# Flora

Footnote:
This is a widespread northeastern species with variation that needs further study. It mostly occurs in two distinct habitats: calcareous cliffs (especially to the west), and on sandstone boulders along Appalachian rivers. Var. intermedius (Rydb.) B.L. Robins. has distinctly stellate-pubescent fruits (follicles), and may deserve species status (FNA, in prep.). It has a largely midwestern range, was recently been found in w. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.), andprobably occurs in Ky.


Comment:
Included by Jones (2005); recently documented as a few plants escaped from cultivation by Ross Clark (pers. comm.) and  Abbott et al. (2004). Probably not truly naturalized yet.

Footnote:
This cultivated shrub with orange-yellow flowers occasionally escapes by seed in eastern states, but it is not yet clear it the species becoming a significant invasive problem. In Ky. it has been recently recorded from CUMB, HARL, MADI and MENI (Abbott et al. 2004; CW).


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); check Grubbs (1989).

Footnote:
There are several records of this cultivated species from relatively wild contexts, but most or all may be from persistent plants at old home sites rather than self-seedings. Some related species of Spiraea are also cultivated, including S. thunbergii Siebold and S. chamaedryifolia L.; see also S. X vanhouttei.


Comment:
PULA (KY), near KY 192 Buck Creek bridge (west side down path a few feet); JC the plant appears to be forma incanum. 

LEWI: BEREA & KNK: Rudi Gelis M2-832 from Manchester Island; with Urtica dioica Rud lac Vern gig Sol gig Rubus Samb Acer neg Vitis; also EKY RGelis M1-137o with Acsn Pp Pl Verb occ Imp pal Phyt ame [JC sheaths glabrous to thinly hairy above].

FAYE (KY): burned but cited by Anderson 1924 as B. incanus (Shear) Hitchc.: RPeter 14 Sep 1834, Clay's Ferry.

Other reports (Medley 1993) cannot be verified; but this northern species may often be overlooked. 

1 = check Braun (1943) "laeviglumis" for LEWI (???); but this must be purgans var. laeviglumis (see K); with some rationale might have been alt???

Footnote:
This northeastern species (sometimes named B. altissimus Pursh) occurs from New England to the northern Great Plains. It has been reported from Ky. by B and other authors (M), but the only verified colls. located for this Atlas are from rich weedy flooplain woods in LEWI (EKY) and PULA (KY). Also, Anderson (1924) reported that a coll. from FAYE then existed at KY: R. Peter, 14 Sep 1834, Clay's Ferry. There are colls. from some adjacent counties in Ind. (D), Ohio (GH); see also F. The extensive mapping across Ky. by FNA 24 (and K) is erroneous, perhaps due to switching of data with pubescens. 

   Compared to pubescens, latiglumis differs in its anthers, with are usually shorter (ca. 1.5-3 mm versus 2.5-4 mm), and produced in Aug-Sep (versus Jun-Jul); its sheaths have a distinct villous ring at summit (usually absent or indistinct in pubescens) and clasping auricles (absent in pubescens); nodes are mostly covered (versus at least the upper exposed). Leaves tend to be darker green and more numerous (ca. 6-20 versus 4-6), with plants usually taller (up to 2 m versus 1.5 m). 

   Plants originally described as B. purgans L. var. incanus Shear are now considered just a more hairy form of latiglumis (perhaps including the colls. from FAYE and PULA).


Comment:
This species has become locally abundant on cliffs of the Kentucky River; perhaps it was planted a few decades ago; check Kentucky Utilities powerplant grounds and Shakertown.

Footnote:
There are few reports of this Chinese shrub naturalizing elsewhere in North America (K, PL, W). But in Ky. it has become locally abundant along the Palisades of the Kentucky River, where it may have been planted a few decades ago by one or more landowners. The earliest record from Ky. was a coll. of E. Guharhja in 1961 from BOUR. 

   In addition to the curious pairs of fused fruits in standishii, and other differences in regular colls., a distinguishing character of vegetative material is the long bristly hairs on young shoots. W.H. Duncan's unpublished work includes a full description (Univ. of Ga., Athens). The species seems to spread vegetatively by layering or underground shoots, making control difficult. An artificial hybrid with  fragrantissima (= X purpusi Rehd.) has also been found to escape in Mo. (Y).


Comment:
This is rarely naturalized and may not deserve mapping.

Footnote:
This Chinese species has reportedly become common as a persistent planting or local escape in more southeastern states (W).  In Ky. it has been collected from self-seeded plants in FAYE (CW) and JEFF (MM for WKY), but it does not appear to be spreading significantly over the landscape.


Comment:
This species has become abundant in many areas of northeastern states, but does not seem to prosper in Ky. nearly as much as L. maackii.


Footnote:
This large shrub from northeast Asia has become highly invasive in several regions of east-central states, especially on base-rich soils. It was initially attractive to the nursery industry, and was also promoted by the USDA from the 1960s into the 1980s (Luken & Thieret 1996). In Ky. it appears to have been first planted during the 1950s, and it began to spread widely after 1970. L. maackii is now much more widespread than colls. indicate.


Comment:
A related species, L. xylosteum, may also be rarely naturalized, but this needs confirmation; see Medley (1993), Jones (2005).

Upper case are probably morrowii/bella more or less; lower case are just other spp/hybrids?

Footnote:
L. morrowii Gray (from East Asia), L. tartarica L. (from Central Asia), and L. xylosteum L. (from Europe) are closely related species that have been widely cultivated and interbred. These shrubs have become naturalized in northeastern states and adjacent Canada (Cr, K, PL, W), especially tatarica (with white and pink-flowered forms). In Ky, the earliest records date from the 1960s. 

   Various species or hybrids have been reported in thisd complex, but their distinction is often uncertain and colls. deserve more study to justify separate mapping; see also Y. Most colls. from Ky. may be referable to morrowii x tatarica (= X bella Zabel) or to morrowii; only a few accessed colls. have been named tatarica (e.g. FAYE and WOOD at KY). In addition, Clark et al. (2005; CW) have recently reported xylosteum from LAUR (EKY), LYON and OLDH (CW); tatarica x xylosteum (= X xylosteoides Tausch) from JEFF (CW); and the complex hybrid X minutiflora Zabel (involving all three species) from ROCK (CW) and WOOD (EKY).


Comment:
LO: CALD, DAVI, EDMO, HARD, HOPK, JEFF, LOGA, MEAD, MENI, TRIG, WOLF.

EK: BATH LARU MCRE MONT
BALL BELL CALD CALL CASE CLAY CLIN CRIT ESTI FLEM FLOY GARR GREE HARL HICK JACK KNOX LAUR LEE LESL LETC LINC LEWI MAGO MARS MCRE MENI MUHL OLDH OWSL POWE PULA ROCK TRIG WOLF WHIT

Anderson 1924: "Blue Lick" Jul 1835 RPeter KY [JC perhaps Blue Lick near other old trails from se across hills... check...]

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species, locally abundant on wet medium acid soils. See also notes under baileyi.


Comment:
This may be generally distinct from C. lurida, but some colls. are difficult to assign.  Immature or depauperate C. lurida may be confused with this taxon.

HICK (MU)!!!--dubious again??? recheck
MU:  from Murphy's Pond in HICK (MUR) by M. Woods (#5904) 

EK: BELL CALL (seep along Dalton Rd); CALD (Dawson Springs Seep Swamp); ESTI HARL LAUR MUHL NELS (Howardstown Flat).

NOTE: Naczi doubts more western records; but confirms MCRE (MO).

KY Feb 2009; could not find old "ky" for HARD record; must have been redet to other species...?

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is generally distinct from lurida, but several colls. are difficult to assign. Plants of lurida that are immature or depauperate, with unusually narrow spikes and leaves, are easily confused with baileyi. The western limits of baileyi remains uncertain; compare FNA 23 and K. In Ky. there appear to be disjunct colls. from acid swamps and seeps in western regions (CALL, HICK, MUHL, NELS), but further study is needed. 

   The best characters for distinguishing baileyi froim lurida (FNA 23) are its narrower spikes (usually 9-13 mm versus 15-22 mm), which tend to be relatively elongated (l/w mostly = 2-5 versus 1-3), and its narrower widest leaves (usually 2.4-4 mm versus 4.5-13 mm). Its perigynia are usually shorter (ca. 4.8-6.6 mm versus 6.5-10.8 mm) with relatively long beaks (0.7-1.3 times body versus 0.7-0.9 times); but these are less reliable differences.


Comment:
Includes var. hispidula, which is scattered with the species.

Check FAYE (KA)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

EK: ADAI BREC BUTL CALD CHRI HARD HICK HOPK JEFF LEWI LOGA LYON MCRA MCLE OHIO ROWA

Anderson 1924: "Prairie Lake, Wickliffe" BALL 13 Aug 1923 McFarland & Anderson 324.

check GARR: lower Dix Rv--did I collect live for garden????

Footnote:
This occurs along rivers and streams on fertile soils, mostly in east-central states from mid-Atlantic to mid-western states. It is rare to absent in much of the Appalachian region and on the southeastern Coastal Plain. Most colls. from Ky. (perhaps all) are referable to the relatively southwestern var. hispidula Gray, but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments (FNA 23).


FullName:
Zizania palustris L. var. interior (Fassett) Dore

Species:
palustris var. interior (aquatica var. interior)

Comment:
Plants are probably var. interior, but this needs careful checking.  

The FULT (US) coll. date is 1915. 

1 = there is also a 1830s Short coll. (at CI) from "Lakes in the Barrens of Ky", which might be from WARR or nearby.
Anderson 1924: Short 1835 "barrens of Ky."

Footnote:
This species occurs mostly in marshes from New England through the Great Lakes region to the upper midwest; 2n = 30. C.W. Short made colls. (CINC, formerly KY, check PH) in 1835 from "lakes in the barrens of Ky.", probably in CHRI, TODD, LOGA or WARR. There is also a coll. from FULT (US) made in 1915. These colls. are probably all referable to the largely midwestern var. interior, which is generally more robust than typical palustris, but that needs to be checked.


FullName:
Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers.

Comment:
BALL: R. Athey is said to have sowed seeds at Ballard Co. Wildlife Management Area.

CHRI (NP): 1991 ca 0.9 aimi SE of Bennettstown both sides of Bennettstown-Boddle Rd; also ca 1.75 aimi E of Bennettstown ca 0.3 aimi E of S end farm lane S of Taylor Rd.

Footnote:
This southeastern species can form large colonial patches in marshy sloughs and sluggish rivershores; 2n = 24. But in Ky., at the edge of its range, Zizaniopsis is known only from 3-5 localities, most needing better documentation.


FullName:
Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb. ex Spreng.) Beauv.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but generally restricted to medium acid soils in less disturbed, mesic to subxeric woods; 2n = 22. Closely related plants are known in East Asia, but have been recently treated as a distinct species (see citations of W).


Comment:
There is a need to check further for var. obovata.

Footnote:
This mostly occurs in the Ohio Rv. watershed, centered on Ky. See notes under the largely midwestern species, obovata.


Footnote:
This alien weed is widespread in North America. See note under patientia.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); check MM.

JEFF (PD): common on Ohio Rv banks, Shawnee Park, Jun 2006.

2n = 20

Footnote:
This alien is widely scattered in southeastern states. It is closely related to the native species, brittanica; both are diploids (2n = 20; see FNA 5 for details). Both can also be confused, superficially, with obtusifolius;


Comment:
This was probably was a waif brought into the Experiment Station.

Footnote:
This weedy alien annual is "occasionally found in fields and waste places at scattered stations" in northeastern states (Cr); 2n = 14 and 28 (FNA 24). It does not appear to be increasing in Ky. There are only two colls., both from FAYE (KY-Agr. Sch.), dated 1890 and 1894, probably from plantings at the Agricultural Experiment Station (Anderson 1924).


Comment:
Not confirmed. Reported by Short & Peter (1835), Garman (1900) and Anderson (1924); we should recheck PH, KA. 

The coll. det. as this by Hannan & Phillipe (No. 4027 at EK) is A. carolinianus.

Records of Short & Peter (1835), Garman (1900) and Anderson (1924) have been at least partly based on misidentified A. carolinianus. A. geniculatus has been considered introduced from Europe to North America, but Cr suggested that is might be partly native, with a circumboreal range.


Comment:
The CARL (MU) coll. is by L.M. Wilson #1568.

Footnote:
This is a northern and western (circumboreal) species, also known from Ohio, Ind., Ill. and Mo. (FNA 24). The single Ky. record is a verified coll. from CARL (MUR): L.M. Wilson #1568. The more northern (circumboreal) perennial, A. geniculatus L., is closely related, with 2n = 28 (versus 14 or 28 in aequalis). A. geniculatus has been erroneously reported from Ky. (Short et al. 1833; Gm; Anderson 1924), apparently based on early taxonomic confusion.


Comment:
Garman 1900: Clinton Ky May 12 1898; 10 inches high.

Footnote:
This annual diploid (2n = 14) is widespread across the U.S.A., but most common in the Mississippi Rv. watershed. In earlier literature, it appears to have been misidentified as geniculatus; see notes under aequalis.


FullName:
Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. pauciflora

Comment:
The MARS (RA #1870 @ NC)) coll was redetermined as var. caroliniana. See also TRIG (DO).

GH: CALL, EDMO, HARL, MARS, MADI, METC, WHIT.

EK: GRAY LAUR LOGA MARS PULA TODD

Anderson 1924: Kearney 108 HARL/BELL KY

JC: common on roadside W of Empire, 2011

Footnote:
This relatively short Scleria is widespread in the Caribbean region and most eastern states. In Ky. it occurs on slightly damp to seasonally xeric acid soils (including leached calcareous soils). It may be reasonable to treat pauciflora as a variety of ciliata; see also Cr. But more hairy plants have also been considered distinct, as var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood, with a more northern range (FNA 23, W). Colls. of R. Athey from LIVI and MARS (NCU) are referable to var. caroliniana, and other colls. of the species need to be rechecked.


Comment:
1 = Dan Dourson/Allen Risk with Xyris (coll @ MO?). Another LAUR (LB) coll was determined as var. pubescens, now not recognized. Glabrate plants occur in MCRE, PULA and perhaps elsewhere, have been referred to var. salicifolia. But varieties are often unclear, and pubescence is not a clear character; see Weakley.

Footnote:
Variation in this southeastern shrub needs further attention. Some relatively glabrous plants in Ky. (see B, M and citations) have suggested var. foliosiflora (Michx.) Fern., including the synonymous var. capreifolia (Wats.) DC. and var. salicifolia (Wats.) DC. However, that taxon of the Coastal Plain is distinguished mostly by its conspicuous bracts, and probably does not occur in Ky. (FNA 8, W).


FullName:
Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. var. foliosiflora (Michx.) Fern.

Comment:
Another MCRE (LB) was determined as var. capreifolia, which is generally combined with foliosiflora. This largely Coastal Plain taxon may not extend north to Kentucky, though it is known from Tennessee and Arkansas. The best character to separate them is the development of bracts (more in foliosiflora), not pubescence.


Footnote:
This is a widespread parasite of red oaks (Quercus sect. Erythrobalanus) in eastern North America, but absent west of the Mississppi Rv. Conopholis is a North American genus traditionally considered close to Orobanche, recent research indicates more affinity with Pedicularis (citations of W).


Footnote:
This monotypic species is a widespread parasite of beech in eastern North America.


Comment:
There are only historical collections from Kentucky: presumably by A. Michaux (1803; check Paris); Peter (PH); and Short (NY). No locality data are provided with these collections.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 24) perennial appears to have decreased greatly across most of its original range, centered in the mid-west. There are old colls. from Ky. made by A. Michaux (1803; P. kentuckiensis Michx. at Paris), C.S. Rafinesque (1836, 4:11; P. albiflora Raf. perhaps lost), R. Peter (PH), and C.W. Short (NY). However, few clues about localities can be derived from these records. The species is semi-aquatic and is usually associated with the shores of medium-sized streams on fine-textured, base-rich substrate. It is likely that persistent livestock and other disturbances have contributed to its decline.


Comment:
JEFF (MM) needs to be confirmed. There are other reports, but all collections examined are P. rugellii, including that of Beckett (1956) a

Footnote:
Although this variable perennial (2n = 12 and 24) has often been considered alien in North America, there appear be to native races (F, W). P. major has often been reported from Ky. based on misidentification of the closely related native, rugelii. It is verified only from a railroad yard in JEFF (M. Medley #6666-82 for WKY); also, Gm noted occasional seeds found in forage seed samples. It is locally common in s. Ohio, and should be expected across n. Ky. along larger roads and railroads. It is much more common in northern states, where it was reportedly known as "whiteman's foot" by native people (F).


Comment:
Braun notes that var. asperula can be separated but that intermediate forms occur. There needs to be further study to determine if this variety is distinct and what collections are included.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 24) perennial is widespread across eastern and central states. P. rugelii is often abundant in the same kind of mowed or trampled sunny moist fertile sites as major, and these two species are often mixed in northern regions. However, major is generally absent from more mesic shady trailsides, where rugelii can be quite common. B noted that var. asperula Farw. can often be distinguished but that intermediates occur; that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


FullName:
Ruellia humilis Nutt. var. calvescens Fern.

Comment:
FLEM and ROBE are cited by Medley; other colls of humilis need to be reviewed for this variety. Fernald states "Cumberland Plateau of Ky. And Tenn, extending into s. O. and s. Ind.; mts., nw. Va. To Ala."


FullName:
Ruellia humilis Nutt. var. longiflora (Gray) Fern.

Comment:
Probably other colls. referred to under typical humilis belong here; however, this taxon is not generally recognized.


Comment:
Lower case are unaccessed collections or sight records; the FAYE collection was made by Barbara Bloch for W. Meijer, and the accession needs to be checked.

JEFF: PHaragan coll going to EK (2010)

Footnote:
This East Asian annual is a widespread, variable weed of rice fields, damp lawns and similar disturbed areas in warmer regions (2n = 12-52). In Ky. it may only be an occasional adventive.


FullName:
Sambucus canadensis L. var. submollis Rehd.

Comment:
1 = Grubbs (1989); but none located at MU. These cited colls. are densely pubescent; thinly pubescent colls. are scattered with the typical variety and not included here.

Footnote:
This densely pubescent variety has a somewhat southwestern range centered on the Ozark region (F, Cr), but its distinction has been doubted (Y). In Ky. the few records are from swampy areas that may occasionally dry out in summer-fall.


Comment:
The MENI (KY) plant(s) have been hard to relocate; a vegetative collection was made after the initial flowering collection. 

Appalachian plants are often known as S. racemosa ssp. pubens var. pubens, as distinct from more western varieties.

Footnote:
This is the Appalachian segregate of a widespread circumboreal species-complex: S. racemosa L., sensu lato. Within the southern Appalachians, it is occurs mostly in or near the Blue Ridge, but there are also small disjunct populations on the Appalachian Plateaus from Tenn. to Ohio (PL). In Ky. the only verified records are from HARL (EKY) and MENI (KY). Reports of Linney (1880, 1882) and to Gm from several other counties remain dubious.


FullName:
Weigelia floribunda (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch

Comment:
This is often cultivated and probably persistent or escaped at some sites.


Comment:
This name is apparently correct, predating E. submuticus, which has been mistakenly used by Campbell and others. This is at least a good subspecies, considering the whole range.

EK: UNIO Jan 2009 must have missed earlier since annotated in 1990/91...???

Footnote:
This taxon is at least a good subspecies, with a more western range than others in the virginicus group. In Ky. it may occur only as occasional waifs. The name E. curvatus has priority over E. submuticus (Hook.) Smyth & Smyth, which was mistakenly used by Campbell (2002b) and others.


Comment:
ADAI: "ca 100 m w of point where trail following ridge parallel to Ferguson Hollow takes a right turn to w paralleing steep s-face slope"

The ESTI (KY) coll. appears hybridized with E. virginicus. 

FAYE (np): WNW facing cliffs e of Tates Creek Rd; 1000-2000 ft N of ferry; check coll.

Need to recheck new record from GREE (NP).

EK: ANDE MWharton 10079b 12Jun1936 edge of woods, Wildcat Road [no glumes]; ANDE WSBryant 222 21Jun1978 Lover's Leap off Lane's Mill Rd, limestone outcrops [no glumes]; ANDE WSBryant 598 11Jul1978 as above [no glumes perhaps x hystrix but tightly appressed spikelets]

DBoone confirms good pop in OWEN along Cedar Creek bluffs at US 127; great old gnarly Qumu etc.; old growth!!!???



:

Footnote:
This poorly understood species occus only in open woods on xeric limestone blufftops in c. Ky. and c. Tenn. In Ky. it forms distinct populations along the Palisades of the Kentucky Rv., especially in the downstream section near Frankfort (FRAN). But it also appears to hybridize extensively with hystrix in some localities, and occasionally with virginicus. The outlying coll. from ESTI (KY) appears hybridized with virginicus. The morphology and distribution of svensonii suggests origin from hybridization between hystrix and canadensis, perhaps during a cooler or drier period when the western species canadensis extended into the Interior Low Plateaus (Church 1967, Campbell 2002a). 

   The name E. interruptus Buckl. was formerly applied to plants that later became described as svensonii; see FNA 24 for notes on these and other taxa in the hystrix group. E. churchii J.J.N. Campb. is particularly close to svensonii; it occurs mostly in the Ozark-Ouachita region, but has been recently discovered along the Tennessee Rv. in n. Ala. (A. Schotz & A. Datillo, pers. comm.).


Comment:
This species hybridizes with most other Elymus species.

KY: LETC Lilley Cornett Woods RMcEwan.

Footnote:
This is widespread in most eastern states and adjacent Canada, but largely absent from the southeastern Coastal Plain (FNA 24). It grows in varied habitats, but usually in moderately dry woods on moderately base-rich soils. In Ky. it appears to form relatively frequent hybrids with virginicus and several other species, sometimes resulting in locally extensive introgression.


Comment:
Not distinguished here from C. ferruginescens.

BE are duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

EK: BALL BARR BOON BRAC BREA CALL CARL CLAR CLAY CLIN CUMB DAVI EDMO ESTI FAYE FLOY FULT GARR GRAN GRAY GRNP HARL HARR HEND HENR HICK JACK JEFF JESS JOHN KNOT KNOX LAUR LAWR LEE LESL LETC LEWI LINC LOGA LYON MADI MAGO MASO MCRA MCRE METC MONR MUHL OHIO OLDH OWSL PERR PIKE POWE PULA TRIM WARR WHIT WOOD

Footnote:
This robust pantropical annual (or short-lived perennial) America extends north to temperate regions of North America. Variation needs further assessment. Much material from Ky. is referable to C. ferruginescens Boeck., which was formerly distinguished in eastern and central states by F and others. However, that taxon is generally not recognized in recent treatments, even as a variety (FNA 23). Typical odoratus (= C. ferax L.), in its narrow sense, is a relatively southern taxon, but also present in Ky. See also notes under engelmannii.


Comment:
Recently reported from Kentucky; details to be documented (Mears 1999, Jones 2005). However, this species is combined with odoratus in some treatments (Gleason & Cronquist 1991, Kartesz); is it distinct?

EK: BOYD CUMB

Footnote:
This segregate of odoratus is widespread from midwestern to northeastern states and adjacent Canada. It has been combined with odoratus in some recent treatments, differing only in its more loosely flowered spikelets with nonoverlapping scales, and more elongated seeds (F, FNA 23, W). C. engelmannii was recently reported from BOYD and CUMB in a critical study of the genus within Ky. (Mears & Libby 1995, Mears 1999). Further search for this taxon is needed in the field and herbarium.


Comment:
1 = jm = McFarland (1941/42); JESS ... CHECK Details
2 = F. Levy coll. (at Duke?).

EK: CALL

Footnote:
This robust weedy annual is widespread from South America to warmer regions of southeastern states.


Comment:
All Kentucky material may be referred to var. poiformis, but this taxon is not generally recognized in modern treatments.

BE are duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

EK: ADAI BALL BARR BOYD BREA CLAR CLAY CLIN FLOY FULT GARR GRAV GRAY GREE GRNP HARD HARL HENR JOHN KNOX LAUR LEE MADI LEWI MAGO MARI MART MASO MCRE OWSL PERR PIKE POWE ROCK ROWA SIMP TAYL TODD WHIT WOOD

Footnote:
This pantropical weedy annual extends north to most eastern states. All colls. from Ky. are probably referable to var. poiformis (Pursh) Fern., but that North American variety is not generally recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. FNA 23). Variation across the global range of this species does merit attention (Y); 2n = 50 and 70.


Footnote:
This is a polymorphic pantropical annual that needs reexamination across its whole range, although reportedly 2n = just 98 (FNA 23). All plants in Ky. are referable to var. texensis (Torr.) Fern., but that taxon may not be worth recognizing (Y, W).


Comment:
The LAWR (MM) coll. was det. by G.C. Tucker. Earlier records were probably all based on collections that should now be named C. bipartitus (= rivularis); these taxa were lumped in Gray's Manual, 7th edition.

Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered on wet shorelines across midwestern and northeastern states, but rare to absent in the Ohio Valley. A coll. of from LAWR was made by M. Medley (for WKY), and verified by G.C. Tucker. Earlier records were probably all based on colls. that should now be named C. bipartitus Torr. (= C. rivularis Kunth.). These taxa were combined in Robinson & Fernald (1908).


Comment:
EDMO (NK) is mixed with flavescens: Thieret 48862.

All BE are duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

See also LB: KENT.

EK: ADAI BOYD BOYL BREA CALL CLAR CLAY EDMO CUMB ESTI FAYE FLOY FRAN GRAY GRNP HARD HARL JOHN KENT KNOX LAUR LAWR LESL LEWI MADI MENI MONR OWSL PERR PIKE POWE PULA ROCK RUSS WHIT WOOD

Footnote:
This annual is widespread across the United States, often growing on shores of streams but also spreading to drier uplands, roadsides and other disturbed sites; 2n = 54. See also diandrus, a more northern species that is closely related and often confused


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 16) perennial is widespread in southeastern states on damp acid soils.


FullName:
Chamerion platyphyllum (Daniels) A.& D. Löve

Comment:
Reported in error by Gunn (1968) and others; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
Reported or suggested but no collection is located; see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This stoloniferous perennial is a widespread northern and western species that could well occur in Ky. In some literature there has been confusion with the more northern species, E. palustre L. Plants under either of these names have been reported for Ky. by Short (1840), Gl and other authors (M). However, no coll. has been yet been discovered in herbaria.


Comment:
Rarely adventive from western North America; reported by Kartesz et al. (1997); but no collection can be cited currently.

Footnote:
This is a western annual that is rarely adventive in eastern North America. It has been recently documented by Kartesz et al. (1997) from railroad tracks in KENT (KNK). The only other records east of the Mississippi are from Wisconsin and Minnesota (K, PL)


Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species extends west along the Kentucky River Palisades to JESS and MERC, and along the southern Knobs to TAYL. Also, there is only an old record in Ind. from Floyd Co., across the Ohio Rv. from MEAD (D). P. cuspidata is a rhizomatous species that flowers relatively early, usually in April, and it is easily overlooked.


Comment:
sp (1) = Price (1893), possibly from EDMO.

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is currently known only from Appalachian regions. The outlying 1893 record of Pr from WARR or EDMO has not been confirmed, but need not be doubted. There are other disjunct records of alsodes from s. Ill., s. Ind. and sw. Ohio (FNA 24, K).


Comment:
A circumboreal species, perhaps introduced in the south. This is not confirmed from Kentucky. 

The FAYE (KA) coll. may be from cultivation: Anderson 1924 lists Lexington 1894 Jun 4 JSTerrill Agr Sch.

1 = Rogers (1941), from "wooded sandstone cliff edge"; but this was likely a misidentification.

Footnote:
This alien is locally naturalized in some northern regions, including parts of states to north and east of Ky. It has been reported from Ky. (Anderson 1924, Rogers 1941, FNA 24), but there have been misidentifications, and its occurrence remains dubious (M). A coll. was made in FAYE (KY Agr. Sch.) during 1894, probably from early planted trials of Gm.


Comment:
KA colls. needs rechecking; there are no post-1950 records except Abbott et al. (2004), for LAUR & MADI (BE), and the KENT (NC) record, which seems correct, with bizarre dark purplish viviparous "bulbs" in the spike.

Footnote:
This alien is established across most of the U.S.A., especially western regions, but it remains rare to absent in southeastern states. Although widely scattered in Ky., records are few and mostly date from 1920-1950. P. bulbosa is a variable species; 2n = 14 to 45 (FNA 24). In addition to having bulbous culm bases, most plants in North America have bulbiferous (viviparous) spikelets and are referable to ssp. vivipara (Koel.) Archang. Plant with non-bulbiferous spikelets are known only from Ohio (FNA 24).


Footnote:
This is a biennial or short-lived perennial (with basal offsets) that is widespread in eastern states, except for parts of New England. Although the species is relatively uniform within Ky., there are several segregates across its whole range; 2n = 38 and 57. Var. triloba is largely absent from Appalachian regions within the state, except along low roads with calcareous gravel.


FullName:
Rudbeckia triloba L. var. rupestris (Chickering) Gray

Comment:
This appears to be a large-flowered, largely southern Appalachian form, perhaps also extending east to the Potomac and west to the Cumberland Mountains. Further study is needed.

Footnote:
This distinct large-headed taxon is known from the southern Appalachians and perhaps further north. Further study of its status is needed, with attention to chromosome number; Cr noted that triploids (2n = 57) in triloba are "more northeastern." The only record of var. rupestris from Ky. is a coll. from "Pine Mt. State Park Nature Center" in BELL (KY), which was annotated "triploid" by K. McCrea.


FullName:
Rudbeckia triloba L. var. beadlei (Small) Fern.

Comment:
Whether these pinnatifid plants are truly distinct, referable to this variety, or even deserving species status, remain questions for further study; see also Weakley. The earlier name, pinnatiloba, refers to similar plants from Florida, which may deserve separate status.

EDMO (US): E.L. Braun #3620, 11 Sep 1940, floodplain woods, Mammoth Cave; det var. pinnatiloba by Cronquist 1945.

MCRE (KY): J. Campbell, Little South Fork near Jones Branch; 14 May 1989.

MB loan to AP 2008
beadleyi?
NC Buncombe Co 2Aug1897 veriified by JKSmall; Biltmore Herbarium.

pinnatiloba? see also Weakley: s. Ala, nw. Fl.
FL ancient coll ex SBBuckley Herb.
LA (EJPalmer-8001 14Jun1915 Natchitoches, moist sandy wood)
TX (SLOrzell & ELBridges-6876 18May1988 San Augustine Co)
These have more fine lobing, with more entire segments... than beadleyi.

Footnote:
This taxon is known mostly from base-rich cliffs in southern Appalachian regions, but it may not be clearly distinct from typical triloba (Cr, M, W, FNA 21). In Ky. there are only a few tentative records, based on colls. from EDMO (E.L. Braun #3620 at US), MCRE (JC 14 May 1989 at KY) and MERC (M. Wharton #9255 at KY). The earlier name, var. pinnatiloba Torr. & Gray, refers to plants from Ala., Fla., La. and Tex. that are similar to beadlei but do deserve further distinction (W).


Comment:
1 = Beal and Thieret (1986); these records were based on colls. seen in the 1970s at MO that have now disappeared, apparently now part of Clyde Reed's herbarium. There are also a few old records from the state but no specific locality data.

Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 34, 68, 170) is a reclining rhizomatous plant typical of wet meadows and fens in northeastern regions. There are several records from counties that are adjacent or close to Ky. in ne. Tenn., Va., W.Va. and Ohio. In Ky. it is known from colls. at MDKY that were verified for BT, but then transferred to the herbarium of Clyde Reed (now at MO). There are several older reports, which may be based on colls. (e.g. F). It may have been much reduced by farming and other developments.


Comment:
There is also a collection from  ROWA (MO) but with dubious label data (Campbell et al. 1992).

Footnote:
This cespitose perennial diploid (2n = 34) is restricted to the central and southern Appalachians, usually growing in crevices of moist to dry shaded sandstone cliffs and boulders.


Comment:
2007 Jan LO: CALL, HICK not found.
LO: CAMP, EDMO, HARL, JEFF, MEAD, OLDH.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread across North and Central America. It is usually distinct from the more cleistogamous biflora, but fertile hybrids have been documented in other states (as reviewed by Y).


Comment:
The JACK (KY) coll. needs rechecking; JC det. as biflora; RT as perfoliata.

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to warmer American regions, and is virtually unknown in glaciated regions north of Ky. (PL). It tends to occur in drier rockier sites than perfoliata, on average; see notes under perfoliata.


Footnote:
This is a species of the Great Plains that extends east into e. Mo., c. Ill. and Ind., but it is perhaps only adventive along rights-of-way within more eastern states (D, Y). For Ky. there is only an obscure reference to T. scabra Raf. by Rafinesque (1836, 4:67): "Found by me 1823 in the glades near the mouth of the Tennessee R[iver]." T. scabra is considered to be a synonym of leptocarpa, according to Merrill (1949).


Comment:
LO: BALL, BULL, JEFF, JOHN, LAUR, MEAD, OLDH, ROWA, WOLF.

Footnote:
This favorite flower of humming-birds is widespread in North America (except the northwest), Central and South America. Named subspecies and varieties are not generally considered distinct in recent treatments (as reviewed by Y). In Ky. the white-flowered form has been recorded in MCRE (Rogers 1941). Sterile hybrids with siphilitica have been rarely found in other states (Y); 2n = 14 in both species (as in most Lobelias).


FullName:
Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. humilis Gray

Comment:
This less robust, mostly southern Appalachian taxon was reported from Kentucky by Fernald (1950), Gleason and Cronquist (1991), but no voucher has been located. Recently, Medley collected and determined a plant from OWSL as this taxon; to be checked.

Footnote:
This largely southern Appalachian taxon is generally less robust than typical laciniata, with less cleft leaves. It is reported to be usually sexual (versus usually apomictic), with a low chromosome number; 2n = 38 (FNA 21). F, G and Cr reported it from Ky., apparently based on: T.H. Kearney #324 (GH), Aug 1893, "Poor Fork Post Office." Recently, MM also collected and determined a plant from Buffalo Cr. in OWSL (for WKY) as this taxon. These colls. appear to match published descriptions, but there has been some inconsistency among recent treatments (e.g. Cr and FNA 21). Further work is needed in field and herbarium.


Comment:
Most material may be "var. georgiana"; some matches "var. deamii" (see LB). Also there are apparent hybrids with occidentalis (needing further study at KY); and with laevigata, BULL (KY), ?JEFF (KY), ?MCLE (KY).

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in southeastern states, especially on dry calcareous soils. There is much variation that needs further study (including cytology). It has often been confused with the other species of Celtis, and hybrids appear to occur. Most colls. fit the relatively pubescent and coriaceous-leaved var. georgiana (Small) Fern. & Schub., but further assessment of that taxon is needed. Using older treatments, a few plants were identified as C. occidentalis var. pumila (Pursh) Gray or C. pumila var. deamii Sarg., but these taxa may be considered transitional from tenuifolia to occidentalis.


FullName:
Celtis tenuifolia Nutt. var. georgiana (Small) Fern. & Schub.


Comment:
A western species occasionally adventive in east-central states. GRAN (KA): Renaker, s.n., Dry Ridge; check date, etc.

Footnote:
This widespread western annual is occasionally adventive in east-central states. In contrast to annua, its heads are not subtended by bracts (and 2n = 36 versus 34). In Ky. only one coll. has appeared, made by C.L. Renaker in 1919 from Dry Ridge in GRAN (KY-Agr.). The spelling xanthifolia is incorrect (Y).


Footnote:
This tall annual is widespread in temperate regions of North America. It is generally known as "giant ragweed" but the old common name "buffalo-weed" (F) suggests a prehistoric association with ungulates. It is often browsed by deer. In 1914 Gm called it "horse-weed... often cut for horses, and said to be a remedy for slobbering... sometimes cured and ground for feed... being rich in nitrogenous material." There is also evidence that seeds were eaten, cultivated and even selected for larger size by native people in some regions (as cited by Y); see also Ford (1985). 

