originates from northeastern regions (Scora 1967). Most or all colls. may be persistent or escaped from plantings.


Species:
cf. media {didyma x fistulosa/other species}

Comment:
This is a poorly understood taxon, that may consist of hybrids with fistulosa or clinopodia; it may also be confused with fistulosa var. rubra and serotina (see below). If truly native (and not persistent from cultivation), these records may indicate former range of didyma.

gh: MADI weird narrow leaved specimens, with reddish bracts; perhaps = virgata x media?? (filed with clinopodia ssp praecox).

gh: HARL: Braun 9 Jul 1935 (see clinopodia); BELL (Braun 6 Jul 1937, my slope, Fondee Mt).

ny: MENI weird virgata probably x media (with purple bracts and pink-purple corolla; otherwise leaves look like virgata).

NY: (det Scora) MA, NH, NC*, NY, VT; Ontario* (* some approach var. rubra); good var. rubra (det Scora) only from CT (could be cult??), NJ, NC. Note yes var rubra with l/w ca. 3 (versus 2) and more hairy flws.

Following is apparently virgata x media (or close):
NY: A.W. Cusick #30,321 2 Jun 1992, MENI, DBNF Rd 918A SE jct w/918 SE of Salt Lick; "russeliana"---"fistulosa? det Prather--check???...

Footnote:
This poorly understood taxon of scattered northeastern and Appalachian localities (F, Cr, K) is considered to have originated from hybrids between (a) didyma and (b) fistulosa or clinopodia. It has also been confused with the apparent fistulosa-clinopodia intermediates (see below). Introgression of fistulosa into didyma can occur within a few decades of road-building through forests (Egler 1973). 

   The few Ky. colls. that match typical media are mostly from in or near the Red River Gorge area (MENI, POWE, WOLF at KY, EKY). They could have horticultural origins, perhaps even from didyma planted at old home sites then hybridizing with local fistulosa. Some anomalous colls. (mapped here as open dots) may be Monarda sp. nov. 1 x media (MADI at GH, MENI at NY) or clinopodia x media (BELL and HARL at GH). 

   F combined media (only 3 colls. at GH) with fistulosa var. rubra Gray (only 1 coll. at GH), which has been reported from Ky. by McClintock & Epling (1942), but there is no known coll. However, var. rubra may be native only in the Southern Appalachians (Scora 1967, W). It has relatively narrow leaves and more hairy flowers, compared to media, and may have resulted from introgression of didyma into fistulosa.


Comment:
Includes O. florida according to recent authorities; O. stricta was misapplied to these plants in previous literature, and there is much current confusion between dillenii and true stricta (europaea).

Footnote:
This is widespread in varied disturbed habitats of eastern and central North America. It has been frequently confused with stricta, which tends to occur in more open habitats; see notes under that species.


Comment:
Some identifications are tentative; needs more careful study.

FAYE: JC to collect under Picea in greenway

Footnote:
This rapidly creeping, stoloniferous is an adaptive, variable weed (2n = 24, 42, 48). It may originate from warmer regions in the Americas (Nesom 2009; W), but was recorded in Ky. early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). In 1914 Gm noted: "A common weed of no great consequence..." Although widespread in the state, it is largely restricted to horticultural or residential settings, and there are rather few colls. It appears to be most frequent common on medium-acid, sandy or gravelly soils.


Comment:
Also, Rafinesque (1819) reported this species from the "barrens".

Footnote:
This biennial species, as the typical southeastern var. polygama, is known from several sites in MCRE (KY). Also, Rafinesque (1819) reported the species from "barrens" in Ky. but no colls. are known. The northeastern var. obtusata Chodat might also be expected in the state.


Footnote:
This annual occurs widely in open areas across east-central states, usually on seasonally dry, infertile soils with bare areas.


FullName:
Polygala verticillata L. var. isocycla Fern.

Comment:
This appears to be just a less robust plant than var. verticillata; is it really distinct?

Footnote:
This taxon is reportedly widespread across eastern states, but distinction from the typical variety needs to be checked; there may not be significant taxonomic differences.


FullName:
Polygala verticillata L. var. verticillata

Comment:
The CAMP (nk) coll. has not been checked for var.

Footnote:
This annual is reported to be centered in more northern regions than var. isocycla. P. verticillata, as generally defined, is a variable species that needs further analysis (W). It occurs in a variety of open habitats, especially on bare ground, but often in open woods as well as full sun.


Comment:
1 = Bryant (1978), Alton swamp. 

Another coll. from MCRA (MU) is f. viridescens.

FAYE (jc): sight record (at least) as waif in lawn in Lexington; 1980s; just a waif!!!

METC (JC): f. albiflora coll in 2008 by old Ky 80 w of Edmonton in barrensy roadside w/Spiranthes tuberosa.

Footnote:
This annual occurs on damp acid soils across eastern North America, except for the southeastern Coastal Plain. A few colls. from Ky. have greenish or whitish flowers (MCRA, METC). The record from FAYE is based just on a waif in a mowed lawn (JC, pers. obs.).


Comment:
Collections identified earlier as mariana from BATH (KA) and BELL (KY) are now redetermined as curtissii by JC.

GET DATA!!!!

Footnote:
This southeastern annual occurs mostly on sandy soils of the Coastal Plain, but with significant disjunctions in Tenn. as well as Ky. There has been some confusion with P. curstissii in Ky., but the records mapped here from DAVI and TODD are based on correctly identified colls. (KY).


Comment:
The METC (LB) should be reckecked; "moist flats in "barrens"". Earlier records from BATH or ROWA (KA) and BELL (KY) was based on misidentified curtissii; these have also been confused with mariana.

Footnote:
This southeastern annual occurs mostly on sandy soils on lowlands and uplands from Mass. to Ga., but with scattered disjunct occurrences reported west to Ark. (W). For Ky. the only record is a coll. of B in 1941 from "moist flats in barren...west of Knob Lick" in METC ( US); this should be rechecked. Reports from BATH, BELL and ROWA have been based on misidentified curtissii or mariana (M).


Comment:
At first sight this species seems difficult to distinguish from P. sanguinea in some cases, but there appear now to be no obvious hybrids or intermediates. Check FI for RUSS; see Gibson (1971).

Footnote:
This annual occurs on dry acid soils mostly in or near Appalachian regions, but with some extensions onto the Interior Low Plateaus of Tenn. and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. (PL, W). Although sometimes confused with sanguinea or other species, these are distinct taxa with no known hybrids.


Footnote:
This widespread northeastern species is the only stemless blue violet known in Ky. that is restricted to truly hydric sites (as opposed to temporarily flooded or seasonally wet sites). It is generally distinct, but can intergrade locally with affinis and (further north) nephrophylla (F). Seeds are relatively small and blackish. Flowers are relatively small and pale, with strongly clavate hairs on lateral petals and on the spurred petal. Peduncles are relatively long, overtopping leaves for regular flowers, and erect even for the cleistogenes, which are relatively elongated with auricles nearly as long as sepals. Leaves are relatively small and narrow (at least the upper ones), pale (often yellowish when dried), generally glabrous or sometimes with scattered short hairs above.


Species:
missouriensis (sororia var. m.; ?langloisii)

Comment:
NC: ex Jessup Eggleston MCRA "missouriensis" (JC!?)

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the central and lower Mississippi Valley, usually in woods on damp, circumneutral to slightly acid, clayey terraces (D). Although generally distinct, it is sometimes hard to distinguish from affinis and papilionacea, and probably intergrades with them; see notes under those species. V. langloisii Greene is a name that has been used for some of the "missouriensis" mapped here, or perhaps for transitions to the other species (Sm; Correll & Johnston 1970; see also colls. at NY). If synonymous, langloisii may have priority due to its earlier publication. 

   Compared to affinis, missouriensis has well-developed leaves that are completely glabrous (versus slightly hairy above), deltoid-ovate and relatively narrow, sometimes coarsely dentate at base, and attentuate with slight concavity to the apex (versus more broadly ovate-orbicular and acute or abruptly pointed). Based on varied descriptions, sepals tend to be finely ciliate over most or all of the margin (versus only in lower half) (Gil-ad 1997); flowers tend to be relatively pale lilac or lavender, around the darker center (St); and the spurred petal is not distinctly bearded as in typical affinis (F).


FullName:
Viola canadensis L. var. corymbosa Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray

Comment:
Includes misapplication of name "var. rugulosa"; not verified; the HARL (ky) coll. does not clearly match either taxon. 1 = Ross Clark (1990, unpublished list of collections), cited by Medley.


Footnote:
This is widespread in east-central states. Hybrids with other species of section Viola in this area are rarely reported; although all are diploids (2n = 20), their habitats are generally distinct.


Footnote:
This is a distinctive annual tetraploid (2n = 36), ranging widely across southeastern states but concentrated on the Coastal Plain. It is largely restricted to open areas on boggy, acid soils (FNA 25). West of the Appalachians in Ky. and Tenn., populations are mostly small and fragmented.


Comment:
1 = Matthew (1962).  A BALL (MU) coll, is labeled var. geniculata; the JACK (EK) coll. is labeled var. puritanorum.  Are these vars. distinct?

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable weed of eastern North America; 2n = 36 and 54 (FNA 25). A coll. from BALL (MUR) is referable to var. geniculata (Wood) Fern., which is not recognized in recent treatments. A coll. from JACK (EKY) has been referred to var. puritanorum Svens., which is considered a somewhat distinct subspecies in FNA 25, typical of receding shorelines in northeastern regions but otherwise unknown in Ky. Further research is needed to determine the status of these potential segregates.


Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered across eastern states, but largely restricted to seasonally dry base-rich soils (FNA 25). See notes under capillare, gattingeri and philadelphicum; these species are all diploids (2n = 18), and some intergradation among them is possible.


FullName:
Polygonum prolificum (Small) B.L. Robinson

Comment:
Check MM for MERC; see Medley (1993).

M: Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. prolificum Small [Polygonaceae]
[Medley et al. 14347-86 (DHL) Ballard Co. Det. Tom Heineke 1986]
Known only from a disturbed roadside on the floodplain of the 
Ohio River in Ballard County on the Coastal Plain and Mercer County in the Bluegrass.  Probably more widespread.

See also Polygonella americana; Raf notes

Determination to variety here is reasonably certain, except for the coll. from OLDH (DHL), which is vegetative. M also reported the species from TRIM (but just a sight record).

Footnote:
Mapping here is tentative. This species has often been treated as a variety (K) or subspecies (FNA) of ramosissimum, which may intergrade (Cr). FNA 5 reported prolificum from Ky., and M reported colls. from roadsides in BALL and MERC. Reports from OLDH and TRIM may be based on typical ramosissimum. See also notes under Polygonella americana.


FullName:
Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz

Comment:
PIKE (NC): Foster Levy, 19 May 1982, dry thin soil on rock outcrop outside Pool Pt R.R. bridge near Breaks. See also PIKE (MM). 

1 = Hopkins (1937) cited by Braun.; "knobs" (GRNP); "edge of woods near Louisville" (JEFF). 

See also: Short 1840: "found by Dr. Riddell among the knobs of Greenup county"

There are also unverified reported from CALL (Woods & Fuller 1988) and ESTI (Anderson 1947); collections lost or relocated.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 12) biennial (or short-lived perennial) has a wide northern range, with varied habitats, and includes subspecies in Europe and Asia. In Ky. it has been collected from PIKE (NCU): F. Levy, 19 May 1982, "dry thin soil on rock outcrop outside Pool Pt R.R. bridge near Breaks." There are also records based on unverified colls. from CALL (Woods & Fuller 1989), ESTI (Anderson 1947; check Iowa State Univ.), "knobs" of GRNP (coll. by Riddell fide Short 1840; Hopkins 1937), and "edge of woods near Louisville" in JEFF (Hopkins 1937). Transfer from Arabis to Arabidopsis is supported by recent research (O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz 2003; FNA 7).


Footnote:
This popular forage ("orchard grass") was probably introduced early after settlement. It has been a favorite grass for hayfields and pastures, with some tolerance of thin shade (Gm).


FullName:
Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) W.P.C. Barton

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in wet acid soils from the mid-Atlantic coastal plain to the Appalachian Plateaus. The name C. coarctata (Torr.) Eat. has priority, but a proposal for conservation of cinnoides is pending (FNA 24; W).


Comment:
No flowering has been observed, but comparison of vegetative material with authentic specimens from Ohio supports the identification.

IN: MHomoya found in several counties (Brown) on S facing dry slopes

Footnote:
This globally rare grass occurs at several localities in the Ozarks of Mo., plus scattered disjunct sites in Ark., Ill., Ind., Ky. and Ohio (FNA 24, K, Y; M. Homoya, pers. comm.). It is often treatead as C. porteri ssp. insperata (Swallen) C.W. Greene, but there is little overlap in range with typical porteri. The two taxa do occur within 50 miles of each other in the Knobs of Ind., Ky. and Ohio, with insperata generally on more xeric calcareous sites. 

   In Ky., no flowering has been observed in insperata, but comparison of vegetative material with authentic specimens from Ohio does support the identification. C. insperata is glabrous on the sheath collar (versus densely hairy); blades are light green and somewhat glaucous on both sides (versus darker green and smoother below); 2n = 56 (versus 84-104).


Comment:
MHomoya: found in Bernheim Forest on N facing hillside; recently gave coll to WKY; check details.

Footnote:
This is largely Appalachian, with concentration in or near the Alleghenies and Blue Ridge, from N.Y. to Ala. It occurs mostly in thin, rocky, subxeric woods on non-calcareous soils. Flowering is rare, but has been observed along power-line rights-of-way in Ky. (colls. of A. Risk for MDKY; Campbell et al. 1992). See notes under insperata. The report by Pr from WARR (K) is dubious; no coll. has been located and "Calamagrostis porteri" is crossed out by hand in the author's copy (in archives at MO).


Footnote:
This is a widespread variable species of marshy grasslands in cool temperate and boreal regions of North American. The only Ky. record is from wet meadows in BALL (EKY), where it was collected by R. Athey in the 1970s but not seen since. This coll. has been referred to var. macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins, but treatment of intraspecific taxa in canadensis remains challenging; 2n = 28 to 66.


Footnote:
This alien is "sparingly introduced in waste place" across northeastern regions (Cr), but it does not seem to be spreading much in Ky. or other southern states. The only known Ky. coll. is from a weedy roadside in CAMP (KNK).


Species:
gigantea ("alba"; stolonifera var. major)

Comment:
The EDMO coll. suggests var. stolonifera.

Footnote:
This grass ("redtop") has been widely planted and naturalized in temperate regions of North America. No doubt introduced to Ky. early after settlement, gigantea became a "valuable pasture grass, cultivated extensively, and growing wild in all parts of the state" (Anderson 1924). See also Short et al. (1833), Gm and other early records under various synonyms (M). 

   There has been some continuing confusion between gigantea with stolonifera in North America; see irregularities between state maps of FNA 24, K, PL and others. A. gigantea is a more robust plant with rhizomes (versus stolons), generally taller culms (2-12 dm versus 1-6 dm), and larger panicles (8-30 cm long versus 2-20 cm) with longer lower branches (4-9 cm versus 2-6 cm); 2n = 42 (versus 28, 35 or 42).


FullName:
Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.

Species:
stolonifera var. palustris (alba var. p.)

Comment:
Most colls appear distinct from the typical variety, but they need checking. This species is supposed to be native to the north, but perhaps not in Kentucky; much material is perhaps escaped from plantings for lawns, especially golf course greens.

Footnote:
This variable species is widespread in northern (circumboreal) and western regions of North America; 2n = 28, 35, 42 (FNA 24). It is supposedly native in northern states, but perhaps not in Ky. (F, FNA 24). Records from Ky. may be largely based on persistent or escaped plantings for lawns, especially greens for golf-courses. Most of the colls. mapped here as var. palustris appear distinct from var. stolonifera (which has shorter stolons, shorter leaves, and more open panicles), but further checking is warranted. The coll. from EDMO (WKY) may be var. stolonifera. There has also been much confusion with A. gigantea; see notes under that species.


FullName:
Agrostis stolonifera L. var. stolonifera

Comment:
Not definitely recorded; see A. gigantea. Distinction from the more common var. palustris may be difficult; these varieties are combined in some recent treatments. The typical variety is shorter, with less developed stolons.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893). Some colls. from CARL and FULT were called var. aestivalis, but this "weak" form with "very lax" panicles is generally not considered distinct.

Footnote:
This hexaplopid (2n = 42) is widespread in eastern North America. But it is less common on the southeastern Coastal Plain, where largely replaced by the more robust segregate, A. altissima (Walt.) Tuckerman (=  A. elata Trin.). Some colls. from CARL and FULT are referable to A. perennans var. aestivalis Vasey, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments (FNA 24).

   A. altissima has been reported from Ky. under various names by Kearney (1893) and others (M), but no colls. have been located. It occurs in bogs on the Coastal Plain from N.J. to Fla. to se Miss. and is very unlikely to occur in Ky. (W). Kearney (1893) also described A. intermedia Kearney from BELL or HARL, but the type (at Ohio State Univ.) is not distinct from perennans, and he did not list perennans.


Comment:
Not confirmed. 

1 = Kearney (1893); coll. from HARL or BELL, may be at OS (not US?); note he did NOT report typical perennans??? check

This species occurs in bogs on the Coastal Plain from New Jersey to Florida, locally to se Mississippi, and is very unlikely in Kentucky.

GH, US: none.


Footnote:
This is a somewhat weedy annual; 2n = 28. It is widely scattered across southeastern states, but most common west of the Mississippi Rv. In Ky it may be partly adventive, but the species does not seem to be increasing; most records date from 1930-1980 (M).


Comment:
TENN: ANDE, BELL, BREA, CALD, CALL, CARL, CRIT, FULT, GRAN, HARD, HARL, JESS, MERC.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in mesic woods on base-rich soils in eastern states, except the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Comment:
Not confirmed; reported probably in error based on var. perspectus.


Species:
procera ("campestris"; minor var. vulgaris)

Comment:
Jones (2005) notes that this occasionally escapes, but no collections appear to have been documented in the literature.

Footnote:
This may be reasonably treated as a variant of U. minor Mill., which is a widespread complex species in southern Europe (FNA 3). U. procera is often called "English elm" but it is a generally sterile clone that originates from southeast Europe (Gil et al. 2004). It has been planted across much of North America, with local escapes reported mostly from northeastern regions (PL). In Ky. J noted that this tree can occasionally escape, but supporting colls. remain unknown. The large tree in front of the old Agriculture Experiment Station on the Univ. of Ky. campus has been mislabeled as rubra for 30 years (despite the error being pointed out more than once).


Comment:
May need to recheck some to make sure truly naturalized.

See also JEFF (LO); tentatively referred here by Clark; but perhaps planted.

Also CALL (LO) but probably planted "by church".

Footnote:
This widely planted tree ("Siberian elm") was first recorded as an escape in Ky. by Ellis et al. (1971; APSU). The colls. mapped here appear to be from self-seeded plants, based on label data. Most data come from CW, who indicated that this species is becoming widely naturalized.


Comment:
Need to check these to see if truly naturalized. Check MM for FRAN.

Footnote:
This tree ("Chinese elm") has been widely planted across temperate North America, and it has occasionally escaped (PL). The records mapped here appear to be from self-seeded plants, but it is not clear if the species will become truly naturalized outside urban environments. U. parvifolia is sometimes confused with pumila. Well-developed leaves on mature trees are generally narrower (ca. 1.5-2.5 cm versus 2-3.5 cm), with more asymetrically oblique bases and more forked veins (5-9 per side versus 1-3). Bark is distinctly platey (versus furrowed). Flowering usually occurs in Aug-Oct (versus Feb-Apr).


FullName:
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. sangamonensis Clokey

Comment:
These provisionally named plants have a more elongated spike; and they are typical of wooded seeps or swamps; versus typical tribuloides is in more sunny places. They were initially identified as the northern species projecta (tribuloides var. reducta), but were corrected by Reznicek and McKinney. More study is needed to explore potential species status, and depth of differences from projecta, if any. See also LEWI, MCRE (NK). Var. sangamonensis is southern, with less elongated perigynia. C. projecta may be here as well; FNA notes that projecta appears intermediate between tribuloides and cristatella.

TRIG (LO):  RAthey 3441. trib but not clearly sang.?

EK: BARR CASE CLIN FLOY FRAN HARL LAUR MADI MCRE WOLF

Footnote:
This is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley (FNA 23). Compared to typical tribuloides, its perigynia are less elongated (with l/w = 2.2-3 versus 3-5). Also, it tends to have a more elongated inflorescence (with separated spikes versus clustered), and narrower leaves (ca. 2-4.5 mm versus 3-7 mm). It mostly occurs in wooded seeps and swamps (versus more open habitats). Although some of these plants were previously identified in Ky. as the northern species, projecta (= C. tribuloides var. reducta Bailey), the plants mapped here are now considered closer to typical tribuloides or cristatella (Hipp et al. 2007; A.A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). See also notes under projecta.


Comment:
MOBOT: "projecta" of RKral 52740 from TN Cheatham Co. Reznicek det "cf tribuloides or hybrid?"

Footnote:
This northeastern species has been reported from Ky. by Campbell et al. (1992) and others from slightly open seepy or swampy woods, but perhaps based only on misidentified variants of tribuloides. C. projecta appears somewhat intermediate between tribuloides and cristatella (FNA 23), but can be distinguished from both by its inflorescence flexible or nodding, and its perigynia usually less numerous and more spreading; 2n = 64 (versus 70).

   There are no clear records of projecta from Ky., though some plants mapped here under tribuloides var. sangamonensis are hard to distinguish, especially colls. with slightly nodding spikes and relatively broad yellowish-green leaves. Such colls. are mostly from eastern regions of the state, along smaller streams and seeps with acid soils. Similar plants are known from Tenn. (e.g. at MO: R. Kral #52,740 from Cheatham Co.).


Comment:
1 = McFarland (1941).  

Colls. need rechecking; there has been some confusion with C. tribuloides. The NK collections from BRAC, CAMP & KENT are confirmed by Reznicek.

EK: CASE CLAR ESTI FRAN HARD HOPK MADI

jc: Moberly collect!!!

Footnote:
This has a northeastern to midwestern range, and is rare or unknown across most of s. Ky. and Tenn. (Ch). There has been some confusion with tribuloides, which shares narrow perigynia, winged sheaths, broad blades, robust vegetative shoots, and 2n = 70 (FNA 23). C. cristatella has distinctively globose spikes with lower perigynia spreading to recuved.


Comment:
Most colls. need rechecking; this species has often been confused with others. CAMP (NK) det by Naczi, Naczi 7276. Also CAMP (NK) det by Reznicek: Buddell 156.  Also, BOON (NK) det by Naczi, Naczi 4105. This species clearly occur in more wooded sites than molesta; it has broader leaves and more mesophytic look.

EK: CAMP FRAN GARR? (immature but Naczi id tentative) HARD ROCK? (more congested spike)

Footnote:
This widespread, variable eastern species can be easily confused with several other species; see notes under molesta, brevior and tenera. Its identification can be complex with existing keys (e.g. FNA 23). Typical normalis has greenish perigynia and relatively broad leaves (2.5-6.5 mm wide), with sheaths "conspicuously green-veined adaxially nearly to collar" (appearing mottled against the whitish interveinal tissue). However, these characters are not clear in some colls. from Ky. C. normalis shares the same chromosome number with closely related species (2n = 68), and it is possible that hybrids occur.


Comment:
Colls. need rechecking and comparison with C. longii; C. molesta was suggested by Gleason to be a hybrid of  normalis and brevior, but Reznicek believes it a good sp. See also PEND (NK) det by Reznicek.

EK: MADI SHEL

JC: FAYE 2010 Moberly Spring.

Footnote:
Variation in this largely midwestern, somewhat weedy species needs careful attention; 2n = 68 or 70. Although generally accepted as distinct (FNA 23), it has been confused or combined with normalis and brevior, with some suggestion of hybrid origin (Gl, Cr). Several colls. referred here to molesta have relatively narrow perigynia (resembling normalis), in contrast to older published descriptions. In Ky. molesta is common on uplands with damp or compacted clay soils, especially in abandoned pastures or hayfields of the Bluegrass region, whereas normalis occurs in more mesic, shady habitats.

   Compared to normalis, molesta has perigynia that tend to be relatively broad (elliptic to suborbicular versus ovate), with wider marginal wings (0.4-0.8 mm versus 0.25-0.45 mm); they become pale brown when mature, as do the scales (versus remaining green and white), and adaxial surfaces have less distinct veins (0-6 versus 4-7). Also, its inflorescences tend to be more congested (with proximal internodes 1.5-6 mm versus 3.5-10 mm); leaves tend to have narrower blades (ca. 1.5-4 mm versus 2.5-6 mm); sheaths are more uniformly greenish to stramineous (versus slightly mottled with green veins), and have concave summits (versus truncate).


Footnote:
This species was recently described, and occurs in east-central states from Va. to Okl. (FNA 23). Initial Ky. records are colls. of R. Naczi from CUMB and ROCK (DOV). Also, there is a coll. from BARR (EKY): C.J. Lapham #355 with J. Campbell & Z. Murrell, Rt 31E near Edmonson Co. line. C. molestiformis has been called the "southwestern form" of molesta, differing in its larger, fewer perigynia, and chromosome number (2n = 74).


Comment:
Most colls. need rechecking; this species has often been confused with others. It was not listed by Jones (2005). 

The ROWA (BE) coll by J Campbell (6 Jun 1991) was redet as albolutescens by Naczi and Reznichek. 

The MADI (BE) coll by J. Campbell (30 May 1990) was redet as normalis by Naczi and Reznicek. 

The BATH (BE) coll by J. Campbell (July 1991) was redet as normalis by them also.  Check KY--my last hope!!!