   Varieties have been described, but the species is considered relatively uniform (2n = 24) and hybrids have not been documented in Ky. Var. integrifolia (Muhl.) Torr. & Gray was reported from BALL by Anderson (1947; check Iowa State Univ.). Var. texana Scheele could be expected as an adventive from the southwest, but the only Ky. report appears to have been erroneous (M).


Comment:
Reported in error by Browne & Athey (1992); see Medley (1993).


Comment:
The ROCK (be) coll. may be hybridized with D. glabellum. Locally common but not widely collected.

Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states, but largely restricted to thin woods and edges on dry acid soils. In Ky. there appear to be rare hybrids with glabellum, paniculatum or marilandicum; see colls. at KY, BEREA and elsewhere.


Comment:
This and other hybrids are too infrequent to be mapped; they do not seem to form populations in Kentucky.


Comment:
Some colls. may need rechecking against L. thunbergii, etc. Some colls. may be from plantations.

Footnote:
During recent decades, this small shrub has been widely planted across eastern states for "reclamation" and "wildlife" in old fields and mined areas. L. bicolor (2n = 18, 22) has been confused with thunbergii, which is reported to include tetraploids (2n = 22, 40) and extends into cooler zones within East Asia (Cr; Flora of China 2000). In Ky. both species were unknown as wild plants before 1980 (M). Some colls. mapped here may be from plantings.


Comment:
Further study and comparison with L. bicolor may be needed. Some or all colls. may be from plantations.

Footnote:
This is close to bicolor, with similar distribution in North America. In addition to its larger flowers in drooping racemes, leaflets tend to be more elongated; stems tend to be clustered and purplish (W).


Comment:
The MCRE (KY) coll. appears hybridized with L. intermedia.

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species of open areas on dry acid soils, especially where soil is exposed. In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids with intermedia and others.


Comment:
The HICK(be) coll. may be hybridized with L. virginica.

Footnote:
This is close to repens, with similar southeastern range and habitats, but tends to occur in more shady areas, on average. In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids with intermedia, virginica and others.


Comment:
The correct name for this species may be L. frutescens and the name violacea should be applied to plants known as L. intermedia; see literature cited by Weakley, Kartesz. If ever there was a case for conserving commonly used names it is this one. I am resisting the change, along with Jones (2005)--SOLIDARITY AMONG KENTUCKY BOTANISTS! RAGE AGAINST THE MACHINE!

GH: CLAR ("repens", Beckett #910).

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, but largely restricted to thin, disturbed woodland on somewhat base-rich soils. Although F, Cr, J, Isely (1998) and others appeared to deal with earlier confusion in nomenclature, Reveal & Barrie (1991) showed that L. frutescens (L.) Hornem should be the correct name for this species, and that violacea should be applied to what has been called intermedia. This change is already adopted by K and W, but it breaks a long tradition and causes much confusion. If there really is a problem with the rules of nomenclature, the rules should be changed to conserve these names. This is the kind of thing that gives botanists a bad name!


Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species of seasonally dry grasslands. In Ky. there are occasional hybrids with procumbens, intermedia, and probably other species.


FullName:
Lespedeza intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt. var. intermedia

Species:
intermedia var. i. ("frutescens", ?violacea)

Comment:
There are also several apparent hybrids with L. virginica, including the MCLE (ky) coll. The GRAY (ky) coll. may be hybridized with L. procumbens or hirta. The LEE (be) coll. may be hybridized with L. cuneata (speculation). The correct name for this species may be L. violacea; see notes under that name.

GH: LEE (W.A. Anderson, 2 Sep 1937, Pine Barrens, Bear Track), ESTI, BELL.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species of dry open woodland and brushy grassland. In Ky. it appears to form occasional hybrids with virginica, hirta, procumbens, repens and perhaps others. See note on nomenclature under violacea.


Footnote:
This annual is widespread in most eastern states, except those adjacent to Canada. It is most common on disturbed rocky or eroded ground, in acid soils with low fertility. A coll. of C.W. Short dated Sep 1835 (at KY before fire) stated: "Throughout Barrens" (Anderson 1924). The coll. from MCRA (by R. Athey at EKY and MUR) is referable to var. curtisii Gray, which may be a transition to A. basiramea; see notes under that name.


Comment:
There is a need to check further for var. geniculata. The LYON coll. may be transitional to A. purpurascens. Check source of Baskin & Baskin for LOGA

ROBE bb = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

MONT EK had good coll/record ? ; cannot locate in Jan 2009.
"The coll. from LYON (WKY) may be transitional to A. purpurascens." (old notes)

NCU: ex Jessup Kearney Sep1893 BELL

NOTE 2011: the HICK MCRA LYON ROWA and TODD records are from "var geniculata"

Footnote:
This is widespread in most eastern states, except those adjacent to Canada. Plants with longer awns have been named var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern., but probably do not deserve taxonomic recognition. There is little significant difference in range or habitat (FNA 25, W).


FullName:
Aristida longispica Poir. var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern.

Comment:
Distinction from var. longespica is sometimes unclear; colls. from TODD and ROWA appear intermediate.

EK: intermedia MCRA
EK: geniculata? TODD

This long-awned variant may not deserve taxonomic recognition; there is little or no evident difference in range or habitat (FNA 25, W).  In Ky. distinction of var. geniculata is sometimes unclear; colls. from ROWA (MDKY) and TODD (EKY) appear intermediate. Some plants superficially suggest transitions to the perennial relative, purpurascens.


Comment:
A. affinis is not considered distinct; virgata is treated as a southern variety, with a few unconvincing collections in Kentucky; palustris ("affinis" misapplied) is a strictly Coastal Plain species unknown in Kentucky or Tennessee.

Check FAYE (EK)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
This perennial occurs mostly in southeastern states, plus sandy plains around Lake Michigan. In Ky. it is uncommon to absent on fertile calcareous soils, but it is locally abundant on dolomitic soils. The disjunct record from FAYE (EKY) probably came as a waif in hay transported to the Horse Park. See also notes under virgata.


Species:
hispida (bicolor var. hispida; concolor)

Comment:
NCU ex Jessup LYON "Sol his?" of Eggleston.

Footnote:
This is widespread in northeastern states and adjacent Canada, but centered i n the midwest. There is much overlap with bicolor, and there are no clear differences in habitat. The only consistently observable difference from bicolor is corolla color: orange-yellow versus creamy/silvery white (F, Cr). On average, hispida is also reported to have broader inflorescences (Y), broader phyllaries with less contrastingly pale margins (F), and less distinctly clavate pappus bristles (FNA 20). Hybrids between these species have been reported (F, Cr), but no definitive study has been published.


Comment:
The CALL (MU) record is assumed from "Clark's River bottom" as the locality; no county is given (student coll. from Murray State Univ.). 

The 2004 coll from MCRA (JC) needs processing; this comes from the triangular "zip" railroad track SE of Paducah.

1 = reported in 2005 (?) from Ballard Co. WMA by staff to Bill Black and others; check with KSNPC.

MARS: EK RAthey 2491 1973Aug15 wet woods, Ky 1523 0.5 mi from US 62; RAthey-1150, 1970Jul29, wooded sinkhole 0.5 mi on Ky 1523 from junct. with US 62.

Footnote:
This spiny rhizomatous perennial is largely restricted to thin swampy woods and marshy openings of the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coastal Plain (Sm, W). It is rare within the northern section of its range here in Ky.


FullName:
Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters

Species:
dioica var. glaucescens (orientalis, dasygyna)

Comment:
PULA (KY) is vegetative, but flw material awaits accession. 

The type of var. orientalis is from CART (NY), but this poorly known taxon, with densely glandular hypanthium,  may be combined with the generally pubescent & often glandular glaucescens.

CART: US sev sheets of LB

WAYN (NP): 1986 narrow point east of mouth of Sinking Cr at S Fk Cumb Rv.

JESS: EK det RJ now as var orientalis

Footnote:
Varieties of dioica may not be clearcut (Y), but they are reported from diverse habitats, and their ranges are somewhat segregated or fragmented in southeastern states (Gl, Cr, W). The following three taxa are provisionally combined here. [A somewhat parallel situation exists within Viburnum rafinesquianum.]

   Var. glaucescens, sensu stricto, is a largely northwestern taxon that is generally more pubescent than var. dioica in leaves and flowers. 
   Var. orientalis Gleason is a similar eastern taxon, with generally hairy leaves plus glandular hypanthia; its type is from CART (NY) and there are other Ky. colls. from PULA, ?JESS and ?WAYN. 
   Var. dasygyna (Rehd.) Gleason is similar to orientalis, but with dense long hairs on hypanthia as well as glands; it may be known only from Ind. and Ohio, plus a recent report from CART in Ky. (CW).


FullName:
Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F. Schultz & Schultz-Bipontinus

Comment:
Reported from Mammoth Cave National Park; but voucher not seen (Medley 1993).


FullName:
Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) Sell & C. West

Footnote:
This weed is widespread in northeastern states and adjacent Canada. Species of Pilosella "belong to a huge polyploid-apomictic complex without clear specific boundaries" (Cr); 2n = 18, 27... 72. All are disturbance-adapted perennials with rosettes of basal leaves produced at ends of rhizomes or stolons.

   Some other European species of Pilosella have been reported, but not verified: P. piloselloides (Vill.) Sojak (BA), which differs from caespitosa in its less hairy, glaucous leaves; P. aurantiaca (L.) F. Schultz & Schultz-Bipontinus (Faller 1975), which has reddish-orange flowers; and P. officinarum F. Schultz & Schultz-Bipontinus (Faller 1975), which has solitary heads. Like caespitosa, these species are widely scattered in North America, and are expected in Ky.


Comment:
Reported and perhaps collected but not confirmed; see Medley (1993). 
1 = Browne & Athey's (1992) report of a collection at the Pikeville College herbarium; to be checked.


Comment:
Not confirmed and unlikely. There is only one original report, by Short (1940) using the name H. kalmii; this name would imply the northern taxon H. canadense var. fasciculatum; however, Short did not list other species of Hieracium, and the name was probably misapplied to H. scabrum or some other common species in the state.


Comment:
Most of these colls. have been previously identified as virginianum, which needs close comparison. However, the collections included here are clearly torrei.

CALL (MU): L.G. Hickok 411, 20 Jul 1969, Murray State Univ. campus, 950 yds N of maintenance bldg, edge of woods.

HARD (MU): R. Cranfill 5179, 25 Jul 1980, N of Illinois Central RR at junction with Meeting Creek Rd, extensive sandy barrens.

LIVI (MU): R. Athey 4185, 10 Aug 1978, intersection of Ky 453 and Ky 93, moist grassy areas on creek bank.

LOGA: (AP) EWChester-14681 30Aug2004 Baker Natural Area, scattered in the old field; "virginianum"; this has hairs on stem faces but not clear in all sections; lvs wider than typical virginianum; calyx lobes ca. 1.3-1.5 mm but virg in LBL area also has lobes of same length (as opposed to its description, key in F, W).

JC: seen cult outside Roundstone Seed office June 2009!!!

Footnote:
This has a relatively small range from mid-Atlantic states to the central Mississippi Valley, and it is poorly known in some regions (K, PL). In Ky. it is largely restricted to remnants of dry native grassland of the Big Barrens region or nearby. P. torreyi reportedly includes varied polyploids (2n = 78, 80 and 120; Chambers 1993). Superficially, it appears intermediate between verticillatum and tenuifolium. See also notes under virginianum. The spelling "torrei" can be considered an orthographic variant (W).


Footnote:
This species is endemic to Ky., where it is known only from 80-90 sites under sandstone cliffs in the Red Rv. Gorge (White & Drozda 2006). Some populations have been eliminated by excessive recreational disturbance. S. albopilosa is a tetraploid that probably diverged from typical flexicaulis; 2n = 36 in both species.


Comment:
HARL (LB), a supposed hybrid with flexicaulis/latifolia, may well be flaccidifolia (see under that name); to check.

CLAY (JC): coll for KY from Big Double Cr area 15 mile N of Pine Mt.

The np records may have collections associated in some cases; espcially 1979 records from KNOX etc.

GH: BELL (Kearney #449 nr Wasioto); HARL (McFarland #87, Big Bl Mt 4100 ft 28 Sep 1940; also H.T. Shcklette & McF #3953, Big Bl Mt 4000 ft, 8 Oct 1939).

GRNP (NP): 1979 South Portsmouth Hill.

KNOX (NP): 1979 independent access rd EFR Lynn Camp.

LAUR (NP): Pine Creek woods no date???

EK: HARL (esp Black Mt; also Pine Mt.)

Footnote:
This Appalachian species occurs mostly at higher elevation. It appears generally distinct from typical caesia, with little or no intergradation, but these closely related taxa are often confused. Typical plants are diploids (2n = 18); robust plants may be polyploids that are confused or hybridized with flaccidifolia (or even flexicaulis). Harvill (1941) reported var. pubens (M.A. Curtis) Gray from HARL (coll. burned at KY); this is a relatively hairy, broader-leaved variant that may be transitional to flaccidifolia, and is verified only in the Blue Ridge of Va. and N.C. (FNA 20).


Comment:
GH: BELL, CLAR, KENT, BOON, WARR

EK: WOLF WHIT ROCK ROBE POWE PIKE OHIO MONT MCRE MADI LINC LETC LAUR JESS JACK HARL GARR ESTI ELLI CLAR CASE CALD BELL 
BATH BARR

EK: a FLOY and a HICK seem simple hybrids with flexicaulis; a HARL is more like caesia but somewhat zig-zag

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) of mesic to subxeric woods is widespread across eastern North America. In Appalachian regions there is sometimes confusion with curtisii, and occasional intermediates appear to exist. Also, a few scattered colls (e.g. from FLOY, HICK, HARL; EKY) may be simple hybrids or introgressants with flexicaulis. The southern var. zedia R.E. Cook & Semple probably does not occur as far north as Ky. (FNA 20; Y), but it may resemble broad-leaved plants of caesia or hybrids of caesia with flexicaulis.


Comment:
Note also: HART (ky) coll. is a scrap from a single plant near Big Woods; needs study. 

CALD, MARS (1): sources of Medley (1993); perhaps KSNPC data or MM collections. 

CALD (NP): 1978 nr Princeton Lewistown Church Rd E from US 62; RA??

MARS (EK, NP): BDFields-912 26Sep1996 E side Sharpe-Elva Rd 0.6 mi S of jct with US68 just S of house No 2780 along road and woods edge.

MCRA: NCU ex Jessup Eggleston "Stiles Station" No 5397 6Oct1909

Some of these plants have been referred to the more southern S. petiolaris.

Footnote:
This globally rare species is known mostly from the Ozarks Mts. of Ark. and Mo., but there are disjunct populations in s. Ill., s. Ind., and w. Ky., perhaps also n. Ala. and n. Ga. (Nesom 1990; FNA 20, W). Some of the eastern plants appear introgressed with S. speciosa (to the north), S. petiolaris Ait. (to the south) or similar species. Cr included buckleyi within the whole petiolaris complex (2n = 18, 36, 54), which deserves further revision. The correct name remains somewhat uncertain, since the type consists of fragments from n. Ala.


Comment:
Some material appears transitional to var. haleana (BULL, FAYE, HARD, HART, LAWR, LEWI, MCRE, POWE, ROWA, WOLF); this is recognized by Cronquist (1991), but he did indicate broad intergradation from north to south.

LO: MUHL.

Footnote:
This variable species is widespread across eastern and central North America. Several colls. from Ky., especially eastern regions, appear transitional to the southeastern var. haleana Fern., with more robust, branched habit, and more reduced leaves on the branches. However, that variety intergrades broadly with typical northern plants (Cr), and it may not deserve recognition (FNA 20). 

   The western var. longipetiolata (MacKenzie & Bush) Palmer & Steyermark, recently treated as ssp. decemloba (DC.) Brammall ex Semple (FNA 20), is a more distinct tetraploid; 2n = 36 (versus 18 in typical nemoralis). It has been reported from Ky. by Harvill (1941), F and others (M), but no convincing colls. are known (check colls. of C.W. Short at PH).


Comment:
Most or all material is var. tatula; var. stramonium is not separated here.

Footnote:
This is a cosmopolitan weed of warmer regions, perhaps originating from Central America (Cr, W). It is locally abundant in old barnyards and similar eutrophic places with much influence of livestock. The status of stramonium in North America remains somewhat uncertain, but it is often considered to have been introduced with the early settlements in Va. Based on early records, it appears to have became abundant in Ky. within 10-15 years after settlement during the 1770s. Most or all plants in Ky. are referable to var. tatula (L.) Torr., but that taxon may not be worth recognizing.


Footnote:
This is widespread across temperate regions of North America, usually growing in marshy areas on base-rich soils. The few reports from Ky. of the closely related alien, L. europaeus L., were probably based on americanus (M). L. europaeus is naturalized in more northeastern regions, and reportedly hybridizes with americanus (Cr); 2n = 22 in both.


Comment:
Colls. need to be rechecked for possible segregation of C. missouriense, giganteum, standleyanum, etc. Some NK (GRAN, NELS, etc.) collections are determined as giganteum but this appears merged with album by all current authorities. Medley (1993) reported a collection from HARL (MM) as var. centrorubrum Makino, new to North America.

Footnote:
In its narrow sense, this cosmopolitan weedy taxon probably originated in Eurasia, but it has been combined in various treatments with some native species, especially missouriense (and see notes under var. lanceolatum). These taxa are reportedly all hexaploids (2n = 54). There has also been some confusion with the tetraploid berlandieri complex, including bushianum. Both groups of plants appear to have a deep, ancient association with mankind, providing useful food in cooked greens and ground seeds.


Comment:
This taxon may deserve species status. These KY colls. were annotated by supposed authorities but separation from C. album and perhaps berlandieri seems unclear; they look glaucous with no reddish coloration of stems, etc. More attention is needed especially given the importance of native chenopods for human food in ancient times.

Footnote:
This is widespread across much of North America, but perhaps native only to the Great Plains and midwest. Distinction from the closely related album (an alien in its strict sense) and standleyanum (a native) needs further study; some authors combine missouriense with album (e.g. W). Although perhaps associated with archaeological sites of Woodland age in east-central states, identification of seeds from these sites needs confirmation (Ford 1985). There is no evidence of domestication as in buschianum, which is found much more frequently in Woodland sites. 

   C. missouriense may be distinguished from album as follows (Cr, St, FNA 4): leaves broader in shape, the lower ones with l/w no more than 1.5 (versus 1.5-2+); stems with purple nodes at leaf bases; inflorescence less compact, more delicate and flexuous; and seed smaller (ca. 0.9-1.2 mm versus 1-1.5 mm long). It is reported to flower only during Sep-Oct (versus May to Oct).


Comment:
Name used here in sense of Gleason (1952) not Fernald (1950); note also confusion with boscianum being properly applied now to a subspecies of berlandieri. 

There is also a coll. of boscianum from "Brock Station" (KA), county to be determined: J.S. Terrill, 28 Jul 1892. 

1 = Medley (1993); check MM. 2 = Price (1893 handwritten addenda) as album var. viride. 

Check CARL & FULT (RA): "boscianum"; reported colls. from CARL (Wilson 1976; check MUR) and FULT (R. Athey #2648; check Memphis) have not been verified (M).

BOON DB SAYS com on slopes below cliffs; need to collect

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) is widespread in eastern North America, typically in submesic to subxeric woods on base-rich soils, especially where soil is disturbed. It has also been reported on bottomlands, but there has probably been confusion with other species in some cases. In Ky., standleyanum and simplex are the only members of Chenopodiaceae to exhibit significant shade tolerance. In older literature the name C. boscianum Moq. was misapplied to standleyanum, and several records of "boscianum" should probably be reassigned here.


Species:
bushianum (berlandieri var. buschianum; "paganum")

Comment:
The CAMP (NK) coll. seems intermediate between var. bushianum and var. zschackei. This taxon should not be confused with var. boscianum, which is more southern and not verified in Kentucky.

BOON; DBoone along banks of Ohio at Petersburg Sep 2011 (refound MV site)' note MV has much in Oxford area, a weed in his garden

1 = Grubbs 1989

1 = Wilson "boscianum"
FULT RAthey 2648; MEM check at EK???? "boscianum"

Footnote:
This close relative of berlandieri (see notes under that name) has been confused with missouriense and others, partly through misapplication of the name C. paganum Reichenb. (= probably a Eurasian form of album). C. buschianum may have originated in midwestern regions, but was apparently spread east to northeastern regions, widely cultivated and selected for its relatively large edible seeds, ca. 1000-4000 years ago (Ford 1985, Smith 2006). In Ky. buschianum is currently known from only a few colls. on or near banks of the Ohio Rv., but there are records from archaeological sites in the Appalachian Cliff Section.

   Based on this archaeological work, other weed seeds were also eaten, especially ca. 1000-2000 years ago, and some were apparently cultivated as well, including Polygonum erectum, Phalaris caroliniana, Hordeum pusillum, Iva annua and Helianthus annuus, with lesser amounts of Ambrosia trifida, Amaranthus sp., Portulaca sp., Galium sp., etc. Such species probably occurred along edges of trails, campsites and villages, and in some cases on fresh alluvium. Corn and beans largely replaced these species in the diet ca. 1000-1500 years ago.


Footnote:
In Ky. this diploid (2n = 18) is known only from the Ohio Rv. shore in BOON (A. Cusick #24687 at NCU) and the Univ. of Ky. campus in FAYE (KY). Variation needs further study across ranges. Plants in northeastern North America can mostly be treated as var. glaucum, which apparently originated from Eurasia (FNA 4); they are rare to absent in southeastern states (PL). Var. salinum (Standl.) Boivin, which has been treated as a species by some authors, may be native in western and northern regions, but is virtually unknown in states east of the Mississippi Rv.


Comment:
DAVI (MU): Austin & Gentry 3495, 3 Aug 1966, waste pond bank by oil storage tank, 1.2 m W of US 431 on Marksburg Rd., ditch crossing road. This cultivated perennial species is not known to truly naturalize.

Footnote:
This occasionally cultivated tetraploid (2n = 36) perennial is locally escaped in northeastern regions, but virtually absent elsewhere in North America (FNA 4, PL). The only record from Ky. is a coll. in DAVI (MUR): Austin & Gentry #3495, 3 Aug 1966, waste pond bank by oil storage tank, 1.2 m W of US 431 on Marksburg Rd., ditch crossing road.


FullName:
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Comment:
FAYE (KA): J.S. Terrill, 16 Aug 1893, Lexington in garden. 1 = Nelson (1919).

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan weed is widely scattered in North America but rare to absent in southeastern states.


FullName:
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Footnote:
This is probably native to warmer regions, but now widespread across North America. It varies much in chromosome number (2n = 16 to 64) and several varieties have been proposed, but virtually all plants in Ky. have been referred to typical ambrosioides. Separation of var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray, with less bracteate spikes, may deserve further study (Y), but there is only one old report from Ky. (Short et al. 1833).


FullName:
Dysphania pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Comment:
This species may not truly naturalize apart from a few waifs; Abbott et al. (2004): LEWI (BE), sandy bank of Ohio River on Manchester Island No. 1. 

1 = MM?? Recheck FAYE record of Medley (1993):

 Browne & Browne 1965.
[Maxey s.n. (KES) Trimble Co.!  Det. J.W. Herron & E. T. Browne, Jr. 1961; Det. H.D. Wilson 1981] A weed in a strawberry field in Trimble County and without habitat from Fayette County, both in the Bluegrass.

Footnote:
This Australian weed is widely scattered in North America, especially southeastern and Pacific region (PL).


Comment:
In addition var. culta is collected from CAMP (NK) as a garden weed; also listed by Browne & Athey from PIKE (ME).

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable species native to Eurasia. Plants in North America are generally treated as ssp. scoparia (FNA 4). The common cultivar "summer cypress" can be treated as forma trichophylla (A. Voss) Stapft ex Schinz & Thellung (apparently = var. culta Farw. but not = var. trichophylla (Stapf) Bailey). This cultivar is less hairy, have relatively long narrow leaves, and turns bright red in the fall (see also Cr). Clearly escaped plants of this cultivar are known (M) from CAMP (KNK), MASO (sight record) and PIKE (EKY), but they are not included in the map.


Footnote:
This Eurasian halophyte is widespread in western North America, but it is only a rare waif in most of the east. There is a coll. from a roadside in CARR (MDKY).


Comment:
Perhaps cultivated and not persistently naturalized.

FAYE (KY-Agr.): Herron & Knavel ?lawns (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
This species (with varieties) is a native diploid (2n = 18) of coastal regions along the North Atlantic, and it may rarely spread inland. There is a collection from FAYE (KY-Agr.) that appears to represent a waif.


Footnote:
This Eurasian halophyte is widely scattered as a weed across North America, but rare to absent in southeastern states. A. prostrata is a closely related diploid (2n = 18 versus mostly 36) that may have been confused in some early records.


FullName:
Paysonia lescurii (Gray) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz

Footnote:
This globally rare species is known mostly from plowed, eroded, rocky or otherwise bared soils on river-bottoms and calcareous glades in c. Tenn. Records from Ky. and Ala. have been considered adventive (Al-Shehbaz 1987), but in Ky., at least, the locality is merely a downstream extensive of large populations along the Cumberland Rv. in Tenn. See O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz (2002) for support of generic realignments.


Comment:
Braun states: "fields" for KENT (Lea Herbarium @PH). Check MM for JEFF.

Footnote:
This annual weed from eastern Europe is much less common in southeastern states than the closely related species, microcarpa, which is often confused (Al-Shehbaz 1987); both are polyploids (2n = 40). There are recorded colls. from KENT (PH; see B), JEFF and SIMP (colls. of MM in processing at WKY), but these all need to be rechecked.


Comment:
GH: CART, HARL, ROWA, ELLI (LB); see also anomalous (x media?) from BELL & HARL.
NY: BELL, CART, HARL (Kearney).
Field: BELL, CART, HARL.
WK: HART (JC 2007).
KY: no purple spots and more/less shorter petioles = BULL HARD

Extra colls. from BELL (KY), HARL (KY, EK?); BUTL (EK), GARR (EK) have narrow leaves.
A MADI (GH) coll may be x virgata; also the MADI (KY) coll. appears hybridized with M. russeliana (virgata).
A HARL (GH) coll might be hybridized with M. media; Braun 9 Jul 1935, Black Mt oak-chestnut; lvs glabrate, inner bracts with purplish center.
A BELL (GH) coll is suffused with red in leaves and (especially?) in bracts, suggesting hybrid with media:
A EDMO (GH) coll may be x bradburiana; filed under clinipodia ssp. praecox Simmers ined.
ky (BRAC) = possible hybrid (see M. fistulosa); check KY); most or all plants still have glandular calyces.

Footnote:
Variation within this largely Appalachian species needs further study. Based on local observations and R. Simmers (pers. comm.), some populations in regions west and south of the central Appalachians tend to have unspotted, pure white corollas (versus purple-spotted on greenish-white), calyx teeth with more large stipitate glands, leaves with shallower serration and shorter petioles. Gl noted a "stouter and more branched" western form of clinopodia, with "a few large, stout, stipitate glands" on calyx lobes (versus just minutely stipitate glandular in Appalachian plants). 

   However, possible correlations among these characters have not been fully analyzed. Leaf width varies much within all regions; colls. (EKY, KY) from BELL, BUTL, GARR and HARL have exceptionally narrow leaves (ca. 2-3 cm wide). Morevoer, there has probably been introgression with other species, especially fistulosa. Some colls. may be hybrids with bradburiana (EDMO at GH) or media (BELL and HARL at GH); see also notes under sp. nov. 1 and sp. nov. 2.


FullName:
Monarda sp. nov. (clinopodia-fistulosa intermediates)

Species:
sp. nov. 2 {"clinopodia-fistulosa intermediates"}

Comment:
GH: POWE, WEBS; filed under fistulosa, but somewhat similar to "serotina".
GH: DE, DC, KY, IL, IN, MD under fistulosa
GH: AL, IN, IL, MO, OH under clinopodia (serotina); these plants have white or pink-tinged, unspotted, glandular corollas, and pubescent leaves were named M. serotina (or M. clinopodia ssp. serotina) by R.T. Simmers (unfinished Ph.D., Vanderbilt Univ., ca. 1984), but these are not clearly distinct from the more fistulosa-like plants included here.
NY: KY (BRAC Buddell #2253, occ colonies in weedy field ca. 2.5 m E Foster on Rt 8); also colls from  IL, IN, MD*, NY ("Pen Yan"), OH, PA under fistulosa or media* (det Scora).

LO: BULL HBishop et al 23 Jul 1940 "roadside"; JEFF DGregory 3 Jul ???? "along road to Iroquois Park";  MENI PDHiggins 1619 9 Jul 1969 "edge of moist woods on roadside Ky 77"; 
DB: BOON (JC) from Big Bone Lick State Pk near creek below visitor center; thanks to Dan Boone; also he says loc fre along road down to ferry at MCNP (EDMO).
WK 2008!!!: WARR.
JC 2008 BARR roadside near Wondering Woods at MCNP; piece of root to grow; 2009 HART from new WKU tract (Kinney).
KY: FAYE nr Clays Mill Rd RFWachs 3Jul1952; near Lexington 14Jul1907 Mary Didlake; Leestown Pike, 13Jul1928 HGarman; Leestown Pike 18Jun1922 Mary Didlake; JACK banks S Fk Station Camp Cr [preflw 27Jun]; CART [no location]; these only CANT FIND FOLDER with JESS LINC JUL 2011!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
These plants have been provisionally named M. serotina by R.T. Simmers (pers. comm). Based on initial revision (especially at GH, NCU and NY), they are most frequent west of the Appalachians (Ala., Ky., Ill., Ind., Mo., Ohio, Tenn.), but also scattered in the east (D.C., Del., Md., N.C., Pa., W.Va.). D and St treated these plants as a somewhat indistinct, broad-leaved form of fistulosa, generally intermediate between fistulosa and clinopodia, with probable hybrid origin. 

   In contrast to fistulosa, most colls. are from relatively mesic woods and edges on lowlands. Mid-cauline blades are usually (2) 2.5-4.5 (5.5) cm in breadth (versus 1-2 cm), widest about a third from the base (versus a quarter), relatively deep green, and on longer petioles (usually 2-3 cm versus 0.5-2 cm). Lower surfaces have scattered spreading hairs, longer (generally 1-2 mm versus <0.5 mm) and not as dense, compared to fistulosa var. mollis. Corollas are paler pink at tips to almost all white (versus more uniformly deep pink-purple), and usually less hairy; the apical beard of hairs on the upper petal (lip) is usually indistinct or absent; and the calyx orifice is usually less hairy. Flowering in Ky. and Tenn. occurs from early to mid-Jul; fistulosa has more varied dates, from late Jun to Aug, but with a peak in late Jul. 

   Compared to clinopodia, these plants are usually more robust and branched; leaves are generally hairier below and less bluish-green; calices tend to have less slender-stalked glands; corollas are usually pinkish, unspotted, glandular, and with relatively dense pubescence (versus white, often dark-spotted, largely glandless and glabrous).


Comment:
Further checking is needed under var. mollis; however, the taxa appear to be distinct. Weakley notes that strictly defined var. fistulosa, with spreading hairs only, not dense appressed hairs, is largely Appalachian. This pattern may largely hold in Kentucky.

WK: MM-2601-80; var fist!!

recheck GH

KY: CART 30Jul; HARD 25Jun; NELS 8Jul; HOPK 25Jul; BULL 14Jul; MART 30Jul; GRAV 6Jun; LAUR 29Jul; MADI 14Jul; WEBS 27Jun; POWE 15Jul, 3Aug; ROCK 19Jul; HARD 9Jul
= mostly (6Jun in west) 25Jun-3Aug

Footnote:
This is a widespread species in eastern and central North America, with much variation; 2n = 32, 34, 36 (Cr). Further examination of colls. in Ky. is desirable for more reliable separation of varieties. Var. fistulosa appears concentrated in hilly regions from midwestern to Appalachian regions. Var. mollis is more widespread and generally more abundant, especially on base-rich soils. In Ky. the two taxa are sometimes mixed in the same locality, but appear generally distinct, with var. fistulosa sometimes flowering 1-2 weeks later.

   Var. fistulosa is thinly to densely pubescent with spreading hairs on leaf surfaces (especially the lower) and on stems in the inflorescence (see also W). Var. mollis has shorter appressed hairs on both leaf surfaces and stems; it also tends to have larger flowering heads and narrower leaves with deeper bluish-green color and sharper flavor, yet more susceptibility to powdery mildew.


FullName:
Monarda fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth.

Comment:
Most KY material seems to be var. mollis, but more checking is needed to see if var. mollis is distinct in Kentucky. The lb records were listed under fistulosa, without variety.

GH: WAYN is LB.
NY: CHRI, HENR (Gentry).

WK: HART (JC 2007).

AP: TRIG, LYON, TODD.

KY: flw dates = 26Jul 23Jun 1Jul 27Aug!! (mowed???) 29Jun 25Jun 3Jul 4Jul 7Jul 9Jul 28Jul 16Jul 19Jul 28Jul 24Jun 16Jul 3Aug 26Jul 2Jul 19Jul 23Jun 30Jun 1Aug 26Jul 30Jun 27Jun 29Jun  19Jul 4Jul 1Jul 29Jun 26Jul 27Jun 12Jul 27Jul
= mostly 23Jun-28Jul ((1-27Aug))

Footnote:
See notes under var. fistuolosa. Most colls. of the species from Ky. are clearly referable to var. mollis. There appear to be occasional hybrids with clinopodia or other species, and introgression may have resulted in distinct populations. However, there has been considerable confusion due to difficulties in using or understanding some published keys. The "beard" of hairs on the upper petal (lip) is often misinterpreted. In fistulosa these hairs are always distinct longer at the summit, at least in bud. Other species can have a thin indistinct beard that is not much longer than other hairs on the lip.


Footnote:
This ranges widely across southeastern states. A somewhat weedy species, it is especially common in thin woods a few years after release from browsing or mowing. Species of Elephantopus in North America tend to form rosettes of basal leaves, which can resist ground disturbance. Although chromosome number is uniform (2n = 22), no hybrids are documented (FNA 21).


Footnote:
This occurs in warmer regions of southeastern states, usually on dry sandy soil in thin woods with a history of browsing or burning. In Ky. it is largely restricted to broader ridges of the southern Appalachian Plateaus.


Footnote:
This common biennial weed has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). Reports of typical A. lappa L. and A. tomentosum P. Mill. cannot be confirmed and may be erroneous (M), but those species are known nearby in states to the north of Ky. Typical lappa is locally common in Hamilton Co., Ohio, and often mixed with minus (D. Boone, pers. comm.); hybrids may be expected (2n = 32 and 36 in both; Cr, FNA 19). All of these taxa were treated as varieties of lappa in early literature (e.g. Gray 1864).


Comment:
Gibson (1971) listed this from ADAI (FI) but no collection was found at FI; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
Reports are not verified and probably erroneous; Medley (1993).


Comment:
1 = F. Levy (see Medley 1993).

2 = Campbell & Meijer 1898

GRNP (NY): Cusick.

Footnote:
Although present in North America before 1900 (Y and his citations), this robust alien weed (known as "musk" or "nodding" thistle) was not properly documented in Ky. until about 1970 Meijer (1972a). As in temperate regions across the continent, nutans has increased during recent decades to become one of the most abundant thistles. Its southern limit lies well to the south, on the Coastal Plain (K, SE).


Comment:
1 = J. Brushaber coll. (Asbury College).

BOUR (jc) abundant in 2006 on Steinman Farm after killing of fescue for prairie plantings of TNC.

MASO (NY): Cusick.

Footnote:
This weed from southern Europe was first reported in Ky. by Meijer (1972a). It has become locally abundant in the eastern and central Bluegrass region, but remains unknown elsewhere. Although widespread across much of North America, the species is rare or absent in southeastern states (FNA 19; PL). Partly fertile hybrids with nutans can be expected (Cr, FNA 19), despite the higher chromosome number of acanthoides: 2n = 22 versus 16.


Footnote:
This prickly polyploid weed (2n = 68) is widespread in temperatre regions of North America. In Ky. it became the most common thistle in farmland early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gm), but other species have now surpassed it in some areas.


Footnote:
This widespread eastern biennial (or short-lived perennial) is curiously local in Ky. It occurs mostly on moderately fertile, base-rich soils, in subxeric woods with a history of disturbance from browsing and burning. Hybridization with discolor appears to occur locally in midwestern regions (FNA 19, Y); it has not been clearly documented in Ky. but some plants are suggestive. C. altissimum usually has lower chromosome number (2n = 18 versus 20), leading to sterility in hybrids.


Footnote:
This is a widespread, cosmpolitan species. Its native origins and historical spread remain somewhat obscure (Cr; G. Nesom, pers. comm.), perhaps bound up with early human history. There has been confusion with the closely related dillenii and florida; 2n = 18-24 in this whole group. 

   O. stricta usually has larger cymes than dillenii (with ca. 5-7 flowers versus 1-3), and some relatively long spreading septate hairs, at least on petioles or concentrated near nodes (as well as spreading non-septate hairs). In contrast, dillenii has stems (at least above) with dense antrorse appressed non-septate hairs (Nesom 2009; W). Also, stricta lacks stipules (versus usually present), and has short slender rhizomes (versus none). It is often relatively tall and weedy in sunny habitats; dillenii is also weedy but tends to be more shade-tolerant.


Species:
florida (filipes, recurva, prostrata; ?macrantha)

Comment:
1 = Wilson (1976); 

2 = Lourteig (1975). 

The ROWA (LB @ US) collection is cited by Medley. 

See also Garman (1914): "Collected by me in Southern Kentucky. Native."

This southern taxon remains obscure in Kentucky; it may be associated with more open sandy habitats; see Fernald (1950).

Footnote:
According to recent revision, this is a widely scattered southeastern species that has often been confused with other taxa (Nesom 2009; W). It appears closest to stricta but less robust (mostly 8-30 cm tall versus 20-60 cm), with fewer flowers per cyme (usually 1-3 versus 5-7). Also, it is sparsely covered with non-septate hairs or glabrous (versus hairy or glabrous, often with some septate hairs), and develops taproots (versus rhizomes). In Ky. there are reports from CARL, LYON and ROWA (B), mostly under the name O. filipes Small or related combinations (M). A through review of colls. is needed.


Comment:
Distinction from F. subverticillata (obtusa) is tentative; most "F. paradoxa" here may just be robust, open-grown subverticillata.  

1 = Fernald (1937); 

2 = Price (1893).

Anderson 1924: Lexington HGarman 3 Jun 1906.

Footnote:
This is well-known (e.g. FNA 24, Y, W) and locally abundant on base-rich soils in some midwestern regions (from Minn. to Tex.), and in southeastern coastal states (Miss. to Pa.). In the Ohio Rv. watershed paradoxa is much less frequent, but there are distinct native plants in the Mississippian embayment of s. Ill., sw. Ind. and w. Ky. Some eastern plants mapped here may just be adventive or at least transitional to robust open-grown subverticillata. However, Aiken & Lefkovitch (1993) showed that these two species are generally distinct, with inconclusive evidence of hybridization. [A similar situation occurs in Sphenopholis obtusata versus S. intermedia.]


Comment:
The MARS coll. may be transitional to F. paradoxa.

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 42) is widespread on fertile soils in moist to damp woods of eastern states, but it is rare on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


Comment:
Plantings are excluded. BULL and MCRE colls. are probable planting escapes;  CUMB and FRAN colls appear native from clifftop woods; there is also a Short coll. (as "F. duriuscula" at PH) from "Ky Rv cliffs, hanging over rocky precipice".

EK: MCRA RAthey roadside in WKWMA

Footnote:
The alien or native status of this widespread variable northern (circumboreal) species in Ky. is somewhat unclear; 2n = 28-70. Also, there has been confusion with trachyphylla and ovina.  In Ky. rubra has been widely sown for forage and turf since before 1900, when Gm noted that its seed was as almost as highly priced (at 20 cents per pound) as arundinacea. Colls. from BULL, MCRE (KY) and elsewhere may be from plantings. However, colls. from CUMB and FRAN (KY) in clifftop woods appear to be native or thoroughly naturalized. There may also be a ca. 1830 coll. of C.W. Short from "Ky Rv cliffs, hanging over rocky precipice" (originally filed under F. duriuscula at PH). F and Cr stated that rubra appears native in more northern and coastal regions; see also ssp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper in FNA 24.

   F. rubra is distinguished from trachyphylla and ovina by its more rhizomatous habit. Its sheaths are closed for at least 3/4 of their length (versus less than 2/3), usually retrose-hairy (versus glabrous), and older ones shred into fibers (versus persistent for several years without much shredding). Also, its spikelet dimensions are generally larger (FNA 24).


Comment:
This is not definitely recorded; but the Short coll. (PH) noted under F. rubra should be rechecked since it was initially noted as "duriuscula"; the common form of F. ovina, var. duriuscula, should be perhaps be known as F. trachyphylla.

Footnote:
This alien is a hexaploid (2n = 42) that has often been sold under the names "sheep's fescue" or "hard fescue" as a durable turf grass and soil stabilizer (FNA 24). Mapped colls. here may come from truly naturalized plants, but persistence from plantings cannot be ruled out. There has been much confusion with ovina and rubra, and further checking of identifications may be needed. F. trachyphylla differs from ovina in its more distinctly ribbed blades and its generally larger spikelets; see FNA 24 for details.


Comment:
These may be naturalized plants, but persistence from plantings cannot be ruled out.

EK: LARU ????????

Footnote:
This name has generally been applied to trachyphylla, and it possible than virtually no true ovina occurs wild in Ky. or elsewhere in southeastern states. Typical ovina (2n = 14 and 28) has been introduced for turf in North America, but is no longer used regularly in the seed trade (FNA 24). 

   The segregated taxa, F. filiformis Pourr. ("hair fescue") and F. glauca Vill. ("blue fescue"), are widely grown in North America for turf or ornamental use, but are not known to have become established in the wild. See FNA 24 for notes on these and other potentially introduced taxa.


Comment:
Presence not certain. Colls. as "F. sciurea" from MCRA (SI) and GRAV (MU) appear to be F. octoflora var. aristulata. 1 = Woods (1983) reported sciurea from CALL but a coll. has not been located.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain in dry sandy soils, north perhaps to s. Mo., and no records from Ky. are verified. There has been confusion between sciurea (2n = 42) and octoflora (2n = 14), especially in Tenn., Ky. and Mo. Treatments have been somewhat inconsistent (e.g. Y versus FNA 24). In Ky. colls. initially named sciurea (or elliotea) from GRAV (MUR) and MCRA (SIU) appear to be octoflora instead. A coll. to support the report by Woods (1983) from CALL has not been located. D. Estes (pers. comm.) has recently determined that some colls. named sciurea from w. Tenn. and w. Ky. approach V. octoflora var. hirtella (Piper) Henrard, which occurs widely across western and northern states and adjacent Canada (FNA 24).


Footnote:
This alien is widely scattered in southeastern states and more frequent in western states. In Ky. it appears largely restricted to acid sandy soils.


Comment:
EK TODD old notes cannot locate Jan 2009

Footnote:
This alien occurs widely in southeastern and western states. It is more common than bromoides, and less concentrated on strongly acid soils. Variation may need further study; 2n = 14 and 42 (FNA 24).


Comment:
1 = Greenwell (1935).

CLIN: (EK) MAGorton-99-1050 9Aug1999 Hancock Cr, streambank at Army Corps Engineer's boundary.

MCRE: July 2010 jc saw much in ditches along Rock Creek West.

Footnote:
This occurs across southeastern states (except Mo.), but does not extend into the Ohio Valley north of the Cumberland and Green River watersheds. Although somewhat uncommon in Ky. it is locally abundant on medium-acid soils in open seeps, plus associated thin woodkland and ditches in rights-of-way.


Comment:
Some colls. should be rechecked (JESS, HENR).

CALL "bufonius" is anthelatus; McKinney 4317.

Footnote:
This is a highly variable near-cosmopolitan species, usually associated with small or shallow ephemeral pools, drawdown shores and similar sites. Taxonomic segregates have not yet been well defined; 2n = 26 to 120 (Cr, FNA 22). J. bufonius is the only strictly annual species of Juncus known in eastern North America. It is often confused with tenuis and allied species in Ky., thus relatively undercollected.


FullName:
Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg.

Comment:
A MCRA (MU) coll., R. Athey #572, is labeled var. compactus, but this does not seem to be a distinct taxon in Kentucky. The typical var. effusus is European or locally introduced to the north.

jc: Moberly Spring 2010.

Footnote:
This widespread taxon of wet soils in eastern North America may be considered a distinct subspecies or species. Typical var. effusus is largely European, locally introduced to northern North America but unknown in Ky. A coll. from MCRA (MUR) is referable to var. compactus Hoppe, but that variety is not separated from var. solutus in recent treatments.


Comment:
These narrow leaved plants, with fewer, coarser ridges, appear generally distinct from effusus var. solutus; but close inspection is needed and many field records do not separate them.

jc: check notes/colls from DBNF; locally abundant in acid seeps.

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon is close to effusus. Although recognized as a variety by some (F) and a species by others (Cr), pylaei was not distinguished at all in FNA 22, which is surprising given the fine divisions recognized in the tenuis group. It has been overlooked in Appalachian regions, where it is locally common in thin woods and boggy openings along streamheads, seeps and similar places with wet acid infertile soils. It is typically absent from old fields, where effusus var. solutus is often locally dominant in swales.

   J. pylaei differs from effusus var. solutus (F, Cr) in its usually narrower culms (ca. 2-3 mm at summit versus 3-4 mm), with fewer (ca. 10-20 versus 30-60), distinctly coarser ridges, often smaller heads (usually 2-6 cm wide versus 4-10 cm), and usually longer sepals (ca. 2.5-4 mm versus 2-3 mm), which exceed (versus equal) petals and capsule.


Comment:
Weakly separated from var. biflorus, if at all . "bt" records combine vars.

EK: CLIN "filipendulus" = marginatus ?

NK: CLIN BOYD PIKE LEWI ROWA

Footnote:
This ranges widely over eastern states, but it is largely restiricted to wet acid soils.
Some records mapped here need closer examination for separation of the generally more robust species, biflorus. 

   J. longii Fern. is another southeastern species that may be expected. It differs from both marginatus and biflorus in its relatively long, slender rhizomes and stolons; it typically has intermediate stature between marginatus and biflorus. J. longii occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain, but also extends close to Ky. on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch).


FullName:
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Footnote:
This annual is a widespread weed in temperate regions; 2n = 36 and 72 (FNA 25). It has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement (McMurtrie 1819, Short & Peter 1835). In early accounts it was misleadingly named Panicum glaucum, which is a synonym of Pennisetum glaucum (M).  In 1914 Gm noted: "A common weed in all fields and elsewhere."


FullName:
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. var. viridis

Footnote:
This is a widespread diploid weed in temperate regions; 2n = 18 (FNA 25). It was first reported from Ky. by Pr in 1893, but omitted by Gm in 1900-1914. Anderson (1947) noted: "fairly common, but reported [with colls.] from only two localities."


Comment:
This was reported from Kentucky by Small (1903), Gleason (1952) and others but without a known collection; the NY herbarium should be checked. It was recently collected by Kim Feeman in the Hog Hollow area in Bath Co.

Footnote:
This robust sedge is widespread in swamps and marshes across eastern North America, but occurs mostly in coastal and lacustrine regions. It was recently collected by K. Feeman in the Hog Hollow area of BATH (MDKY; Clark et al. 2005). It has also been reported from Ky. by Small (1903), Gleason (1952) and others, presumably based on an old coll. (but none found at NY).


Comment:
Includes S. nitida (from CALL, ROWA, etc.), which deserves no more than varietal status, and appears to have no significant difference in distribution within the state.

GH: HART (Braun #4116); Short 1842, "Barrens of Ky."

EK: BELL CHRI CLIN ESTI FLEM HARD MCRE WHIT

Anderson 1924: Kearney 173, 466 HARL/BELL

Footnote:
This is widespread in the Caribbean region and eastern states, growing in thin dry woods or grassy openings, usually on sandy or leached calcareous soils. See also notes under nitida. In Ky. triglomerata appears to be a somewhat conservative remnant of open woodland, and it occur mostly in areas that may have had a long history of frequent fire. Indeed, Scleria in general is virtually absent in the relatively unbroken woods on dry ridges within the more rugged Appalachian hills.


Comment:
See also WAYN (US).

EK: CALD CASE ESTI LOGA MARI WOLF

Footnote:
This is widespread in thin woods and glades from Central America to southeastern states, on damp or dry sites. It is generally absent from calcareous soils in Ky.
In addition to the distinctive tubercles below its achenes, oligantha has lateral spikes on relatively long-arching, filiform, reddish peduncles, dilated toward the summit (FNA 23, W). Lateral peduncles of triglomerata (and nitida) tend to be more erect, though becoming pendulous in deep shade.


Comment:
FNA does not map for Kentucky; notes difficulty of clear distinction from pauciflora.

EDMO (np): 1990 MCNP ca 1.1 mi SE on Ky 70 from Sloans Crossing; McKinney?
HARD (np): 1982 Radcliff Prairie; no coll id?; 1990 Eastview Barrens; where coll?
MCRE (KY,MO,LB) plants are correctly identified; others may need checking. 
TRIG (RA): NK confirmed??? I did check there!!??
WHIT (np): 1992 Grove powerline; McKinney?

CALL (GH): "ciliata" from CALL (Woods #685) is pauciflora (redet by JC!).

Footnote:
This ranges from Central America to southeastern states, where it occurs mostly in thin pine woods or savannas on damp sandy soils of the Coastal Plain. S. ciliata is close to the more widespread pauciflora and has often been confused, but it should not be combined (FNA 23). In addition to the six separate tubercles at the base (hypogynium) of its achenes (versus 3 more or less lobed tubercules in pauciflora), its achenes are usually longer (2-3.5 mm versus 1-2.5 mm), and leaves are often relatively wide (1-7 mm versus 1-2.5 mm). Colls. from MCRE (KY, MO, US) and TRIG (KNK) have been identified as ciliata with some certainty, but the others should be rechecked; see KSNPC for recent reports. S. ciliata was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 23; and it may be unknown across n. Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
Recently reported from Kentucky; Naczi 7874, St Anne's Convent, floodplain of Ohio River, edge of wet-mesic deciduous forest at sewerline row, very rare. This species has often been combined with amphibola. FNA indicates the key differences are in perigynium shape: broader in corrugata and the achene widest at ca. 0.7 from base versus 0.6 in amphibola. C. corrugata is typical of rather wet fine textured calcium-rich alluvial soil; amphibola of more loamy acid soils.

See Naczi et al. (2002) for collection details:
EK: FULT LEMcKinney-4124 5May1990 sand woods between levee and Mississippi Rv just sw of Hickman.

Footnote:
This ranges widely across southeastern states, and is most common along larger rivers. It typically occurs on poorly drained, clayey, base-rich alluvial soil, in contrast to grisea and (especially) amphibola. C. corrugata has recently been discovered in Ky. (Naczi et al. 2002), and more colls. of the amphibola group need to be reviewed.

   Though often confused with grisea and amphibola (e.g. Cr), corrugata is clearly a separate species; 2n = 58-62 versus 52-56 (FNA 23). Its perigynia are relatively short (ca. 3.9-4.5 mm versus 4.2-5 mm), and distinct from amphibola in their broader shape (l/w ca. 1.7-2.3 versus 2.5-3.1), with the achene widest at ca. 0.7 from base (versus 0.6). Its blades tend to be narrower (mostly 4-5 mm versus 4-7 mm) and its basal sheaths are more consistently purple.


Comment:
EK: BATH GARR HICK LAUR LESL MADI MONT NELS ROCK 

sp: see Anderson 1924

Footnote:
This occurs widely from mid-Atlantic states to the central Mississippi Valley. It is partly replaced in southeastern states (Va. to Miss.) by the closely related C. pigra Naczi (FNA 20). C. glaucodea usually grows on disturbed ground with seasonally damp medium-acid soil. See notes under flaccosperma.


Comment:
Recently reported from the Coastal Plain of Kentucky (McKinney in Jones 2005). Most or all previous records refer to C. glaucodea.

TRIG (LO): R. Athey 3372, 15 May 1976, Land Between the Lakes, wet woods bordering Hematite Lake; dupes at WKY and VDB (Naczi has confirmed).

1 = other colls seen by Naczi (pers. comm.)

EK: CALL TRIG

Footnote:
This southeastern species is closely related to the less robust glaucodea, and there may be some intergradation (FNA 20); some authors have combined these taxa (e.g. Cr). In Ky. there are only a few verified records of flaccosperma, all from western lowlands. Several previous records from the state are referable to glaucodea (M).

   C. flaccosperma is best distinguished from glaucodea by its achenes, with bodies only 37-50% as long as perigynia (versus 50-67%), and beaks straight to bent less than 30 degrees (versus bent 30-90 degrees). Both species have distinctively glaucous leaves, but those of flaccosperma tend to be broader (mostly 7-14 mm versus 6-10 mm).


Comment:
Details to enter!!!

CLIN: (EK) MGorton-98-147 11Apr1998 dry-mesic slopes, woodlands west of US 127 near northern boundary of county; MGorton-99-109 21Apr1999, US 127 next to Russell Co border, ravine down west side of road and stream bottom.

Footnote:
This largely Ozarkian species occurs at scattered disjunct locations in the southern Interior Low Plateaus, and has been recently identified in CLIN (Naczi et al. 2002). It is a robust plant, with long thick rhizomes and exserted terminal spikes.


Comment:
The HARD (RC) coll. has not been located at KY; this disjunct record may be doubted.

The BOON (DO) collection is a remarkable disjunct: RFC Naczi 8019, 25 May 1999; 4.3 m S of Burlington, W of Camp Ernst Rd, along small trib of Gunpowder Cr, E of the creek, shaded wet soil in seepage at base of steep slopes adjacent to small stream, in mesic deciduous forest; frequent [see also C. torta, C. laevivaginata).

EK: BELL CLAY HARD HARL JACK LAUR LESL POWE ROCK WOLF

Footnote:
This distinct species (2n = 60) is widespread in eastern North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. However, it is restricted to wet acid soils and concentrated in Appalachian regions; see notes on habitat under scabrata. In Ky. disjunct western records are confirmed: from BOON (DOV), R. Naczi #8019 (DOV) from a seep along Gunpowder Creek; and from HARD (EKY; Cranfill 1991). A record from "High Bridge" in JESS (Anderson 1924) remains dubious.


Comment:
Also DO: LAUR, ROCK.

EK: CART HARL KNOX LAUR LESL MCRE MORG POWE TRIG WOLF

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable northeastern species in woods on acid soils. In Ky. and Tenn. it is largely restricted to Appalachian regions, but disjunct plants have been identified in gravelly hills on the west side of the Mississippian Plateaus. C. gracillima is a variable species (2n = 50, 52, 54) that is reputed to form sterile hybrids with several related species (FNA 23). The potential for confusion or intergradation with oxylepis, in particular, needs further investigation.


Comment:
The HARL (WK) coll. is R. Athey #2941; see also McKinney at EKY, MICH; Wieboldt at VPI (TSmith thesis).

The MCRE (NP) coll. was by G. Libby-476, 30Jun1994; check accession at EK!!! base of moist cliff near ridgetop above Rock Creek and Sheltowee Trace, ca 0.5 km east of confluence with Buffalo Branch.

LETC (EK) is now verified: Hannan & Phillippe 00643 4Oct 1978, now processed at EK!!! (see also Medley 1993);  west of Stone Gap, old strip mine area, young growth forest but rich, 0.6 m w of Va line above Eolia, 3119 ft asl.

WAYN (EK): GLibby-1004 12Jul1995; subxeric sandstone cliffs of Marcum Branch Hollow, ca. 0.1 m north of Tennessee border, locally common.

wa Anderson 1924: HARL/BELL Kearney 125, 155 1893 KY

Footnote:
In Ky. this distinct Appalachian species (2n = 56) is known only from high elevation in the Cumberland Mts. (initially collected by T. Kearney in 1893), and from two cool ravines at the western edge of the Cumberland Plateau (colls. of G. Libby in 1990s).


Comment:
The MARS coll. was det. f. glabrescens by collector (R. Athey). This species is typical of submesic (dry or damp) eutrophic woodlands in the Bluegrass region and elsewhere: eg from Missouri, Jackson Co. (NK): open young woods of Juglans, Celtis, Gleditsia, Maclura, etc. on thin soil over limestone with dense grass/sedge/herb understory; Reznicek 9808.

LO: CAMP, LIVI, OLDH.

EK: BOON LEWI MADI MARS WOOD

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species is locally abundant in relatively thin woods and meadows, on moist fertile uplands as well as lowlands. It is often associated with Elymus spp. and other graminoid vegetation under trees such as walnut and hackberry. The coll. from MARS (WKY) was referred to forma glabrescens G. Kukenthal, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
The ROWA (BE) collection is by JC and with correct id (det Reznicek & Naczi) but JC has no recollection of this; check notes; there is a photocopy at MI; "17 May 1991; sandy bank N Triplett Creek S of Cranston." I suspect gracillima...

EK: CHRI FULT (POWE NOT!--gracillima)

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable southeastern species that occurs in woods on damp or dry calcareous soils (FNA 23; Y, W). C. oxylepis can be confused with gracillima or davisii, and a few outlying records remain uncertain. Records of var. pubescens are included here, but see notes under that name.


Comment:
1 = there is an obscure record from Price (1893, annotated copy); see Medley (1993). This species is close to P. triflora.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the Allegheny and Blue Ridge mountains, but with disjunct sites west to e. Ind., across the Ohio Rv. from JEFF and MEAD. In Ky. there is a record of Pr (addenda) from WARR, but a coll. has not been located (M). BA's report was based on misidentified triflora (M). Locklear (2011) has noted the correctness of ovata as the name for this species.


Footnote:
This biennial ranges through much of the central Mississippi River and Ohio River watersheds, but with some extension into adjacent Appalachian lowlands. It typically grows in thin woods on toe-slopes and terraces with damp fertile soil.


Comment:
1 = Nelson (1919). CAMP (NK,BE,LO) is Buddell #280, "yardweed growing along sides of house and garage", 320 Fairview Drive, Dayton.

Footnote:
This winter annual is centered in the midwest (often in thin woods with Floerkea nearby). It has widely scattered occurrences elsewhere, but perhaps adventive in some cases. There is a coll. by G.F. Buddell from CAMP (KNK): "yardweed growing along sides of house and garage", 320 Fairview Drive, Dayton. There is also an old report from BOON (Nelson 1919).


Comment:
LINC: Evans, H. A.  1889.  The relation of the flora to the geological formations in Lincoln County, Kentucky.  Bot. Gaz.  14: 310-314.

Footnote:
This southeastern winter annual of lowland woods on damp fertile soils is easily overlooked or confused with Phacelia ranunculacea (W). It may be more widespread in small remnants of suitable habitat than records suggest. It is scattered across much of c. Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
Reported close from adjacent counties in western Tennessee, but the report from Graves County, Kentucky, is dubious; see Medley (1993).

See note under uniflora.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain to the east of uniflora. H. quadrivalvis was reported in early KSNPC databases from GRAV or HICK, but probably in error (M); a coll. may be mislaid. It has also been reported from w. Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
The collection from ROWA is confirmed: S. Ison 89, 10 Oct 1973, Triplett Creek bed sandbar, sunny wet, probably rich soil (Morehead State Univ. herbarium).

Footnote:
This is a widespread northern (circumboreal) species that extends south along the higher Appalachian Mts. In Ky. the only record is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY): S. Ison #89, 10 Oct 1973, "Triplett Creek bed sandbar, sunny wet, probably rich soil."


Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species is typical of submesic to subxeric woods in Ky. It is locally abundant along trails and in association with dense populations of deer, who presumably disperse the seeds and avoid browsing on the foliage.


Comment:
1 = Davies (1955b). 

2 = source of Medley (1993); check Garman (1914). 

Garman 1914: Filson (?FLEM) Jackson (BREA) Pineville (BELL)

There is also another coll. from FAYE (KA).  Apparently this weedy species has not been reported since 1929 (?).

Footnote:
This biennial, a widely scattered noxious weed, has not been reported in Ky. since the 1950s (M). The first report was by Short (1828-2): "This plant, originally exotic, has been gradually dispersed over the greater part of the Union. Common in pastures and waste grounds." In 1914, Gm noted: "most often seen growing locally along roadsides and railroads... [and] occasionally gets...a foothold in neglected pasture land..." It is toxic to livestock and may have been associated with rough sheep pasture, which landuse declined after 1940. Also, spread of Festuca arundinacea may have suppressed this weed.


Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is scattered through woods on damp fertile soils in Ky., especially along trails. However, it is rarely abundant, and often overlooked or confused with other boraginaceous plants.


Footnote:
This occurs in east-central states, generally in woods on toe-slopes and terraces with moist fertile soils. In Ky. many localities are restricted to islands, where plants may have been protected from browsing and rooting by livestock. It is unusually extensive up to clifflines in a few areas, suggesting more local protection: e.g., in and near Flora Cliff Nature Preserve of FAYE and along the Green Rv. in EDMO (A. Meier, pers. comm.).


Comment:
1 = Gibson (1971); 

2 = Price (1893); 

3 = other sources of Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This monotypic genus is a widespread weedy species in eastern states, but usually infrequent. It is occasionally cultivated for ornament, but records mapped here are generally from roadsides or similar sites.


Comment:
The HOPK (MU) coll. may be P. heterophylla var. ambigua, with which this species may have been often confused in Kentucky; records need rechecking. Check POWE (EK); see Weckman et al. (2003).

Footnote:
This pantropical annual has been confused in Ky. with P. grisea ("pruinosa"), P. cordata Mill. (= pubescens var. glabra) and P. heterophylla var. ambigua. Most or all material may be referable to var. integrifolia (Dunal) Waterfall, which extends into cooler zones than typical pubescens. However, further revision of colls. from Ky. is needed. Short (1833) reported P. obscura Michx., a old synonym of P. cordata P. MIll. (= P. pubescens var. glabra (Michx.) Waterfall), which is a southern relative of pubescens that is unknown in most eastern states (Cr, W).


FullName:
Physalis pubescens L. var. integrifolia (Dunal) Waterfall

Comment:
Not confirmed. Reported by Browne & Athey (1992) but no voucher located; see Medley (1993). Most or all material of pubescens may belong here.


Species:
grisea ("pruinosa"*; pubescens var. grisea)

Comment:
Check nomenclature; this may be the true pruinosa. This taxon appear to have been confused with P. heterophylla often in Kentucky; records need rechecking.

Footnote:
This annual is reported mostly from northeastern states (Cr), but it may be much more widely distributed. It has often been confused in appearance with pubescens and heterophylla; colls. generally need to be rechecked. The name P. pruinosa L. has been applied to grisea in error; true pruinosa occurs in Mexico and Central America (as reviewed by W).


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992), with voucher at KY noted, but no voucher is known; this is unlikely in Kentucky.


Comment:
PA = Paris Herbarium, A. Michaux collection; his was probably from near the Allen-Barren County line about 22-25 July 1795: "barren oaks endica de Big Barren River" (Medley 1993). There is also a possible Short (PH) collection without locality data.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the central Great Plains, and it may be native east to s. Ill. and w. Tenn. (Ch, PL). In Ky. the only certain record of this western species is a coll. of A. Michaux (Paris) from BARR or ALLE in 1795: "barren oaks endica de Big Barren River" (M). There is also a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) but without data.


Comment:
The ROWA (MO) coll. may be from cultivated origins. Another PIKE (MM) coll is reported as naturalized.

Footnote:
This old horticultural favorite ("hollyhock") has been widely grown in Ky. since Virginian settlement. Although apparently persistent from old gardens at some sites, it is not clear if plants are truly spreading from seed.


Footnote:
This tall alien annual weed was present early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; M), and it soon became a common weed in cultivated ground (Gm).


Comment:
mm = Medley (pers. comm 2007); his GARR prob from his coll (MM); others from colls he saw?--check his updating notes...

Footnote:
This largely agricultural weedy annual is native in southwestern states, Central and South America. In Ky. it was first reported by McFarland (1942).


Comment:
Some of these (BREC, MCRE, MEAD) may only be transitional to var. hirsuta.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species, or variety of squarrosa, is reportedly disjunct further east from Miss. to Ga. (Gaiser 1946; F, Cr, FNA 21, Y, W). It may also occur in western regions of Tenn. and Ky., but colls. that have been called var. hirsuta (Rydb.) Gaiser in Ky. are generally not distinct from typical squarrosa based on recent treatments. Phyllaries of hirsuta mostly have abruptly contracted apices (versus usually more tapering); outer ones are relatively short and spreading-reflexed for only 0-2 mm (versus equalling or longer than inner ones). Hairs on leaves and stems of hirsuta are relatively straight and spreading; those on typical squarrosa are "bent or curled, appressed to loosely matted" (Y). More densely hairy plants in Ky. are scattered with the moderately hairy plants of typical squarrosa, with no clear difference in distribution, and they are combined here pending further analysis.


Comment:
True H. carolina is the Coastal Plain species formerly known as H. parviflora. 

MARS (MU) states only "Ky. Dam" without county. The HARL (LB) coll cannot be located at US; we need to check REED, GH, PH, CI; see also Chester (1991). The LAWR (TEX) coll is by Short: "Louisa". Some reports from other counties are probably from cultivation. 

1 = source of Chester (1991) and Medley (1993) and Clark & Weckman (2008); check RA; Athey (pers. comm.) indicated that he found it on bluffs of the Tennessee River east of Paducah; or was this just LIVI??

2 = Little 1971; also np "Beaver Creek WMA, Cane Branch Basin 1.3 m W of Pleasant Knob Church in uplands above strip mine" (uncertain id)

tetraptera var. monticola is mountain var
var. tetraptera is southern var
recheck!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
This southeastern tree is most frequent in southern Appalachian regions, but there are scattered populations in mesic sites across southeastern states. There is a remarkable narrow extension on slopes and terraces along the Tennessee Rv. down to its mouth in Ky. (K). Records from Appalachian regions of Ky. are old.
The record from LAWR is an 1830s coll. of C.W. Short (with locality "Louisa" at Univ. of Tex.). Presumed colls. from HARL (B: Big Black Mt., "mesophytic north face woods, rare") and MCRE (Little 1971) have not been relocated. See also M and Chester (1991) for review of old, obscure or misleading records. 

   Var. monticola (Rehd.) Reveal & Seldin may be a reasonable segregate at higher elevation in the southern Appalachians (W), and might be expected in Ky.  H. carolina L., sensu stricto, is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain and Piedmont (K, W); but it has been combined with tetraptera by some authors (e.g. FNA 8). Reports of carolina from Ky. are based on the latter approach.


Comment:
Reports are based on nomenclatural confusion with tetraptera; true carolina is more southern


Comment:
Also found by JC in FULT during 2004.
And CLIN by T Weckman (see Castanea 62: 129-130.)

Footnote:
This is a tall vine typical of lowlands in southeastern states. It is much more common south of Ky. and Tenn., often spreading onto relatively dry uplands.


Comment:
Most material is typical var. americanus. LIVI (RA) matches var. pitcheri. FLEM (LB) and GRAV (GH) match var. intermedius. Needs more study.

FAYE (LO): MWharton-9066 28Jun1955 limestone ledge on creek bank, McCall's Mill Rd.

Footnote:
Segregates within this widespread eastern species need more study. Most colls. from Ky are referable to var. americanus, but there may be at least transitions to other varieties. 

   Some of B's colls. from FLEM (check US) and GRAV (GH) have been identified as var. intermedius (Pursh) K. Koch., which is known primarily from the southeastern Coastal Plain and may be unlikely in Ky. That variety generally has smaller leaves (ca. 2-4 x 1-2 cm versus 4-10 x 2.5-6 cm) and other differences (F, W). Var. intermedius is probably synonymous with C. glomeratus of Rafinesque (1836, 3:55): "in Virginia, Carolina, Alabama, Kentucky &c commonly blended with [americanus]." 

   A coll. of R. Athey (check EKY) from LIVI has been identified as var. pitcheri Torr. & Gray, which is known primarily from the central Mississippi Valley and adjacent hills; its leaves are generally blunt or rounded (versus acute or acuminate) and pilose above (versus glabrous). Var. pitcheri is probably synonymous with C. latifolius of Rafinesque (1836, 3:55): in "Glades of West Kentucky and Tennessee."


FullName:
Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. var. cinnamomeus (Fern.) new comb.

Comment:
This southwestern variety is probably not worth recognizing; it differs in its yellowish pappus.


Footnote:
This weed is widely scattered across North America, especially on base-rich soils.
It was first reported from Ky. in 1914, when Gm noted: "A small patch of this weed has recently been noted at the edge of Lexington." It is now widely scattered across the state, except in more hilly regions.


Comment:
LO (BELL) det "graminifolia" by TM Wheeler 1995 (erroneous).

SI: GRAV, LIVI

Footnote:
This weed is widespread across North America. It has probably been present in Ky. since the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864); it was "common everywhere" in 1914 (Gm).


Comment:
See also TAYL "Campbellsville" check (KA). This is a widespread southern weed introduced from Asia.

Footnote:
In Ky. there is only one record for this largely tropical weed: an old coll. from  TAYL (BEREA, KY-Agr.).


Comment:
All records are probably var. pubescens, though there is a dubious record of var. robusta from WHIT (gh, mb); see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This cespitose perennial has a somewhat bimodal range, concentrated in the Ozark region and around the southern Appalachians (Smith 1976). Within Ky. there are disjunct western and eastern records, but in Tenn. the range is more continuous (Ch). Variation within the species (2n = 26, 28) has been misinterpreted in Ky. (M, W). Some glabrate plants from WHIT (GH, MO) have been referred to var. robusta Gray ex Eames, but that southern Appalachian segregate (from Va. to Ala.) is completely glabrous and has relatively narrow leaves (ca. 0.6-2 cm wide versus 1.5-2 cm). See also notes under lanceolata.


FullName:
Coreopsis pubescens Ell. var. robusta Gray ex Eames

Comment:
This WHIT (GH, MB) coll. needs further study (see Eames 1916, Sherff 1936, Smith 1976); Medley (1993) doubted this record based on associated information.


Comment:
Apparently only adventive and planted; native further west and south. Some of these records need to be rechecked for lanceolata; see Medley (1993). But at least the BARR (EK) collection does seem correctly identified.

Footnote:
Treatments of this variable perennial or annual (2n = 26+) have been inconsistent in recent decades, and further study is needed (Smith 1976; Cr, FNA 21, Y, W). It is probably just planted or adventive in Ky. and Tenn., where most or all plants may be referable to var. harveyana (Gray) Sherff. That segregate was originally centered on the Ozark-Ouachita region, but has spread into eastern states. Var. grandiflora is more restricted to outcrops, and probably absent in northeastern states, including Tenn. and Ky. Other segregates occur in southern states. There has also been occasional confusion with lanceolata.


FullName:
Betula alleghaniensis Britt. var. macrolepis (Fern.) Brayshaw

Comment:
1 = Medley (1993), sources unknown; check MM colls, Defries (1880a, 1884b), Cranfill; Little???

Footnote:
Although this relatively western variety is not recognized in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 3), further study is desirable. There does seem to be some distinction in the disjunct plants of the Shawnee Hills in w. Ky. and in Crawford Co. of s. Ind. (D, F).


Comment:
1 = Davis et al. (1969).  Included provisionally with pensilvanicus, but may have distinctly racemose inflorescence.

w/MM 2007 see F --this is hairy compared to pen. NE range "cult. and locally spread elsewhere."