Check FNA.

EK: ADAI BHoagland-75 16May1988, wet field adjacent to intersection of Rt 76 and 205.
EK: CALL MWoods-577 22May1982 jct Hwy 121 and 280, north of 280 0.2 miles on 280 then 0.2 miles on dirt road, seep.
EK: MCLE LEMcKinney-4676 21May1991 bottomland hardwood forest (oak dominated) along Hwy 256, west from Calhoun ca. 2 miles.

KY: !!! as mapped all; but an extra BALL coll is weird--perhaps closer to cristatella, tribuloides ("var sang") etc.

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable northern species, with only scattered reports from Ky., several of which have been erroneous. C. tenera (2n = 52, 54, 56) is easily confused with normalis, scoparia or other species; see FNA 23 for the complete complex key. A few colls. from Ky. appear to be intermediate between tenera and other taxa.


FullName:
Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray

Comment:
Reported as R. volubilis by Price (1893) from WARR; check MB. Kentucky included in range by Isley (1990); but no collection yet located. It is likely that this record refers to R. latifolia instead, which was reported from Kentucky by Duncan & Foote (1975); see notes of Medley (1993).

MB: no colls of Rh from KY except Rtomentosa of McFarland.

Footnote:
This was reported from Ky. without details by Duncan & Foote (1975). There are also reports of R. volubilis Wood from Ky. (Pr, Isely 1990), but that species was probably confused with latifolia (M). No colls. of either species have been located. Both have southeastern ranges, mostly on the Coastal Plain, but latifolia extends further north, into se. Mo. (Y) and (rarely) w. Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
Colls. are only from waifs, not well established.

Footnote:
This common crop (soybean) leaves occasional self-seeded waifs or relics in old fields, but it is not known to naturalize.


Footnote:
In Ky. this Southern Appalachian tetraploid (2n = 36) is restricted to seasonally xeric sandy soils of the Appalachian Cliff Section, plus a few localities in the southern Knobs and Cumberland Mts. It often forms large rhizomatous colonies, but flowers little except after fire or other disturbance. A common associate is Pityopsis graminifolia.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) occurs mostly on wet sites from northern Appalachian regions northeast to Newfoundland. Further south, it is known from a few sites in W.Va., Va. and Ky., where it has been found only on lowlands of the Cumberland Rv. in WHIT (Campbell et al. 1990).


Species:
flagellaris (fecundus, vixalacer, felix, nefrens, celer, ?steelei)

Comment:
2 = steelei from ESTI (M, his June 2007 notes).
3 = fecundus (MM mostly): JACK, LEWI, MARI (Bailey 1944), MONT, PIKE.
4 = Wilson 1976 for nefrens (see below in database).
JEFF (L0) = nefrens

EK?? BATH BELL CALL CLAR CUMB JACK JEFF WHIT ROCK MENI LAUR HARL MADI MERC MCRE MONT POWE ROBE UNIO

Should perhaps also include R. meracus Bailey (perhaps a transition to roribaccus) and R. invisus (Bailey) Britt. (perhaps a transition to deamii) (F, GC, M).

FLAGELLARIS GROUP: canes 3-6 mm thick at base; [?primocanes not conspicuous scaly-bracted at base]; leaves usually firm (coriaceous, subcoriaceous or “submembranaceous”), those of primocanes 3- or 5-foliate, with leaflets usually ovate, often abruptly acuminate and rounded or cordate at base [??S&C??]; flowers (1) 2-9 (20) [??usually relatively small??]; [plants with or without glands.]

Footnote:
This widespread northeastern species may intergrade with enslenii (F). R. flagellaris and its close allies differ from the enslenii group in their generally thicker canes (ca. 3-6 mm at base versus 2-4 mm), leaves usually firmer, those of primocanes 3- or 5-foliate (versus just 3), the leaflets usually ovate (versus ovate to elliptic), more abruptly acuminate and rounded at base (versus cuneate); flowers are usually in groups of 2-9 (versus solitary or sometimes 2-3). 

   Mapped records here include the closely related taxa, R. fecundus Bailey, R. vixalacer Bailey, R. felix Bailey, R. nefrens Bailey, R. celer Bailey and perhaps R. steelei Bailey. See also notes under R. aboriginum. Some additional colls. from these same mapped counties are referable to  R. meracus Bailey (CAMP, CARL, LEWI) or R. mundus Bailey (BULL, MCRE, POWE). The latter two taxa are more hairy than typical R. flagellaris and may be considered transitions to R. roribacus. Some of these many taxa may be worth recognizing, and will be examined further when M. Medley's colls. are processed at WKY.


Footnote:
This occurs widely in southeastern states, usually growing in thin woods and brushy openings on dry acid soils.


FullName:
Pityopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. var. latifolia (Fern.) Semple & Bowers

Comment:
Braun notes one MENI (LB) coll as approaching var. stenolepis.

Footnote:
Typical var. graminifolia is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain, while var. latifolia has a more widespread southern range (Cr, FNA 20).


FullName:
Heterotheca camporum (Greene) Shinners var. glandulissimum Semple

Comment:
Varietal id. needs checking in some cases; var. camporum may be unknown in the state, but the type is a collection of Short (ND-G). Includes Braun's record of Chrysopsis villosa; see Medley (1993) for details.

HART: JC 2010 along roadside glade between WKU and I65

Footnote:
Varieties may need checking in some cases. Before 1930 var. glandulissimum was largely restricted to rocky bluffs and streambanks in the Nashville Basin of c. Tenn., but it began spreading across east-central states, especially along interstate highways (Semple 1983; FNA 21; W). The earliest record in Ky. was a coll. of B from MONR. 

   Var. camporum is a much less weedy plant of rocky glades and prairies in n. Ark., e. Mo., Ill. and w. Ind. It is unknown in Ky., although the holotype is a coll. of C.W. Short (Univ. of Notre Dame) without clear provenance (M), and there may be a coll. from MCRA (MUR). There has also been confusion with H. villosa (Pursh) Shinners, with some authors using the combination H. villosa var. camporum (Greene) Wunderlin; typical villosa is a distinct western taxon that is unknown in Ky. (FNA 20).


Comment:
Listed apparently in error by Browne & Athey (1992) and others; H. villosum var. camporum is the same as H. camporum, which is present.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993), based on various sources; but excluding his assignment of grandiflora records. 

The WARR (WK,KY) coll. and another GRAV (MU) coll. are var. villosa, which is not recognized. 

All records are post-1940, apparently adventive or planted.

PU: PULA Ralph M. Kriebel 1942 May 24 (2 sheets).

Footnote:
This cespitose perennial is centered in the Ozark-Ouachita region. In southeastern states and perhaps even Mo. (St), lanceolata has been "often spread by cultivation, its original range obscure" (W). In Ky. native status is sometimes suggested, but the first record was by Harvill (1941); see also 1942 colls. of R.M. Kriebel at Purdue. It has often been misleadingly promoted as a wildflower along roadsides or in gardens, then perhaps persisting or spreading. 
  
   C. lanceolata is variable (2n = 24, 26, 48) and can hybridize with other species, including auriculata, grandiflora and pubescens (Smith 1976). A few colls. from GRAV (MUR), WARR (KY, WKY) and elsewhere appear referable to var. villosa Michx (which is perhaps hybridized with pubescens) but this and other variants have generally not been recognized in recent treatments (FNA 21, Y, W). Some colls. may need checking for possible confusion with grandiflora.


Footnote:
This stoloniferous diploid (2n = 24) occurs only in southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv. In Ky. it is largely restiricted to thin woods and edges on moist acid soils, usually with some sand.


Comment:
Check again at MO; there should be records there.

1 = Smith 1975

Harvill 1941 also lists FAYE but doubted here; could have been Short???

Footnote:
This short-rhizomatous diploid (2n = 26) is a widespread tall herb of eastern woodlands and grasslands on various types of soil (F, W). C. tripteris is locally abundant in Ky., but largely restricted to localities with a history of grassy openings on seasonally damp acid soils. In contrast, W reported that it is typical of base-rich soils within more southeastern states. There is significant variation across its range, but segregates have not been recognized in recent treatments.

   Some plants sold in Ky. as "native" have more dissected, bluish (versus yellowish) leaves with unusually narrow segments (ca. 0.5-1 cm versus 1-2 cm), and they flower earlier than wild plants (Jul-Aug versus Aug-Sep). These may be derived from a more western or southern provenance.


Comment:
Includes var. stellata; Braun notes that varieties are not worthy of separation in KY.

WK: HART (JC 2007).

PU: EDMO Hussey 1874.

Footnote:
This variable rhizomatous species (2n = 26, 78, 104) is widespread in southeastern states in thin woods on dry acid soils. Plants from Ky. appear generally uniform, but several colls. are referable (following F) to the relatively robust plants, with more glabrous or lobed leaves, that have been named var. stellata (Nutt.) B.L. Robins. That taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
Adventive and planted from further east; native mostly to the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont. There is also a C.W. Short collection (NC) that cannot be assumed to be from Kentucky.

Footnote:
This variable rhizomatous species (2n = 26, 52, 78) is considered native only in east-coastal states from S.C. to Md. However, it has been widely grown for ornamental use and has locally escaped (Smith 1976; Cr, W). In Ky. it has been reported several times (M), but the only known coll. is from JEFF (KY-Agr., EKY): P.E. Allison, 22 Jun 1928, Louisville.


Comment:
JC MCRE 2010 at Mt View (Rattlesnake Ridge) by road to right side at junctin with church to left. See also Rogers (1941) for MCRE; and 1 = Pennell (1928-35). 

See also CALD (RA). Some reports of pedicularia from western regions are referred here.

Footnote:
This annual is scattered across several regions of southeastern states, especially in open oak woods and brushy transitions on broad sandy ridges that have a history of fire. There has been occasional confusion with pedicularia, and some records should be rechecked; 2n = 28 in both species.


Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928-35). 
2 = Medley, perhaps based on RA. 


JEFF (LO): GMcKinley 12Sep1943 Iroquois Park, field.

EK: CALL ESTI GRAV GRAY HARD TODD


PERHAPS NOT 3 = LB & RA records tentatively transferred from skinneriana (see below); ?EDMO LIVI LYON

Footnote:
This annual is centered in the Mississippi watershed, especially on calcareous soils. It has often been confused with other species and overlooked in Ky. Some records here from western regions on relatively damp sites have been tentatively transferred from decemloba or skinneriana. Section Erectae--including gattingeri, skinneriana and decemloba--may be a largely natural group with 2n = 26 (versus 28 in other eastern Agalinis). But recent molecular evidence indicates that gattingeri does not fit clearly into Erectae, and that reticulate evolution may be involved (Pettengill & Neel 2008). 

   In published keys it is sometimes hard to use the generally distinctive "yellowish-green" color of Erectae, "not tending to blacken in drying" and with the calyx-tube remaining "evidently reticulate-veinose" (Pennell 1935). A. gattingeri often has a slightly dark color, but not uniformly developed. Another useful character of Erectae in Tenn. and Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.) is that bracteal leaves are shorter than pedicels (versus longer in almost all other Agalinis).


Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928); var tenuifolia
2 = Pennell for var macrophylla

3 = Grubbs (1989) report of var. parviflora but probably the typical. Most records need checking for var. macrophylla.

Footnote:
Further study of variation is needed in this widespread eastern annual; see notes under var. macrophylla. Reports of the more western var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell from Ky. are probably erroneous (M). Reports of the more southeastern relative, A. setacea (J.F. Gmel.) Raf., are probably based on misidentified tenuifolia (M).


FullName:
Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. macrophylla (Benth.) Blake

Species:
tenuifolia var. macrophylla (G. besseyana)

Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928). Further study is needed to separate varieties; only Pennell appears to have done this with KY material.

Footnote:
This annual may be widespread in western regions of the state but further study is needed. Only Pennell (1929, 1935; B) appears to have previously applied this name to plants from Ky., distinguished by their longer calyx lobes (ca. 1-2 mm versus 0.2-1 mm) and larger capsules (ca. 5-7 mm long versus 3-4 mm). There are records from BREC (PH), EDMO (PH) and elsewhere (B). Robinson (1960) also segregated such plants in much of c. and w. Tenn. Pennell treated var. macrophylla as a largely midwestern taxon, often on lowlands. He mapped typical tenuifolia mostly in more eastern states, centered on the Appalachians and generally on dry or sandy soils.


Comment:
Whether this should be renamed occidentalis remains uncertain.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly in the central and lower Mississipp Valley, extending only locally to Atlantic states. It usually occurs in thin submesic woods on base-rich soils, usually on seasonally damp ledges or slight seeps, and often at edges or with some history of disturbance. The name H. caroliniana (L.) Herbert has been misapplied to this species, according to FNA 26 and W. 

   Hymenocallis and its relatives are remarkably showy plants, centered in tropical America. Threse include tetraploids at the base of their phylogeny: 2n = 46, but 2n = 40 in occidentalis. They are distant allies of cultivated Eurasian plants such as Lycoris (2n = 22 basally), Leucojum (22) and Narcissus (14).