Footnote:
F indicated that this taxon is largely northeastern, but "cult. and locally spread elsewhere." Its native range may extend south only to W.Va. (unpublished maps of H.A. Davis and M. Medley). R. bellobatus differs from pensilvanicus (F) in its cylindric, racemose inflorescence (versus somewhat corymbose), which is slightly glandular, prompting Widrlechner (1998) to include it within alumnus (see above). It was reported from GRAV and MARS by Davis et al. (1969), but their sources need to be checked. An allied taxon, R. mollior Bailey, is centered in the Ozark region (St) but not reported from Ky.


Comment:
Included with pensilvanicus; see even Fernald (1950)--philyy is in Pa.


Comment:
Included with pensilvanicus pending further study; collection reference unknown at this time.


Species:
laudatus (praepes, congruus, condensiflorus, gattingeri)

Comment:
1 = Bailey (1945). 2 = Davis et al. (1968) or Davis & Davis (1955)

This species is fairly well-known in Kentucky by rubologists and is retained here pending further study. However, it seems to be distinguished from pensilvanicus mostly by having irregularly lobulate terminal primocane leaflets, which may not be a particularly significant character.

w/MM 2007--praepes separated but only from Ky.; 
K praepes in laudatus (based on Davis??)
F included laudatus in pen; but had praepes as distinct from Ky. only.

D&D 1955:
gatti MONT POWE ROWA
prae BELL KNOX OWSL
cong MONT
cond ROWA

Footnote:
This taxon has been widely mapped in Ky., W.Va. (SC) and some other eastern states (Bailey 1945; F). It is retained here pending further study, but the claimed differences from pensilvanicus may be rather inconsistent: its irregularly lobulate terminal primocane leaflets, and its more leafy (D) or racemiform (SC) inflorescence. There do not appear to be notable differences in range or habitat. Included here are records of R. condensiflorus Bailey, R. congruus Bailey, R. gattingeri Bailey and R. praepes Bailey, which have been considered synonymous with R. laudatus by Davis et al. (1955, 1967-69, 1990; see also M and K).


Comment:
ESTI: (EK) RGGuetig-488 4Oct1987 Ky 52, 4.2 mi E of jct w/1571 at Ravenna, steep moist ravine dominated by oaks forming a dense canopy.

MCRE: Harvill 1941 "Whitley" but perhaps before partition...???

Footnote:
This occurs mostly from the Ozarks to the Appalachians and mid-Atlantic states, usually in thin woods and brusy openings on base-rich soils. It has been combined with var. rigidiuscula and S. erecta in some recent treatments (K, J), but those taxa are fairly distinct (Cr, FNA 20).


FullName:
Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. rigidiuscula Torr. & Gray

Comment:
Braun agrees that this is distinct from typical speciosa. 1 = Price (1893).

OHIO: (EK) RHannan & LRPhillippe-5903 6Oct1980 dry upland woods, L.B. Davidson WMA, between Davidson Station and Rough River on DS Rd.

also "barrens of Ky." Short (Harvill 1941).

Footnote:
This segregate of speciosa is centered in the Great Plains, but extends east locally in remnants of grassland on base-rich soils (Sm, F, Cr, FNA 20, W). There is no overlap of ranges within Ky. It is the "speciosa" that Short (1937) noted: "occurs in profuse abundance throughout the Barrens of Kentucky"; see also Pr and Harvill (1941). Further research is needed to determine if full species is warranted, as S. rigidiuscula (Torr. & Gray) Porter.

   Leaves of rigidiuscula are distinctly narrower, and less persistent at the plant base, with inconspicuous basal rosettes. Also, leaves tend to be shallowly serrate to entire (versus often coarsely serrate), often more scabrous, and usually less bluish. Sm reported that that inflorescences are usually narrower, with thicker phyllaries that have a more conspicuous mid-vein, and with more deeply yellow rays. J. Semple (in FNA 20) reported that var. rigidiuscula is a diploid (2n =18) like other species of sect. Squarrosae; but var. speciosa is known to have higher numbers (2n = 18, 36, 54).


Comment:
FAYE (jc) recall record of Hal Bryan at site on east side of Lexington; along Todds Road and north...

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) is widespread in eastern North America, but rare to absent on most of the southeastern Coastal Plain. Further study of variation is needed. Virtually all colls. from Ky. are referable to the relatively robust, hairy var. nuttallii (Greene) Fern. (F,W), but that taxon is not recognized in some recent treatments (FNA 20, Y). The coll. from BULL (KY) matches the more northern var. graminifolia. Plants named var. media (Greene) S.K. Harris in Mo. proved to be conspecific with gymnospermoides (Y).


Footnote:
This southwestern annual has disjunct occurrences in c. Ky. and c. Tenn., where it was treated in Xanthocephalum (Ch). It is unknown if these eastern populations are relictual from presettlement glades and grasslands, or if they are more recently adventive. In Ky. and Tenn., the species is often associated with grazed or otherwise disturbed sites. Further east, it is considered probably adventive, sometimes appearing as waifs at wool-combing mills (W). 

   Amphiachyris is closely related to Gutierrrezia (of southwestern states to South America), and sometimes combined (FNA 20); chromosome numbers are remarkably low in these plants (usually 2n = 8).


Comment:
Some of these records may not be truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This mat-forming stoloniferous ornamental is frequently planted in northeastern regions, often persists and may sometimes escapes. In Ky. some of the mapped records may not be from truly naturalized plants in wilder sites. A. genevensis L. is a more erect, non-stoloniferous relative of reptans that may also be expected, together with hybrids (Cr, W); 2n = 32 in both.


Comment:
WI = Univ. of Wisconsin Herbarium. Some colls. should be rechecked for ssp. macilentus. CAMP (NK) was redet as ssp. macilentus by R. Mears.

EK: BUTL? x ?? (sterile hybrid lupulinus x sp. unknown).

sp = Price 1893 addenda (cited by Anderson 1924) "filiculmis"

Footnote:
This occurs ranges widely across the United States but is most common in the midwest. Some colls. from Ky. may need to be rechecked for macilentus. Also, there may be occasional hybrids with schweinitzii, lancastriensis or perhaps other species (FNA 23). The lupulinus-schweinitzii complex includes high polyploids; 2n = 164-170 in most reports.


Comment:
Reported by McFarland (1941) from JESS and Wharton (1945) from ROCK; however, these are dubious (Medley 1993). There are, nevertheless, plants in southern Indiana that match this species, apparently disjunct from the southern Blue Ridge region.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the southern Blue Ridge (W, PL). There are dubious reports from JESS by McFarland (1941), and from ROCK (check MICH) by Wharton (1945), with no verified colls. Plants referable to clingmanii or perhaps clingmanii-cordata intermediates do occur in s. Ind. and s. Ill. (D, Nelson 1981, Cr).


Comment:
BELL (1): Pounds (Cumberland Gap National Park report); 

BARR (2): Hussey (1876): coll at Purdue dated 22 May 1874

LOGA (MB): Palmer #17757.

TODD: Medley (1993) cites Settle 1973 MS thesis on flora on East Fk Pond Rv Austin Peay, Clarksville: AP!!! Lloyd Settle-4473 7Jun1969 1/4 mi`SE of Allegre, dry S-facing slope of cedar covered hill, uncommon.

PULA: coll at Purdue R. Kriebel 9648; 24 May 1942; rocky cutover woods of the east side of road # 27 2 miles S of Burnside.

WAYN (US, CI?): check location of Braun coll

Also a Raf coll (?) from "barrens of Ky." (check Merrill)

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs only east of the Mississippi, mostly on the Piedmont, low Appalachian hills, and the southern Interior Low Plateaus, with few outliers on the Coastal Plain (K, W). Although it is known from several scattered sites in Ky., most records are historical. It persists along rights-of-way and other stable edges, spreading by very tough rhizomes. Short (1840) noted: "thin oak lands of the barrens." The only confirmed post-1970 colls. are from MCRE (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988); T. Barnes reported a large patch in this county under a powerline on Rattlesnake Ridge in 2006.


Comment:
1 = Apfelbaum & Haney (report to Fort Knox in 1970s).

KENT (NK): 100s of plants on steep open slope above Hands Road, 1 mile S of jct with State Rd 17.

Footnote:
This is a rare weed in eastern states. There is only one verified Ky. coll., from a population with 100s of plants in KENT (KNK). Perhaps also belonging here is a coll. of B from KENT (check US) that she referred to S. nemerosa L. or the hybrid of nemora with pratensis (= X sylvestris L. pro sp.). S. nemorosa itself is little known in eastern states. Compared to pratensis (Cr), its leaves are more cauline, and its flowers are smaller; 2n = 12 or 14, versus 18.


Comment:
Reported as sylvestris by Braun (1943) but her collection was initially labeled nemerosa; sylvestris is properly applied to nemerosa x pratensis (Cronquist 1991).


Comment:
Reportedly naturalized in GRAV (RA); but dubious without more details of potential past homesites or other cultivation.

Footnote:
This common cultivated herb ("garden sage") may not be truly naturalized in eastern states, but occasional colls. suggest an escaped context. The only Ky. record is a coll. of R. Athey from GRAV (check MEM).


Comment:
These colls. need checking: R. Athey 4521 (LIVI). Cultivated plants are often known as var. immaculata or P. ixocarpa, which was applied by Athey to his collections; this should be checked. Typical plants have larger flowers.

Footnote:
This Mexican annual ("tomatillo") is cultivated for its fruit, and occasional escapes have been recorded across North America. In Ky. there are a few old reports, and some more recent colls. from FAYE (KY), HICK and LIVI (R. Athey; check EKY). Identification and status of these records remains somewhat uncertain. P. philadelphica is closely related to angulata (F, Cr, W), but has larger flowers, often with purple maculations; 2n = 24 (versus 24 and 48 in angulata). Some of the Ky. colls. are probably referable to var. immaculata Waterfall (= P. ixocarpa auct. non Brot. ex Herman).


Comment:
Other records may come from misidentified P. subglabrata; there are scattered records from the Inner Bluegrass (Wharton & Barbour 1991) that need verification. Some plants may be var. pendula, but this is not confirmed.

KY: BOUR "missouriensis" = subglabrata.

KY: JESS GRNP JEFF MCLE

Footnote:
This is a widespread weed in warmer regions of the Americas. In Ky. it has been casually confused with subglabrata, but differs in its annual (versus rhizomatous) habit; its more coarsely dentate largest leaves (versus sinuate-dentate); and its smaller fresh flowers (ca. 4-10 x 6-15 mm versus 11-17 x 15-25 mm), which lack purple maculations. Some colls. may be referable to the rather poorly defined, southern or western var. pendula (Rydb.) Waterfall, but this is not confirmed. BA reported the closely related Ozarkian P. missouriensis Mack. & Bush, but no colls. have been verified.


FullName:
Physalis angulata L. var. pendula (Rydb.) Waterfall

Comment:
Needs further study. FULT (MU), R. Athey 5064, may just be P. subglabrata. This is a western taxon generally unknown in the Ohio Valley; this is not worth recognizing according to M. Whitson (pers comm) but "well marked" according to Cronquist (1991).


Comment:
Some colls. may be P. angulata; more checking is needed.

Footnote:
This weedy perennial is widespread across eastern states, especially in old pastures and hayfields. There has been some superficial confusion with angulata; see also notes under the more closely related longifolia (sensu stricto) and virginiana.


Species:
longifolia (var. l.; virginiana var. sonorae)

Comment:
This western species may be unknown in the Ohio Valley; not confirmed in Kentucky, this species may be confused with subglabrata. 1 = Grubbs (1989). MUHL (LO) was initially annotated P. lanceolata.

Footnote:
This western perennial species, in its strict sense, may be unknown in the Ohio Valley (Sullivan 2004; Ch). It has been reported by Grubbs (1989) and others (M), but no coll. has been confirmed. The more eastern subglabrata has often been combined as a variety, but differences in morphology and range seem significant (F).


Comment:
Listed by Browne & Athey (1992) but no vouchers are located; this widely scattered southern and mid-western species may be expected in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This widely scattered midwestern perennial is known in s Ill. (PL) and expected in Ky. It was reported by BA but no coll. has been located.


Footnote:
This widespread eastern perennial is often confused with subglabrata, which occurs on damper sites. However, pubescence patterns are distinct (F, W), and virginiana usually flowers earlier (in Jun-Jul versus Jul-Aug). P. virginiana was apparently named P. pensylvanica L. in early literature from Ky. (M).


FullName:
Physalis heterophylla Nees var. heterophylla

Comment:
It is possible that some of these colls. are P. pubescens instead.

WK: HART (RN/JC 2007).

Footnote:
This perennial is widespread in eastern and central North America. Variation needs further assessment; see notes under var. ambigua. Also, hybrids with virginiana may be expected (Sullivan 2004); note that 2n = 24 in virtually all Physalis species of eastern North America (Cr). In some early literature from Ky. (M), heterophylla was apparently referred to as P. viscosa L., a name that probably should not apply to any Physalis in eastern North America (W).


Comment:
Collections of LB have been redetermined as depauperate pensylvanica. POWE (BE) (perhaps in processing still) was from D. Dourson (USFS); need to recheck data, but this was considered correct by Medley. This species, and the related (often confused) floridana, occur on the Coastal Plain, and are not confirmed in Kentucky or Tennessee.


Footnote:
This is a widespread annual from southeastern states to South America.


Footnote:
This species is centered in south-central states and may have been native in Ky., at least in western regions. It has now become a common weed, especially in rocky overgrazed pastures. The first record was by Rafinesque (1825; as "Heptallon capitatum"). See notes under lindheimeri, which is closely related.


FullName:
Croton lindheimeri (Engelm. & Gray) Engelm. & Gray ex Wood

Species:
lindheimeri (engelmanii; capitatus var. l.)

Footnote:
This occurs mostly from Texas to the lower Mississippi Valley, and probably extends in Ky. (Y). It has been combined with capitatus as a variety by some authors, differing in its more robust habit, more tapered leaves with pointed apices, relatively short petioles of upper leaves, and more elongated seeds with rougher surface; see Y for details. There are reports of colls. from CARL (R. Athey #694 at MEM) and CHRI (Johnston 1958), but these have not been verified.


Footnote:
This is widespread in the southern Great Plains and southeastern states, with some adventive spread to north and east.


FullName:
Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell.-Arg.

Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM for HARD. 2 = Braun (1943 penned notes).

Footnote:
This taxon is widespread in the southern Great Plains and southeastern states, probably with much adventive spread to north and east. Typical glandulosus is more southern, in Central and South America.


Species:
fulgida var. f. (?spathulata, ?acuminata, ?palustris)

Comment:
This species of east-central states is close to umbrosa but more widespread; mostly in open, often drier, habitats, becoming somewhat weedy in places; palustris may be a glabrous wetland form. Further study is needed for segregation of spathulata.

CASE (EK) is "?spathulata" from 1990s notes but not located in 2006; just umbrosa from CASE.

The only coll at EK in May 2006 is from LAUR (see also BE).

GH: WHIT (including McFarland #3, "tenax").

MU: July 2006 CHRI and LOGA to tenax.

MO: ROWA!! has cilia, no sign of stolons; one from Clack Mt though.

KY: PULA MCRE LAUR only

US: WHIT ROWA

Footnote:
R. fulgida has been defined in a narrow (Sm, F) or broad (Cr, FNA 21) sense; a moderate approach is adopted here. Within the fulgida complex, 2n = 38 (as in most species of Rubeckia) and 76. Var. fulgida is widespread in southeastern states on medium-acid soils, and it is scattered across Ky. on non-calcareous soils. A few Ky. colls. have been tentatively segregated here as var. spathulata or var. palustris; see notes under those names. There has also been much confusion with umbrosa, tenax and other species. R. fulgida may intergrade with tenax, especially along roadsides and other disturbed area.


Footnote:
This is largely restricted to subxeric ledges and clifftops on base-rich soils in woods of east-central states. It is a distinctive diploid (2n = 18), with an unusually short pappus, which led to its earlier placement in the genus Brachychaeta by Torrey, Gray and Britton (FNA 20).


Comment:
1 =  Bryant (1973); 2 = Matthew (1962). The POWE coll. may be transitional to polyanthes.

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species extends north to the southern Great Lakes region (FNA 25, K). A few Ky. colls. (e.g. from POWE) may be transitional to polyanthes. Elsewhere, hybrids with acuminatum and laxiflorum are also known (FNA 25).


Species:
aff. coccinea (?pedicillata, ?pennsylvanica, ?putnamiana)

Comment:
CRIT (MB,NC): dupes of R. Athey 630, 19 May 1969, Dycusburg, base of bluffs downstream on banks of Cumberland River; id is correct. 

Medley's (1993) report is based on LETC (KY). 

LAUR Abbott et al. (2004); (BE), see Thompson & Fitzgerald (2003); 

also POWE (EK), see Weckman et al. (2003); also Clark & Bauer (2001) for FLEM, HARR & NICH (EK); not found 2008??? CW also map WOOD FAYE SHEL TRIM

GH: HARL, T.H. Kearney #305, Aug 1893, near Poor Fork Post Office.

Check also coccinioides, which is known from S Illinois (MB).

EK perhaps in this group:
SHEL LETC** JESS** HARR* FLEM TRIM** ESTI LAUR MART CRIT* BATH**
* have good flw**/frt

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. There has been confusion or combination of coccinea with pruinosa and several other species in Ky. (M) and Tenn. (Ch). In a broad sense, coccinea is widespread across northern regions of eastern North America. However, this name has only been regularly applied in Ky. after 2000 (e.g. Clark & Bauer 2001; Thompson & Fitzgerald 2003; Weckman et al. 2003; Abbott et al. 2004; CW). C. coccinea and its segregates are reportedly rare in N.C. and Va. (W), but more widespread in W.Va. (HFG). 

   In Ky., the coll. from HARL (GH) is verified as typical coccinea, but some other colls. appear distinct. More western colls. may be referable to C. putnamiana Sarg., which is a segregate reportedly centered in the lower Ohio Valley, including Ky. (D, F, Gl, M); that taxon has relatively broad-based leaves and large fruit, and may be transitional to Series Rotundifoliae. Other possible segregates are suggested or expected in Ky. (M), but need further assessment: C. pennsylvanica Sarg. (mostly in northern Appalachian regions) and C. pedicillata Sarg. (mostly in the Great Lakes region but also reported widely in W.Va. by HFG).


Comment:
Found on summit of Pine Mountain in Golden tract; living material with JC in Lexington and collection to be processed for KY and EK.

Footnote:
This is a largely northeastern species that occurs south along the higher Appalachians to Ga. In Tenn., it is also scattered along banks of the Obed Rv. and elsewhere on the Cumberland Plateau (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.). It was recently found by JC (for KY) in BELL at the crest of Pine Mt. on the Golden tract (later transferred to the Ky. Div. of Forestry), and J. Kiser (pers. comm.) collected it (for EKY) from LETC, in a sandstone glade on the Pine Mt. Wildlife Management Area. Wiegand's (1912) report from Ky. of the hybrid between A. humilis Wieg. and A. laevis is also notable; humilis is closely related to sanguinea and sometimes included.


Comment:
Collected with a fruit in 1988; and clearly identifiable as this species; site can be easily revisted for recollection, including living material, at NW end of knob north of Ravenna, near Paxistima.

Footnote:
This northeastern species was found by JC at the northwest end of the knob north of Ravenna (ESTI), together with Paxistima canbyi (Campbell et al. 1989). The gross morphology and range of spicata are similar to sanguinea, which is generally a smaller shrub more restricted to xeric open sites. The correct name for this species has been uncertain until the recent revision for FNA (in prep.; see also W).


Comment:
There has been continuing uncertainty about generic limits, but Weakley indicates this taxon will probably remain in the strictly defined Cynanchum.

BREC: (WK!) MM-5352-82.

PU: SCOT DDemaree 1957.

Footnote:
This is a widespread herbaceous vine in southeastern states, most common on fertile base-rich soils. There has been continuing uncertainty about its generic assignment (W).


Footnote:
This is a variable species of northwestern North America; 2n = 28, 42, 56 (FNA 24). It has been collected from a stripmine bench in LESL (JC for KY), but it is probably not truly naturalized. It was probably a waif in plantings of other seed for reclamation.


Comment:
CLAR (JC): Oct 2007 along Bull Run Road in JKSmith Powerplant; plants grown for garden.

MB: 
PULA CFReed 110293 12Jul1980, limestone cedar glades, Rt 80 w of Shopville; 
BRAC CFReed 139293 19Jun1974, wood ravines along Snag Creek Road [1 mile NE of] Lenoxburg, Rt 8; det MVincent 2006; LGibson Jul2010 found 100 plants!!
ROBE CFReed 139607 19Jun1974, cedar-limestone bluffs, Rt 165 near Rt 68.

MADI: Tom Edwards found patches at edge of BGAD; see his map; check in field
BGAD Area C within 100 yards N-NE of Igloo C904; 100 plants in 1/8 acre; ==?
BGAD N37 40.694 W084 11.380 (his new note with photo July 2010).

Medley 1993 notes a coll at KY Agr from FAYE but perhaps grown at farm??
CHECK!!!!

Short 1840: "in thickets among the barrens, rather rare"

Footnote:
This locally competitive herb with spreading roots is known from the central Mississippi Valley to lowlands around the southern Appalachians, but it is generally rare. It is most frequent in remnants of tall brushy grassland from e. Mo. to c. Ohio, but even there it is largely restricted to patches that have not been intensively farmed. It appears sensitive to continual effects of livestock. In Ky. it may have declined rapidly after settlement, since the only original record before 1900 is from Short (1840). He noted: "in thickets among the barrens; rather rare." Remnants are concentrated along old fencerows on lowlands adjacent to the western edge of the Appalachians. Several globally rare insects feed on this plant (e.g. A. Braun 1930; L.D. Gibson, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Orbexilum stipulatum (Torr. & Gray) Rydb.

Comment:
Possibly extinct globally; the only site ever known was the Falls of the Ohio.

Footnote:
This relative of onobrychis may be globally extinct. It was known only from "islands of the Ohio River" near New Albany (Ind.), especially Rock Island at the Falls (Baskin et al. 1986). Rock Island was largely destroyed during the early 20th Century, in connection with lock-and-dam construction. However, further searching is warranted along nearby banks of the river and tributaries draining native grassland, e.g., up the Salt River to the Cedar Grove area in BULL and along the Blue Rv. in Ind.


FullName:
Orbexilum pedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. var. pedunculatum

Species:
pedunculatum var. p. (P. psoralioides var. eglandulosa)

Comment:
This is the common type in Kentucky, a more western variety.

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species of thin dry woods and openings on acid soils. The typical variety mapped here occurs mostly west of the Appalachians. See notes under var. psoralioides.


FullName:
Orbexilum pedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. var. psoralioides (Walt.) Isely

Species:
pedunculatum var. psoralioides (P. gracile)

Comment:
This is the more glandular, shorter-haired southeastern variety, apparently uncommon in Kentucky. See also MCRE (LB): "sandy soil, open slopes."

Footnote:
This generally distinct segregate occurs mostly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It is more glandular in inflorescence and leaves, and the calyx has shorter teeth and shorter hairs; see W for a detailed key. In Ky. it is known only from sandy river banks and uplands of MCRE (KY) and WHIT (MM-JC). Further search is needed in the field and herbarium.


Comment:
The plants appear to have disappeared from the site, last collected by Isley or Baskin in the 1980s. HARD (KY) matches the more robust, mid-western var. floribunda, but this is not recognized in current treatments.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the Great Plains, and is virtually unknown in eastern states. In Ky. the only record is Cranfill's coll. (1991) from a calcareous glade of HARD (KY). The coll. matches var. floribunda (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Rydb. (within Psoralea), a robust form not recognized in recent treatments. Plants have disappeared at the site, perhaps due to additional collecting by fabophiles. P. tenuifolium is a "wild alfalfa" with deep, spreading, edible roots that may promote association with buffalo wallows and other animal disturbance (Gibson 1989).


Comment:
These plants mostly seem to tend towards var. tennesseensis, with leaflets longer and more numerous.  PULA (KY) and MCRE (KY) match var. fruticosa. MARS (WK) has been labeled var. croceolanata. However, these varieties are not generally recognized in current treatments.

WK: HART (JC 2007).

LYON: APSU WHEllis 256 29Jun1965; 100 yds w of marker 303 on Ky 522, damp sandy loam, oak-sycamore complex; var. croleolanata!!! JC

MB: BALL FULT HICK WEBS BOON JEFF CALL
(colls of Tim McCoy, CReed w/LBraun extract for BOON, AHotchkiss for JEFF)
MB: DAVI EJPalmer 17821 10Jun1920 alluvial river banks Owensboro; JC a bit like nites with larger leaflets but appressed hairy below, not really blackening.

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this species is widespread across temperate North America. In Ky. it is generally restricted to the banks of rivers and sloughs with some degree of opening. Uncertain records mapped as open dots may result from plantings; details of context are sometimes missing from colls. Beyond its native habitat, this species was already "common in cultivation" a century ago (Gm), and it is still being widely planted. 

   Segregates of fruticosa have not been recognized in recent treatments but deserve further study (Sm, F, St). Most colls. from Ky. have relatively numerous and narrow leaflets, more or less matching the southern var. tennesseensis (Shuttl. ex Kuntze) Palmer. Some of the colls. from MCRE and PULA (KY) match var. fruticosa, which is widely reported but perhaps centered in eastern and northern states. See also croceolanata and nitens.


Comment:
1 = misc. records to be checked (Medley 1993); perhaps MM/RA
Foliage is more glabrous and lustrous, thinner and lacking resin dots.

APSU!! TRIG: 1) low woods edge of water head of Redd Hollow bay; 2) swampy thickets at head of Barnett Bay, Tenn Rv;  LYON dry overlook above Kentucky Reservoir, Hillman Ferry Campground.

Footnote:
This is a rather poorly known species, interpreted by Isely (1998) and other recent authors as centered in the lower Mississippi Valley, but especially distinct in the Ozarks. It usually occurs on less intensely flooded sites that fruticosa (often drier, sandier or rockier). This interpretation includes A. cyanostachya M.A. Curtis; but see Sm for a more divisive treatment. A. nitens is easily confused with fruticosa or croceolanata and often overlooked; see W and citations. 

   Plants of nitens tend to become darker to blackish when dried (versus greenish to brownish in other members of the fruticosa group). Leaflets are usually more glossy above when fresh, spreading hairy to glabrate and often less clearly glandular below, and usually less mucronate; also, they tend to be relatively large and broad (l/w ca. 2-2.5), with only 9-15 per leaf (versus 11-23 in most fruticosa). Fruits are usually glabrous, and have been described as "dotless or essentially so" (F) but can often be distinctly dotted with glands. The largely southern Appalachian species, A. glabra Poiret, is uncomfortably close to nitens but usually with distinctive, short to obsolete calyx lobes; leaflets are less blackening, more retuse and less mucronate. Plants in c. Tenn. may appear transitional from nitens to glabra (Ch, PL; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Check MM for these records.

MM: BULL also.

MB: LOGA (CReed); BULL (CReed from "Cedar Barrens" at Cedar Grove along Ky 408); NELS (CReed from "cedar barrens" along Cedar Cr 6 mi W of Bardstown); also "limestone cedar barrens near Nelson-Bullitt Col line); WARR (KANicely).

Footnote:
This is centered in the Great Plains extends locally into eastern states. In Ky. it is largely restricted to remnants of dry calcareous grassland in or near the Big Barrens, and along the western Knobs.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893); check MB; not found 2008.

MB: NELS CRGunn-2051 18Sep1960 open prairie patch on the W.W. Ballard Sr. Farm; atop hill near pond and overlooking house newxt to entrance road; N off 31E, 1st lane S of gas station and Balltown.

BULL: jc saw with Deb July 2010 in bare areas NE side of main barrents on way down to Orb ono (old road bed/nearby).

JEFF: Pat Haragan says loc fre at Iroquois Park but might have been planted; she is checking; JC--no clear record in planting lists from 1990s; PD has a coll. (?)

Footnote:
This has a similar range to candida, centered in the Great Plains. These species overlap much in habitat, but purpurea appears to be most common on sites that are somewhat damper early in the growing season. Although there are fewer localities in Ky., purpurea is still locally abundant in some remnants of grassland that have been disturbed but not intensively farmed.

  D. foliosa is a distinct species that is expected in Ky. It occurs mostly in calcareous glades of Ala. and Tenn., but also in Ill. and Wis. (Isley 1998, K).


Comment:
The FAYE (ky) coll. may be transitional to D. perplexum. The CLAR (ky) may be transitional to D. paniculatum. D. glabellum has been confused with D. humifusum in some older treatments. It is close to perplexum, which should perhaps be treated as a variety, but less than 10% of material appears to be intermediate.

LOL Jun 2008 "laevigatum" of JJMathews 475 may be this or perplexum transition.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is close to perplexum, and ca. 1-10% of colls. appear somewhat intermediate (Isely 1983). D. glabellum has distinctive hooked hairs on its stems, petioles and the veins of upper leaf surfaces; perplexum usually lacks such hairs, and its stems have longer spreading hairs. Also, upper leaf surfaces of glabellum usually have a slightly silvery central band. It tends to occur in drier and less fertile soils. There has also been confusion in nomenclature with D. humifusum (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Beck, which is unknown in the state.


Comment:
There are several apparent transitions to D. paniculatum, including the WARR (wk) coll. There are also frequent transitions to D. glabellum, and perplexum could be treated as a variety of that. However, less than 10% of material appears intermediate.

lower case are poor/incomplete colls OR apparent internediates.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is close to glabellum; see notes under that species. D. perplexum is the most common "tick-trefoil" of abandoned farmland and roadsides across Ky., but much browsed and reduced by livestock or deer in some localities.


Comment:
Another coll. from MCRE (KY) appears hybridized with D. glabellum. The CLAR (be) coll. may be hybridized with D. perplexum/glabellum. Locally common but not widely collected.

Footnote:
This is widespread in open woodland and brushy grassland across southeastern states, but generally restricted to acid soils. In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids with glabellum or perplexum.


Comment:
Plants matching var. mollis in older manuals are not separated here; these seems fairly widespread and often mixed with the typical; they may not be worthy of recognition: MCRE (KY), BREC (KY), HARD (KY), MCLE (WK), EDMO (WK), ROCK (KY), CLAR (KY), etc. Note however that mollis is listed as synonym under pubentissima by Kartesz, Weakley; needs to be clarified.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species, but uncommon to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain, where largely replaced by pubentissima; see notes under that name. Plants known previously as E. corollata var. mollis Millsp., based on their hairiness, are frequent but may not be worth recognizing. The epithet mollis may have been misapplied anyway; it has been listed as a synonym of pubentissima (see Y, W and their citations). Typical corollata and pubentissima both have hairy forms as well as glabrous.


Comment:
See Weakley for key to species; this appears to be a southeastern species known north to central Tennessee, but not confirmed in Kentucky. Fernald (1950) and others have indicated that it occurs in Kentucky, but his treatment is now outdated. E. corollata vars. mollis and paniculata may now be included as synonyms of pubentissima; former pubescence characters are not considered significant any more.

Footnote:
This is a southeastern taxon that may occur in Ky. (F), but verified colls. are unknown. Based on W (and other cited sources), pubentissima differs from typical corollata in its generally less robust habit (in several dimensions); its usually reflexed leaves (versus ascending); its earlier flowering (Mar-Jul versus Jun-Sep); and perhaps its explosive seed dispersal (pers. obs.). There were reports suggesting pubentissima, under the synonym E. corollata var. zinniifolia (Small) Ahles, from rocky banks of the Cumberland Rv. in a 1980 inventory (M). Also, typical pubentissima has been collected from banks of the Obed Rv. in ne. Tenn. (TENN; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM, RA. 

2 = sight reports (Campbell et al. 1992).

JEFF (LO): PADavies-983 swamp, 16Aug1943, Valley Station Rd.

EK: CALD LAUR

Footnote:
The generic assignment of this northeastern species remains controversial. It may become known as Persicaria arifolium (L.) Haraldson, as treated by W. Most or all plants in Ky. were referred to var. pubescens (Keller) Fern. [in Polygonum], which has smaller seeds, but that northern segregate is not recognized in recent treatments.


FullName:
Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) O.E. Schulz

Comment:
Braun noted typical and var. arenicola; but current treatments consider all N Am material is the latter, and this is assumed here, but collections should be checked.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern winter-annual is often confused with hirsuta; both are diploids (2n = 16) but hybrids are unknown. Typical parviflora does not occur in North America, and our plants may deserve species status (W, FNA 7).


Comment:
Typical parviflora is not supposed to occur in North America; see Fernald (1950), Weakley, etc.


Footnote:
This widespread North American winter-annual is polyploid (2n = 32, 64) and relatively variable (Y, FNA 7). Although often confused with other species, hybrids are not documented.


Comment:
Colls. need to be rechecked for C. flexuosa.

Footnote:
Although this diploid (2n = 16) winter-annual has become widespread in moist temperate regions of North America, it is curiously rare to absent across north-central regions with more extreme winters and summers (PL). Even within the lower Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys, it becomes less common towards the north and west (e.g. Y). 

   In Ky. it was not fully documented until the 1930s, when B reported it only from two northeastern counties (CART, ELLI). It may have been present earlier, but was perhaps confused with Planodes virginica when using available Floras in the 18th Century (e.g. Gray 1864). There has also been some confusion with parviflora and pensylvanica; some colls. need to be rechecked.


Comment:
These colls. may be depauperate diphylla, diphylla-heterophylla hybrids, or perhaps some represent a stabilized taxon. More research is needed.

Footnote:
This variable, high polyploid (2n = 15 x 8 to 26 x 8) has not been clearly defined or recognized across much of its reported northeastern range, especially in southern sections (F, Cr, FNA 7). It is often considered to result from hybridization of diphylla and laciniata (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Some colls. mapped here may represent a stable taxon, but others may represent diphylla in a depauperate condition, or may be hybrids of diphylla and heterophylla. Similar uncertainties exist in Tenn., where there are virtually no verified records (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Comment:
There may be some hybridization with D. heterophylla (see D. maxima).

Footnote:
This polyploid (2n = 12 x 8) has a northeastern range. In Ky. there appears to be rare hybrids of diphylla with heterophylla and perhaps laciniata; see also notes under maxima.


Comment:
The colls. from WOOD (KY), NELS (KY), etc. may be var. robusta, but this is not generally recognized; see also a Short coll (CI).

M: Cassia chamaecrista L. var. robusta (Pollard) J. F. Macbr.   Britton & Brown 1897. = Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene. [Short s.n. (NY) Mountains of Kentucky.  HOLOTYPE]

Footnote:
This variable species is widespread across eastern states. Its numbers have generally been boosted by plantings for reclamation or wildlife. Despite little or no development of rhizobial nodules on roots, there is more potential to fix nitrogen in this genus than in most other Caesalpinioids (Bryan et al. 1996). 

   Colls. from NELS, WOOD (KY) and elsewhere are referable to var. robusta (Pollard) J.F. MacBr., but that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments. Its type is a coll. of C.W. Short from "Mountains of Kentucky" (NY).


Comment:
Includes var. leiocarpa, reported collected in BELL by Kearney; see Braun (1943).

Footnote:
This is a variable widespread species, extending from eastern U.S.A. to South America. But in most of its northern range only var. nictitans has generally been recognized by recent authors (e.g. Y, W). Included here is var. leiocarpa Fern., which was reportedly collected in BELL (B).


FullName:
Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.

Comment:
1 = Medley (1993). 
BULL (jc): abundant in Pine Creek Glades on lower ground. 
Check data for MADI (BE); two sites in Thompson & Fleming (2004).

Luckow (1993) Syst. Bot. Monogr. BALL (PH, "MO"); BOON (US); FULT (US, NY, PH etc.); HEND (SMU); MCRA (SMU, TEX); NELS (CM).

SCOT (JC): locally abundant in old field and roadsides along Ky 692; much seed gathered from here for Roundstone Seed and Griffith Farm; check with Pat Haragan also--she may have coll.

MADI: also Will Overbeck says along road down Doyle valley before junction with Kane Springs road (2009)

Footnote:
This widespread variable species extends from the Rockies to the Alantic but is most common in the Great Plains and midwest. In Ky. it is locally abundant on banks along the Ohio River and larger tributaries. It is much less common inland, but does appear to be native in some remnants of native grassland or open woodland along smaller streams and on adjacent uplands with base-rich soils. Some plants along rights-of-way may be adventive. D considered the species largely adventive in Ind. and Ohio, but Riddell listed it for Ky. as early as 1835. Recent local increases might have been alllowed by reduction in livestock or deer, especially in developed lowlands or suburban areas where browsing previously limited the species. 

   D. illinoensis is well-known to be preferred forage by ungulates (e.g. Gm; Schweitzer et al. 1993; R. Seymour, pers. comm.), and its seeds are avidly consumed by several birds and mammals. Its common nitrogen-fixing bacterium is a newly described species that is also important in some beans and peanuts (Beyhaut et al. 2006).


Comment:
1 = Little (1977), perhaps doubtful; but see Tennessee records from Red River bluffs.  

2 = Garman (1913); recheck. 

PEND (ky) is only a twig with no leaves--recheck. 

MADI (EK) may be from a planted tree on the lands of Berea College.
ALSO MADI!!! "Frax amer" Hiram Slawter 13May1968 Silver Creek [!RClark]

Records from FAYE cannot be confirmed. 

Southeastern trees from the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains (also Blue Ridge and elsewhere) may be distinct, larger, more sprouting; these might be segregated (perhaps as lutea), but Michael Vincent (Miami University, Ohio) has studied the situtation and does not indicate this (check literature).

Footnote:
This ancient relictual species occurs in scattered disjunct localities of east-central states, mostly in the Ozark region and around the southern Appalachians. Most Appalachian trees tend to have much larger maximum size (often 5-7 dm dbh versus only 2-4 dm elsewhere) and more stump sprouting, but there are no clear differences in flowers or fruits (M. Vincent, pers. comm.). As in most Caesalpinioids but unlike almost all other Faboids, Cladrastis lacks nitrogen-fixing rhizobial nodules (Graves & Van de Poll 1992).

   In Ky. there are two main clusters of records: (1) in the central Kentucky River Palisades; (2) in southeastern mountains or adjacent bluffs. Several outlying records are unverified, including some from Gm. W.S. Bryant showed JC a small tree at Boone County Cliffs Preserve, but it disappeared during the 1980s; other records from n. Ky. are old or uncertain (KENT, PEND). Further field work is needed in western regions. The record from TODD (Little 1971) remains unconfirmed, but Cladrastis is known from adjacent Tenn. along bluffs of the Red Rv. in Montgomery Co. (Ch). Plants in the loess bluffs of FULT (MUR) have not been relocated in recent decades, but Cladrastis does extend south along such bluffs to La. and Miss.


Comment:
Includes var. glabrescens; Kentucky plants are relatively smooth or hairy in the same or close populations. 

1 = misc. refs. to be checked (see Medley 1993). 

The HARD (ek) collection may need to be accessed & rechecked; fide RJones but dubious; also the NP record from GRAY (Baumberger Barrens) is leucantha.

Also a NP record from WARR to be checked (2006 website); but with GRAY also.

EK: CALL LIVI TRIG

Footnote:
In Ky. this midwestern species is largely restricted to remnants of thin woodland and grassland on the gravely eastern margins of the Mississippian Embayment. Record mapped here include var. glabrescens, which is often mixed with typical plants and does not seem worth distinguishing. There has been some confusion with leucantha.


FullName:
Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.

Comment:
1 = E. Carr coll. in attic at Pine Mt. Settlement School--we need to retrive these bug & climate-threatened specimens!!!  A terrible waste of a man's botanical life work. 

MCRE: (EK) GWLibby-1003 12Jul1995, W side Ky 167 ca 0.6 mi N of Tennessee border, edge of pine-oak woodland, 12 plants all flowering.

TODD: (EK) EM & ETBrowne-5686 30Jun1962, Ky 181 N of Elkton, deciduous woods on steep SW slope to E of road, 2.6 mi S of jct Ky 181 and Ky 107; also recorded at KSNPC (check source); doubted by Medley (1993), but this is a widespread species in eastern states.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on sandy soils in Appalachian and east-coastal regions, from Me. to Ga. plus scattered localities in the Great Lakes region. The disjunct coll. from TODD (steep wooded SW-facing slope, Ky 181 2.6 mi S of Ky 107) is one of only two records from the Interior Low Plateaus. The other is from Maury Co. of c. Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
The LARU (NY) coll. is by F.T. McFarland #43, from Hodgenville, as H. limosa.

Footnote:
This species is close to limosa, with similar habitat and range, but mostly in ponds of the central Great Plains and absent in the lower Mississippi Valley. The only verified record currently is a coll. from "Hodgenville" in LARU (NY) by F.T. McFarland (#43); see also FNA 22.


Comment:
The KENT (NK) coll. is from an oil spill area.

Footnote:
This circumboreal species of northeastern salt marshes has spread inland to disturbed areas at scattered sites, usually along railroads and major highways (FNA 22, Y). The only Ky. record is a 1978 coll. by P.C. Applegarth from an area treated for oil spill along a railroad in KENT (KNK). It has more distinctly elongated rhizomes than any other Juncus in Ky.


Comment:
This largely western species is not confirmed here, but does occur in w Tennessee. More convincing colls. are at least transitional to shortii; see also Medley (1993). HENR, WOOD and MADI (all KY) are based on shortii, sagittifolius, or various hybrids.

Harvill 1941: FULT

Footnote:
This midwestern species (previously known as Aster azureus Lindl.) is close to shortii (FNA 20), but differs in its less cordate leaves, less hairy phyllaries and larger heads; 2n = 32 (versus mostly 16). It is widespread over much of Ill., Ind. and Ohio, but generally rare or absent in southeastern states (PL). In Ky. there have been several reports of oolentangiense from western regions (M, FNA 20), but no colls. are verified here. It has been confused with shortii in the state, and some plants appear somewhat intermediate, including colls. from ALLE, FULT, MCLE, MEAD and WARR. Some introgression may be also expected with drummondii, urophyllum and laeve (FNA 20; see also St).


FullName:
Stachys hyssopifolia Mickx. var. hyssopifolia

Comment:
Reported probably in error by Radford et al. (1964); see Medley (1993).


Species:
aspera (hyssopifolia var. ambigua; tenuifolia var. aspera)

Comment:
Short's MEAD (PH) collection det het var amb was apparently redetermined as eplingii; see Medley (1993).

Prices aspera not found at MB.

USCH: JBN says close to hispida (more northern) andmuch confused; northern records may be all hispida etc...

Footnote:
This may be largely restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain and Piedmont (Sm, F, W). It has been reported from Ky. and adjacent states (Pr, K, PL, NS). But no colls. from Ky. have been found, and there has been confusion with other taxa, including eplingii and hispida.


Comment:
Also reported from FAYE & JESS by Wharton & Barbour (1991) but no collections are located, and there has been much field work in these counties.

Type is from Cincinnati area.
GH: CART, GRNP
1 = Nelson 1981.
OLDH (LO): JJMathews #418 10 Aug1957 edge of pond on Otter Farm at Goshen,
Note also JC living coll from OLDH; check notes perhaps Morris Br/nearby...

USCH: has Naczi from CASE

SEE NOTES UNDER eplingii; where need to change back to nuttalii!!!!!
NOTE: nuttallii leaf margins are supposedly crenate to serrate (versus crenulate) but JC sees not diff at USCH; THESE MAY INTERGRADE (JC)??!!

Footnote:
This is known mostly from mesic woodlands of the upper Ohio Rv. watershed, in Ind., Ohio, W.Va., Ky. and Va. (Nelson 2008; and pers. comm.). See notes under the closely related species, nuttallii.


Comment:
1 = D. Taylor, pers. comm.; 

2 = S. Price (1893). 

Most reports of this northern species need confirmation; 

ROCK (EK) by Dale Noe has been seen by JC but may not yet be accessed at EK. 

CAMP (NK,BE,LO) named this appears to be nepetoides; 

Greenwell's (1935) collection from NELS was nepetoides according to Gunn (1968b).

Footnote:
This occurs from Appalachian regions to upper midwestern states, with a similar overall range to nepetoides but concentrated in cooler zones. It appears to be rare in Ky., but may have been overlooked due to confusion with nepetoides. The coll. by D. Noe from ROCK (for EKY but still not processed) was confirmed. Other records need to be rechecked: BATH (Wharton 1945) and JACK (D. Taylor, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This ranges across east-central states, usually growing in thin woods and edges on base-rich soils.


Footnote:
This prostrate annual (or perennial?) grows on shorelines and disturbed wet ground throughout most regions of the southeastern states. However, in Ky. it is uncommon to rare in more calcareous landscapes.


Comment:
An added coll. from BULL (KY) may suggest var. setigera. Braun noted "no line of demarcation" with this variety; but her colls from LETC, METC & WAYN matched pure setifera.

GARR?? jc recalls on uplands of path down to river...

Anderson 1947: var set ESTI MCRA

Footnote:
This annual is widespread from eastern states to tropical America, but largely restricted to open or disturbed ground on dry acid soils. Several Ky. colls. have been referred to var. setigera Fern. & Grisc., including some from BULL, ESTI, LETC, MCRA, METC and WAYN (B, Anderson 1947); see also M. However, that largely midwestern taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
Includes var. glaberrima. The MCRE (ek) and WHIT (ek) colls. may be var. hypericifolia. It remains uncertain whether varieties should be recognized.

Footnote:
This is a common weed in eastern and central states. Records mapped here include var. glaberrima A. DC. and var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) Woods, which are not generally recognized in recent treatments. There are also a few records of hybrids with sibiricum or androsaemifolium; 2n =16 in all three taxa. See notes under those names.


FullName:
Apocynum cannabinum L. var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) Woods.

Comment:
Needs further study; these colls. are distinctly pubescent but taxonomic significance remains doubtful.


Comment:
Reported by McFarland (1942) but any voucher at KY burned in 1948; this Coastal Plain species is unlikely in Kentucky.


Comment:
ALSO: "Cuphea platycentra Benth." JEFF (LO): VBixler 16Sep1943 backyard in Louisville (3 sheets); JC what is this -- perhaps more robust cult relative of petiolata??

Footnote:
This annual is known mostly from east-central states, in a variety of open habitats with thin vegetation.


Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species, but generally restricted to wet acid soils.


Comment:
The distribution of mariana versus interior in Kentucky remains uncertain. No separation has been made here, but see Medley (1993). Braun could not distinguish taxa clearly, with only BARR (LB) matching leiosperma, which appears somewhat transitional to interior. It remains likely that much Kentucky material is transitional between eastern mariana and western interior.

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species, but generally restricted to strongly acid soils with more seasonal drying than virginica. See notes under var. interior.


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern and central North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is more concentrated on base-rich soils than claytonii, where the woods tend to be more disturbed. See W for detailed key.


Comment:
Erroneously listed for Kentucky by Browne & Athey (1992).


Comment:
The LINC coll. was misided. as var. floridanum.

Footnote:
In Ky. this weedy winter-annual of southeastern states has sometimes been confused with procumbens, especially in early records (e.g. Gm). The first reliable records of tainturiei were not until the 1930s (Greenwell 1935; B), and it may have spread north into Ky. after settlement. It is often associated with roadsides.


FullName:
Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz var. procumbens

Comment:
Some colls. need rechecking for var. shortii: OLDH (lo).

Footnote:
This winter-annual is widespread in eastern states, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. Distinction from the more southern taintueri is sometimes difficult, and has been based on varied characters (F, Cr, Y, J, W). Hybrids have not been clearly documented, but might be expected; 2n = 22 in both. The fruits of procumbens are usually (except in var. shortii) glabrous or nearly so (versus usually pubescent), broadest near the middle (versus below), more narrowly ribbed, and on stalks that are less thickened at the summit. Lower leaf surfaces and stems below the middle are usually much less pubescent.


FullName:
Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz var. shortii Torr. & Gray

Comment:
Fernald (1950): "fruit more broadly oblong to narrowly ovate, glabrous or minutely pubescent, 4.5-6.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm broad, not contracted at summit.. Often earlier flowering than typical C. procumbens."

Footnote:
This variety seems distinct from typical plants, and perhaps concentrated in the central Ohio Valley (but see Y). According to F its fruits are more broadly oblong to narrowly ovate, glabrous or minutely pubescent (versus glabrous), 4.5-6.5 x  2-2.5 mm (versus 6-10 x 1.5-2 mm), not contracted at summit; and it is often earlier flowering. Further research is needed to clarify its status.


Comment:
jc = recent sight or other records from Bill Black, Randy Seymour and others; check.

MAGO MART 1964 Browne colls.

Footnote:
This tall toxic biennial weed is widely naturalized in temperate regions of North America, but it is only common on moist fertile soils. It was first reported from Ky. in 1914 (Gm), when it had already "spread over much or all of the best agricultural sections, and... likely to be found by roadsides and pastures anywhere in Kentucky." It was concentrated in the Bluegrass region initially but become much more widely abundant after 1980, especially along major roads. Attempted control with herbicides in May-June is often too late to prevent seeding, and may actually reduce competitive pressure on its seedlings in the fall (especially where crown-vetch is killed).


FullName:
Betula alleghaniensis Britt. var. alleghaniensis

Comment:
The PULA and MCRE colls. lack clear bark/catkin characters and are very tentatively identified, but this species is known from several population in those counties, based on extensive field work. See also Garman (1913): GALL, which seems unlikely.

Footnote:
This northeastern tree has several disjunct populations along southwestern portions of its range; see notes under var. macrolepis. The species is a polyploid (2n = 84), in marked contrast to nigra and lenta (2n = 28; FNA 3).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); but collections not yet located.

Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 28, 42, 56) is scattered over east-central states (PL, W).


Comment:
Reported by Rafinesque (1836c) from Kentucky as "Thecanisia ponpurea", an old synonym; other reports seem to be based on a mislabeled collection of Short (NY); see Medley (1993). Without any clear collection from Kentucky, this species cannot be included; but it does occur in southern Ohio, and there may have been suitable habitat in the northern Bluegrass of Kentucky.

Footnote:
This northeastern species was reported by Rafinesque and others (F, Cr), but no coll. has been definitely attributed to Ky. (M). There is a coll. by C.W. Short (NY), but the label is insufficient. The species does occur in s. Ohio, w. Va. and w. N.C. Before settlement, there may have been suitable habitat in the northern Bluegrass region of Ky.


Comment:
Determined as var. l. at NC for BRAC, LEWI; these are duplicates from NC. This is the more northern variety, with glabrous achenes; however, there is considerable geographic overlap, and it may not be worth distinguishing.


Comment:
Check variety; other collections are determined as var. l. at NC for BRAC, LEWI. The disjunct LAUR site has been severely damaged due to wetland filling, probably illegal (Abbott et al. 2004); Jim Hays (TNC) is familiar with this area, close to US 25.

Footnote:
This widespread northeastern species is largely restricted to wetlands. It is relatively robust and rough-hairy, with distinctively hirsute pedicels, and it often has more divided cauline leaves, compared to canadense and virginianum. But its white petals are moderately short (mostly 3-5 mm), and its receptacles are less hairy. Most plants in  Ky. are referable to var. trichocarpum Fern., with bristly achenes. The somewhat more northern var. laciniatum, with glabrous achenes, has been collected in BRAC and LEWI (NCU), but it is not clear if these taxa are worth separating (W).


Comment:
Known only from Big Black Mountain. Also collected here: by Medley & Thomas 11199-84 (MM).

Footnote:
In Ky. this thornless northeastern species is known only from Big Black Mountain in HARL (B, M).


Footnote:
This rosette-forming perennial occurs mostly in the Ohio Valley (including Tennessee Rv.), where it replaces the closely related northern species, virginianum. H. macrophyllum typically grows in mesic to subxeric woods with base-rich soils, on slightly drier sites than canadense. Its distinctive leaves are hairy, pinnatifid and the lower ones usually mottled with pale patches. Although virginianum has been widely used by humans for edible greens, there is no clear record of such use for macrophyllum.


Comment:
1 = E. Carr (colls. at Pine Mt. Settlement School attic). 
2 = F. Levy collection, perhaps at NC. 
3 = Wharton & Barbour 1991.

Bluegrass records are dubious (see also Wharton & Barbour 1991); 
FAYE: KY ex KA; HGarman 22 May 1908; "Lex. Ky." (+ dupe)
FAYE: KY ex KA; AMPeter 9May1878; "Fayette Co, Ky. Milburn's Fence opposite Fonshee's Gate"

Also: JEFF??? Otto E Mueller 2/24 "Flora of Kentucky"

Check KSNPC: LINC 1988: S Fk Green Rv along SFk Lake ca. 1.2 m from Rt 501.
NP: LAUR 1979: Cane Cr WMA off Rt 192 along Rockcastle Rv

FLOY: see JC notes from EKP project... Was mapped at KSNPC...!!!???
Also Hal Bryan said he found... check notes

Footnote:
This is widespread in most northeastern states and adjacent Canada, including the Ozark region and s Ill., but it is absent in most of Ky. and Tenn. In southern Appalachian regions it is largely restricted to upper elevations. The intriguing colls. from FAYE are correctly identified but old: "Milburn's Fence opposite Fonshee's Gate" in 1878 (A.M. Peter at KY-Agr.); "Lex." in 1908 (H. Garman at KY-Agr.). There are also more dubious records from the Bluegrass region: ANDE (E. Carr, pers. comm.) and WOOD (Wharton & Barbour 1991). 

   Var. atranthum (E.J. Alexander) Constance is a potential segregate in central Appalachian regions that does occur in Ky. on Black Mt. in HARL (R. Cranfill #2606 at KY); see also W and his citations. That taxon differs in its deep purple to maroon flower color (versus white to pale purple), and lower stems usually glabrous to slightly retrose pubescent (versus slightly to densely retrose or spreading). It needs better circumscription in Ky. and elsewhere.


Footnote:
This rhizomatous perennial occurs widely in mesic woods across northeastern states, including Appalachian regions. It is locally abundant in deeper woods on toe-slopes and terraces along larger streams, and may have extended into smaller tributaries before effects of settlement. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) listed the common name "Shawnee salad" and noted: "The leaves are said to be eaten by the Indians as a salad. Common in half cultivated lands, about fence corners &c."


Comment:
JESS (jc): Scotts Grove area


This plus its close relative, longipilum, and to a lesser extent other members of Hieracium section Stenotheca, have some characters of Crepis. P.D. Sell (Cambridge Univ. Herbarium, pers. comm.) considers that these species should be transferred to Crepis or made a separate genus. But others might argue for a much broader concept combining Crepis, Hieracium and Pilosella.
BUT check with Floden & Schilling; NOT from their DNA work
Crepis quite distinct!!!

US: WHIT McF 38 "gronovii" seems x pan
US typical robust hairy gronovii: EDMO MEAD BULL FLEM HARL LETC JEFF
US: less robust cf marianum: B's coll (see under marianum) also Lix from EDMO

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, except those adjacent to Canada, but it is largely restricted to open woodlands on dry acid soils. In Ky. gronovii is rare to absent in calcareous regions. Scattered colls. appear to be hybridized with venosum or, in fewer cases, paniculatum.


Comment:
Includes var. villosa, which appears to be frequently scattered with var. floridana. Braun records only L. villosa.

Footnote:
This annual or biennial is widespread in moist to damp woods across eastern states except the northeast. Many colls. from Ky. are referable to var. villosa (Jacq.) Cronq., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments and it does not seem to differ in distribution.


FullName:
Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. var. villosa (Jacq.) Cronq.

Comment:
Needs further study before mapping; this variety is not recognized in most current treatments. 1 = Medley (1993), from various sources. 2 = Fuller (1980).

SI: FULT


Footnote:
This tall annual or biennial (often up to 3 m in Ky.) is widespread in submesic woodlands, thickets and edges from northeastern to Pacific states, but absent in the lower Ohio and lower Mississippi watersheds. Records of forma integrifolia (Torr. & Gray) Fern. are included here.


FullName:
Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr. ex Hook.) Rydb.

Comment:
wb = Bryant (1973).; thesis

RUSS (NP): get data.

Footnote:
This upper midwestern species has disjunct eastern populations on limestone clifftops in s. Ohio, c. Ky., c. Tenn., and w. Va. (FNA 25). The record from Panther Rock in ANDE (Bryant 1973) needs to be verified. At Grassy Knob in ESTI, capillaris occurs on ledges above cuspidata. These two species, and other cespitose "muhly-grasses" in Ky. (mostly with 2n = 20 or unknown), are quite distinct in morphology and habitat from the regular rhizomatous species of this genus (mostly with 2n = 40).


Comment:
Check mm record from "Red Bridge Ridge" in FRAN. POWE (EK) is from Pilot Knob (Weckman et al. 2003).

KY: JEFF "Louisv." Short 1840

Footnote:
This southeastern species is widely scattered but rare in Ky., and seems restricted to better remnants of native grassland on relatively dry, infertile soils (sometimes perched on cherty substrates above limestone outcrops). Before B rediscovered it in the 1930s, capillaris was known only from colls. of C.W. Short: (1) in 1835 from the "barrens" (at KY before lost in the 1948 fire; see Anderson 1924); (2) in 1840 from "Louisville" (KY). See also notes under expansa.


Comment:
Dubious; there is a Short (PH) coll., from "summit of acid knob in barrens near Mammoth Cave", labeled Agrostis trichopodes and M. capillaris. This specimen is probably capillaris; expansa is a more southern Coastal Plain species.

Footnote:
There is a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) from "summit of acid knob in barrens near Mammoth Cave" ca. 1840 that was initially labeled Agrostis trichopodes Ell., then annotated M. capillaris. FNA 25 seems to have mapped this coll. as M. expansa in EDMO, but the record remains dubious. M. expansa is virtually unknown outside of the Coastal Plain from se. Tex. to e. N.C. Moreover, capillaris does occasionally lack well-developed awns on lemmas, then resembling expansa, and these species can easily be confused, especially in immature specimens. [But see also Gymnopogon brevifolius (versus G. ambiguus), for a confirmed disjunction of similar nature.]


FullName:
Muhlenbergia torreyana (J.A. Schultes) A.S. Hitchc.

Comment:
This was reported from Kentucky by Hitchcock (1950) but no coll. is known. This is a globally endangered species known from the central Atlantic seaboard plus single records from KY, TN, and GA.

Footnote:
This was reported from Ky. by Hitchcock (1950) but no coll. has been found. It is a globally endangered species known only from scattered localities on the central Atlantic coastal plain in N.Y. to N.Car., plus single records from Ga., Tenn. and perhaps Ky. It should be looked for in damp grassy woodland remnants on the Cumberland Plateau or nearby.


Comment:
Lower case colls. are vegetative, uncertainly distinguished from A. glabra.

check field notes for Palisades

MONR (BE) recent coll by RThompson at Old Mulkey Meeting House woods.

Footnote:
More good colls. of this largely southern Appalachian species are needed to document the western extent of its range in Ky., where it is usually confined to steeper slopes and bottoms along larger streams. Unverified historical data of Gm are included here as uncertain records (open dots). There are verified records from narrow western extensions: along the Ohio Rv. downstream to at least OLDH; along the Kentucky Rv. downstream to at least ANDE; and in the Green Rv. watershed downstream to at least HART. Within these extensions, there is some evidence of introgression with glabra; see notes under that species.


Comment:
Lower case records have correct id. but may be from planted not naturalized trees.

Footnote:
This weedy nitrogen-fixing tree from subtropical Asia is a widespread invasive species in southeastern states. Some records mapped here may come from planted trees, but it is clearly naturalized in many areas, especially on medium-acid soils. Though widely cultivated and naturalized in more southeastern states before 1840 (Rafinesque 1836, 1:41), the first published record for Ky. was in 1950 (F). B did not record it during her extensive field work during 1920-1950, including many parts of Appalachian regions where the species is now so common.


FullName:
Acer saccharum Marsh. var. schneckii Rehd.

Comment:
This may not be a well marked variety; perhaps just a leaf form type on drier sites. The FAYE (LO) coll. has both leaf types on the same branch.

Footnote:
This tentatively distinguished variant may be distinguished from typical saccharum by its densely pubescent lower leaf surfaces and petioles, and by its relatively blunt leaf lobes with few secondary teeth (St, Y). Some of these trees may just be transitional to nigrum or floridanum. Var. schneckii is centered in midwestern regions, but even there it may not be clearly distinct. Unusual forms with small leaves, including some that have been named var. rugelii (Pax) Rehd. (at least transitional to floridanum), are probably not worth taxonomic recognition (Cr).


Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states, usually in mesic to submesic woods.


Comment:
There is a Short (PH) collection labeled just "Ky." MADI (BE): D.T. Taylor 1124, 8 Aug 1981, Berea College campus, grown at Berea College Horticulture Greenhouse; though correctly identified this plant was presumably greenhouse grown only. 1 = BELL or HARL (check OS, US) record of Kearney (1893). 2 = Greenwell (1935). Medley (1993) doubted these records. Wessel & Thieret (2000) excluded this northern species.

NY: none from Ky (Feb 2006).

Footnote:
It seems possible that this widespread northern species could occur in the Cumberland Moutains, as reported by Kearney (1893) and others, but no coll. has been located (M). There has been some confusion with pubescens, and verified colls. of striata are unknown in Va, N.C. or S.C., even at high elevation (W).


Comment:
LINC (ek): J. Breeding & E. Turner, 9 Sep 1937, 1/2 mile from Crab Orchard; on label of M. Wharton. These collections may just be a depauperate A. pubescens, but they fit the description of the closely related A. microcarpa more or less; needs further study. Thieret redetermined ROWA (MO) as pubescens, but to JC it appears to be relatively convincing as microcarpa. See Wessel & Thieret (2000) for other references (including Fernald 1950, all of which they reject; they note the close similarity to pubescens, suggesting variety status. JEFF (PD) is confirmed, and from the same location as reported (and collected?) by Mabel Slack decades before.

MADI (EK): G.W. Libby OB-725, Blue Grass Army Depot, section L, bottomland woods, stream terrace W of Rt 113, Surveillance Test Range, pasture transect #18 nearby, rare, 19 Sep 1993.

BULL (LO): HPeterson-77 12Aug1951 Bernheim Forest, wooded section, dry soil, Slate Run.

NOT CLAR (EK): Wharton 5108 = pubescens.

Footnote:
This is a widely reported southeastern species, as treated by F and other, but its presence in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch) has been controversial. It is close to pubescens, and some colls. may be somewhat intermediate. Although Wessel & Thieret (2000) doubted the identification of this species in the state, there are colls. from MADI (G.W. Libby OB-725, EKY), JEFF (P. Haragan, Olmstead Parks herbarium). OLDH (H. Peterson, DHL), and ROWA (A. Risk, MDKY) that do fall within its traditional circumscription.


Comment:
See Medley (1993) for records, all of which are doubtful, probably based on misidentification and misapplication; see also Wessel & Thieret (2000).


Comment:
MADI (BE): J.S. Bangson, 6 Jul 1925, damp woods, [Berea] College woods. 

PIKE (NC): F. Levy two colls from Pine Mt.; see also PIKE (MM 5872-82). 
(1) 1982 Aug 8; woods edge S facing above stripmine and deep mine face at head of Winns Branch.
(2) 1982 Aug 18; ridge of Pine Mt. Ky side N of Birch Knob 1/2 mile, under beech tree of overgrown old homesite; 2600 ft asl.

HARL (MM) has been confirmed by Wessell & Thieret (2000); check whether processed at WK. 

There are other reports that have not been confirmed; see Medley (1993).

HARL: MM; EK (Big Black Mt. B.D. Fields 887).

g1: Gunn (1959): Bernheim Forest "Trail 1"; dubious?

also CHECK: recent (?) np records from GARR and ROCK.

ERRORS: RA colls labelled as this species from CALL and CRIT at NC are rostellata; MARS (np) should also be discounted; MW POWE = pub (EK)

Footnote:
This is a northern and montane species (also in the Rockies) than extends south at high elevation in the southern Appalachians, including the Cumberland Mts. of Ky. The disjunct record from MADI (BEREA) is verified: J.S. Bergen, 6 Jul 1925, damp woods, [Berea] College woods. However, some other western records have been erroneous.


Footnote:
This is widespread on wet soils from eastern states to Mexico.


Comment:
1 = Wessel & Thieret (2000).

EK: HARL, POWE ("grypo" MW); CLIN

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states, with similar range and habitats to rostellata, but it is somewhat more northern and it tends to grow on drier sites. The two species often occur together in Ky.


Comment:
BOYD (ra) records is a sight record of Athey (see Medley 1993)

Footnote:
This northeastern species extends south into the higher Appalachians on wet sites. In Ky. it is known only from the waterfall at Bad Branch in LETC; there was also a report from BOYD by R. Athey (pers. comm. to MM).


Comment:
The ROWA (MO) coll. has dubious label data (see Campbell et al. 1992), and cannot be considered a valid record.

BELL (NP): Hensley Settlement CGNHP; Pounds???

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to the central and southern Appalachians, where it occurs mostly at higher elevation. In Ky. it is known only from, or near, the Cumberland Mts. A few colls. suggest hybridization with erecta.


Species:
cf. austrina ("gracillima"*; stricta ssp. g.)

Comment:
These plants, known only from banks of the Rockcastle River, were initially reported as the more northern species, S. uliginosa (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988).

WHIT (np): mapped here because river is county line; needs further checking.

Footnote:
In Ky. these plants were initially reported as S. uliginosa Nutt. from the lower Rockcastle Rv. (where often associated with Eurybia saxicastellii) and the lower Laurel Rv. (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988). There has been confusion between S. austrina (largely in the Piedmont and around the Southern Appalachians), S. gracillima Torr. & Gray (largely on the Coastal Plain), S. uliginosa Nutt. (a northern species that extends south to the Blue Ridge) and their relatives (Sm, FNA 19, W). The Ky. plants appear closest to austrina but further revision is needed (J. Semple, pers. comm.); see W for notes on characters.


Footnote:
This is the only alien species of Potamogeton in eastern states (FNA 22), and typical of eutrophic waters (as is Naias minor). Its reproduction appears to be largely vegetative, through turions (dormant apices). No hybrids are known with other species in Ky., through several share 2n = 52. The first Ky. record was provided by Short & Peter (1835).


Comment:
EK: MADI ROCK

LO: JEFF (Falls of Ohio--Hotchkiss colls.)

Check genus name; see new annotations at KY.......

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan species was generally included within Potamogeton until the 1990s (FNA 22); 2n = 78 in Stuckenia (versus mostly 26 and 52).


Comment:
It is also reported from Kentucky by Muenscher (1946) and Radford et al (1968). See Webb & Chester (1989).

Footnote:
This rhizomatous aquatic is widespread in eutrophic or brackish waters of North America and elsewhere. The genus is currently monotypic, but several cytotypes are known; 2n = 24-48. There are two clusters of Ky. records: in ponds of the central Bluegrass region; and along the lower Tennessee and Cumberland River impoundments (Meade et al. (1997).


Comment:
Recent controversial work suggests that all or most Kentucky plants are sterile triploid hybrids to be included in var. calamus, which was supposedly introduced from Europe by settlers; the native var. americanus (A. americanus) is a fertile diploid with a more northern range.

LO: NELS, PERR.

Footnote:
Based on recent treatements (reviewed in FNA 22 and W), almost all plants of this genus in southeastern states are sterile triploid hybrids to be included in A. calamus, which is said to have been introduced from Europe for medicine and confection. 

   The native A. americanus Raf. (= A. calamus var. americanus H.D. Wulff) includes only fertile diploids, and has mostly narrower leaves that lack a prominent mid-vein. Var. americanus occurs across northeastern states and adjacent Canada, but remains unknown in Mo., Ky. and most southern Appalachian regions.
.


FullName:
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.

Comment:
1 = Reported in an environmental study believed by Beal and Thieret (1986); but plants not relocated or collected. 2 = M'Murtrie (1819).

Footnote:
This is common in northeastern swamps and disjunct in east Asia. It was reported from Ky. in an environmental assessment for a site  BOON (Anonymous 1977). The record was accepted by BT, but plants could not be not located in further field work. There is also an old report from the Louisville area in JEFF (McMurtrie 1819).


Footnote:
This annual diploid (2n = 16) is the "black mustard" that is often grown for its seed, but also a common weed across temperate North America. In Ky. it was first recorded early after settlement (M'Murtire 1819).


Comment:
Includes ssp. olifera; various cultivars have been bred but the taxonomy is confusing; also there has been nomenclatural confusion with B. napus.

JEFF: PD sent coll to EK; to check

Footnote:
This variable annual was originally European and Asian; It includes the common weedy "field mustard", also known as B. campestris L., plus several cultivars, including "bird's rape" (ssp. olifera DC.) and the common turnip (ssp. rapa). These cultivars can revert to wild-types when naturalized; 2n = 20 in all taxa (Al-Shehbaz 1985). There has been some confusion in nomenclature, and there are few verified records from Ky.; see notes under other species.


Footnote:
This annual diploid (2n = 18) of crop fields ("charlock") is widespread across North America, but herbarium records are thin (PL). It is probably undercollected (Y) due to misguided botanical boredom with brassicaceous weeds. The cultivated S. alba L. ("white mustard") is also widespread but even less often recorded (PL), and should be expected in Ky. (2n = 24).


FullName:
Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz

Footnote:
This annual is widespread across northern states and adjacent Canada, but uncommon to rare further south.


Comment:
The HARL (WK) coll. was by R. Athey 2921.

Footnote:
This largely northeastern diploid (2n = 16) has often been treated as S. roseus Michx. Typical lanceolatus includes S. roseus var. perspectus Fassett, and in Ky. it is known only from high elevation on Black Mt. Reports from Ky. of the southern Appalachian S. roseus var. roseus and the upper midwestern var. longipes (Fern.) Fassett appear to be erroneous (M).


Comment:
See Carr (1941); although localities are given on collection labels, the disjunct occurrence of this taxon in Kentucky is dubious, and it known that errors have occurred on labels at Morehead.

Streptopus roseus Michx. var. longipes (Fern.) Fassett


Comment:
The CART (NP) coll. was made by T. Bloom, from rocky banks of Tygarts Creek. The JEFF (PH) coll. was by Short (1830s) from Corn Island.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 36) is widespread across northern states and adjacent Canada, in varied habitats. Within Ky. it is known only from three localities: (1) a cluster of sites in the northeastern Knobs (CART, LEWI, ROWA); (2) an 1830s coll. of C.W. Short from "Corn Island" near the Falls of Ohio Rv. (JEFF); and (3) a 1970s coll. from swampy woods near the Green Rv. (MCLE).


Comment:
Collections are mostly from old home sites and may not be truly naturalized. These plants are considered a variable hybrid taxon, derived from P. integrifolia and P. axillaris.

Footnote:
These plants are widely cultivated for ornamental use in North America, but it does not generally persist in the wild. There are colls. are from HOPK, PIKE and ROWA, but probably just near old home sites and not truly naturalized. These plants are considered a variable hybrid taxon (with 2n = 14 and 28), derived from P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thellung and P. axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P.


Footnote:
It is not clear if this annual of warmer American regions is native as far north as the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys (Y, W). There was some early ornamental use in this region (F, Cr), and the first report from Ky. was in 1914 (Gm). Horticultural hybrids with quamoclit may also be expected (Y, W), though coccinea reportedly differs in chromosome number (2n = 28, versus 30 as in most Ipomaea). I. hederifolia L. is another closely related tropical species that has been reported erroneously from Ky. (M) and nearby states (W, Y).


Comment:
Probably only cultivated or closely associated with cultivation. FAYE (KA): P. Dalton 880, 31 Aug 1984, in cultivated bed, yard, Leader St., near UK campus. See also Garman (1914).

Footnote:
This tropical annual is common on the southeastern Coastal Plain but rarely established in Ky. There are colls. from FAYE (KY-Agr.) and MADI (BEREA) that may be from persistent plantings or locally escaped. In 1914, Gm noted: "An old ornamental, sometimes found holding its own in out-of-the-way places." See notes under coccinea.


Comment:
1 = Shacklett (1937). Check MM for MONT.