Comment:
RSeymour = GRAY clearly naturalized in swampy area

Footnote:
This cultivated species ("snowflake") can persist for decades at abandoned gardens with some local spread. It is not clear if there is true naturalization in Ky., with new establishment from seed, which is reported from northeastern states (F). There are records from FULT (MUR), GRAY (R. Seymour for KY), LYON (APSU), OLDH (DHL), TRIG (APSU) and probably elsewhere. Leucojum is a large relative of Galanthus nivalis L. ("snowdrop"), which is not known to persist or spread in Ky.


Comment:
Jones (2005) notes that this rarely escapes from cultivation.

Footnote:
This cultivated East Asian species ("red spider-lily" or "magic lily" etc.) is often persistent from old plantings and may rarely spread, especially in warmer regions of North America (PL). It may rarely escape in Ky. but no established populations have been documented (J).


Footnote:
This close relative of minor occurs mostly from southeastern states to Central America. In Ky. it is known mostly from eutrophic ponds in the Bluegrass region.


Comment:
ROWA (NC, LO): M.E. Wharton 6267, 20 Jul 1947, 2 miles E of Morehead.

Check NC material on loan; may all be pilosum.

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is rare, found mostly on seasonally wet acid soils in Appalachian regions. There has been confusion with typical pilosum, which is a largely midwestern species that mostly occurs on drier ground. P. verticillatum deserves distinction as a species (F, Gl) or a variety (Cr, W). It lacks the general hairiness of typical pilosum (except upper surfaces of bracts and leaves); however, both taxa may be tetraploids (2n = 76 or 78).


Comment:
MADI (JC) needs to be accessed; this is scattered in native grassland remnants at Blue Grass Army Depot.

AP: LYON, TRIG.

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely midwestern species is a moderately conservative remnant of dry native grasslands, mostly in western regions. It is unknown in Appalachian regions, but plants were recently discovered on dolomitic foothills of the Knobs region: on the Blue Grass Army Depot in MADI (JC for KY).


Comment:
The CALL record is probable location for a coll. from "Blackwell Swamp, Wheeler Reservoir."

Footnote:
This is widespread from North to South America, and is easily overlooked or confused with perpusilla; 2n = 40, 42. The closely related species, L. minuta Kunth (2n = 36, 42), is also widespread in the Americas and expected in Ky.


Footnote:
This occurs mostly in northeastern states and adjacent Canada. It is a close relative of aequinactialis but much less variable and less widely distributed; 2n = 40, 42. Distinction needs to be checked in some colls.


Comment:
The LEWI coll. was det. by L.J. Davenport (tentative?).

Footnote:
This is a variable cosmpolitan species of warmer regions; 2n = 20-84. It is rarely recorded in Ky. but easily overlooked or confused with perpusilla.


Comment:
Some colls. need rechecking. The minute western relative, L. minuta, is reported by Jones (2005); but verification is not available.

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan species is the most common duckweed in Ky. It is a variable taxon (2n = 20-126) that is combined by some authors with obscura (2n = 40, 42, 50) and turionifera (2n = 40, 42, 50, 80).


Footnote:
This close relative of minor occurs widely in cooler temperate regions of the world. It is rarely recorded in southeastern states, and there is only one record from Ky.


Comment:
R. Athey coll. from LOGA was initially misid. as J. longistylis.

CLIN: EK for Gorton 467; = marginatus?

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on calcareous uplands either side of the lower Mississippi Valley, especially on the southern Interior Low Plateau and disjunct on the Edwards Plateau of c. Tex. The few Ky. records are from glades in south-central regions. Some colls. were initially misidentified as the western species, J. longistylis Torr. (M).


Footnote:
This widely cultivated "spearmint" has subsessile leaves and narrow spikes. It is an ancient hybrid of longifolia and suaveolens (2n = 48); see review of Tucker & Naczi (2007).


Comment:
This is the mostly widely naturalized mint.

Footnote:
This is "peppermint"--the most widely naturalized plant in the genus. Menthol content is higher in this hybrid (2n = 72, 84, 108) than in either of its parents: aquatica (2n = 96) and spicata (2n = 48). Plants are reportedly sterile, but some fertility may be expected in Mentha hybrids (Tucker & Naczi 2007). Occasional plants are more hairy, and can appear spontaneously due to somatic mutation.


Species:
X citrata (aquatica var. c.;  X piperita var. c.)

Comment:
1 = Studlar (1985) cited in Medley. These records should be checked; Kartesz (various lists), Medley (1993) and others have included X citrata under aquatica, but Stace (1997) and Weakley prefer to make this a variety of X piperita.

Footnote:
There are records of this cultivated "lemon mint" from FLEM (B) and perhaps BOYL (S. Studlar, pers. comm.), but not clearly naturalized. Although citrata has often been considered of hybrid origin from aquatica and spicata, its treatment remains somewhat controversial. Stace (1997) treated X citrata as a variety of X piperita; Kartesz (1999) and others have included it under aquatica; Tucker & Naczi (2007) and W have treated it as a variety of aquatica. Tucker and Naczi noted that most plants appear to be male sterile forms of aquatica (which has globose to ovoid heads), and may be named var. citrata (Ehrh.) Fresen., but these can cross with some forms of X piperita.


Comment:
Check RA catalog to confirm records.

MCRA: EK RAthey 1220 1970Sep04 Paducah wet ditches near intersection of railroad on Pool Road.

EK: BALL (sev) LIVI

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to marshy openings on the lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain. 
It has been confused with H. quadrivalvis. Also, hybrids of uniflora and ovata have been reported from some states (Cr), which might be difficult to distinguish from quadrivalvis; 2n = 20 in all three species.


Footnote:
This annual tetraploid (2n = 32, 36) is a widely scattered weed in temperate regions. It probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement (Gray 1864; Gm), but it has remained less abundant than asper. It may be more restricted to damp eutrophic soils, often in domestic or ruderal settings of little interest to most botanists. As observed in Mo. (St, Y), this species is undercollected and much more widespread than records indicate. In Ky. it tends to flower earlier than aspera, mostly in May-Jul (versus Jul-Sep), but both species can flower up until frost.


Comment:
JACK (NC) is by Ashe; 

see also WHIT (NC) by W. Meijer. 

Clark & Bauer (2001) also cite BRAC, NICH & ROBE (EK); but these should be rechecked for potential hybrids (cordiformis x glabra?); these are incorrect (May 2006).

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on dry sandy soils east of the Mississippi Rv., especially where there is history of frequent fire. Reports from calcareous regions in Ky. (CW) are probably erroneous. See also notes under texana.

   C. pallida can be difficult to distinguish from tomentosa or other species, and some records need checking using more detailed keys (e.g. W). Fruits are typically smaller, ca. 2-4 cm long (versus 3.5-5 cm in tomentosa), and distinctively yellowish-lepidote (versus smooth); nuts are less sharply ridged (versus 4-angled), with thinner shells (2-3 mm versus 5-6 mm). Lower leaf surfaces have dense lepidote, peltate scales of varied size and shape (absent in tomentosa except for scattered small round scales), appearing silvery when fresh, without hairs (versus densely hairy). Leaflets are typically smaller, but can be unusually large on vigorous sprouts. Terminal buds are smaller, 4-11 mm long (versus 10-20 mm), reddish-brown, with silvery-lepidote scales (versus grayish and pubescent).


Comment:
Not confirmed; needs more study; colls. from HARD (RC,KY) initially called C. texana are probably C. pallida. Although reported east of the Mississippi to Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and southern Indiana, FNA shows a more western boundary. The species is characterized by rusty pubescence, dark reticulate nuts, and dark bark; it may perhaps intergrade with pallida, but this has not been fully studied; see also Jones (2005).

Footnote:
This is virtually unknown east of the Mississippi River, except in s. Ill. and sw. Ind., where it may intergrade with pallida (FNA 3). There are erroneous reports from Ky., apparently based on misidentified pallida, but a few colls. from CALL (MUR), HARD (KY), MCRA and elsewhere (M) may be intermediate. C. texana differs in the more rusty-brown color of its peltate scales; also, its petioles and rachises are relatively glabrous, without the concentrations of hairs near leaflet insertions, as found in pallida.


Comment:
NP data: 1997 on w and e side of Rockcastle Rv at Beech Narrows; check.

Footnote:
This small shrub is widely distributed across northeastern regions. In Ky. it is known only from a few sites on banks of the Rockcastle Rv. and the Big South Fk. of Cumberland Rv.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); check RA, etc. (also CALL)

Footnote:
This is widely scattered on lowlands in southeastern states on lowlands, especially the Gulf Coastal Plain. It is generally considered to be an invader from warmer regions (Sm, F, W). The plant has medicinal uses, and has been cultivated. There appear to have been no records from Ky. before Browne & Athey (1978).


Comment:
Most records need rechecking. The BATH coll. is W. Wharton #2524 (not #2564 which was redet. as C. tenera).

ADAI & LAUR have dupes at BE & DO.

LO: WOLF; needs to recheck JEFF ided as "festucacea", etc. in past.

EK: CALD CALL CLIN PULA

Footnote:
This is a relatively distinct species; 2n = 66 (FNA 23). It is widespread in wet woods or thickets across Ky. and other south-central states. A coll. from PULA (DOV) is unusually robust.


Comment:
1 = F. Levy coll., perhaps at Duke Univ. 

The FLEM coll. (Meijer et al. # 1209,swamp forest, Big Run) has lost all perigynia. 

This species is often misidentified as albolutescens. 

LARU (NK) is det by Reznicek; see also EK (McKinney et al. 2000).

EK: CLIN

Footnote:
This is similar to albolutescens in its obovate perigynia, but clearly a distinct species; 2n = 58 or 62. It also resembles brevior and festucacea. There has been much confusion among these taxa (FNA 23). C. longii differs from albolutescens in its straight (versus laterally sinuous) style bases, the broadly triangular (versus narrow) beaks on its appressed-ascending (versus spreading) perigynia, and its obtuse (versus acute) pistillate scales. It often occurs in more open habitats, and is more frequent in southeastern regions. Although widely scattered across eastern states, it seems generally uncommon except on the Coastal Plain from Tex. to Fla. (PL).


Comment:
Records remain obscure; it was listed by Jones (2005).

TODD: (AP) FBrown & AClebsch-23-18-92 2Jul1949 along L&N RR tracks near Guthrie, marshy ground; !! JC probably and DMBrandenberg det this for Beal & Thieret.

CHRI: (AP) SMNoel-93-399 is festrucacea not "alata" as recorded by KSNPC.

Footnote:
This species is closely related to the more northern straminea, with the same chromosome number; 2n = 74. C. alata has a wide south-central range, mostly near the coast but also scattered inland. The only Ky. records are colls. from marshy places in TODD (AP). It has also been collected from nearby counties in Tenn. (Montgomery and Robertson); see APSU and Ch.


Comment:
The LOGA coll. was det. by L.J. Davenport.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in stagnant mesotrophic waters of southeastern states, where it is most common on the Coastal Plain (W). Few cytotypes are known; 2n = 40, 42.


Footnote:
This is widespread in stagnant mesotrophic to eutrophic waters from eastern and western states to South America (FNA 22), with several cytotypes (2n = 20 to 80). Colls. should be rechecked carefully; many have more than one species and there has been confusion in nomenclature.


Comment:
An Asian relative, W. globosa, is reported by Jones (2005), but verification is not available.

A former record from OLDH (LO) seems to have been misid of borealis -- see mixed sheets at LO...

Footnote:
This is widespread in stagnant mesotrophic to eutrophic waters from eastern North America to South America (FNA 22). Variation deserves further study (2n = 30-70), as well as search for the closely related globosa.


Footnote:
This close Asian relative of columbiana was reported from Ky. by J, but details are not available. It has also been reported from Tenn. (Landolt 2000).


Comment:
Plants formerly known as forma anthelatus are scattered widely with the species and further examination is needed to separate records; see J. anthelatus.

Braun 1967: 
ten var. williamsii has strongly secund flws with infl branches divergent-recurving versus incurving
platyphullus has auricles about as long as broad versus x 2+ in ten; pale grayish yellow versus whitish in ten

Footnote:
This widespread North American species is close to anthelatus, interior, dichotomus, secundus and other taxa; there are frequent difficulties in identification and some indications of hybridization. But R.E. Brooks (FNA 22) valiently maintained these all as species, in contrast to Cr. 

   J. tenuis and anthelatus are distinguished from others of this group in Ky. by their longer whitish membraceous auricles (ca. 1-4+ mm versus < 1 mm), but no other clearly defined differences are known. There may still be much variation to explore within tenuis; reportedly 2n = 30-84 versus just 80 in most others (or often 84 in dudleyi). Diversity of inflorescence branching patterns, in particular, deserves deeper analysis for potential diagnostic use.


Comment:
Although known previously as just a variety or form of tenuis, these plants have been recently promoted to species status by R.E. Brooks. Further study is needed.