Footnote:
This is a popular ornamental biennial that is naturalized in cool temperate regions across North America. In Ky. it has locally escaped from gardens and roadsides into woodlands on fertile soils. It is more widespread than records indicate, especially in the Bluegrass region. It may gradually become an invasive problem across the state. However, the species remains rare to absent south of Va., Ky. and Mo. (K, SE, W).


Footnote:
This cosmopolitan annual weed is a diploid (2n = 16), widespread in northern and western North America. It is rare or absent in southeastern states, except in or near the Blue Ridge and Piedmont (PL, W). In Ky. it is known only from a coll. originally identified as E. inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill.: JEFF (DHL), C.R. Gunn #J20, 11 Apr 1954; one colony between River Rd. and railroad, open low grass in parking area no. 2.


Comment:
Reported recently by Abbott et al. (2001); check data.

Footnote:
This biennial (or short-lived perennial) is a polyploid (2n = 32, 40) scattered across northern states and adjacent Canada. In Ky. it was reported recently by Abbott et al. (2001) from a railroad in LAUR (BEREA).


Comment:
Distinction from var. dasycalyx needs further study.  Recheck HOPK, OHIO.

HARR?? Steve Elkins said he had seen near Ky 692 on hills to west.

MONT: Science Ridge Rd ca 1.5 mi N of Rt 460, grassy site N of road; Science Ridge Rd ca. 1.5 mi E of Jeffersonville; 0.5-1.5 mi N of Rt 460, roadside; 2 mi S of Hope, knobs E of Rt 713, at edge.

JEFF: CHECK IndUnivSE

Footnote:
Although this tetraploid (2n = 68) is widely scattered in eastern states, at least on less fertile non-calcareous soils, it is generally not abundant. Most of the uncertain records mapped here as open dots are referable to var. dasycalyx Rehd., which may be transitional to ioensis, or to var. lancifolia (Rehd.) Fern., which may be transitional to angustifolia. These segregates have generally not been recognized in recent treatments (e.g. Cr, W). 

   Although native Malus is uncommon to rare in most regions of Ky., some historical clues suggest it was locally dominant during early settlement, e.g. the place name "Crab Orchard" in LINC along the old Wilderness Trail from Va. There is a remarkable cluster of records from the less rugged uplands of MCRE and WHIT, where open grassy or brushy conditions appear to have occurred before settlement. In more agricultural areas of the state, native Malus appears to have declined much since settlement. In the central Bluegrass it is now unknown in the wild, but Short (1828-9) here noted: "The crab-apple, which was at one time more abundant than at present, is yet found occasionally in the more secluded woods of this county; and, where in clearing the land it has been allowed to remain, it forms a tree nearly equalling in magnititude the cultivated variety. The flowers of the wild crab are, indeed, more showy than those of the domestic apple tree...when in full bloom they produce a beautiful effect and diffuse a delicious odour to a great distance: The fruit is sometimes preserved with sugar."


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but uncommon to absent in regions with acid infertile soils, such the southern Cumberland Plateau. It has been combined with the strictly southern S. tamnoides L. in some recent treatments (FNA 26, W). S. hispida differs in its relatively thin large, "regularly ovate to elliptic or rounded" leaves with 5-7 main veins (versus narrowly to broadly ovate, some or all panduriform, with 3-5 veins). Variety status may be appropriate, with tamnoides included under hispida var. australis (Small) Coker, but there have been nomenclatural problems (Wilbur 2003). 

   Compared to other greenbriers of Ky., both hispida and tamnoides have terete stems, but often with fine ridges. Prickles on stems are concentrated along the basal meter or so, where they are dense, slender, with varied sizes, and blackish. Leaves dry to "olive-gray" or blackish with contrasting pale veins; margins are thin with dense minute projections (ca. 2-4 per mm).


FullName:
Iris verna L. var. smalliana Fern. ex M.E. Edwards

Comment:
The typical var. verna is more southern and unknown in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This largely southern Appalachian taxon is also disjunct in the Ouachita Mts. (FNA 26, W). It occurs in or near the Cliff Section of the Appalachian Plateaus, but with its range curiously interrupted between Lee Co., Ky., and Scott Co., Tenn. Typical verna is more southern and unknown in Ky., with virtually no overlap in range; but 2n = 42 in both according to FNA 26.


Comment:
JESS: RJone found at Jess Gorge; and JC near river--see old map of mine...

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in hilly regions of east-central states, especially on sandy soils in or around the Apppalachians and Ozarks. However it is virtually absent in the Bluegrass region and in lowlands of the lower Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "...found on the rocky or gravelly margins of the larger water-courses. Kentucky river." Variation in Iris cristata is evident at the molecular level (Hannan & Orick 2000), but deserves further study in relation to morphology and habitat; 2n = 24 and 32 (FNA 26, Y).


Footnote:
This "blackberry-lily" was widely planted in Ky. as an ornamental early after settlement (Short & Peter 1835; Gm). It has persisted or spread into many sites, including thin woods and open land, especially on rocky ground. [Compare also notes of Gm on Saponaria officinalis.]


Comment:
Whether these plants were truly naturalized is unclear.  Records need checking.

Footnote:
In North America this showy Mediterranean species is often cultivated but rarely persists. In Ky. there are a few records of persistent plants but no clear evidence of natualization. A coll. from GRAV (R. Athey #2310; check EKY) is identified as G. byzantinus P. Mill., which has been combined with communis or treated as a subspecies. Cultivars may be derived from hybrids involving several different taxa.


Comment:
Commonly planted in gardens, but perhaps not truly naturalized; there are no well documented collections.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean species is commonly planted in gardens of Ky., and it often persists for decades in mowed areas, but there are no records that indicate spread into wilder vegetation (J, M).


Comment:
The CART (NY, US) coll by Braun (# 3945) is confirmed as the typical variety; there no other records from KY.

Footnote:
Compared to var. glaberrima, these unlobed plants may be more concentrated on relatively dry base-rich sites in the Southern Appalachians, with fewer outlying localities, but ranges remain somewhat uncertain. The only record from Ky. is a coll. of B (#3945 at NY and US) from CART.


Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is restricted to relatively acid, infertile soils. In addition to its distinctive mottled hastate-deltoid leaves, its rhizomes are long, fleshy and whitish (versus short, subligneous and yellowish-brown in the pubescens group).


Comment:
These records are combined with var. peckii (with glabrous fruits); but records of that variety are duplicated under that name in the database.

Footnote:
This is widespread in relatively undisturbed, mesic woods on fertile soils across eastern North America, but it is uncommon to rare in the lower Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys and virtually absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain (D, ML, Sm, F, W). Mapped records include the glabrous-fruited var. peckii House, which may not deserve recognition.


FullName:
Viola pubescens Ait. var. leiocarpon (Fern. & Wieg.) Seymour

Comment:
See also ROWA (LB). Included with pensylvanica.


Species:
pensylvanica (pubescens var. scabriuscula*; eriocarpa)

Comment:
Including var. leiocarpa; the colls. from WARR (WK), ROWA (MO), etc. have the glabrous fruit of that var. (duplicated in datbase under that name), which may be unusual; others need to be checked.

NC: LYON

Footnote:
This is widespread in damp, medium acid woods across eastern North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. Traditionally, it has been known as a species; see key in F. But more recently it has generally been treated as a variety of pubescens (e.g. Cr, McKinney & Russell 2002), and there has been much confusion in midwestern regions (e.g. D, St). A full revision is still needed. Mapped records include the glabrous-fruited var. leiocarpon (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern., which may not deserve distinction.


Comment:
The collection from HARL (KY) was determined as var. rugulosa by Ahles but the reason is not clear.

Footnote:
This species is a widespread northern tetraploid: 2n = 24, versus usually 12 in others of section Chamaemelanium. Typical canadensis has a northeastern range. A few colls. from Ky. have been named var. corymbosa Nutts. ex Torr. & Gray, which is not recognized in recent treatments, or var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. Var. rugulosa applies to more western plants with relatively long rhizomes and broader, hairier leaves, but has been misapplied in Appalachian regions (W).


FullName:
Plantago rugelii Dcne. var. asperula Farw.

Comment:
Not mapped currently; no available collections are clearly identified as this taxon; but more study is needed. Braun (1943) and others have reported it, but with intermediates as well.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 12) perennial is a cosmopolitan weed in temperate regions. In Ky. it is typical of mowed pastures, meadows and lawns, and may have been present in the Ohio Valley early after settlement (Gray 1864). However, Gm indicated that he first observed it in 1898, and that its spread was promoted due to "the seeds constantly present among clover seeds."


Footnote:
This widely grown ornamental ("honesty") occasionally escapes, but it does not appear to have become widely naturalized in eastern North America (Al-Shehbaz 1987). In Ky. it has been observed spreading away from gardens only in BRAC, CAMP (KNK) and JEFF (P. Haragan, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This species from eastern Europe has become a troublesome weed in parts of the upper midwest, but it does not appear to be spreading significantly in southeastern states (Al-Shehbaz 1987). For Ky. there is only a coll. from JEFF (Cranfill & Thieret 1981).


Footnote:
The cosmopolitan winter-annual has been common in Ky. for more than a century (Gray 1864; Gm), but was not recorded before the Civil War; see Short's note under Cardamine hirsita. Rather like C. hirsuta, D. verna is rare or absent in colder and drier regions of North America, but it does spread more into the northern interior (PL). Although many self-pollinating races with different chromosome numbers (2n = 14 to 64) have been described in Europe since Linnaeus, there has been little attempt to distinguish any of these in North America (Al-Shehbaz 1987, FNA 7; but see St).


Comment:
There was a duplicate of the CALL (GH) at MU but it has been mislaid, perhaps in LO or MM. Plants cannot be refound at the original site. max says coll thrown out by janitors at dhl.

Woods 1983; Woods & Fuller 1988.
Woods-535 (GH) Calloway Co.!]
Rare on Tertiary sandstone at the edge of open woodland in Calloway County on the Coastal Plain.

Footnote:
Except for the one record in Ky., this globally rare species of siliceous outcrops and gravely roadsides is known only from the Ozark region (Ark., Mo., Okl.) and the Piedmont or adjacent mountains of Ga. and S.C. (Y, W). D. aprica is closely related to brachycarpa, but usually flowers a month later (April versus March), and is more restricted to the vicinity of natural outcrops (Y). The coll. by Woods (1983) from a sandstone outcrop near a road in CALL (GH) has been verified, but plants cannot be relocated at the site.


Comment:
1 = reported from Mammoth Cave National Park (McKinney et al.).

2 = Medley 1993 for CALL; check his colls???
CALL: Ind SE (JF)

Footnote:
This relatively robust, but small-fruited, winter-annual (2n = 16, 24) is widely scattered across southeastern states along rocky roadsides.and in flatrock glades of various types. See notes under aprica.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893, handwritten addenda); 2008 check MB!!!

BREC: NP sev sites 1984 1997; check MM.

CHRI (2) = source of Medley (1993); check MM: 
CHRI (NP) 3.5 air m sw of Empire near Liberty Cemetery; trib of Castleberry Crt" 1980 Jun 4.

SIMP (NP): w side US 31W ca 0.5 m s of Warren Co line

WARR (MB): JConrad-714 13Apr1970 dry gravelly open edge of cedar glade about 15 km SW of Bowling Green on US31W; SadieFPrice 1Mar1890 Bowling Green.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 32) occurs mostly in southwestern states; east of the Mississippi it is rare on xeric calcareous sites, and occasionally adventive. A diminutive early bloomer, it is easily overlooked and deserves better documentation; there are few accessed colls. in herbaria of Ky.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893); check MB. Check Short (PH). This is largely a western species in North America with only scattered eastern records, but including some early ones from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Footnote:
This is a variable winter-annual (2n = 16, 30, 32) that occurs widely on "dry, sterile or sandy soil" in northern and western states (Cr, FNA 7, W). For Ky., there are only a few old or obscure reports: as D. hispidula Michx. by Short & Peter (1834); as D. caroliniana Walt. from WARR by Pr; and as D. reptans, without detail by BA. Colls. need to be searched for at MO and elsewhere.


Comment:
Includes var. glabrifolia. 

Taken out: 1 = Mostly dubious records of Nye (1961 BOUR, ESTI, GRAN, MASO, MENI, POWE, ROWA and WOLF.

Check MM for OWEN.

Footnote:
This perennial diploid (2n = 16) is known only in the Ridge and Valley region, from W.Va. and Md. to Tenn. and N.C., and along the Kentucky River Palisades. Inexplicable unvouched records of Nye (1961) from additional northern counties of Ky. are rejected. Ky. may all be referred to var. glabrifolia E.L. Braun, which has leaves and stems glabrous or nearly so (F). Although that variety is not recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. Al-Shehbaz 1987; FNA 7), the potential genetic distinction of this disjunct population deserves attention.


FullName:
Physaria globosa (Desv.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz

Comment:
Reportedly "growing abundantly on waste land along railroads" by Garman (1914).

MADI: US: No Name #4273a 16 May 1923 rocky soil, Valley View, Ky.

MERC: Field Museum: Anna Kin #34 13 May 1916, dry banks, Burgin.

POWE: GH: M Sheoard 1 May 1874 near Natural Bridge [plus illegible line]; also a 1923 coll (what herbarium??) from "Natural Bridge" (see KSNPC); seems to have been a waif, perhaps along paths near State Park lodge.

SCOT: US: JW SInger #83 May 1930 Stamping Ground, Ky. Top of Elkhorn Cliff, farm W. Carlton; also a 1992 rercord of NP/Shea (check).

BOUR: Stoner Cr site reduced honeysuckle with LIP ca 2007-8 but all grew back--cant find flw plants 2011 fide Tara Littlefield

Footnote:
This unusual globally endangered biennial (or occasionally winter-annual) is known mostly from c. Ky. and c.Tenn. There is also a disjunct population along a roadside within the flatwoods of sw. Ind. Old records from Ark., Mo., and Ohio remain unverified (Gray 1889, F, Al-Shehbaz 1987). See O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz (2002; and other citations in W) for support of generic realignments.

   In Ky., under the name Vesicaria shortii Torr. ined., Short (1837) noted: "This very rare plant, of which we have only met with two imperfect specimens, on Elkhorn Creek between Lexington and Frankfort, is considered by Dr. Torrey a new species." But in 1914, Gm noted: "growing abundantly on waste land along railroads, etc." 

   P. globosa is now largely restricted to a few sites in rocky woods of the central Bluegrass region, where thin or eroded soil supports small populations. Only a few waifs in landscapes with deeper soils have been found in recent decades. In urban yards, the species can be locally established on rocky patios (C. Chandler, pers. comm.) along driveways (D. Svetitch, pers. comm) or similar sites, but seedlings sometimes suffer high mortality due to slugs or other herbivores. It seems likely that animal trails or other disturbance promoted this species before settlement, but that reduction in wilder lands plus the invasion of European Brassicaceae and associated pests has now led to its precarious position.


Comment:
The MORG (KY) coll. has almost trifoliate leaves, suggesting hybridization with D. heterophylla.

Footnote:
This variable, high polyploid (2n = 16 x 8 to 32 x 8) occurs widely in eastern states, but it is rare to absent in much of the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is less restricted to deeper woods, and usually flowers earlier than diphylla. In Ky. there appear to be rare hybrids with heterophylla (e.g. a coll. from MORG at KY), perhaps diphylla and other species. 

   Dentaria spp. tend to have large, variable chromosome numbers, especially laciniata (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Their genetics are complex, with clonal spread by rhizomes often replacing sexual reproduction. Their degree of distinction from Cardamine, and recognition of their many local races or hybrids, remain controversial subjects.


Comment:
Check TODD (LB): reported as "incisa", apparently a hybrid. These are not mapped since they do not form populations.


Comment:
Recheck. The colls. from FAYE (KY) and HENR (KY) may be hybrids with S. babylonica.  The coll. from GRAV (NK) is labeled "var. vitellina". This species may be spreading along major rivers and confused with nigra.

1 = Nelson 1919

cw = records of x fragilis (X rubens) from Argus 1986

CW also map OLDH LEWI and CLAY as hybrid with babylonica.

Footnote:
This arborescent willow is abundantly naturalized in some northeastern regions, but it remains much less common in southeastern states (PL). The earliest records in Ky. were by Pr (1893), Nelson (1919), Slack (1941) and B (1942). It is not clear if some records are from truly naturalized plants, but this species does seem to be spreading slowly along major rivers. 

   Several Ky. colls. have been determined as hybrids with fragilis (X rubens Schrank) by Argus (1986): from DAVI, HEND, FAYE, FRAN and MADI. A few colls. from FAYE, HENR (KY) and elsewhere (CW) appear to be hybrids with babylonica (X sepulcralis Simonkai); see also notes under pentandra (as X ehrhatiana). However, these Eurasian species of section Salix are mostly polyploids (with 2n = 76), and do not hybridize with the natives in Ky. (2n = 38).


Comment:
See also possible hybrids with S. alba under that species. These plants may not be really naturalized.  Collections are excluded if clearly from cultivated plants. 

1 = Grubbs (1989); check MU.

2 = Guetig (1993); check EK.

Footnote:
This is a widely cultivated tree--the common "weeping willow"; some colls. may come from plantings.The mapping here is provisional. It is not clear if these records are from truly naturalized plants; see also alba for possible hybrids.


Species:
interior (exigua* var. sericans, longifolia)

Comment:
Colls. from OWEN (KY), CAMP (NK), JEFF (NK) and elsewhere match var. wheeleri, but this may not be a clearly distinct taxon; see also HARR (jc); to be reassessed.

FAYE: JC get coll from Wolf Run; seems distinct?
Also go back to Hal Bryan's site along his road down to Onan's Bend.

2n 38

Footnote:
There has been unsettled nomenclature within section Longifoliae. Plants in Ky. have sometimes been treated as the eastern segregate of a more widespread species: S. exigua Nutt. var. sericans (Nees) Nesom. Hybrids can be expected with other species, including eriocephala; such plants are largely sterile but potentially vigorous (FNA 7).

   Some relatively short shrubby plants along smaller rocky streams in the Bluegrass region (with colls. from CAMP, HARR, FAYE, FRAN, JEFF, OWEN and elsewhere) have relatively narrow, somewhat persistently sericeous, deeper bluish-green leaves. They root much less readily from cuttings, compared to interior. These have been referred to as var. wheeleri Rowlee, but that largely midwestern taxon has not been generally recognized (F, Argus 1986, FNA 7). Further investigation of these Ky. plants is warranted.


Species:
heterophylla (americana var. h.*; monticola, michauxii)

Comment:
Much---including BALL (ky)--is less densely pubescent, suggesting transition to T. americana or perhaps just shade leaves; experience suggests only sun leaves get densely stellate pubescent. HARL & WHIT (LB) det as var. michauxii. BELL (LB) as monticola.

Jones (1968) provide verified data from GH (including "AA") etc.
BALL (GH); BOYD (GH); BOYL (KY); BREA (GH); CAMP (ILL, NEB); CART (GH, MO, NY, PH, US); CLAR (KY); FLEM (KY); GARR (KY); HANC (GH, MO, US); HARL (KY); JEFF (KY); LEE (LCU); LETC (GH); LEWI (KY); LYON (GH, MO); MADI (GH); MARS (GA); MCRE (NC); MERC (KY); MONT (GH); PULA (US); ROCK (GH); UNIO (GH); WARR (NY); WAYN (NY, US); WOLF (MO).

1 = Little (1971):

LO: JEFF, OLDH, OWEN, HENR (?church yard), etc.

Footnote:
Included here are records of Jones (1968), (as triangles) Little (1971), and (as open dots) Gm. Much variation within North American Tilia appears to be continuous (Hickok & Anway 1972, Hardin 1990). Several colls. mapped here (including BALL at KY) are less densely stellate-pubescent than typical plants, suggesting transitions to americana, or perhaps just shade leaves. For some purposes, it is reasonable to treat these taxa as varieties or subspecies of one North American Tilia species, together with the southeastern T. carolinianum P. Mill. and the Mexican T. mexicana Schltr. 

   The largely Appalachian heterophylla is distinguished by "a predominance of stellate or fasciculate trichomes [hairs]" on lower leaf surfaces, peduncles and pedicels; simple "acicular" hairs are also present (Hardin 1990). The largely northeastern americana typically has only acicular hairs, but in apparent introgressants, the more complex hairs are mixed to various degrees. Ky. and Tenn. (Ch) are in the zone of overlap between these two taxa, and there is probably much genetic exchange. They have similar distributions in Ky. and Tenn., both being rare to absent in much of the Mississippian Plateaus and Coastal Plain. In the original forests of Ky., Tilia was most common in Appalachian regions; it was much less common elsewhere, except locally in ravines along the Ohio Rv. and its major tributaries (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989).


FullName:
Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc.

Footnote:
This largely southeastern annual is a close, diploid (2n = 16) relative of the more widespread palustris. It is less weedy and tends to occur on wetter, muddier sites.


Footnote:
This cosmopolitan tetraploid (2n = 32) is a variable biennial or short-lived perennial. Flowers can be larger than described in some sources, with petals up to ca. 4 mm long. Proposed segregates may not be clearly distinct (Al-Shehbaz 1988b; FNA 7). In Ky. colls. have generally been referred to the widespread North American var. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Stuckey, but the Eurasian var. palustris also appears to be present, and further study is needed (W). Var. palustris reportedly differs in its less robust habit but generally longer siliques (4-9 mm versus 2.5-5 mm). Plants from EDMO and SCOT (KY) appear at least transitional to the native northern segregate, var. hispida (Desv.) Rydb. Hybrids with sinuata and sylvestris can also be expected (Y, FNA 7), perhaps suggested by relatively large flowers in some plants.


FullName:
Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. var. hispida (Desv.) Rydberg

Comment:
There is also a coll. under var. fernaldiana from EDMO (KY) that may be this but the upper leaves are deeply cut. Medley (1993) considered these var. fernaldiana.


Comment:
CAMP (NK): J.W. Thieret 48934, 4 Jun 1976, roadside along highway US 27 directly across from entrance to NKU campus, Highland Heights; confirmed by JC. JESS (KA) and GARR (KA) records were misidentifications.

Footnote:
In North America, this alien rhizomatous diploid (2n = 16) occurs mostly in northern regions, and rare southern plants are probably just waifs. It is close to sylvestris, and hybrids may be expected (Rollins 1993). The only record from Ky., or perhaps anywhere else in the Ohio Valley (PL), is a verified coll. from CAMP (KNK): J.W. Thieret #48934, 4 Jun 1976, roadside along highway US 27 directly across from entrance to NKU campus, Highland Heights.


Footnote:
This biennial from southwestern Europe (reputedly) is widely scattered over temperate North America. But, in Ky. at least, it is much less common than vulgaris. Ecological differences are not clear, though verna is generally more robust in its dimensions, more lobed in its leaves, and less bitter to taste. It is a traditional "land cress" cultivated for food by early Europaean settlers in North America, then introduced and naturalized in British gardens as "American Cress."


Comment:
Most or all material matches var. arcuata, but this is not recognized in some recent treatments. FAYE (KA) matches typical var. vulgaris.

Footnote:
This biennial is a widespread weed across eastern and central North America. Most material matches var. arcuata (Opiz ex J.& K. Presl) Fries, but that taxon is not recognized in most recent treatments. A coll. from FAYE (KY-Agr.) matches the typical variety, in its strict sense.


Footnote:
This occurs in east-central states, usually in riparian or other submesic woods on seasonally damp fertile soils.  It is the only native mustard typical of such habitats in Ky.


Comment:
There is also a ROWA (MO) collection by K. Karr; this is an eastern outlier and label data may be doubted.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in eastern states but its range is curiously fragmented. It is generally absent in Appalachacian regions, except for occasional disjunct records (PL). In Ky. the only Appalachian record is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) but the label data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992).


Comment:
Need to check the collection (not sight record) from ROWA (LB); doubtful.... BUT
US!!!! LB 3425 21Aug1940 dry slope near Hilda; det LB and !DELemke 1984.

US: CHRI EDMO ROWA

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, but generally absent from Appalachian regions (PL). At the edge of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ky., there is a coll. of tenuifolia from ROWA (B), and it is also known from nearby in se. Ohio.


Comment:
No records but perhaps expected in Appalachian regions.


Comment:
Check the BARR co coll data: definitely not EDMO but near line (?)

MEAD: Short sn (PH) "barrens of Meade Co."

Footnote:
This is widely scattered from northeastern states to the Rockies, but most common in the mid-west. It is rare across its southeastern borders. It grows in various types of opening, but usually on less acid infertile soil than canadense. In Ky. it only occurs in remnants of grassy open woods or "barrens" in or near the Pennyrhile Karst Plain, usually on cherty or sandy soils above limestone.


Comment:
Kearney: "H. majus (L.) BST 

This was rediscovered in the 1990s on Pine Mountain in High Lewis Barrens.

Footnote:
This occurs in northeastern, Atlantic coastal and locally in the Blue Ridge, but it is rare in the Ohio River watershed. In Ky. it is known only from Pine Mt. in HARL, where discovered by Kearney (1893) and rediscovered a century later by M. Evans (KSNPC). The species might also be expected in western regions of the state, since it is known from s. Ohio, s. Ind. and s. Ill. (K); Short (1840) reported it from Harrison Co., Ind.


Comment:
Much or most is referrable to neglecta (sparsely stellate hairy), appearing transitional to heterophylla (densely stellate hairy). Glabrate and simply pubescent plants are also scattered widely. Most LB was determined before as floridana = caroliniana (see below). Check her material again!!!

Jones (1968) provide verified records from:
CLAR (GH); DAVI (GH); FAYE (NY); FRAN (KY); GARR (KY); LYON (GH); MADI (KY); MERC (KY); POWE (KY).

1 = Little (1971): 

JC: am/he on loess bluffs in CARL adj to westvaco wma; check ms theses at MUR.

RC: check HARD records.

Footnote:
Included here are the data of Jones (1968), (as triangles) Little (1971), and (as open dots) Gm. See notes under heterophylla, which intergrades in Ky. Much of the intermediate material has been previously treated as var. neglecta Spach (or even a species). A few colls. of B were referred to more glabrous forms of T. caroliniana P. Mill., but this was erroneous (Jones 1968, Hardin 1990); they are included here as uncertain records of americana, but probably transitional to heterophylla.


Species:
pubescens ("purgans"; ciliatus var. purgans)

Comment:
1 = Anderson (1924). 

This is a complex species that probably has distinct variants and segregates, including plants that may be allied with B. nottowayanus. A thorough review of material is needed.

JEFF (LO): HHWoodward #2242 24Aug1968 Horner Sanctuary, open woods 100 yds W of lower farm pond; JC initially ?nottowayanus but not that.

GH: BELL, BOYD, CART, CLAR, ESTI, HARL, WHIT.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, except on the southeasatern Coastal Plain.
Authorship of pubescens was recently corrected from Muhl. ex Willd. to Spreng. (Veldkamp 2009). Mapped records of this variable species may include transitions to other species, especially latiglumis and nottowayanus; 2n = 14 in all native Bromopsis of eastern North America. However, hybrids among these species are not well documented (FNA 24).

   Typical pubescens appears to have rather few (ca. 4-6) dull greyish-green leaves, blades glabrous to villous, sheaths glabrous to densely canescent (but usually without a distinct ring or tuft at summit), nodes partly exposed, second glumes usually 3-veined, lemma awns 2-8 mm, and anthers 2.5-5 mm long. Forms with glabrous sheaths (forma laevivaginatus Wieg.) or glabrous lemmas (forma glabriflorus Wieg.) are widespread and probably do not deserve recognition; they have caused confusion with other taxa.


Comment:
This northern relative of meadii has been neglected in Kentucky; it is difficult to separate from meadii, which may be combined as a var.; Cusick and Risk have both concurred with ids in NE Knobs at least, in LEWI and ROWA.

EK: ROWA

Footnote:
This close relative of meadii occurs in north-central states and adjacent Canada, often on damper sites. It is often difficult to distinguish from meadii and there may be intergradation, but authorities consider the two taxa to be distinct species (FNA 23). Some colls. from Ky, have been determined as tetanica, following older manuals (e.g. F, Cr); colls. from LEWI (A. Cusick at MICH) and ROWA (A. Risk at MDKY) have been particularly convincing. However, most or all colls. have now been redetermined as meadii by R. Naczi or A.A. Reznicek.

   C. tetanica tends to have narrower spikes than meadii (3-5.8 mm versus 3.5-8 mm), narrower achenes (1.2-1.8 mm versus 1.7-2.5 mm), and more elongated ligules (l/w 0.8-2 versus 0.4-1.2); 2n = 56 versus 52.


Comment:
EK: CART EDMO JACK LAUR LEE LESL LETC MCRE POWE ROCK WOLF

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is largely restricted to mesic ravines in Appalachian regions. However, there are disjunct localities on acid soils of the Interior Low Plateaus.


Comment:
HENR (JC): in the camp for blind; check notes/colls.

EK: POWE TODD only!!!!!!!??????????

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in the central Mississippi Valley and Ohio Rv. watersheds, but largely restricted to wooded ravines on calcareous soils.


Comment:
The HARL coll. is supposed to be at TN (Pounds et al. report on Cumberland Gap), but could not be found.

EK: LAUR

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian species is largely restricted to acid soils on low rocky slopes in wooded ravines. It is the least widespread member of a distinctive group of mesophytic sedges with purple bases and high chromosome numbers: austrocaroliniana (2n = 60); careyana (2n = 68); and plantaginea (2n = 50 and 52).


Comment:
See Abbott et al. (2004) for LEWI (BE): rare in mature bottomland hardwoods on Manchester Island No. 1 in Ohio River. The variegated form (var. variegatum), especially, is commonly planted and spreads vegetatively, perhaps persistent in some wild areas. The BOUR (jc) record is from plants that had spread extensively from a garden into native woods.

Footnote:
This variable rhizomatous plant (2n = 22 and 44) has been commonly cultivated in eastern North America, especially the variegated form (var. variegatum Bailey). It can spread vegetatively into adjacent woodlands, especially in cooler regions on damp fertile soils. There may also be occasional dispersal over greater distances: the coll. from LEWI (BEREA) is from Manchester Island in the Ohio River.


Comment:
See also Wildburger (1880) for FRAN. It is remarkable that almost all collections of this alien species were made during 1934-61, with only two later (1960s) and none after 1970 (?). Does this reflect change in land management (e.g. spread of fescue)?

Footnote:
This weedy annual has been widely naturalized in southeastern states, especially on calcareous soils. However, it is generally rare; in the Ohio Valley virtually all records come from the Bluegrass region, Nashville Basin and scattered sites in the Ridge & Valley region (K, SE). Moreover, most Ky. colls. were made during 1934-61, and none after 1970. Its disappearance must reflect some change in farmland management, such as decline in sheep pasture and conversion of marginal pastures to fescue (Festuca arundinacea). To call this an "invasive species" (SE) may be misguided.


FullName:
Perideridia americana (Nutt. ex DC.) Reichenb.

Comment:
JESS (NP): in addition to Scotts Grove, about half way up bluffs behind Camp Nelson National Cemetary; not yet relocated...
SCOT (jc) record is a tentative sight record.
SIMP (NP): Flat Rock glade.

Check Camp Nelson Cem bluff record (JESS); Cranfill/Medley?

Recall: Murphy Woods near Elkton (TODD?)

Footnote:
This is a largely midwestern species of thin woods and prairies, usually on dry base-rich soils. It is unusual among eastern Apiaceae in its ability to spread vegetatively from tuberously thickened roots, which send out runners. These roots are edible to humans, and it is likely that rooting by hogs has greatly fragmented original populations. The few records in  Ky. are mostly in the former Big Barrens region, plus a few in rocky woods of the central Bluegrass.


Footnote:
This subaquatic plant is widely scattered over temperate regions of North America, but generally restricted to relatively undisturbed marshy meadows and thin swampy woods. In Ky. it is rare and usually occurs in the margins of sloughs along larger streams and rivers. It may be a basal member (2n = 12) of a complex, wetland-concentrated, somewhat poisonous clade that includes Cicuta (2n = 22), Oxypolis (28-32), Trepocarpus (18) and Ptilimnium (14-32).


Footnote:
This wetland species (as well as var. maculata) is widespread across temperate regions of North America. In Ky. it is associated with varied types of wetland, and sometimes survive in ditches and low field margins, but it is uncommon to absent in more agricultural landscapes. 

   A closely related segregate known as C. maculata var. bolanderi (S. Watson) Mulligan may also be expected in Ky. (Mulligan 1980; W). That taxon is reported from east-central states to the Great Plains, but it remains poorly understood and poorly documented. It is distinguished by its seeds, with relatively narrow ribs and more abrupt constriction at the junction between pairs (W).


FullName:
Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Schultes

Comment:
Not easily distinguished from verrucosa; needs checking; some collections are immature. 

ROWA (MO,NK) by L. Meade #564 was misidentified as E. elliptica var. borealis (Beal and Thieret 1986).

Also ADAI (DO); and note CART (DO) was initially "verrucosa".

EK: BATH ESTI FRAN? (poor coll) GARR HARL LAUR LETC LINC MADI MCRE MENI MONT POWE PULA WHIT

KY det Galen Smith: BELL ?POWE ?LINC (trans to verr?) ?LESL LEE ("acic") ?MONT ("acic") LETC CLAR ?MADI

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in wet acid soils from Appalachian regions to the Atlantic; see notes under verrucosa.


Comment:
Not easily distinguished from tenuis; several collections have immature spikelets. FNA states rhizomes are thicker; to be checked.

EK?? only LAUR (Charlie Cheek swamp); PULA (Hazel Dell)

KY: det Galen Smith GRAY MCLE ?JACK ?ROCK ?POWE ?MONT LEWI ?MCRE ("compressa") ??FLEM ??HARD

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This taxon occurs mostly in the Mississippi drainage, sometimes on more base-rich soils than typical tenuis, but it also extends east to central Atlantic states (Cr, FNA 23, PL, Y, W). There has been much confusion with typical tenuis, and the two taxa are combined as varieties by some authors. Further work is needed in Ky. to separate records as much as possible. In addition to its distinctly depressed, coarsely rugose achenes, verrucosa can often be distinguished by its relatively thick rhizomes with shorter internodes and more fibrous scales; 2n = 20 (versus 24).


Comment:
The var. subnuda is not recognized.

Pat Haraga: JEFF "palmeri" 2010 coll for EKY!!!

Footnote:
This may have originated in northern regions, from the Ohio Rv. to the Great Lakes, but it is now a widely scattered weed in North America (FNA 4). The mapped records here include var. subnudus S. Wats., which is not recognized in recent treatments. See also notes under rudis. A. cannabinus (L.) J.D. Sauer is a related species of Atlantic coastal marshes that was been reported from Ky. by BA in error (M).


Comment:
1 = Levy (pers. comm.) to Medley (1993). See also McFarland (1942). An occasionally escaped ornamental; perhaps not truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This is an occasionally escaped ornamental, but perhaps not truly naturalized; there are records from LIVI and PIKE (M). The more showy cultivated plants are known as var. cristata (L.) Kuntze.


Footnote:
This midwestern species has increased into eastern states, largely along railroads (FNA 4).


Comment:
Recheck all collections. Grubbs #458 "gracilis" = this from HICK (MU). 

1 = Browne & Athey (1992)?--see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This midwestern species has sometimes (e.g. FNA 4) been combined with the southeastern F. floridana (Nutt.) Moq., but should be recognized at least as a variety (Cr, W). There has also been some confusion with gracilis, and hybrids are possible (FNA 4); further checking of colls. is advisable.


Footnote:
This largely southeastern species is virtually restricted to thin woods and edges along the banks of larger streams and rivers, often growing into fresh fertile alluvium. It is generally described as a dioecious, paniculate, stoloniferous perennial, but there may be variation in its vegetative form (Y). In Ky. it is the only native, potential perennial of Amaranthaceae.


Comment:
1 = new data pers comm from M Whitsun (2008; NK); most are at NK; to check details.

Footnote:
This succulent edible weed is cosmopolitan but poorly represented in herbaria, because it resists drying when fresh and generally rots within plant presses. Freezing, then frequent changing of blotters, is an effective method (M. Whitson, pers. comm.). P. oleracea is often stated to have an Asian origin, but there are several varieties, subspecies or closely related species with different original ranges across both Hemispheres of the World (Byrne & McAndrews 1975; FNA 4; W). Seeds of Portulaca have been determined from pre-Columbian archaeological sites in n. Ky. (Henderson 1998). In earlier floras of northeastern states, there were statements for oleracea such as "seemingly indigenous westw. and southwestw." (Robinson & Fernald 1908). 

   P. retusa Engelm. and  P. neglecta MacKenz. & Bush are robust potential segregates, with more stamens (7-19 versus 6-10) and more sharply tuberculate seeds, which may be native to "rich bottomlands" of Mo., Ark. and further west in the Great Plains (F, Cr). The distinct southern species, P. pilosa L., may also be expected in the state (Ch; M. Whitsun, pers. comm.).


Comment:
The collection at Asbury College herbarium should be rechecked; this species is sometimes cultivated and may persist for a short time. Weakley notes that it is naturalized in sandy or rocky sites east of the Appalachians.

A coll. of J. Brushaber from JESS at Asbury College (Wilmore) needs to be checked.

Maggie Whitsun finds occasional escapes on Northern Ky Univ campus flower beds.

Footnote:
This large-flowered South American species is sometimes cultivated (as "moss rose"), and it occasionally self-seeds into flower beds. However, there is no evidence of naturalization.


Comment:
No attempt has been made to separate the largely southern var. acutiflora, which has leaves only 1-2 (4) mm wide (versus mostly 5-10 mm), and chromosome numbers of n = 6 or 7 (versus 8 or more).

Footnote:
This is a variable species, widespread across eastern states, except the southeastern Coastal Plain. Chromosome numbers have a wide range: 2n = 12 to 190. No attempt yet in Ky. has been made to separate the largely southern var. acutiflora DC., which has leaves only 1-2 (4) mm wide (versus mostly 5-10 mm), and chromosome numbers based on n = 6 or 7 (versus 8 or more). That taxon is known in s. Ill., and undoubtedly occurs in Ky. (Lewis & Semple 1977; Cr).


Comment:
The WARR (WK) coll. should be rechecked; it seems correct though.

Footnote:
This occurs in northeastern regions and the Appalachians. Chromosome numbers can range from 2n = 16 to 38 (FNA 4).


Comment:
JEFF (KA) is from a weed in nursery. This cultivated species from the West Indies is not naturalized in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This cultivated species is native to the Caribbean region. It may occasionally escape but there is no evidence that it is spreading. It has been collected as a nursery weed in JEFF (KY-Agr.).


Footnote:
This Appalachian species is a tetraploid (2n = 48) derived from hybridization of the southern Appalachian P. mengesii (W. Wolf) Kiger and the widespread western P. parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger (FNA 4), which both have diploid and tetraploid races. These two parental species may also be expected in Ky.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 48) is restricted to limestone glades of the southern Interior Low Plateaus and Ozarks. It is probably derived from the southwestern P. calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger, which has diploid and tetraploid races (FNA 4).


Species:
cf. cespitosa (humifusa* var. cespitosa, "compressa")

Comment:
Noted but not collected by Lucy.

Majure 2007
4. Cladodes dark green to bluish-green, slightly glaucous, rotund to obovate, generally
slightly tuberculate, 3.8-10.5 (18.7)cm long, 3.2-8.0 (11.3)cm wide, 4-10 (19)mm thick,
tepals yellow, basally tinged dark red to red-orange, glochids crimson, reddish-brown,
dark or light brown in age, spines 0-2(3) per areole, or wanting, bony white or gray in
age, not retrorsely barbed, erect, spreading, or deflexed,
………...........................................................…..O. humifusa var. cespitosa (2)

4’. Cladodes yellow-green, lime-green, to dark green, mostly ellipsoid, rotund, or
obovate, +/– tuberculate, cladodes 3.1-8.5 (17.7)cm long, 2.0-5.2 (9.0)cm wide, 4-10
(19)mm thick, tepals wholly yellow, glochids yellow to tan or light brown (sometimes
nearly colorless), spines 0-2 per areole sometimes wanting, white or gray in age,
oftentimes retrorsely barbed; erect, spreading, or
deflexed………………………………………………….O. humifusa var. humifusa (1)

Footnote:
Revision of the variable humifusa complex by L. Majure (Univ. of Florida) and others is pending; 2n = 22 and 44. The common plants of base-rich clayey or calcareous soils in east-central states, including Ky., are referred here to cespitosa based on Majure's work in Miss. (2007; Majure & Ervin 2008), but their degree of distinction from typical humifusa across the whole range needs further investigation. Typical humifusa occurs mostly on sandy soils, especially in southeastern coastal states, and there are additional related taxa close to the coast (Sm, W, FNA 4). Typical humifusa is known from w. Tenn. and may also be expected in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). 

   Majure showed that cespitosa differs from humifusa in its reddish flower centers (versus all yellow), and the rusty-brown (versus tawny-brown) color of the small bristles on pads (known as glochids). Also, pads (the broadly flattened stems) tend to be larger (usually 3.8-10.5 x 3.2-8 cm versus 3.1-8.5 x 2-5.2 cm), consistently rotund to obovate (versus often ellipsoid), and darker green to bluish (versus usually yellowish green). Spines are not retrorsely barbed (versus often so). 

   O. tortispina Engelm. & Bigelow was also reported from Ky. by F, but probably in error. O. tortispina is a variable western species with probable hybrid origin, and it has been confused with the more widespread western species, O. macrorhiza Engelm. (Cr), or otherwise misinterpreted (FNA 4).


Comment:
Some colls. from JEFF (KY) and FAYE (KY) have strigose fruit.

Footnote:
This annual weed is a diploid (2n = 14, 16), widespread across northern states and adjacent Canada. In Ky. it was first recorded during the 1930s (B). It has become widely scattered but not as abundant as Sisymbrium officinale, which is sometimes confused. Some colls. from FAYE, HARR and JEFF have strigose fruits.


FullName:
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande

Comment:
Braun notes only KENT (LB): locally abundant.

RS: abundant below Mammoth Cave entrance

Footnote:
This invasive biennial of woodlands on damp fertile soils is now widespread across northeastern states. The first report from Ky. was by Braun (1943), who listed only KENT. Since 1970 it has increased to become abundant throughout the Bluegrass region, and at many other scattered locations elsewhere. Reliable sight records of SE are added here as open dots.


Species:
argutus (immanis, betulifolius, jugosus, louisianus, suus, ?arvensis)

Comment:
1 = Bailey (1945). 

2 = provisionally included records of betulifolius, immanis, jugosus, louisianus, suus; see database for collection details.

ww/MM 2007 betulifolius etc could just be vars...

Deam (1940) betulifolius records transferred to argutus (see excluded species).

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern taxon could include most of the old-field blackberries in Ky., but there has been much confusion with the pensilvanicus group. Typical argutus has been considered to differ from these other taxa in its simply, sharp-serrate leaves, with teeth up to 3-6 mm deep (versus doubly serrate, the teeth up to ca. 2-4 mm deep). Typical pensilvanicus has doubly serrate leaves (like most of the extra taxa listed below), but generally broader leaflets and broader petals than argutus.

   Mapped records include the closely related taxa, R. betulifolius Small (BREC), R. immanis Ashe (JEFF, LESL), R. jugosus Bailey (BULL, JESS, MONT, MCRE, ROWA), R. louisianus Berger (BREC, CLIN, MCRE, POWE), R. suus Bailey (BRAC, CAMP, FAYE), and R. arvensis Bailey (BREC, MONT, LESL). This complex will be studied further when M. Medley's colls. are processed at WKY. Some of these names have been considered synonyms, especially under immanis; some may represent transitions from argutus to pensilvanicus and its allies, or have unsettled affinity (F, St; Widrelechner 1998). R. arvensis may be relatively distinct, with lower leaf surfaces whitish to glaucous and covered by short hairs.


Comment:
Included provisionally with argutus.

F: close to jugosus but "simple blades and terminal leaflets of bracteal leaves only one-third as broad as long; fruit amber-white.--Local, S.C. to La., n. to e. Md., Va. and Ky."


Comment:
R. immanis Ashe is a poorly known species not generally recognized in current treatments; included provisionally with argutus.

w/MM 2007 not in F where he does treat jugosus; see K jugosus under immanis.

NOTE: jugosus (and louisianus) differs in doubly serrate leaflets with teeth rarely more than 2-4 mm (versus simple serrate, longer ones 3-6 mm in regular argutus).


Comment:
Included provisionally with jugosus and, thus, argutus.

F included in jugosus.


Comment:
R. betulifolius Small is a poorly known species provisionally included with argutus.


Comment:
1 = provisionally included records of ostryifolius, philadelphicus; see database for collection details.

2 = records cited by M from MURRAY theses etc.; recheck at MUR.

w/MM: June 2007 lists MEAD and POWE only for pen.

EK?? ROCK JACK MONT CASE LESL CLAR FRAN FAYE

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon can probably be considered widespread in the state, but there has been much taxonomic confusion with argutus and allied taxa. Typical pensilvanicus, as interpreted by F and mapped here, includes the closely related species R. abactus Bailey (POWE), R. philadelphicus Blanch (ESTI, FAYE, PULA, RUSS), and R. ostryifolius Rydb. (CAMP, KENT). This complex will be studied further when MM's colls. are processed at WKY. 

   Plants with leaf margins irregularly deep-lobulate have been tentatively segregated as laudatus (see under that name). Plants with more numerous large foliaceous bracts have also been segregated by some authors, but it is not clear in Ky. if these should be grouped with frondosus (B, F) or pensilvanicus (Gl, St). Moreover, Widrelechner (1998) interpreted common old-field blackberries of this group in Iowa and adjacent states as R. ablatus Bailey, which F included under jugosus (see notes under argutus).


Comment:
R. arvensis L.H. Bailey is a poorly known species provisionally included here between argutus and pensilvanicus.; check Bailey; see MM's initial notes on all taxa listed after Bailey and Davis (??).

not in F

w/MM 2007 whitish felty to glaucous; short-hairy lower leaf surface.


Comment:
Included provisionally with pensilvanicus; however, the name may be applied to more pubescent plants with some reasonable usage, perhaps as a variety; check.

F did not even index.


Comment:
Perhaps a common old field blackberry; but should probably combine with pensylvanicus and some others.

Footnote:
Widrelechner (1998) interpreted this species as widespread across northern states, especially in the upper midwest. These plants have relatively numerous large foliaceous bracts, but their distinction and correct name remains uncertain; see notes under pensilvanicus. They are mapped here tentatively, pending further revision.


Comment:
Reported by McFarland (1942) but any collection was burned in 1948; seems unlikely in Kentucky.

Footnote:
Typical distortus is centered in Ozarkian regions from Okl. to Ill., including records from se. Mo. close to Ky. (PL). There are also disjunct plants in the shale-barrens of W.Va., Va. and Md. (W). The species was reported by McFarland (1942) from Ky., but any claimed coll. was presumably burned in 1948.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993) sources; check literature. 
These mostly old, pre-1950 records; the species is known from only 3-4 records during the past 20 years.

LO: Jun 2008; both slight/moderate insect damage
CASE PADavies sn 24 Jun 1950: stream bank, Allen Creek.
MEAD RCHoskinson #299 25 Jun 1950: bottom soil along small stream near RR tracks S of the Rock Haven Depot.

Footnote:
This variable species is widely scattered in varied habitats across North America, but it is uncommon to rare in most eastern states (NS). In Ky. most records date from before 1950, and there are only 3 or 4 records from after 1980. Most of these plants may be referable to the eastern var. carolinianum (L.) M.E. Jones, which has a more open raceme. Typical var. canadensis is centered in the Mississippi Valley (Barneby 1964). However, this taxonomic distinction may be unclear, and it is not accepted in most recent treatments (Isely 1990; K, W).


Comment:
Apparently declined in recent decades. 
1 = McFarland (1941). 
2 = sources of Medley (1993). 
3 = Vincent (2001).

Footnote:
This annual clover ("rabbit-foot") has not become widely used for forage. Most records date from 1893 (Pr) to 1943 (B). In 1914, Gm noted it was "common on rather poor soils" in western regions, but it has apparently declined in recent decades.


Comment:
This northern and western species is somewhat weedy and might be expected in northern Kentucky.

OLDH: (LO) JJMathews-309 16Jun1957 open bottom at Harmony Landing; initially det as "A. hirsuta"

Footnote:
This monotypic circumboreal genus has a widespread northern and western range in North America, and may only be adventive in some southeastern states (W). It is a diploid (2n = 12) that is reportedly an annual, biennial or short-lived perennial (Cr, FNA 7, W). In Ky. it is known only from OLDH (DHL) and SHEL (KY-Agr.). There is also a general report from c. Ky. by Linney (1882), under the synonym Arabis perfoliata Lam.


Comment:
1 = Hopkins (1937) fide Braun (1943); includes CART...

EK: CART CARL CHRI CLAY ELLI ESTI FLEM FLOY HANC HARL KNOT LETC LOGA MAGO MARIO NELS PIKE ROCK ROWA TODD

no bluegrass records??
Max lists for 1986 Apr 20 field notes at Jess Gorge; check his colls.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern biennial generally occurs in rocky woods on acid, non-calcareous soils.


FullName:
Boechera dentata (Raf.) Al-Shehbaz & Zarucchi

Comment:
The NC colls are by RA. 1 = sources of Medley (1993). 2 = Price (1893).

EK: LIVI MCRA SCOT = BDFields 860 4Jun1996 steep slope above w bank N Elkhorn Cr ca 100 yards s of Ky 1262 bridge.

Footnote:
This biennial (or perhaps short-lived perennial) is widely scattered across east-central states, but generally uncommon to rare in Appalachian regions and the Ohio Valley (Al-Shehbaz 1988b; NS). Under the name Sisymbrium dentatum Torr., Short (1837) noted: "occurs abundantly on sandy banks of the Ohio river, flowering very early in the spring." The nomenclatural priority of dentata Raf. over shortii Fern. has been recently clarified (Al-Shehbaz & Zarucchi 2008).


Comment:
There are several other recent records; to be detailed.

MCRE: Aug 2011 one collected along toe slope of Big South Fork
not seen before--is this a waif from upstream valleys in Rugged Hills???

Footnote:
Recognition of this species was advanced by Mohlenbrock (1985), but it was treated as a subspecies in FNA 25. D. joorii is widely scattered in the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, and perhaps south to Mexico (FNA 25), but unknown in Atlantic states (W). It typically occurs in subhydric to submesic woods, especially on riparian levees, mossy banks and hummocks along medium to small-sized streams. Further collection is needed to document its range and improve description. 

   Although joorii is close to commutatum, complete colls. can be reliably distinguished. D. joorii differs in its more elongated spikelets (up to 2.9-3.2 mm versus 2.6-2.9 mm), with more pointed lemmas; panicles tend to be smaller (mostly 3-9 cm long versus 6-12 cm); blades are falcate (versus almost symmetric at base); culms are usually shorter (mostly 20-40 cm versus 40-70 cm), and decumbent to sprawling from loose caudices or rhizomes (versus erect and cespitose).


Comment:
Not confirmed. A Cranfill collection from HARD (KY) was redetermined by JC as boscii. Included in Jones (2005); details to be checked.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) occurs mostly in the upper midwest, but extending close to Ky. in s. Ill. and s. Ohio (FNA 25). It has been reported from Ky. (J), but confirmed colls. have not been located. A provisional report from HARD by R. Cranfill (pers. comm. to M) was based on a misidentified coll. of boscii (KY).


FullName:
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. ex Engelm. & Gray

Comment:
This southern Appalachian species needs to be verified for Kentucky. The BELL (RC) collection may be at UC, Berkley. There may also be a report from BULL (mm); check his catalog.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian species is close to gronovii. It has been reported from BELL, with a coll. by R. Cranfill (Univ. of California, Berkley) that needs to be checked (M). In Tenn. rostrata is known only from the Blue Ridge (Ch).


Comment:
1 = Hoagland & Jones (1992); but apparently misidentified.

This southern species may be alien ("Peruvian dodder"). It was reported by Ga and Hoagland & Jones (1992; see also K and W, but not J). However, Hoagland's colls. are probably C. pentagona.


Comment:
Recheck all Cuscuta! 1 = sources of Medley (1993);  but these need checking.

JESS (EK): Jones 3876, det Libby :4 merous ascending corolla lobes; could be correct but rather little material; did not want to dissect!!!

Footnote:
This 3- or 4-merous species occurs from mid-Atlantic states to the midwest, usually in wetlands on Polygonum spp. and associated herbs. Costea et al. (2006) considered it globally vulnerable (G3). The related 5-merous species, C. obtusiflora Kunth., is known mostly from Gulf Coastal states and the West Indies,  but it has been reported from Ky. (Hoagland & Jones 1992). A verified coll. of obtusiflora has not been located, and it was excluded by J (see also W and citations).


Comment:
The MM collection needs to be located at WK. Browne & Athey (1992) also report this species from the Bluegrass, but there is no collection at KY.

Footnote:
This papillate-flowered species occurs mostly in northern and western regions. C. coryli is close to the more southern indecora, and occurs in similar habitats. But it is much less common, and has been considered globally imperiled or vulnerable (G2G3) by Costea et al. (2006c). In Ky. colls. have been from reported HARD (MM #19271-89 for WKY) and probably elsewhere (M; Costea et al. 2006c), but details are not yet available.


Comment:
1 = Funk & Fuller (1978); 2 = Shacklett (1937).

Footnote:
This 3- or 4-merous species is widespread in wetlands of northern and western states but rare in the southeast (K, W). In Ky. it has been reported only from CALL (Funk & Fuller 1978; check MUR), ROWA (B; check US) and UNIO (Shacklett 1937; check KY-Agr.). Colls. probably exist to support these reports, but have not been confirmed.


Comment:
The CAMP and GALL (NK) records are from a cemetary and roadside, respectively; are these truly naturalized?

Footnote:
This frequently cultivated ornamental alien ("porcelain berry") was first reported by BA in 1992. It has escaped into parks, roadsides and other urban and suburban sites, but it has not yet spread significantly into rural areas. In Louisville, it became locally dominant in Cherokee Park after the 1974 tornado, and is now widespread in the city (P. Haragan, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Ligusticum canadense (L.) Britt. var. nov.

Species:
canadense var. nov. {southern Appalachian variant}

Comment:
Restricted to open boulder-cobble bars along the Big South Fork and Cumberland River; to be studied further. Its narrow leaf segments are distinctive.

GH (2006); NY (2007): on loan to Dr. Wendy Applequist at MOBOT.

There are colls. (GH) of similar plants from Va. (Greenville & perhaps Smyth Cos.) and perhaps S.C. (Oconee Co.).

UNIV of TENN: TN (Bledsoe @Falls Creek Falls etc., Cumberland @Daddys Creek, Franklin, Grundy, Morgan @Obed, Overton, Rhea, Scott @Big SFk), Sequatchie, Van Buren @uplands); AL (Dekalb @Little Rv floodplain!). ALSO in Great Smoky Mts of TN (Polk) and NC (Swain @High Rocks 5190 ft asl).

Footnote:
These plants are known only from the southern Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn. and Ala., and from in or near the southern Blue Ridge of Va., Tenn., N.C. and S.C. (GH, KY, NCU, TENN. They are generally restricted to naturally open habitats, especially on seasonally xeric rocky soils. In Ky. they are known only from the open boulder-cobble bars along the Cumberland River and its major tributaries. 

   This variant differs from typical canadense in its narrower leaf-segments: the largest segments of lower leaves are ca. 1-2.5 (3) cm wide (versus (2.5) 3-6.5 (7) cm); the largest of upper regular leaves are ca. (0.4) 0.7-1.5 (2.2) cm wide (versus (1) 2-3 (4) cm), and usually less serrated than lower leaves to almost entire (versus equally serrated or nearly so). Also, leaves are usually plain green (versus rather deep bluish-green); and stems usually do not darken much with age (versus dark blackish/purplish brown).


Comment:
WARR 1 = Price (1893). 

FAYE 2 = Garman 1914; also Anderson (1947) but earlier mismapped as HART.

HART hg = Garman 1914? check

CART Also reported from CART by Huffaker (1975) but no collection located at MO.

Footnote:
This monotypic genus is a common weedy annual of Europe that is naturalized in northeastern states, but does not seem to be spreading within Ky. or more southeastern states (W). The few records here date only from 1893 (Pr) to 1947 (or perhaps an unverified record in 1975).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A.& D. Löve var. tenuipes (Wieg.) Nesom

Comment:
Colls. of lateriflorum from MCRE, MARS and perhaps elsewhere have glabrous midveins, suggesting the northern var. tenuipes; such plants appear typical of swampy (often streamhead) sites. Further study of the species is needed for proper mapping.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A.& D. Löve var. horizontale (Desf.) Nesom

Species:
lateriflorum var. horizontale (A. pendulus)

Comment:
More open inflorescence, more southern; indistinct in Kentucky. 

1 = BELL Wiegand (1928) citing Kearney, 1893, nr. Wasioto; check GH, NY, OS. 

2 = MCRE Rogers (1941) citing Rogers 1173, 4 Oct 1940, woods at Bauer

3 = other records of Wiegand (1928), Harvill (1941) (= ah)


Species:
racemosum (A. fragilis/vimineus var. subdumosus)

Comment:
Some colls. may be closer to var. vimineus (GARR, BATH, CAMP, ROWA) or appear to be transitional to other taxa (dumosus, lateriflorus, pilosus). More study is needed.

EK: BELL HARL along roads/edges!!!; CALL "ericoides"

KY: MCRE redet colls as this from "dumosus"; has long rhizomes!!!

Footnote:
This is a variable species (2n = 16, 32) of diverse damp open habitats, mostly in southeastern states (FNA 20, Y). In Ky. many plants have been referred to var. subdumosus (Wieg.) Nesom, with a description that appears transitional to S. lanceolatum (e.g. F; see also Y). However, that taxon has not been recognized in most recent treatments. 

   Several atypical colls., including some formerly identified as "A. vimineus Lam." (from BATH, CAMP, GARR and ROWA), suggest hybrids with lateriflorum, dumosum, or pilosum. In general, racemosum appears intermediate between lateriflorum (sharing secund heads and relatively short rhizomes) and dumosum (sharing narrow glabrous leaves, much reduced upwards, and short disc corolla lobes); see Semple et al. (2002).


Comment:
Variation needs further study; the species may often be confused with ontarionis. See also var. interior.

Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 32 to 64) is widespread across eastern North America. It needs further revision in Ky., using recent treatments of J.C. Semple (FNA 20; Semple et al. 2002) and others (Y, W). S. lanceolatum usually occurs in dense stands with erect stems on distinctly long rhizomes, ascending paniculate branches, and heads usually on 0.5-5 cm peduncles (rarely secund). New shoots are produced only at distance from stem bases, as in ontarione and dumosum but not lateriflorum or pilosum. S. lanceolatum can hybridize with several other species, including lateriflorum, ontarione and racemosum. It is often confused with ontarione, but leaves are usually more elongated and largely glabrous (versus softly short-hairy, at least on upper leaves). 

   Many Ky. plants were previously known as "Aster simplex Lam." or A. lanceolatus var. simplex (Willd.) A.G. Jones, but the type of simplex suggests a hybrid with lateriflorum (Cr). Most plants in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch) may be referable to the widespread, southeastern var. latifolium (Semple & Chmiel.) Nesom, with relatively large heads and broad leaves (2n = 64). The upper midwestern var. interior (Wieg.) Nesom, with relatively small heads (2n = 48, 64), has been reported from BULL (Gunn 1968), CARL (Mohlenbrock et al. 1966), ESTI (Anderson 1947), and elsewhere, but colls. have not yet been reviewed. The more northern var. lanceolatum (including A. simplex var. ramosissimus (Torr. & Gray) Cronq.), with relatively narrow leaves (2n = 48, 56, 64) has not been confirmed in the state.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom var. interior (Wieg.) Nesom

Species:
lanceolatum var. interior (A. simplex var. ramosissimus)

Comment:
Not confirmed. 

1 = Mohlenbrock et al. (1966); check SI. 

2 = Gunn (1968); check county. 

This western taxon is mapped close to Kentucky in Indiana and Missouri; see Medley (1993). 

It is considered a hybrid (with what?) in some treatments.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893), as A. salicifolius. 

CALL (RA) is Athey #5022 (check Medley etc.).

GRAY (KY): US 62 near bridge of Clifty Cr, edge of woods on hill in limestone derived soil; DPittillo 2598; 15Sep1962.

The MADI (EK) coll. needs varietal det. 

There is also a Short coll. (GH) from Kentucky (no further locality) det. as var. praealtus by Wiegand in 1933. 

Linney (1882) also reported the synonymous A. carneus.

GH: none.

Footnote:
This variable (2n = 32, 48, 64), widespread, midwestern and northern species may have been often overlooked in Ky. It can be confused with lanceolatum (perhaps its closest relative), lateriflorum and other species; also, hybrids may be expected (FNA 20). 

   Most records from Ky. need to be checked, at least for variety. The colls. from GRAY (D. Pittillo #2598 at KY) and MADI (R. Jones #4157 at EKY) appear to be var. praealtum. More obscure reports indicating typical praealtum (M) come from Linney (1882; as A. carneus Nees), Pr (as A. salicifolius Ait.), and Wiegand (1933; citing a coll. of Short at GH that cannot be located). The colls. from CALL and MCRA (in catalog of R. Athey, check MEM) have been referred to var. subasperum (Lindl. in Hook.) Nesom, which is probably a distinct southwestern segregate.


Comment:
There is also a coll. named "Lotus tenuis" from a stripmine in BREA (LO), perhaps from sown seed.

Footnote:
This low spreading perennial become widely promoted for forage in North America after 1950 (F), especially in northern regions (Cr), but it remains uncommon in wamer regions of the southeast (W). In Ky. it was first recorded as a wild plant in 1992 (BA; Chester 1992), and it been much used since then for showy roadside plantings, often spreading into nearby mowed areas. There is also a coll. labelled L. tenuis Waldst. & Kit ex Willd. (= L. corniculatus var. tenuifolius) from a stripmine in BREA (DHL), perhaps established from sown seed. Curiously, Lotus spp. were not used in early forage trials at the Univ. of Ky. ca. 1890-1900 (Gm). The related Anthyllis vulneraria L. was tried and recommended but did not become naturalized.


FullName:
Phlox glaberrima L. var. interior Wherry

Comment:
1 = Wherry (1929-34). 
Recheck colls for ssp. glaberrima.

JEFF (LO): MKranz-122 26May1964 field on Brown Austin Rd.

LYON (jc): seen along US 62 near LBL nice patches in low areas ica. 2003; T. Barnes may have photos.

MENI (GH): var. melampyrifolia (Salisb.) Wherry; but other colls from MENI (LO) named "glaberrima" seem to be carolina... recheck...

MCRA: KY W KY WMA prairie

NELS (GH): Short 1840 (but det. triflora by Wherry); JC thinks glab??

EK: CALL MCLE

Footnote:
All material of this species in Ky. seems to be var. interior, which occurs largely on the Interior Low Plateaus and adjacent glacial plains, especially in Ind. and Ill. However, colls. should also be rechecked for possible confusion or intergradation with other taxa.


Comment:
1 (MARS and MCRA) = Wherry (1929-34); but he did not map this taxon for Kentucky in Wherry (1955). Perhaps other colls of "interior" from the Coastal Plain should be transferred to this taxon, but its occurrence remains speculative.

A coll from Alabama at EKY may be this: RKral 42960 Choctaw Co. [with ascending subcordate leaves]

Anderson 1947: ESTI var. melam.

Footnote:
Further revision is needed, but this taxon appears to be largely centered on the Piedmont further east (Va., N.C. & S.C.), disjunct from var. interior (Wherry 1955; W). Wherry (1929-34) did initially map this taxon in MARS and MCRA, and F indicated a broad southern range including w. Ky. However, these and other reports of var. glaberrima or var. melampyrifolia (Salisb.) Wherry may be erroneous (M).


Species:
triflora (glaberrima* var. t., carolina var. t.)

Comment:
These largely Appalachian plants have been placed with P. carolina or glaberrima, but may deserve distinct species status. 

1 = Wherry (1929-34); ESTI is at GH.

Some western colls. need rechecking for glaberrima.

GH: ESTI, MADI

LO: JEFF!?! hillside Harrods Cr. EM Little May1948.

EK: BATH CHRI EDMO ESTI FLEM GARR LEE MADI POWE ROWA WARR MENI

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian taxon has been treated as a variety of the east-central glaberrima or the southeastern carolina (see notes under those species), but further revision is needed. Initial DNA-sequencing has indicated that triflora does not clearly belong to either species, and some samples suggest a near-basal position in the whole glaberrima-pilosa complex or even affinity to paniculata (Ferguson & Jansen 2002).

   P. triflora appears to be generally distinct in Ky., and it may be closest to glaberrima, based on its "subcampanulate" calyx (W). Records from the Shawnee Hills of w. Ky. and s. Ind. are verified (see also D), but other disjunct western colls. should be rechecked for transitions to glaberrima or carolina. Curiously, triflora is unknown in the Cumberland Mts. (at least in Ky.) and elsewhere in the higher central Appalachians (where latifolia is centered). However, its range wraps around from east to south to west (Wherry 1955; W). The habitat for triflora is sometimes reported to be mostly "wet" (like glaberrima), but in Ky. these plants are generally on well drained sites (like some carolina).

   P. triflora generally differs from glaberrima and carolina (Wherry 1955) in its smaller inflorescences (with ca. 12-25 flowers versus 15-125), but its flower parts tend to be larger, on average. It is a relatively short plant (ca. 4-6 dm) with only ca. 7-9 leaf-bearing nodes and moderately narrow leaves (ca. 5-10 mm wide), but the other two species vary much in those characters. The clearest differences from glaberrima (W) may be its less elongated leaves (l/w averaging ca. 6 versus 12), shorter sepals (8-12 mm versus 7-9 mm), and smaller ultimate cymules (usually with 3 versus 5-7 flowers).


Comment:
This taxon is more northern than var. pyramidalis, and typical plants may not occur in Kentucky; it includes var. odorata. 

The LB records need to be rechecked. 

MADI (KY) may be intermediate between the vars. 

1 = Wherry (1929-34).

Footnote:
Mapping here is tentative; see notes under var. pyramidalis. The definitive  records (solid dots on map) come from B, who consulted with Wherry (1929-34, 1955). Other records are based on colls. examined by JC that have relatively short but with thick stems, broad subcordate leaves and large flowers; these include colls. at EKY from LAWR, MENI, PULA and WOLF.


Comment:
Typical pallida is more southern or western.


Comment:
This is a more western taxon, attributed to Kentucky in error by Browne & Athey (1992) and others.


Comment:
WK: HART (RN 2007); wild and also much planted.

LO: FAYE banks of Boone Cr 1955 Jul 1, MEWharton 9070.
LO:  WOOD Oregon Rd roadside 1955 Jul 4, MEWharton 9076.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 28) ranges widely over eastern states, mostly west of the Appalachians and concentrated in the midwest. It is generally restricted to remnants of native grassland on dry base-rich soils, but it is locally adventive. In Ky. it occurs mostly in three regions: (1) in or near the former Big Barrens on the western karst plains; (2) in rocky glades on the Knobs region; and (3), more locally, on rocky hillsides of the Bluegrass region.


Footnote:
This is widespread across the Gulf Coastal Plain, Carribbean regions and northern South America. It occurs in various types of woodland on seasonally damp fertile soils, often along trails and edges.


Comment:
Var. dets. need checking, especially at NK, EK. Several dets. here are tentative but the two varieties do seem generally distinct. Check CLAR (BE) for var.

Footnote:
This variable species is widespread in North America (2n = 32, 34, 36); var. autumnale occurs in eastern states. Sterile hybrids with flexuosum (2n = 28) have been reported (Y), and may be confused with the closely related H. virginicum S.F. Blake (also 2n = 28). 

   H. virginicum is known only from Va. and Mo. but should be searched for elsewhere (FNA 20, Y, W). It differs from autumnale in its oblanceolate basal blades, usually persistent to flowering (versus oblanceolate, obovate or spathulate, withering by flowering); its mid-stem leaves usually entire (versus usually dentate) and its upper leaves entire (versus entire or dentate); the pappus of disc flowers at least half as long as the tube, keel-less and abruptly long-awned (versus less than half, keeled and attenuate).


Comment:
CALL (MU, photocopy at NK): "brevior" of J. Grubbs 1366, 23 May 1989, Shannon Creek embayment; at Fort Heiman, wooded floodplain, dense canopy; determined by Reznicek.

Footnote:
This distinct species is close to brevior, but with a more southern range, mostly on the Coastal Plain in swampy woods; 2n = 80. The only record from Ky. is a coll. from CALL (MUR), det. by A. Reznicek (see also, McKinney et al. 2000): J. Grubbs #1366, 23 May 1989, Shannon Creek embayment, Fort Heiman, wooded floodplain, dense canopy.


Comment:
These records need checking (see also McFarland coll. from FAYE at US and/or NA). Is this taxon really distinct from C. festucacea? The MADI (BE) coll was redet from festucacea by Naczi and Reznichek.

Note also: my initial "longii" from MADI (N of Richmond wet field near head of Hicks Branch) was det brevior by Kral but "fesctucacea for now" by Rez. (for Landon on loan from KY)

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable northern and western species; 2n = 48 to 68 (FNA 23). It is close to the southeastern reniformis (mostly on the Coastal Plain), the largely south-central festucacea, and the largely midwestern molesta. There has been considerable confusion with those species and others. C. brevior is generally reported to occur on relatively dry soils (at least in the summer), somewhat like molesta in the Bluegrass region.


Comment:
These need checking; few if any have the distinctly larger involucres supposed to be typical of typical parlinii; but several have been by determined by authorities as parlinii, e.g. FLEM & LEWI (NC); some may be the intermediate fallax (see above).

GH: ESTI (old coll with no further det.).

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. A. parlinii has been treated as an intergrading variety of plantaginifolia (Cr), with the most obvious difference being the glabrate or glabrous upper surface of its basal leaves (versus persistently tomentose). However, parlinii reportedly consists of largely apomictic, non-staminate polyploid plants (2n = 56, 84, 70, 112), with various hybrid origins from the diploids (2n = 28) plantaginifolia, solitaria and racemosa Hook. (FNA 19). 

   Although several colls. from Ky. have been determined by authorities as parlinii (e.g., from FLEM and LEWI at NCU), few if any have the distinctly longer involucres (7-13 mm long versus 5-7 mm) that are described in manuals. Typical parlinii is also supposed to have longer staminate corollas (3.5-5 mm versus 2-3.5 mm) and pistillate corollas (4-7 mm versus 3-4 mm), and glandular upper stems. Several colls. (perhaps most) could be transferred to plantaginifolia var. ambigens; see notes under that name.


Comment:
Determinations need checking; some of these may be var. attenuata (A. neodioica var. a.), including BREC (KY), JEFF (LO); 1= Woods (1983), but no coll at MU. 2 = Bayer & Stebbins (1987); check Berkely herbarium.

GH: none.

Footnote:
Variation and nomenclature needs to be checked. The coll. from HARD (NCU) appears to be the typical sexual diploid (2n = 28), A. neglecta. However, the colls. from BREC (KY), JEFF (DHL) and LAWR (Beyer & Stebbins 1987) may be the largely apomictic, non-staminate polyploid (2n = 56, 84), A. neodioica (including A. neglecta var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq.). Cr treated the latter as A. neglecta var. neodioica (Greene) Cronq., but FNA 19 treated it as A. howellii Greene ssp. neodioica (Greene) Bayer. Both neglecta and neodioica are widespread in northern regions with no clear differences in habitat. A. neodioica tends have later flowering (in late May-July versus late April-June), shorter stolons, and more petiolate basal leaves.


Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is most common on moist base-rich soils in partial shade, generally with regular disturbance such as along trails. During the early decades of settlement, M. schreberi was known as "nimble will" and prospered locally in woodland pastures and lawns. 