EK: ADAI CALL CASE CLAY FRAN JACK JOHN LAUR MADI MCRE MONT SPEN WHIT

NK: JOHN CAMP BATH MADI  BRAC LEWI

Footnote:
This occurs in east-central states, mostly from the central Mississippi Valley to the Great Lakes region. Although known previously as just a variety or form of tenuis, these plants have been recently promoted to species status by R.E. Brooks (FNA 22). Differences in ecology are not clear; anthelatus may be concentrated on more open sites with more seasonal wetness (see also Y; W. Knapp, pers. comm.). Closer study of material filed under tenuis is desirable to check on taxonomy and distribution.

   J. anthelatus differs in having capsules widely spaced along the usually diffuse branches of the inflorescence (versus congested along internodes about as long as perianth), and usually < 3/4 length of perianth (versus 3/4 or more). Also plants are generally 7-9 dm tall (versus < 7 dm).


Comment:
The plants fit description of the North American var. glauca, which seems to warrant at least subspecies status due to smaller overall dimensions (including ligule), and its frequent base-rich habitats (at least to the south); see also Weakley.

Error in previous draft: GARR not MERC.

Footnote:
This taxon may have a broad range in North America, except for the southeast, whereas typical cespitosa mostly occurs in more western regions (F, W). In Ky. "glauca" is known only from alluvial crevices in rocky limestone banks of the Kentucky Rv. along the central Palisades.

   Compared to typical cespitosa, these plants have smaller overall dimensions (including the diagnostic ligule of F and W) and they occur in more base-rich habitats, at least on the south side of their range. However, the name "glauca" is provisional and may be illegitimate (FNA 24). There has not yet been a comprehensive modern revision of the cespitosa complex, with all its potential segregates; 2n = 18 to 52  in the complex, with some aneuploidy. An initial study in arctic regions by Chiapella et al. (2011) has supported recognition of glauca as D. cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. glauca (Hartm.) C. Hartm, along with several other segregates.


Comment:
This is locally abundant around White Rocks on Cumberland Mountain n BELL; collections may have been made by KSNPC and NPS, and need to check my materials.

Anderson 1924: Lexington 1898 HGarman Agr Sch
McF footnote "doubtful if ever established."

Footnote:
This is a remarkably widespread, variable species of humid, cool temperate and boreal regions of northeastern North America, Central to South America, Eurasia and New Zealand; 2n = 14 to 42. Intraspecific taxa are not generally recognized. Recognition of Avenella, as a monotypic segregate of Deschampsia, is supported by recent molecular analysis (Garcia-Suarez et al. 1997; Chiapella 2007; see also W).


Comment:
Colls. should be rechecked for A. sativa (cultivated oats).

Footnote:
This weed ranges widely over cool temperate regions of North America. It is close to sativa (the cultivated oats), which was originally selected from fatua, and it can intergrade; 2n = 42 in both taxa. Some colls. need rechecking.


Comment:
Some colls. may be from sowings (check MW data for addition); recheck A. fatua.

Footnote:
This commonly grown grain (oats) is widely sown and naturalized in temperate regions of North America. Most Ky. colls. are probably from sowings that may self-seed for a year or two.


FullName:
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J.& K. Presl

Comment:
1 = Price (1893). The SIMP coll. is labeled "var. bulbosum"; needs checking.

Footnote:
In North America, this alien occurs mostly in cool temperate regions of eastern and western states, plus adjacent Canada. It was introduced to Ky. at least a century ago, and considered exceptionally useful. Gm noted: "Among 40-50 forage plants kept growing at the Ky. Experimental Farm for a number of years, this has always, winter and summer, been one of the finest in appearance..." It was widely cultivated through the 1920s (Anderson 1924). However, it has now become generally uncommon to rare, since its agricultural role has been replaced by Festuca arundinacea. 

   The coll. from SIMP (KY-Agr.) has been referred to var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner, and needs to be investigated further. In that taxon, culm nodes are relatively hairy, and those at the base of the plant are distinctly swollen; it is not well documented in North America (FNA 24).


Comment:
There is also a C.W. Short coll. from Ky. at CI.  

NO = lurida: ROCK 1 = McFarland coll that was at KY but NOT burned in 1948, from "roadside ditch near Conway" 9 Jun 1940 (see also KSNPC database); see also Hannan (M.Sc. thesis, not publication).

NO = lurida: BELL 2 = Anderson (1924), based on another specimen at KY that may have burned from "Pineville": HGarman 15 Jun 1892 Pineville; NO!! this rescued via KY Agr to KY now.

Rogers (1941) misidentified C. lupulina (MU) as this, from MCRE.

Footnote:
This widespread northern species has been verified with colls. from only two western counties: FULT and MCRA (MUR). There is also a coll. of C.W. Short (at Univ. of Cincinnati or elsewhere) from Ky. (Short & Peter 1834; B, Gl), which needs to be checked. However, reports from Appalachian regions (M) have been based on misidentified colls. of lurida or lupulina: BELL at KY ( Anderson 1924); MCRE at MUR (Rogers 1941); ROCK at KY (F.T. McFarland in 1940). C. hystericina has been also been reported as far south as Tenn. (Ch) and Ga. (W).


Comment:
There is a C.W. Short coll. at NY from Kentucky, with no other data.  A collection from TRIG reported as comosa by Ellis et al. (1971) was located at NC and redetermined as lurida.

Footnote:
This close relative of hystericina is a widely scattered eastern species (also disjunct in northwestern states), but most concentrated in cool temperate regions north of Ky. It is not verified from Ky. but there are records from adjacent counties of w. Tenn. (Ch). There is a coll. of C.W. Short (NY) labeled Ky., but with no other data. The record from TRIG (Ellis et al. 1971) appears to have been based on a misidentified coll. of lurida (NCU). C. comosa is close to hystericina.


Comment:
The JEFF coll. was made by C.W. Short on "Corn Island". JC found this species at the Blue Grass Army Depot. Not in Jones (2005).

Footnote:
This is a widespread northern (circumboreal) species. As in other sedges of northern wetlands, it is speculated that occasional southern occurrences may result from dispersal by migrating waterfowl. The coll. from JEFF (KY) was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s on "Corn Island". In 2000, JC also found this species at the Blue Grass Army Depot (MADI).


Comment:
There is a need to check "var. americana" records further.

PIKE (EK) Hannan & Phillippe 775 was erroneously (tentatively) ided as this by JC; it is americana.

Footnote:
The midwestern range of this species is centered on Mo., Iowa and Ill. Although some initial identifications in Ky. have been tentative or erroneous (e.g. from PIKE), obovata is generally distinct from typical americana in its spikelets (with glabrous calluses, shorter lemmas, longer but abruptly beaked fruits). Intermediates have not been demonstrated; 2n = 60 in obovata but still unknown in americana (FNA 24). Further records of obovata are expected in western regions, since it is known in adjacent north-central Tenn. (Ch, FNA 24).


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 48) is widespread across southeastern states in various habitats, extending further west into the southern Great Plains than the other two species of this genus. Within Ky. it is especially common along the crests of riverbanks, between riparian woods and the open scoured zones. It is also locally abundant in thin woods on rocky slopes, especially on base-rich soils.


Comment:
also WHIT (MM).

I corrected ALLE (Jones at EK) "Uniola laxa" to Chas lat in May 86; WHMartin place on top a label "Chas laxum" in 88!!!

Footnote:
This southeastern species is largely restricted to damp acid soils that dry out during the summer (i.e. hydroxeric), usually in thin woods or edges.


Footnote:
This giant grass from the Mediterranean region is reportedly naturalized across southern states (FNA 25). In Ky. it may just be persistent from old ornamental plantings, but at least in some Appalachian river valleys, it appears remarkably aggressive locally along roads and woodland edges.


FullName:
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

Comment:
Kentucky plants may all be the alien European ssp australis; the northern native ssp americanus has been recently described, distinguished by longer ligules (1-1.7 mm); see Saltonstall et al. (2004. Sida 21:683-692). But Dan Boone shows me the americanus from southern Ohio with much less dense inflorescence, smooth culms (versus longitudinal ridges), and black fungal spots at nodes and below; rather distinct.

Footnote:
This species, in its broad sense, is widespread in temperate regions across the world. Ky. plants may all be the European ssp. australis. They are locally abundant in western regions of the state within disturbed wetlands and adjacent seasonally wet uplands, also frequent in patches along major highways. 

   The native ssp. americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson & Soreng has been recently described, and is widely distributed across cool temperate North America in fens and marshes, but generally less common and less vigorous (Saltonstall et al. 2004; and supplementary website). D. Boone (pers. comm.) has recently found ssp. americanus in e. Ind. (Randolph Co.), and it is reported from w. Ohio (Cedar Bog).

   The best diagnostic character for ssp. americanus is its longer ligules (1-1.7 mm versus 0.4-0.9 mm). Other differences from ssp. australis are its usually longer lower glumes (3-6.5 mm versus 2.5-5 mm) and upper glumes (5.5-11 mm versus 4.5-7.5 mm); more open inflorescence; leaves yellow-green (versus usually blue-green), the sheaths loose and usually dropped (versus tight, usually persistent); culms smooth (versus longitudinally ridged), green to maroon, at least at nodes (versus usually all green), and with black fungal spots often present at nodes and below (versus rarely present); plants often mixed with other species (versus usually in monocultures).


FullName:
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. var. major (Gaudin) Pospichal

Comment:
Is this really distinct from typical viridis? It differs mainly in its larger dimensions; robustapurpurea is also purplish.

Footnote:
This robust variety is a relatively aggressive weed in corn and bean fields, especially in the midwest, where it often rivals faberi. It was unknown in Ky. until colls. of P. Haragan and others during 1980-2000 (KY, EKY). Var. robusta-purpurea Schreib. differs only in the purplish coloration of its spikes, and is not segregated here.


Comment:
1 = P. Dalton # 743 (at VB?); M states at KY Agr Sch.

M: Short at PH "Pennisetum verticillatum"

Footnote:
This variable weed is widespread across northern and western states but rare to absent in the southeast; 2n = 18 to 108 (FNA 25). It is easily confused with viridis, but has distinctly tapering spikes and retrorsely scabrous bristles. In Ky. the only verified colls. may be from FAYE and WOOD (mostly at KY-Agr. Sch.). In 1914 Gm noted: "frequent in cultivated ground, but not so often seen as [S. pumila]." Anderson (1924) listed colls. dated 1833 to 1919, only from Lexington (FAYE).


Footnote:
This is closely related to perenne, and also widely planted in North America. It was first introduced into Ky. for trials a century ago (Gm), but did not become widely used until the 1930s or later (Anderson 1924; B). Several records mapped here are probably derived from plantings.

   L. multiflorum can hybridize and intergrade with perenne (FNA 24); 2n = 14 in all Lolium (the base number in Poeae). L. multiflorum differs in its more numerous florets per spikelets (10-22 versus 2-10), and the lemmas usually with longer awns (up to 15 mm versus 8 mm). Also, leaf blades tend to be wider (mostly 3-8 mm versus 2-4 mm), and plants are usually annual (versus perennial).


Footnote:
This has been widely planted in North America for lawns, erosion-control and forage. In Ky. it did not become widely used until the 1930s or later (B). Some records mapped here may be from plantings.


Comment:
Check data; dates (1900-50?)

Anderson 1924: 1916 Jun 7 EMMorton reported from Centertown.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean weed is widely scattered in North America, but it does not seem to be established in Ky. There are only three known colls. of this species from the state, made during 1916-43 (all at KY-Agr.). It is easily confused with perenne (FNA 20, W), but differs in its annual life-cycle (versus perennial), longer glumes (usually 15-25 mm versus 4-12 mm) that exceed lemmas (versus shorter), and larger seeds (1-3 mm wide versus 0.7-1.5 mm).


Species:
elliptica (tenuis var. borealis; ?acuminata)

Comment:
The report by Beal and Thieret (1986) is based on misidentification of L. Meade # 564 ("Lower Lick Fork", Rowan Co.) at MO and NK; Galen Smith concurred, with the synonym elliptica but noted it is atypical. In opinion of JC, this coll. is E. tenuis (var. tenuis), as confirmed by close inspection of the duplicate at NK on 25 Nov 2005.

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon of base-rich wetlands appears closely related to pseudoptera; 2n = 38 probably in both taxa (FNA 23). The best diagnostic character of elliptica is the (4) 6-8 (10) angles in stem cross-sections; other taxa in the tenuis group have 4 (5) angles. There are almost no definitive records from Ky., but a skimpy coll. from the Backbone Swamp in FRAN (EK) is tentatively included here. Also, a few colls. appear transitional from elliptica to compressa (LEWI at KNK, R.F.C. Naczi #3811), or to tenuis (ROWA at MDKY & KNK, L. Meade #564; mapped as elliptica by BT). E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees is a synonym of elliptica, but it has been applied in some cases to plants now known as E. bifida (M).


Footnote:
Seed of this Mediterranean annual has been imported to feed canaries and other birds for a century or more in Ky. (Gm; Anderson 1924), as elsewhere in North America. The few Ky. colls. may just represent waifs from spilled or discarded seed. P. canariensis is similar to caroliniana, but with larger florets that have distinctive "almost semicircular," mucronate exposed ends of glumes (versus acute to acuminate); 2n = 12 versus 14 (FNA 24).


Comment:
There are also prehistoric records from archaeological sources, including rockshelters (Webb & Funkhouser, Cowan).

GRAV: 
RA 978 ditches, Wice Baptist Ch Rd off US 45 nr Ill Centr RR row; 4Jun 1970
RA 1394 ditches and banks of the railroad crossing of Wice Baptist Church Road off US 45; 9 Jun 1971

MCRA
RA coll from rr yard

Footnote:
During the Woodland era, this widespread southern annual appears to have been widely used for its edible seed in the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, based on analysis of archaeological sites. However, it is now uncommon in southeastern states except on base-rich soils of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The few Ky. colls. are mostly from broad river terraces in western regions, with almost none dated after 1970; see colls. of R. Athey (mostly at MEM). Archaeological sites include several in the Red River area of MENI and nearby, where the species is completely unknown today (Ford 1985). There is no evidence of human selection for seed size or other characters.


Comment:
The native or alien status needs investigation. To the north and west, there is evidence of native status. In Kentucky, it is locally abundant along fairly wild rivers, and in natural wetland remnants. But was it planted for forage??

BOUR (jc) banks of Townsend Creek on Mason Brock's place.

FAYE (jc): in stream bottoms along Athens-Boonesboro by Woods Edge Farm; possibly native in these natural wetlands (green ash and swamp white oak nearby).

WOOD (jc): banks of Cave Spring Creek of Clear Cr near Denton Farm; May 2010; get coll for growing...

Gray 1872: wild in bogs and low grounds.
Gray 1887: wet grounds; common, especially northward.
Robinson & Fernald 1908: ditto.
Braun 1943; cites Hictchcock; no colls by herself.

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable, circumboreal species; 2n = 27-35 (FNA 24). It has been considered native in parts of Ohio, Ky., Ill., Ind. and Tenn. (Braun 1967; B, Ch, D, F, J, SC, Sm), but there has been uncertainty about its status in parts of the Ohio Valley (Lyons 2010). It is certainly native further north and west in North America, but European cultivars have been introduced for forage and soil stabilization, probably interbreeding with native races (Merigliano & Lesica 1998; Lavergne & Molofsky 2007). The species is often considered invasive in wetlands, whether native or alien; but is this behavior partly due to reduction of beavers and other herbivores in such habitats? 

   In Ky. P. arundinacea was first reported by Riddell (1835; as "americana Ell."), but was omitted by Anderson (1924) and rarely collected before the 1970s. It is locally abundant along marshy margins of large or small streams and in remnants of natural wetlands, especially with eutrophic conditions. But it also occurs in mined areas, roadside ditches or similar disturbed sites with no clear presettlement heritage. 

   There is little or no recent record of planting for forage or other purposes, but seed was apparently distributed for sale a century or more ago. Gm stated: "a persistent perennial, the seeds of which are frequently brought into this country from Europe, but believed native to the United States." He conducted trials for forage at the Univ. of Ky. ca. 1894-1899, with mixed results, and noted: "adapted to rather low wet ground... it can be made useful in binding the soil of embankments." The European cultivar known as "ribbon-grass" or forma variegata (Parnell) Druce occasionally persists or escapes from gardens.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 14) alien is widely distributed in eastern North America and in humid western regions, especially on medium-acid soils. To the east it is concentrated in Appalalachian and mid-Atlantic regions. The first records from Ky. were colls. by T.H. Kearney and Gm during the 1890s (Anderson 1924). It gradually became widespread, but it is not often abundant.


Comment:
There are no clear records of naturalized plants.

Footnote:
This northern (circumboreal) species includes the cultivated red rasperry (in var. idaeus). It was reported from Ky. by BA but no coll. has been located.


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): CLAR (BE). 

1 = B. Goodrich, D. Barrett (3 sites). 
2 = J. MacGregor.

JACK (NP): bench pond above Sturgeon Cr ca 1.6 aimi w of Green Hall and ca. 0.9 aimi nw of Hickory Flat Sch.

WOLF (NP): 1996 Koomer Ridge Camp Ground, edge of gravel by road.

Footnote:
This circumboreal species is widespread in northeastern states and adjacent Canada, usually on wet sites of varied type. In Ky. it is known only from a few sites in Appalachian regions or nearby, usually on old mines, quarry-floors and roadcuts. All records were made after 1970; the species may well be adventive.


FullName:
Liparis liliifolia (L.) L.C. Rich. ex Ker-Gawl.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It has declined greatly in some northeastern states (especially N.Y. to Va.), apparently due to browsing by dense deer populations I(D. Goldmanm pers. comm.). Such decline has not yet been noted in Ky., where it is still locally frequent, especially in submesic woods on medium-acid soils.


Comment:
1 =Ettman & McAdoo

jm = J. MacGregor (JESS, Scott`s Grove); 
rc = for HARD, J. MacGregor; also R. Cranfill reported that a coll. is at LO but JC could not find it.

WARR (MB) may just be painting (Price).

LOGA: EK Br & Br 1963 ky 105 0.5 mi ne of Lake Hancock, Russellville waterworks; decid woods at ridgetop, sandy soil, SE exposure; "corallorhiza maculata"

JEFF: also PD Iroquois Park; came up in Akebia patch; 10s ca. 2005-2010; also IndSE JF herbarium--check location

Footnote:
This mycotrophic species is widely scattered from southeastern states to Mexico, but it generally occurs in low numbers. In Ky. it may be most frequent in thin subxeric woods and edges on moderately base-rich soils, including limestone gravel roads on sandy uplands. Most records from Ky. have been made before 1950, including those assembled by Ettman & McAdoo (1978). Although there is a cluster of records from the southern Bluegrass and adjacent Knobs, this species is virtually unknown in that region today.


FullName:
Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim.

Comment:
There are no clear records of naturalized plants. This taxon is native to northeastern states in cooler zones.


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern and central states; it often cultivated, and may hybridize with idaeus. Rare plants (e.g. at Griffith Woods, HARR) with pale yellowish to amber fruit (and often yellow-green versus purplish canes) are known as forma pallidus (Bailey) Robins.


Comment:
These were called discolor initially.

FULT (MU) was determined by M. Medley. This species is similar to bifrons, with more recurved prickles, canescent stems, and paler pink flowers.

Footnote:
This alien has been indicated for Ky. under various names (M; FNA in prep.), but its taxonomy has been confused; see also notes under cf. serissimus. R. armeniacus is a tetraploid (2n = 28) up to 5 m tall that has become one of the most popular cultivated blackberries in Europe and elsewhere; it has become a problematic weed in the Pacific Northwest. There are scattered records from Mo. to Va., generally in cooler zones than most of Ky. Though often named "Himalaya-berry" it appears to have originated from the Caucasus region, according to Weber (1995; see also  A. Ceska in Botanical Electronic News No. 230, Aug. 25, 1999). 

   Other names used for this plant include R. bifrons Vest, R. discolor Wiehe & Nees and R. procerus P.J. Muell. L. Alice et al. (in prep. for FNA) have included armeniacus within bifrons, although the latter is generally regarded as a distinct polyploid (2n = 48) in Europe (Weber 1995). They indicate that discolor should be included within R. ulmifolius Schott, a closely related diploid from southern Europe that has become established in Cal. R. ulmifolius remains virtually unknown as a wild plant in eastern states, but it is reportedly involved in the parentage of several cultivars, including some widely distributed "thornless blackberries" that can persist in old abandoned gardens.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993). 

Medley considered the KENT & LAUR records from Braun (1943) dubious; recheck. 

Also reported from FLEM & ROBE (EK) by Clark & Bauer (2001); NOT SO!!!
ROBE = flagerallis ?

Footnote:
This common southeastern species may be widely scattered on western lowlands in Ky., at least near the Mississippi Rv., but more colls. are needed to document its range. More northern records within the state have not been verified (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW), but the species has been recently confirmed in adjacent Hamilton Co,, Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Medley (1993) did not include this, but other notes indicate that he made a collection in JEFF; probably not truly naturalized.

MM 2007: JEFF see forthcoming Duncan's book--he photographed the species in Cherokee Park; 3 areas close to each other (see MM coll catalog); one near the major creek; Bailey reported from "Big Rock" in Ky. (see Bailey 1943-45) and Gunn reported it based on a coll.--perhaps all in the Cherokee Park locality.

Footnote:
This is occasionally cultivated (as the European "dewberry") and it has spread locally in JEFF (M. Medley for WKY; G; Gunn 1968; Bailey 1943-45).


Comment:
FULT: (EK) RAthey-4360 11Jul1979 Reelfoot Lake National Wildlife Refuge, wet drainage pattern covered with water for most of growing season.

MADI: (EK) RLJonesw-5446e 6Jul1988 Lake Reba, dried lake bed, in ditches through willow thickets.

Footnote:
This is widespread in marshes across much of North America, but rare to absent in most southeastern states. The few Ky. records are mostly from extensive wetlands in western regions of the state. The disjunct eastern coll. from MADI was made at the edge of a man-made lake. Bolboschoenus has been traditionally combined with Scirpus, but is closer to Schoenoplectus; most species are high polyploids with 2n = 94-110 (FNA 23).


FullName:
Carex superata Naczi, Reznicek & B.A. Ford

Comment:
Recently described and reported in Kentucky (Naczi et al. 1998); details to be entered. Leaves are more coriaceous and evergreen than willdenowii. 

CUMB (NK, MICH): Reznicek 9563, dry rocky slope with open oak, red cedar, and ash; N side Ky Hwy 214, 2.2 m W of jct with Hwy 61 at Peytonsburg, 23 Jun 1993. 

MONR (NK, MICH): Reznicek 9565, dry open red cedar-oak-ash forest on shaley hillside; also Naczi 7406, 16 Jun 1998, ca 9 m SE Tomkinsville, ca 0.2 m S Rt 216 ca 5 m E juct w/ Rt 163, mesic decid forest on rocky slope high above small stream, rare.

ADAI (DO): Naczi ??, ca 9 m S Columbia W side Rt 704, 3.2 rd m N Cumberland Co line.

TODD: MOBOT Conrad 1006; 26May1970; these data from RThompson (or perhaps RNaczi origininally).

Check FNA.

Footnote:
This recently described species occurs locally in thin subxeric woods on base-rich soils across southeastern states (Naczi et al. 1998). It is close to willdenowii but with perigynia much longer, culms relatively short, and peduncles often more erect (FNA 23).


Comment:
"lb" are colls. not det. to var., and might include var. hederaefolia.

GH: PULA, WAYN.

1 = Duncan (1967); vars. not separated.

KY PEND!!! 2 mi s of Falmouth; Adrian Pugh farm; Robert W. Noelker 8 Sep 1966
(typical bon)
KY: HARR!! S savanna hedgerow thicket with Mor Carlac Jgnig Cto

Footnote:
This southeastern vine occurs in a wide range of habitats (F, FNA 26, W), but in Ky. it is most common on dry calcareous sites. The northern limit of its range is relatively abrupt; it is restricted to southern regions within Ill. and Ind., and remains unknown in Ohio and W.Va. (PL). In Ky. there are virtually no records north of the Kentucky River Palisades, except for colls. from HARR and PEND (KY), plus sight records of B from CART and ROWA. 

   Compared to other greenbriers of Ky., bona-nox as a whole is distinct in its strictly 1-seeded berries (versus 1-3), though berries are similar to hispida in their relatively small size and less glaucous surface. Leaves have dilated (somewhat deltoid to hastate) bases, more gradual tapering to the apex (widest at 10-30% above base versus 30-50%); lower surfaces dry to a deep brownish ("tan") color with a raised network of veins; margins have pronounced pale thickening, with or without scattered spine-like projections; petioles are often stellate-scurfy when young. Stems usually have blunt angles; the stout flattened prickles tend to be denser on basal internodes, which are often stellate-scurfy.


FullName:
Smilax bona-nox L. var. hederifolia (Bey. ex Kunth) Fern.

Comment:
EK: JESS HENR GARR FAYE CLIN CLAR WOOD MCRE (Alum Ford) MADI

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This nebulous taxon might be largely determined by growing conditions (FNA 26, W), but it appears provocatively distinct in many cases (F, Gl). Var. hederifolia has a south-central range similar to typical bona-nox. But F described it as often climbing high in "rich or damp woods and wet thickets"; typical bona-nox occurs on "dry to moist sands of dunes, clearings, fields and thickets" or on calcareous soils. In Ky. hederifolia is recorded mostly from broader bottomlands in southern regions, and from rich calcareous soils of the Inner Bluegrass. 

   Var. hederifolia has broadly ovate-deltoid, subcordate leaves, at least on fertile branches, with little or no lobing (versus deltoid to panduriform with distinct lobes, often mottled with pale patches), and with spiny teeth fewer to absent along margins. These plants have often been misidentified as rotundifolia or as hispida; see notes under var. bona-nox for general characters of the species.


Comment:
Includes var. quadrangulata, to which most coll. are referable.

1 = Duncan (1967).

In bona-nox and glauca prickles are usually less frequent to absent on upper internodes; in hispida prickles are concentrated along the basal meter or so, where they are dense, slender and blackish.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states except the upper mid-west. In Ky. it is the most common "greenbrier" in Smilax section China (all with 2n = 32). Though ranging from dry and damp sites, rotundifolia is especially common in understories of subxeric woods, and rare to absent on richer soils. Descriptions differ and variation deserves further study (e.g. D, F, SC, Y, FNA 26). 

   Peduncles of rotundifolia are generally short, more or less equalling petioles, unlike other greenbriers in the state, but this character alone can be unreliable. Umbels tend to have relatively few flowers (usually 4-10 versus 8-25 in other species). An acutely obvious character of rotundifolia in the field is that its stout greenish prickles are uniformly scattered along most internodes except flowering branches (versus decreasing in density above plant base); also most internodes are clearly 4-angled (versus terete or slightly angled). Its leaves dry to pale brownish-green with a raised network of veins; minute irregular projections are usually scattered along thin margins and on veins below, at least towards the base. 

   Two species of southeastern lowlands resemble rotundifolia in their relatively short peduncles: S. walteri Pursh (with red versus black berries, leaves smooth below and usually narrower, stems less angled, prickles subulate and concentrated at bases) and S. laurifolia L. (with unilocular ovaries, purplish berries, narrower more coriaceous evergreen leaves, and fewer distal prickles). Reports of those two species from Ky. have been erroneous (M), but walteri may be known from nc. and w. Tenn. (Wilbur 1967; Ch).


Comment:
In most cases, it is not possible to infer whether colls. are from truly naturalized plants. There are also possibly cultivated collections of the hybrid with N. tazetta from HENR (KY) and MASO (BE).

Footnote:
This is the commonly cultivated "narcissus" that is often persistent from old plantings in North America. In Ky. it is generally impossible to infer whether colls. are from plants established from seedlings. The colls. mapped as open dots in HENR (KY) and MASO (BEREA) are the hybrid with N. tazetta L. (= X medioluteus P. Mill., N. biflorus M.A. Curtis); they are probably from cultivated plants. The hybrid with pseudonarcissus (= X incomparibilis P. Mill.) has also been reported to persist in JEFF (M, FNA 26).


FullName:
Narcissus X medioluteus P. Mill. (pro sp.)

Comment:
It is not clear if plants were truly naturalized.


Comment:
In most cases it is not clear if colls. are from truly naturalized plants.

Footnote:
This is the commonly cultivated "daffodil" that is often persistent from old plantings in North America. Although it can increase locally in Ky. to form populations of 100s or 1000s, there has been no defitive report of establishment from seedlings, and there is no evidence of long-distance dispersal.


FullName:
Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. var. dioicus

Comment:
More western material should be rechecked for var. pubescens.

rechecked EK none ANDE!!! where was old record in my notes from, typo???

Footnote:
This species is scattered widely across east-central states, from Appalachian to Ozarkian regions, but it is largely restricted to relatively undisturbed mesic woods. Typical dioicus may be absent west of the Shawnee Hills, but re-examination of colls. is desirable. There may be some intergradation with var. pubescens (Cr, W).


Comment:
Reports from Mammoth Cave National Park are based on misidentified Synandra hispidula; see Lix's collection at US.

Footnote:
This monotypic genus is virtually restricted to central Appalachian regions, with a concentration in the northern Appalachian Plateaus, central Ridge & Valley, and central Blue Ridge. The only confirmed site west of Appalachian regions is in JESS (KY), on terraces of lower Jessamine Creek with beech trees on relatively acid, cherty alluvial soils. Reports from Mammoth Cave National Park were based on misidentified Synandra hispidula (H. Lix's coll. at US). F's report from Ill. remains dubious.


Footnote:
This popular feline herb ("catnip") is widely naturalized in temperate regions of North America. It was not reported from Ky. until 1893 by Pr, and was omitted by Gm in 1914. It has become widely associated with disturbed base-rich soils, especially dusty ground under eaves and under cliffs, or similar habitats.


Comment:
Most or all Kentucky material of this species matches var. micrantha, but this has not been thoroughly checked, and that taxon is not generally recognized in current treatments.

LO: BELL, GRAY, HARD, HENR, JEFF*, MEAD, OLDH*, OWEN, SHEL, WASH, WOLF; * plus var. micrantha/parviflora.

Footnote:
This has been a common weed in eastern North America since early after settlement. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "abundant on the alluvion bottoms of our creeks and rivers, and in the fence-rows of rich, cultivated fields." Variation deserves more attention; 2n = 16 and 36. Most or all colls. from Ky. are referable to var. micrantha Moric. (F), which is not generally recognized in recent treatments (Cr, W).


Comment:
There has been confusion with other varieties; e.g., a BARR (LB) coll. was misidentified as var. hispida by F.J. Peabody.  Lower case records are probably from planted trees; all are planted or escaped; this taxon is not native in the state.

Footnote:
This frequently planted diploid (2n = 20) is not native to Ky., and probably originates from the southern Blue Ridge in N.C. and Tenn. (Isely & Peabody 1984; W). It has been confused with the triploids (2n = 30), hispida and boyntonii, which are native to Ky. See note on hybrids under kelseyi. In Ky. fertilis often persists and escapes; the degree of naturalization is often unclear from coll. data.


Comment:
Braun also noted a coll from VA in Dickenson Co., within 1-2 miles of KY.

Footnote:
This has a southern Appalachian range but apparently centered to the north of boyntonii. Further investigation is needed to separate records from those of boyntonii and fertilis. In Ky. typical hispida is known only from low open rocky slopes near the Breaks of the Sandy Rv. (Russell Fork) in PIKE (KY). It is also known nearby from Dickenson Co., Va. (B).


Comment:
Braun (1943 and catalogue) notes a collection (Braun 450) of this taxon from HARL det. by E.J. Palmer, but no coll. could be located at US. 1 = Hinkle (1975). Isley (1990) indicated that no wild collection of this taxon are known, and that it may have horticultural origin from hispida and pseudoacacia.

Footnote:
Isely & Peabody (1984; Isely 1990) could find no wild plants of kelseyi. They suggested it may have horticultural origin from hybridization of pseudoacacia with fertilis; all three taxa are diploids (2n = 20). This hybrid may be represented by a coll. from PERR (EKY). Some reports from Ky. may have been based on misidentified boyntonii (Isely & Peabody 1984). A coll. of kesleyi from HARL was reported by B (Braun #450) but cannot be located. Also, Hinkle (1975) reported kelseyi from BELL (check TENN).


Comment:
Braun (1943 and catalogue) collected this species (variety uncertain) from HARL and LETC but no colls. can be found at US. This may be better treated within R. hispida but is maintained here in order to emphasize its distinctiveness, native occurrence in Kentucky, and the need for much more collection and research. A large living clone has been established at the UK Arboretum, originating from the knob just east of Cumberland Falls State Park.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian species has been confused with hispida and fertilis, which can reasonably be combined as varieties. R. boyntonii rarely flowers in the wild; fruits are virtually unknown anywhere in its range (Isely & Peabody 1984), except for a coll. of M. Medley (for WKY). A large living clone has been established at the Univ. of Ky. Arboretum, originating from the knob just east of Cumberland Falls State Park in WHIT. There is no question that this species is native to se. Ky., since it is known from 10-20 sites in the wild, mostly in open woods or edges on remote ridges, with no evidence of nearby cultivation.


Footnote:
This ranges widely from southeastern states to South America. It has the largest flowers of any legume in Ky. (Fabaceae sensu lato), with a provocative tendency to appear both early and late in the growing season (Isely 1998; W). Without flowers, Clitoria is easily confused with Galactia, but can usually be distinguished by its more developed stipules, ca. 2-4 mm long, striate-nerved and persistent (versus ca. 1 mm and withering); also, leaflets tend to be larger and less hairy to glabrous. These plants often grow together, but Clitoria tends to occur in less open areas on more acid soils, on average, and it can be more self-supporting (versus twining).


Comment:
Label data for WAYN (US): L.B. Smith & A.R. Hodgdon 3878, 12-14 July 1937, brushy bank of Beaver Creek S of Monticello.

Footnote:
This southeastern species of dry sandy soils extends north in the Mississippi watershed to Mo., Ill. and Ky., but it is rare in those states. The only record from Ky. is an old coll. from WAYN (US): L.B. Smith & A.R. Hodgdon #3878, 12-14 July 1937, brushy bank of Beaver Creek south of Monticello.


Comment:
Includes var. humilis; not naturalized but there are occasional waifs that do not persist for long. Native people cultivated this species, and it would be interesting to locate material similar to these genotypes.

Footnote:
This common "green bean" is widely grown in gardens, with many cultivars, and self-seeded waifs occasionally appear near plantings. But, like P. coccibea L. ("scarlet runners") and several other types of cultivated bean, it is not truly naturalized. Native people in eastern states cultivated vulgaris in pre-Columbian times, as an introduction from the south.


Comment:
1 = USFS coll. at Stanton Ranger Office; check.

ANDE: KY MEWharton 9408 dry s-facing wooded slope near Gilbert Cr; 17Aug1955

CHRI: JC 2011 roadside N of Empire by Phlox deamii site.

Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern and Atlantic Coastal states. It usually occurs in thin woods and thickets on moderately dry, medium acid soils. Although suitable appears to be widespread, the species is generally uncommon in much of its range. In Ky. it is generally rare to absent in more farmed landscapes, presumably due to excessive disturbance in the past (including browsing by livestock).


Comment:
A CALL (MU) coll. has been tentatively reassigned to A. gattingeri.

A. decemloba is close to obtusifolia, a more southern species sometimes confused and reported from Kentucky.

EK: PULA MCRE also.

Footnote:
This annual occurs on foothills and plains around the central and southern Appalachians. It is close to A. obtusifolia Raf., a species of the southeastern Coastal Plain that has been sometimes combined or confused, and thus reported from Ky. Distinction is supported by recent molecular evidence (Pettengill & Neel 2008). There has also been confusion with gattingeri, to which colls. from CALL are here reassigned (Woods 1983; M).


Comment:
These colls. need further study; some may be A. gattingeri. 
A. skinneriana was mapped by Pennell (1935) only north and west of Kentucky.

***EDMO (LB check US)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

***?!HANC: (EK) TWeckman-2038; 17Sep1995; mixed 2nd growth beech-maple and old fields, Williamette Corp forest lands NE of jct Hwys 60/1406; E of Hawesville.
JC needs to check again?

***?!TRIG: (EK) RAthey-488 26Sep1968, banks of Hematite Lake; RA left id blank.

LIVI and LYON from RA catalog

NOT CALL: (MU, EK) MWoods-229 17Sep1981 8.5 mi SE of Murray on Yarbrough Rd off Hwy 121 S, wet low-lying area, in deciduous woods; "obtusifolia" MW

NOT TODD: (EK) RAthey-3648 20Sep1976 dry sandy slopes on Ky. 178, 0.6 mi W of jct w/Ky. 181; "skinneriana" RA
1 TODD = Medley (1993), perhaps based on RA.

Footnote:
This globally rare annual is known from scattered midwestern localities (PL, K). In Ky. it is known from a few colls. made mostly during 1930-1980, and some of these have been uncertain or dubious (M). There has been confusion with other species, especially gattingeri. Apart from the two or three verified Ky. records, skinneriana is virtually unknown east of the Mississippi Rv. and Ohio Rv. There is one report from Miss. (K), one from Tenn. at Fort Campbell (but not May Prairie; D. Estes, pers. comm.), and one from Md. (Pettengill & Neel 2008).


Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928). LIVI (KY) may be transitional to A. fasciculata; ESTI (KY) coll. is slightly scabrous, also suggesting A. fasciculata. Some ROWA (MO) material appears to be var. parviflora (= A. paupercula var. borealis?), but may be mislabeled and not from Kentucky.

Footnote:
Variation in this widespread eastern annual and its relatives needs further study. Although usually found in damp acid grasslands, it can occur in quite varied habitats, including calcareous soils outside Ky. (Pennell 1935; W). A. purpurea is close to the southeastern fasciculata, with some apparent intergradation; see notes under that name.  A coll. from ROWA is referable to the more northern taxon, var. parviflora (Benth.) Boivin, which some recent authors (W) have recognized as a species: A. paupercula (Gray) Britt. However, its label data are dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); check RA. 
rg = R. Guetig (1993); check not found at EK...

Footnote:
This annual is widespread across warmer southeastern regions on seasonally dry to damp sites with varied substrates. It is sometimes hard to distinguish from purpurea, and has been treated as a variety in Tenn. (Robinson 1960). However, typical fasciculata may generally differ in several characters that deserve further attention (F). Although pubescence varies in both species, typical fasciculata has denser hairs on stems, and D. Estes (pers. comm.) has shown that in Tenn. and Ky. it has a distinctive line of hairs along each midrib of calyx teeth.


Comment:
Recently discovered in the LEWI prairies; also known in Tennessee close to TRIG.

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely midwestern annual is known only from prairie remnants of Fort Campbell in CHRI and the Chalk Ridge area in LEWI. Short (1840) also collected in from "wet lands in the barrens" (perhaps CHRI, check PH). In Tenn. it is also known from Montgomery Co., adjacent to TRIG and CHRI (Ch). Some recent authors have favored combining this monotypic genus with Agalinis (Cr, W); 2n = 26.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered over southeastern states, but generally restricted to good remnants of native grassland. In Ky. most records are from non-calcareous soils, but the species is associated with calcareous soils elsewhere (W). In addition to verified colls. from southern regions of the state, there is an old report from the JEFF area (McMurtrie 1819). North of Ky. Buchnera occurs only in a few counties of s. Ohio and locally on the south side of the Great Lakes in n. Ill. to s. N.Y. (K).


Comment:
The MCRE (LB) collections may be at CI and US; check. Kentucky plants were placed in S. australis by Pennell, but this taxon is not recognized currently; it has shorter upcurved hairs on stems, broader leaves, more acute calyx lobes.

Footnote:
Plants of this southeastern species from Ky. were placed in the segregate named S. australis by Pennell (1935), but that taxon has generally not been distinguished by subsequent authors; 2n = 32 and 36. In Ky. Schwalbea is known only from two colls. of B in MCRE. This globally endangered species is known to be highly dependant on fire or other disturbance to maintain open grassy woodland, especially on seasonally damp, sandy soils with pines and oaks (e.g. Townsend 1997).


FullName:
Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (W. Bart.) Fern.

Comment:
Another coll. from OLDH (LO) is f. albiflora; the MORG (MO) coll. has unusually broad luxuriant leaves. This taxon has been treated as a variety or subspecies of the Eurasian vulgaris, but it has consistently elongated leaves, and is generally more robust.

GH: CALL ("var. vulgaris" of Woods #901; leaves to 4 cm wide!), CLAR, LEE.

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this is a circumboreal weedy species that is widespread across temperate regions of North America. Variation deserves more attention; 2n = 28 and 32. There is a large range in overall size, leaf shape and pubescence. Rafinesque (1836, 2:29-32) described 10 species in the genus from eastern states (under "Brunella"). It is sometimes erroneously implied that all P. vulgaris is alien in North America (e.g. SE). Most colls. from Ky. are referable to the var. lanceolata, which is native (F). See also notes under other varieties.


FullName:
Prunella vulgaris L. var. hispida Benth. ?

Comment:
This taxon needs further study. Some of these collections may not be clearly distinct. Most appear to be pubescent forms of lanceolata, not vulgaris; plants appear native in several cases, especially on drier rocky sites. 

HART (JC) needs processing; it is from the south end of the ferry road at east side of MCNP, where plants are quite distinct and locally abundant.

GH: HART (?) (C.A. & U.F. Weatherby #6355, 22 May 1933; "var. hispida. Forming large colonies on roadside and dry clearings in deciduous woods, Mammoth Cave Park."

Footnote:
These relatively hairy plants are locally abundant in Ky., especially on dry rocky sites in western regions. They may be treated as a segregate of the native var. lanceolata rather than true var. hispida, which is reportedly Asian (Cr). Further global revison is needed. Rafinesque (1836, 2:30) described two species that probably belong here: hirsuta, from "Illinois and Missouri"; and cinerea, from "Florida, Alabama, Wasioto mts. and hills of Kentucky."


Comment:
Most or all of these are probably lanceolata but they may have some characters of vulgaris. Braun's record from CAMP (CI) should be checked; she noted "a weed in lawns and parks." European plants often prosper with low mowing regimes, unlike lanceolata.

GH: none; but most from Mich, etc. is clearly this.

Footnote:
Some of these colls. are probably referable to the typical Eurasian variety, but the potential for intergradation with var. lanceolata needs to be investigated. In more northern states and Canada, this variety often occurs in lawns, being able to withstand repeated mowing. Compared to var. lanceolata, it has relatively small, ovate (versus lanceolate) leaves; those at mid-stem are typically ca. 2-4 cm long (versus 4-10 cm) and ca. 1-2 cm wide (versus 1.5-4 cm); l/w is ca. 1.5-2.5 (versus 2.5-3.5). However, these differences are not always clearcut.


Footnote:
This rosette-forming, perennial, tetraploid (2n = 36) is a widespread southeastern species of thin disturbed woodlands, edges and old fields. It is especially common along roadsides with a moderate frequency of mowing.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993), probably RA.

AP: TRIG, LYON.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in Ozarkian regions and along the southwestern edge of the Interior Low Plateaus (W). In Ky. it has been confused with typical S. azurea Michx. ex Lam., which is a more southeastern species that does not occur in the state.


Comment:
Reported in error by Browne & Athey (1992).


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); perhaps MM; check his catalog for others. A coll. from MCRA (MU) seems to be a hybrid with L. aspera; see X steelei.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered from southeastern to midwestern states, but generally restricted to damp soils in remnants of native grassland. Hybrids with several species can be expected (FNA 21, Y); spicata has peak flowering usually in Aug-Sep, after squarrosa and before the aspera group. Some colls. from MCRA and ROWA appear to be hybrids with aspera; see notes under that species. Hybrids with squarrosa have been rarely found in Tenn. (TENN) and Miss. (MISS), but are unknown in Ky.


Species:
majuscula ("montana"*, majalis var. montana)

Footnote:
Convallaria is a circumboreal genus with three closely related taxa; 2n = 38 (FNA 26, W). Although Cr suggested that majuscula is an indistinct plant derived from plantings of the European C. majalis L., its widely scattered distribution on southern Appalachian mountains is hard to explain in terms of just 200-300 years of dispersal from cultivation. Moreover, these plants appear more closely related to the Asian C. keiskei Miquel than to majalis. In Ky. majiuscula is known only from a few sites on Cumberland Mt. near the border with Va.


FullName:
Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. molle (Vasey) Mohlenbrock

Comment:
JC: TRIG check LBL notes/colls from Jul 2006.

Footnote:
This hairy variety is not recognized in most current treatments, but it seems to have a relatively southern range overall. Within Ky. it occurs locally in old transitions between woodland and grassland, where there is probably a long history of fire. Var. molle is easily confused with ravenelii or malacophyllum, but lacks the hairy ligule of those species.


FullName:
Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C.A. Clark

Comment:
MARS: RA not mapped; check coll at eastern???
WARR: 1 = Price (1893); not mapped; she did not list boscii or clandestinum.

Medley (1993) cites Hannan & Phillippe #3120 from LEE but this not found there yet; probably misid. as in their #1001 from MUHL.

Records need checking; presence still not confirmed; all material labeled this seen so far has been clandestinum.

Note: collections at EK that have been called this (BATH, JACK, LAUR, MUHL) are all doubtful and probably clandestinum, or perhaps introgressed with commutatum (?) etc.

ROWA (AC, EK): A Cusick 25371 is commutatum.

GH: none.

At TENN: HARL (Big Black Mt 5200 ft, Wilson Wolfe & Drumke #32891, 1964); 
BELL (CR Hinckle # 49316, Cumb Gap Sugar Trail near jct w/ridge, 2200 ft, 6/25/1974).

Kearney (1893) HARL/BELL presumed at US (See Hitch & Chase).

Footnote:
This northeastern species occurs locally in the Southern Appalachians (W). The only confirmed Ky. records are from the Cumberland Mts. B collected it only on Big Black Mt. in HARL (US); see also notes in Hitchcock & Chase (1950). In Tenn., it is known from a few northeastern counties adjacent to Ky. and Va. (TENN). There have been many erroneous records in southeastern states; the uncertain records mapped here (and many records in FNA 25) need to be rechecked. 

   D. latifolium is close to boscii (spikelets 3.8-5.2 mm) and commutatum (spikelets 2.2-3.2 mm), appearing intermediate in spikelets and other characters, including sometimes slightly bearded nodes (FNA 25). See also notes under clandestinum, which has often been confused.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 36) is widespread and locally abundant in east-central states, especially in thin woods and old fields on moist to damp fertile soils. 

   D. clandestinum has sometimes been misidentified as latifolium, especially when incomplete specimens lack lower sheaths. It has papillose-based hairs on lower sheaths and lower leaf margins (versus absent in latifolium); blades are longer on average (10-28 cm versus 7-18 cm). Also, its spikelets tend to be shorterr (2.4-3.6 mm versus 2.9-4.1 mm), as do its first glumes (1.2-1.8 mm versus 1.5-2.2 mm).


Comment:
1 = Price (1893)? 

NELS (jc) is from Gethsemani; check accession/collection, perhaps a waif. 

GARR (ic) is from sight on banks of Kentucky River, near the JESS plants.

JEFF (LO): PADavies-108 5Aug1943 George Rogers Clark Park; PADavies-110 20Jun1943 Illinois Avenue uncultivated field; PADavies-111 4Aug1943 Illinois Avenue roadside; PADavies-112 18Aug1943 Camp Taylor edge of cornfield;

Anderson 1924: Clay's Ferry RPeter 17 Aug 1834 (KY); Clay's Ferry 22 Aug 1893 JS Terrill (KY Agr Sch); 

SCOT: Anderson lists Georgetown 25 Jul 1916 Pickett (KY Agr); but missing???

BALL: Anderson lists Wickliffe 17 Aug 1923 McFarland & Taylor 370

Footnote:
As a native species in Ky., "switch-grass" is now largely restricted to river banks or nearby lowlands. A few records suggest that before settlement it may have occurred more widely in seasonally damp grasslands on uplands of western regions. However, it is becoming widely sown for wildlife habitat, and some outlying colls. may result from such activity. Records from probable sowings or escapes are excluded here, but such plants are becoming increasing difficult to distinguish from native plants. 

   Across its broad North American range, virgatum is highly variable in chromosome number (2n = 18 to 108), overall size, morphology, and habitat (FNA 25). Some seed planted in Ky. is the relatively robust "Cave-in-Rock" cultivar, which originated from the Ohio Rv. banks in Ill. across from CRIT. Much other seed comes from the Great Plains.


Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species is one of the most common native perennial grasses in pastures and old fields on average soils, along with Tridens flavus and Andropogon virginicus. Variation needs further study; 2n = 18 and 36 (FNA 25).


FullName:
Panicum anceps Michx. var. rhizomatum (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Fern.

Comment:
Unconfirmed; reported by Radford et al. (1968); the FULT record is from Heineke (1988), citing Bryan (1977); no coll. has been located.

Footnote:
This southeastern taxon occurs largely on the Coastal Plain. It has been reported from Ky. by RAB, Bryan (1977) and others, but no coll. has been located. It is verified in Tenn., and should be looked for across w. Ky. in thin woods or edges with more seasonal water-stresses than the old fields and pastures of typical anceps (Ch, FNA 25, W). 

   Var. rhizomatum is sometimes considered a distinct species (Hitchcock & Chase 1950). It differs from typical anceps in its longer rhizome segments (up to ca. 5-10 cm versus 1-5 cm); its more hairy sheath summits and blade bases (densely villous versus sparsely pilose to glabrous); its more contracted panicles; and its smaller spikelets (mostly 2.3-2.8 mm long versus 2.7-3.9 mm), which are less acuminate-falcate and often purplish (resembling rigidulum).


Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern states, but concentrated on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is reasonably treated as a distinct species (see also W), but it has often been treated as a variety of rigidulum (e.g. FNA 25). In Ky. and Tenn. it occurs mostly on hydroxeric streamhead flats and meadows of the southern Cumberland Plateau.


Comment:
C. campestris has been distinguished based on its larger flowers and associated characters; but it is generally combined in recent treatments.

ADAI (EK) & LINC (EK): Hoagland 313 & 366 "obtusiflora"; probably pentagona.
WOOD (EK): Wharton 8738.

Footnote:
This quasi-tetraploid  (2n = 56) is widespread in temperate regions of North America. It is the most commonly collected species of Cuscuta from Ky., on a wide variety of hosts in diverse habitats. See notes under the closely related campestris.


Comment:
This has been combined with C. pentagona in recent treatments.

MERC (EK): Wharton 9256; may be correct id.

1 = Medley (1993); check Wharton especially.

Footnote:
This widespread southern species, ranging into tropical regions, is close to the more eastern pentagona and gronovii; mapping here is provisional. C. campestris may be predominant in states south of Ky. (e.g. Ch). Although combined with pentagona in some recent treatments, Costea et al. (2006a; in prep. for FNA) have confirmed its distinction. It differs in its larger flowers, more broadly triangular corolla lobes, and less imbricate calyx lobes (F); see also Y, with comparison to gronovii. Like pentagona, it occurs on a wide range of herbaceous hosts, and is often abundant in cultivated fields on uplands.