   Meade (1796) provided some remarkable early notes from the central Bluegrass: "The only wild grass in the settled parts is what is here call’d the nimble-will more resembling the wire grass [perhaps Poa compressa] than any other in Virginia. It is rather finer... In the very earliest settlements as about Danville, the nimble-will, a very good pasture grass, has taken place of the weedy growth which first succeded the primitive cane brake. This will be the case in four or five years every where on this side [of] the Kentucky River." However, Rafinesque (1822) seems to have named this Panicum cynodon, implying C. dactylon, which is still a common error among students.

   The local midwestern plant known as M. X curtisetosa (Scribn.) Bush is also expected in Ky., since it is known from s. Ill. and s. Ohio (FNA 25). It may be derived from hybrids of schreberi and frondosa, and may well be overlooked in much of the Mississippi Valley.


Footnote:
This is a widespread species to the north and west of Ky., and is occasionally adventive in northeastern states. It was mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock (1935) but not Hitchcock & Chase (1950) or FNA 25. A vegetative coll. from a cliff near a railroad in LEE (JC for KY) is tentatively identified as racemosa.


Footnote:
This southeastern annual occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain along shorelines of stagnant waters; 2n = 36, 72.


Comment:
Check material ot R. Athey (RA) and E.W. Chester (AP); Jones (2005) did not include this species.

Footnote:
This perennial occurs on the southeastern Coastal Plain along shorelines and in ponded places; 2n = 36.


Comment:
AP: CHRI, KNOX, TODD.

FAYE (LO): REStoll 17May1967 Mt Tabor Rd 0.3 miles from Tates Cr Rd.

GH: HART, LAUR, MEAD, PULA, WOLF.

Terrell (1996): CHRI (ILL), EST (IA), ROCK (MICH), WOLF (CINC).

Footnote:
This small rhizomatous perennial is widespread on acid soils in eastern North America, except on the Gulf Coastal Plain. It is most common in thin woods and disturbed openings, and sometimes locally abundant in mowed areas. Although variable in ploidy (2n = 16, 32, 48), no segregates have been generally recognized (Cr; Church & Taylor 2005).


Comment:
These records have all been combined with H. pusilla; current treatments do not separate them. The colls from WARR (WK) appear transitional to pusilla.


Footnote:
This is widespread in temperate regions east of the Mississippi, usually in mesic woods on moderately fertile soils. Although widely scattered within suitable habitat, the species is rarely abundant. An unusually dense population was noted recently near the mouth of Howards Cr. in CLAR. The plant became famous in the 19th Century for various medicinal uses, and there has been some recent revived interest in its unusual chemistry. Roots and leaves have a peculiar bitter lemony flavor.


Comment:
1 = Pikeville Herbarium, as reported by Browne & Athey (1992); check F. Levy and NC also.

Footnote:
This has a somewhat fragmented range, centered on the southern Appalachians but with disjunct populations in some adjacent regions. In Ky. there is a confirmed coll. from WHIT (KY) by E. Hartowicz, and a reported coll. from PIKE (check NCU) by F. Levy (BA). C. verticillata differs sufficiently from other Collinsonia species to be placed in its own subgenus (Peirson et al. 2006). It flowers earlier than canadensis (Apr-Jun versus Jul-Sep) and it can extend into drier woods (W).


Footnote:
This South Asian species is a widespread weed in partial shade on moist soil, especially where exposed to grazing pressure. It is a strongly aromatic herb that has much traditional culinary use, but there can also be adverse reactions in mammals (Cr; Kerr et al. 1986). Most colls. appear to be the typical variety (F, W). There is also an unconfirmed record (Davies 1955) of var. crispa (Benth.) Dean, which has leaves more deeply purple, somewhat laciniate and crisped.


FullName:
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. var. crispa (Benth.) Deane

Comment:
Reported by Davies (1955) but no collection is located.


FullName:
Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim.

Comment:
Not reported by Braun. 1 = Dan Boone (Agent of The Nature Conservancy), report to TNC & KSNPC in 2004, from Eastview Barrens.

LYON just N of Hematite Lake (Dan Boone) sight record from LBL (SIlver Trail?): Sep 2007.

Footnote:
The first North American records of this East Asian species were from southeastern Ky. in the 1940s (Rogers 1942; F). It was not collected by B during her extensive field of the 1930s. M. dianthera has now spread through several sections of the southern Appalachian regions and adjacent hills, especially on or near the Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn. and nw. Ga. (K, PL, SE). It mostly occurs along trails in dry woods on strongly acid soils. The plant is well known for culinary and medicinal uses in East Asia, with chemistry somewhat similar to the related genus, Perilla.


Footnote:
This robust biennial is largely restricted to rocky woods on moist base-rich soils in east-central states; 2n = 18. Southern plants with smaller flowers, less exerted stamens and styles, larger less divided leaf segments, and sparser pubescence have been named var. plummeri Wood (F, W). However, that taxon has not been generally accepted.


Comment:
Plants at Mantle Rock seem to be this species; JC has collections. Plants occur in similar habitat near Grassland in EDMO; this site need to be revisited and collections made.

NO--just purshii??..coll more

Plants from Mantle Rock in LIVI (JC for KY) appear to be this Ozarkian species. Sandstone outcrops in EDMO (with sight record) and elsewhere in the Shawnee Hills need to be revisited to make further collections. There is a need to review  western colls. filed under purshii, which is closely related. P. gilioides differs in its corolla lobes conspicuously hairy outside (versus glabrous or glabrate), denticulate to fimbriate (versus conspicuously fimbriate); ovules mostly 8 (versus 4), seeds 6-8 (versus 2-4), 1.5-2 mm long (versus 1.5-3 mm).


Footnote:
This winter annual is largely restricted to thin woods and edges on moist base-rich soils in east-central states, and it is especially common in the central Ohio Valley. The common name is usually "Miami mist" apparently after the Miami Rv. in sw. Ohio, where this species used to carpet many miles of low woodland floors. Short (1828-9) listed it under the misapplied name P. fimbriata: "abundant throughout the western country... Moist meadows." It was formerly widespread on deep fertile soils of upland and lowlands in the Bluegrass region, including less manicured roadsides, but it has been grazed, mowed or herbicided out of many areas duing recent decades. 

   Related taxa (all with 2n = 18), or transitional plants, may also be expected in Ky. At Mantle Rock (LIVI), near Grassland (EDMO), and perhaps on other sandstone outcrops in the Shawnee Hills, purshii-like plants are locally abundant but the dry habitats are more typical of the largely Ozarkian P. gilioides Brand. In "barren soil" of c. Tenn. (Sm), plants with relatively small flowers and capsules, short pedicels, and style branches longer than united portion have been segregated as P. bicknellii Small and may deserve recognition (W). The closely related P. fimbriata Michx. is largely restricted to cooler zones in the Blue Ridge, but also reported from the southern Appalachian Plateaus in Ala. (Small 1933).


Comment:
This Ozarkian species was recently found in MCRE at the end of Harley-Coffee Road by Doug Stephens; identification was confirmed by Foster Levy. See Sida 21:1909-16.

Footnote:
A plant resembling hirsuta was recently collected in MCRE (EKY), at the end of Harley-Coffee Road by Doug Stephens (R. Jones, pers. comm.). That largely Ozarkian species is considered to be a "casual adventive" in eastern states (F), but it has been confused with the southern Appalachian P. maculata Wood (W). More likely as a native in se. or sc. Ky. is the closely related P. dubia (L.) Trel. (2n - 12), which occurs in close or adjacent counties of Tenn., including its var. interior Fern. (Ch).


Comment:
Needs confirmation. The HENR (ky) coll. is correctly ided. but the label is missing; accession number indicates a Gentry specimen from HENR, but this was not listed in Gentry (1963).

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 30) occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain. There are no confirmed records of strictus from Ky., but it is known from adjacent counties in se. Mo. and w. Tenn. There is a coll. by J.L. Gentry (KY) that may come from the state, but the label is missing.


Comment:
Needs confirmation. 1 = Link and Epling (1945); but location of voucher unknown. Weakley states: "native to w. North America, is cultivated as an ornamental an naturalized in scattered locations in PA (Rhoads & Klein 1993), KY (Kartesz 1999), and elsewhere."

Footnote:
This is native to western North America, cultivated as an ornamental, and reportedly naturalized at scattered locations in the east (W). It was reported from Ky. by Lint & Epling (1945), but no coll. has been located.


FullName:
Lysimachia ×producta (Gray) Fern. (pro sp.)

Comment:
Gleason & Cronquist (1963, 1991) list L. X producta from Kentucky (= terrestris x quadrifolia).


Comment:
The HARL (MM) location needs checking; it may be in BELL.

Footnote:
This is restricted to central and southern Appalachian regions, usually on damp acid soils with Rhododendron maximum. The coll. attributed to HARL (MM for WKY) was made close to, and possibly within, the BELL county line.


Comment:
Reported from Kentucky by Radford et al. (1964) and Gleason & Cronquist (1991), but no collection is located; check NC.

Footnote:
According to RAB and Cr, this southeastern subaquatic of shorelines occurs in Ky., disjunct from its main range on the Coastal Plain. However, no coll. has been located.


Species:
cf. stoneana {suggested: palmata var. s.}

Comment:
Following Fernald (1950), these are the "glabrous trilobas". Some plants appear hybridized with V. affinis or  V. hirsutula.  Some are distinctly red-papillose. This taxon may be combined with palmata or of hybrid origin. Included with palmata var. palmata (triloba) by most recent authors.

See also Braun (1943): LETC, LEWI; check Medley (1993) for ref to WHIT (US).

See also M Wharton: MARI (NY) "lovelliana".

CLAR (LO): MWharton-5982b "esculenta".
MARI (LO): MWharton-3559 "esculenta".

Footnote:
The correct name for these somewhat miscellaneous plants remains uncertain. They are close to palmata (= "triloba" of F), but with largely glabrous, glabrate or minutely pubescent leaves (F). They could reasonably be treated as a variety of palmata, but may have resulted from hybridization (Gil-ad 1997, 1998). A few unmapped Ky. colls. with less lobing appear to grade into affinis, papilionacea or hirsutula. 

   The plants mapped here may be affiliated with a group of taxa that have been described in the central Appalachians (stoneana House), Coastal Plain (chalcosperma Brainerd, esculenta Ell., lovelliana Brainerd), and midwest (viarum Pollard). Some of these names may represent reasonable taxa with different hybrid origins (Gil-ad 1997; W). Within Ky., the name stoneana has been applied to more deeply lobed plants of this group (with several hybrids according to F), including colls. of B (US) and her contemporaries from Ky. (LETC, LEWI, WHIT). The names esculenta or lovelliana have been applied to colls. from MCRA (Russell 1965) and from further east (M. Wharton colls. at DHL, MICH, EKY & NY), but have been considered synonymous with palmata (or "triloba") in some recent treatments (Gil-ad 1997, McKinney & Russell 2002).


Comment:
1 = Russell (1965). Combined here with V. cf. stoneana.


Comment:
Listed by Browne & Athey (1992) in error; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
Lower case records appear to be hybridized with V. affinis. As Braun notes, this occurs in drier woods than palmata, "which it somewhat resembles."

NC: LYON "falcata" of Eggleston

Footnote:
This widespread eastern taxon was known as V. triloba Schwein. after Robinson & Fernald (1908). It is closely related and often confused with subsinuata, to which the name palmata was misapplied, according to McKinney (1992). V. palmata occurs in habitats similar to those of sororia, but is concentrated on drier, poorer soils, often in oak-hickory woods rather than sugar maple-basswood. 

   A few Ky. colls. have some leaves with deeper or more numerous lobes (but early leaves still more or less unlobed). Some of these plants have been named V. triloba var. dilatata (Ell.) Brainerd, which may be transitional to subsinuata. Such colls. are known from LYON (M. Wharton #9795 at EKY), JEFF (P.A. Davies 17 May 1947, at DHL); HART and WAYN (B's colls. at US). In contrast, there are some collections with less lobing that appear hybridized with sororia, hirsutula or other species.


Comment:
This is the traditional "palmata".

HARL: from near Virginia line (EK), perhaps on/near limestone; another coll at MO.
MERC: Wharton 10015 "triloba var. dilatata"; another coll at KY.

Footnote:
This may be widely scattered in east-central and midwestern states, but there has been continuing uncertainty about nomenclature (Gil-ad 1997, 1998). It has been erroneously named V. palmata in the past, according to McKinney (1992); see notes under that species. V. subsinuata is typical of rocky calcareous woods, while true palmata (formerly known as triloba) generally occurs on medium acid soils. However, these species do appear to intergrade in some cases.


FullName:
Spermolepis echinata (Nutt. ex DC.) Heller

Footnote:
This annual occurs mostly in prairies of south-central states. It is known in Ky. from only two colls. of R. Athey in the 1970s, from FULT and MCRA (presumably at MEM).


Comment:
Often misidentified as T. japonica, which is unknown in KY; see also Weakley (2005). Medley has the reverse conclusion.

Footnote:
This annual weed from southern Europe is widespread and locally abundant in eastern states, especially on base-rich soils. Torilis was first reported from Ky. as "japonica" during the 1940s (B, Slack 1941, Wharton 1945), but based on misidentifications of arvensis; see notes under japonica. T. arvensis has become a locally abundant weed in Ky., especially in the Bluegrass Region.


Comment:
All collections seen have been misidenitfied T. arvensis.

NO!! A good one from GREE in 2008 for WK.

WARR: Cave Springs Cave area; adjacent old field; need to get proper coll.

Footnote:
This Eurasian annual is scattered in northeastern regions, but less common than arvensis, which has been confused in some North American treatments (W, Y). Further checking of Ky. colls. is needed, but the few confirmed records of japonica date mostly from after 2000. It differs from arvensis in having 5-12 rays per umbel (versus usually 3-5), with (3) 4-10 (12) bracts at the base of each involucre (versus 0-1 or occasionally 2); bristles on fruits tend to be shorter (0.4-0.8 mm versus 0.6-1.1 mm) and more ascending (versus nearly perpendicular); 2n = 16 versus 12.


FullName:
Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke

Footnote:
This is widespread in mesic woods of eastern North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. The more western species, O. chilensis Hook. & Arn., was reported from by BA but apparently in error (M).


Comment:
RA collections may now be at EK.

MCLE (np) record is probably supported by a McKinney collection. JC has recent records to add; check field notes.

Footnote:
This monotypic genus of southeastern lowlands is easily overlooked, and probably much more widespread than colls. indicate (see also Y). Reported colls. from Ky. are mostly accessed in Tenn. (by E.W. Chester at APSU and R. Athey at MEM). It is a winter-annual but matures seed relatively late, in Aug-Sep (C.C. Baskin et al. 2003).


Comment:
There is also an EDMO coll. (LO) labeled as var. frequens.

1 = recent appearance and increase ca. 2003 after KSNPC burns; collection will be made and seed collected by Dave Skinner, J. Campbell.

GH: BELL, ESTI.

JEFF (LO): PADavies #37 15Aug1943 3rd Street Road [sic], uncultivated field.

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern and central North America, especially in remnants of native grassland on dry soils. In Ky. it is uncommon to virtually absent in regions that were largely forested before settlement. Although highly variable across its range, only tetraploids (2n = 40) have been reported (FNA 25). It occupies diverse and often disjunct habitats within Ky., including rocky glades, deeper soils, and riverbanks on different substrates. Glaucous plants are widely scattered, and may be relatively common on rocky riverbanks.


FullName:
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. divergens (Hack.) Gould

Comment:
Dubious; further examination of specimens is needed; this a southern taxon typical of pinelands.

GH: none.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in piney woodlands of the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coast, north to Ark. and Miss. but no further according to FNA 25 (unlike PL). It appears to intergrade with var. scoparium, especially in Miss. Var. divergens is distinguished by having more developed staminate pedicellate spikelets, and usually more hairy foliage (FNA 25). It has been reported from Ky. by B, Cr and others, presumably based on B's colls. from CHRI and GRAY (check US). However, verification is needed using modern treatment.


Comment:
BULL (jc): nice bottom near Pine Creek Barrens with Desmanthus illinoensis, Monarda fistulosa, etc. see field notes.
NELS (jc): Gethsemani glades, esp the large one with Silphium tereb.; RSeymour has seed now distriburted from here (including to Griffith Woods!).

Anderson 1924: 
FAYE "Clay's Ferry" Aug 1833 RPeter KY; also 22 Aug 1892 JSTerrill Agr Sch.
HARL/BELL 1893 Kearney 364, 377
MEAD "Rockhaven" 3 Sep 1902 HGarman Agr Sch

Footnote:
This range across most of eastern and central North America. It is widely scattered across most of Ky., and was formerly dominant in some native grasslands. However, in the Bluegrass region it is known only from a few low rocky ledges along the Kentucky Rv. and a few peripheral sites in transitions to the Knobs. It is also rare to absent in most Appalachian regions, except locally in the southern Cumberland Plateau and in some western transitions. 

   A. gerardii varies greatly across its range, and further study is need; 2n = 20 to 90 (FNA 25). In Ky. it occurs in diverse and often disjunct habitats: rocky glades, deeper soils, and riverbanks on diverse substrates. Plants along banks of the Big South Fork (in Ky. and Tenn.) and along the Obed Rv. (in Tenn.) tend to have just two branches in inflorescences (versus 3) and their leaves lack hairs, even at lower sheath summits (D. Estes, pers. comm.). However, no definitive analysis of these trends has been undertaken.


FullName:
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) Luer

Comment:
The WHIT (KY) record is from a coll. by A.C. Crandall from "Corbin" in 1880s,  which could be KNOX or LAUR. 

This species is also noted on a label of C. kentuckiense from KNOX at BE--check with Ralph!!! I did and it was a misied by Platanthera sp....

Check also database at EKY--CLIN????? not there 2009 in herbarium.

Footnote:
The only Ky. record of this northern (circumboreal) taxon) is a coll. attributed here to WHIT (KY); it was made by A.R. Crandall at "Corbin" in the 1880s, but it could be from adjacent KNOX or LAUR. C. viride has often been combined with Platanthera into the genus Habenaria, but it forms a distinct widely distributed circumboreal complex; 2n = 40 (versus 42 generally in Platanthera). Dactylorhiza may become the accepted generic name (W).


Comment:
1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979); check also Meijer et al. swamp forest paper.

EK: JACK LAUR PULA WOLF

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America but restricted to wet acid soil and usually associated with Sphagnum. Gymnadeniopsis may become the accepted genus (W).


FullName:
Malus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. var. dasycalyx Rehd.

Comment:
Identifications are tentative; this taxon may be transitional to M. angustifolia, and not worth recognizing.

These records may just represent transitions to ioensis or angustifolia. Var. lancifolia (Rehd.) Fern. has been considered synonymous with var. dasycalyx by some authors (K), but suggests a transition to angustifolia; it was reported from several counties by B.


Comment:
Reported by Sargent (1926); check GH. This is presumably a hybrid from cultivated origin; not verified in Kentucky.


FullName:
Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. var. angustifolia

Comment:
1 = Medley (1993).  
2 = Higgins (1970).  

Lower case collections mostly appear transitional to M. coronaria (see also var. dasycalyx), and need more study. 

Check ek material of Clark & Bauer (2001), etc. 

Some collections listed under var. puberula should probably be transferred to here.

Footnote:
This variable southeastern species (2n = 34, 68) is often difficult to distinguish from coronaria or ioensis, and several records mapped here may be from intermediate plants. See notes under coronaria.


FullName:
Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. var. puberula Rehd.

Comment:
1 = Anderson (1947); 
2 = Medley (1993); check Heineke (1987) but perhaps just garman for TRIG
3 = Price (1893); 
hg 4 = Garman (1913). interpreted

These records are mostly tentative and some may only be transitional to this variety. This taxon itself may be transitional to M. ioensis; coronaria, angustifolia and ioensis may all integrade in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This relatively hairy segregate has not been recognized in some recent treatments (Cr, W). Several records mapped here are tentative; some may be transitional to ioensis.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993). This species is probably widespread on the Coastal Plain and fringing hills of LBL, etc. It is scattered at low density through LBL (jc sight records; see plot data with USFS).

LYON: NCU ex Jessup Eggleston from Iron Hill and Kuttawa (nos 5332+5797).

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 34) of the central states may intergrade with angustifolia or coronaria in Ky., which lies across zones of overlap between all three taxa. Relatively pure ioensis appears concentrated in or near the gravely hills of the Mississippian Embayment, where it may be a remnant from the open grassy woodlands that occurred here before settlement.


Comment:
JC at USCH w/JBNelson: seems this is the true nuttalli after all--at least the relatively short leaved material in BELL etc that has been called eplingii.; petiole lengths are somewhat variable acc to JBN, but characters for nuttalii include lack of cordate leaf base.
JBN has nuttallii from KY: BELL (LB@US; Athey-3117, BLRafaill-877, RLThompson-89-1638, 85-1137, JBNelson-22002 all @USCH) and MADI (RFCNaczi-7637@USCH); type is Rugel s.n Jun 1842 in regione super. montium, Cumberland, Tennessee.
ALSO: he has MCRE JBN-21988 Rock Cr near White Oak junction; but JC thinks closer to true cordata...

True eplingii is not in KY OR TN according to JBN (despite much prior annotation by him/others suggesting); it has narrower leaves and really short or absent petioles; more of a wetland hydric site species. It occurs in Piedmont of Carolinas etc. JC: ?series from (?floridana)...eplingii to nuttalii to cordata.. (?to clingmanii?)?
These all (except sometimes clingmannii) share glandular calyx tubes (versus non/little in ten/his)

Includes misapplied "nuttallii" of earlier literature. 
MEAD (PH) is by Short, "Barrens of Meade Co."; see also Nelson (1981). 
Braun recorded "nuttallii" only from BELL; 
This taxon was considered closer to the northern S. palustris. 
This species has a scattered distribution mostly in the Appalachians, but also west to the Ozarks; needs further study.

Footnote:
This taxon has been confused with cordata, eplingii and clingmanii, but Nelson (2008; W) has recently clarified its status. It is centered in the cooler mountains of e. Tenn., but occurs also in adjacent Ky., Va., Ala., Ga., S.C. and N.C. S. nuttallii is closest to cordata, which may intergrade. It has leaf blades usually elliptic-oblong with l/w ca. 1.5-2.5 (versus ovate with l/w ca. 2.5-3), the bases rounded to slightly cordate (versus cordate), and the petioles generally shorter (ca. 1-2.5 cm versus 1.5-6 cm). Also, it has a relatively stiff stem summit (versus often flexuous or lax), and it sometimes has relatively narrow calyx-lobes or short petioles (suggesting transitions to hispida or other species). 

   The circumscription of S. eplingii J. Nelson has been restricted to scattered plants of mesic to hydric sites in the central and southern Appalachians, but has not been confirmed in Ky. S. eplingii differs from cordata and nuttalii in its deltoid calyx lobes (versus lanceolate), more numerous flowers per vertical row (8 or more versus 6),  relatively narrow leaves, and petioles only 2-5 mm. Similar plants in the Ozarks (with less glandular and more elliptic leaves) have been recently named S. iltisii J. Nelson (Nelson 2008).


Comment:
This western species is known only from uncertain or old collections. CALL (RA @ ME to EK) may be closer to spicata. But the Short (NY) collection is confirmed by authorities: "barrens of Ky."; it should be rechecked.

Footnote:
This species of damp prairies in midwestern regions has been attributed to Ky. by Cr and other authors (FNA 21), apparently based on the old coll. of C.W. Short (NY) labeled  "barrens of Ky." (det. by L.O. Gaiser). This record might reasonably be mapped in CHRI or nearby. There is also a coll. of R. Athey from CALL (check EKY) that may be this species or more likely a transition to spicata (M). Both colls. need to be reexamined.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); "formerly in Hardin"; perhaps from Gaiser 1946.

Footnote:
In Ky. this species of the upper midwest is known only from a few sites around the Big Barrens region and in foothills of the northeastern Knobs. L. cylindracea is generally glabrous, but some plants in Ky. are hairy, suggesting introgression with squarrosa (Cusick 1989; FNA 21). Apparent intermediates between these species are also locally frequent in some glades of Tenn. (TENN), Ala. (Allison & Stephens 2001) and Ga. (M. Medley, pers. comm.).


Comment:
MB: BREC WARR LOGA WHIT EDMO ("Chalybeate" Price)

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species is the most common Liatris in Ky., but still uncommon to rare in most regions. Especially in eastern regions, it appears to be a somewhat conservative remnant of open woodland or grassland. See also notes under cylindracea and hirsuta, which are closely related to sqaurrosa. These short species tend to flower earlier than other species in the genus, mostly in July-Aug.


Comment:
WAYN (EK) coll from G. Libby & T. Bloom in 1995: above Beaver Creek upslope from outcrop at S end spine of Cooper Point (Parnell Quad.)

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to the upper Coastal Plain and Piedmont from Ala. and Ga. to Va., with a few disjunct populations near western edges of the Cumberland Plateau in Ala., Tenn. and Ky. The only known Ky. site was discovered in WAYN (EKY) by G. Libby & T. Bloom in 1995 (Libby & Bloom 1998): above Beaver Creek upslope from outcrop at S end of spine of Cooper Point (Parnell Quad.)


Comment:
All collections may key to C. richardsiana (if separated) except for the MCRE (LB) and CART (KY) colls.

WOOD (jc); seen on overlook at Jeffiers' place on Clear Cr S of Versailles.

EK: CALL CALD

Footnote:
Typical umbellata occurs widely in eastern states, except on the Coastal Plain. Most colls. in Ky. match C. richardsiana Fern., which is now generally combined; colls. from CART (KY) and MCRE (B) match typical umbellata. F's treatment deserves further evaluation; he indicated that richardsiana has a corymbose inflorescence (versus paniculate), with strongly ascending branches, and is perhaps typical of more calcareous soils in its largely midwestern range (versus largely Appalachian).


FullName:
Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnston

Comment:
In addition, BE has colls. from virtually all counties.

Footnote:
Typical serotinum occurs widely in southeastern states.  As Gm noted: "Exceptionally severe winters sometimes destroy much of it, but it gradually reappears and becomes common again." The last extensive die-back in northern Ky. occurred after the winters of 1976-78. 

   R. Thompson (BEREA) has devotedly collected this inspiring hemiparasite from all counties except GRAN, where he has seen it on a cut-down tree. He has documented the host species in detail for several areas (e.g. Thompson & Noe 2003); see also Reed & Reed (1951). The most common host on base-rich soils is Juglans nigra, but it is also locally frequent on Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Gleditsia triacanthos and other species. On more acid soils, Nyssa sylvatica is usually the most common host.


Comment:
The var. lineariloba is also coll. from BREC (KY) and probably elsewhere but it has not been separated here; Braun indicates this for MEAD and other western plants.

Footnote:
This highly distinctive, open-pollinating polyploid (2n = 56) is widespread in eastern states. Several segregates have been described but none have been recognized in recent treatments. Included here is var. lineariloba DC., with records from BREC, MEAD and probably elsewhere. V. pedata is a very showy wildflower but has a reputation for being hard to cultivate except in acid soil with iron chelates, as recommended for most Ericaceae (Klaber 1976). In Ky. pedata is generally absent from uniformly rich calcareous soils, including all of the Bluegrass region. However, it often occurs at the upper fringes of calcareous glades in other regions, where the soil may be regularly leached and mixed with overlying chert, clay or sand.


Comment:
Generic placement, also possible in Erianthus or Saccharum, remains controversial. Needs confirmation as a truly naturalized species; included in Jones (2005) as "spreading in gardens and along roads"; details to be examined.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean species has been cultivated as an ornamental ("ravenna grass") for over 100 years in Ky. (Gm). There is a recent coll. from a roadside in CAMP (EKY, KNK), but no evidence of naturalization in the state. R. ravennae has also been placed in Erianthus or Saccharum, and generic assignment remains controversial; 2n = 20 (FNA 25, W).


Comment:
There is a curiously high ratio of lb records. The JEFF (mm) record is from sight only (pers. comm.)

JK has coll with me in LEWI;

Footnote:
This ranges widely across southeastern and Appalachian states, but it is restricted to acid soils in thin woods and openings on subxeric sites (not in cooler mountains). It is a distinctive diploid (2n =18), well-known for its anise-flavored leaves, which can be used for a stimulating tea.


Comment:
An extra LEWI (NK): Naczi 3811, "compressa x elliptica probably" det Galen Smith.

OHIO (NY): Short 1840; "Ohio Co." check.

CHECK: following assumed and transferred to bifida
BULL (nk); CRIT (wk); SIMP (bt); LOGA (wk) TODD (wk) WARR (bt)

?LINC (nk); ?NELS (LB); ?JEFF (LO).

KY: GSmith det MCRE banks of Little S Fork; see also bifida.

Footnote:
This is a widespread, highly variable species, centered largely in the midwest; 2n = ?18-36 (Cr, FNA 23). It may intergrade locally with tenuis, bifida, elliptica and erythropoda. Several records from Ky. remain uncertain; see also notes under bifida. At least one coll. from LEWI (KNK, R.F.C. Naczi #3811) may be transitional to typical elliptica, and was det. by G. Smith as "compressa x elliptica probably."


Comment:
Recently described as distinct from E. compressa, with bifid lower scales, broader culms, and tigher clumps (Smith et al. 2002); known from limestone glades of AL, GA, KY & TN. 

Smith cites LOGA (Athey 3730 at FSU).

TN: LOGA (Athey 3730, Lula Davis glade on Duncan Chapel Rd, 0.8 miles from US 68E).

EK: BULL CRIT GRAY LINC LOGA TODD

WARR: BT refer to compressa but probably this; also Anderson 1924 cites Price 1893 addenda under "acuminata" (= elliptica) but probably this.

CHECK LO (JC maybe) and JF (website)

Footnote:
This recently described segregate of compressa is known only from limestone outcrops in Ala., Ga., Ky. and Tenn. (C.G. Smith et al. in FNA 23). It can be distinguished from compressa by its pistillate scales, which are all deeply bifid (versus at least the lower ones entire); styles are often bifid (versus all trifid), and seeds are often biconvex (versus all uncompressed). Also, its rhizomes are 3-5 mm thick (versus 2-3 mm), producing relatively tight clumps of culms that are highly compressed, with a width of 4-10 times thickness (versus 2-5 times). 

   It is possible that a few Ky. colls. are intermediates, as found in Tenn. (TENN), but most plants previously known as compressa in Ky. are now referable to bifida. A mixed population apparently occurs along the rocky banks of the Little South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in MCRE and WAYN (dets. of G. Smith at KY). See also note on "acuminata" under elliptica.


Comment:
1 = M.B. Laite (unfinished thesis at Univ. of Tennessee); 

the record from LETC (lb) is from Braun (1935), not her 1943 catalog; also found above Bad Branch by KSNPC.

Footnote:
This is endemic to the southern Appalachians, usually growing along small streambanks, dripping cliffs and seeps. Although reported from five counties in Ky. (including data of MM and NP), there are still few accessed colls. in herbaria.


Comment:
1 = Rosendahl et al. (1936). Includes var. interrmedia.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in or near the southern Appalachians, in mesic rocky woods. Plants mapped here include those formerly known as var. intermedia; but see also H. macrorhiza.


Comment:
1 = Rosendahl et al. (1936): HART etc.

WK: HART (JC 2007).

Although often combined with villosa completely, this taxon deserves at least variety or subspecies status.

Aaron Floden: seeds distinctly elongated!!! versus villosa

Footnote:
This deserves recognition as a species, although often combined with the largely Appalachian villosa (e.g. FNA 8). H. macrorhiza is largely restricted to calcareous cliffs in the Interior Low Plateaus. F stated that var. intermedia Rosend., Butt. & Lak. "is possibly recognizable", as an intermediate. However, in Ky. virtually all colls. of macrorhiza are distinct from typical villosa. The coll. from CALL (MUR) was initially misidentified as H. missouriensis Rosendahl (see notes under H. puberula).

   H. macrorhiza differs from typical villosa (Small 1898, F, W) in its relatively short, broad bractlets, which are densely long-ciliate (versus narrowly lanceolate to subulate, glabrous to thinly ciliate); bracts are oblong to spathulate, and at least the lower ones toothed (versus linear, mostly entire); its stems are "shaggily" villous (versus loosely); leaves are hirsute below, with long soft hairs along veins (versus glabrous to thinly hairy, with appressed stiff hairs along veins); leaf lobes are all shallow, much broader than long (versus deep and sharp, especially the terminal); rhizomes are ca. 1-2 cm thick (versus 5-9 mm).


Comment:
Check the KA data--doubtfully local native unless good data.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, especially on or near the coast, but not in  the northeast. It tends to occur in more riparian habitats than moscheutos, especially along larger rivers and sloughs.


Comment:
No vouchers are known. 1 = historical sources of Medley (1993); Defries (1884b,c), Garman (1913), L.G. Carr (1965), and others. Reported from FLOY (KY) by Clark et al. (1997); but this collection by Cranfill does not clearly match ilicifolia, and appears to be just a stunted velutina; this was redetermined by JC, MM and RC in 1980s, after revisiting the site and thoroughly searching. This species may have occurred on sandy summits of the Cumberland Mountains, but disappeared due to fire suppression.

Footnote:
This is a shrubby northeastern species, centered in the northern Appalachians and coastal regions from N.J. to Me. (FNA 3, K). It occurs on sterile sandy soils,  sometimes together with prinoides. It extends southward into the Blue Ridge of N.C., but not westward beyond the higher mts. of Va. There are some old unverified reports of ilicifolia from Ky. (e.g. Short 1837, Defries 1884a,b; others reviewed by M). Hypothetically, it might have occurred in the Cumberland Mountains before fire-suppression. 

   The vegetative coll. from FLOY (KY) noted by Clark et al. (1997) appears to be a stunted form of velutina, based on examining a range of material and revisiting the locality. The leaves of this coll. have similar size and shape to ilicifolia, but their lobes are less pointed; they lack persistent white-felty tomentum on lower surfaces (nor on twigs); and they lack deep bluish-green color.


Comment:
The BELL (lb) record is a handwritten note in her copy of Braun (1943) at US. 

GRAV (1): Garman (1913); but GALL, GRNP excluded. 

EDMO (jc) is based on a few small trees that seem to be native, near an entrance road, but could have been derived from old plantings. 

See Medley (1993) for notes on uncertainty in natural range.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but it also occurs locally on damp uplands of the southern Interior Low Plateaus. In Ky. there is some uncertainty about the native range, given possible plantings and old obscure records (CW). Q. nigra does appear to be native in southern regions of the state, but very rare. There is a large tree near the cabins at Kentucky Dam Village State Park in MARS, as well as younger ones in the vicinity (M). There is also a large native-looking tree at the edge of Meadow Creek Swamp in WAYN (Clark et al. 2005).


Comment:
Not listed by Braun (1943); often overlooked but distinct from falcata.

LO: BALL, CALL, GRAV.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but it also occurs upstream along some lowlands. In Ky. it extends into the Shawnee Hills, where it is locally abundant on alluvial terraces or deeper residuum with much loess (generally subhydric or submesic). 

   Q. pagoda has often been overlooked and confused with falcata or other species (FNA 3). There may be occasional introgression with falcata, but pagoda is generally distinct in its leaves. These have 5-9 (11) more or less equal moderately deep lobes (versus 3-7 shallow or deep lobes, the terminal one much longer in sun leaves); bases are cuneate to concave-rounded or truncate leaf base (versus usually convex-rounded); surfaces have a bluish green hue (versus dull or brownish green), with pale grayish hairs below (versus pale rusty brownish). Terminal buds are somewhat 5-angled (versus almost terete). Bark is usually blackish, with flaky ridges (versus brown to blackish, with more persistent ridges and furrows).


Comment:
There are also possible hybrids with Q. velutina, perhaps rubra and others. 

HARR (ek) is an apparent hybrid with velutina.

GARR on point at White Oak creek; check notes.

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species, but generally rare to absent in deeper woods with little history of fire or other disturbance. In Ky. there are occasional hybrids with other species, including the closely related pagoda, which has been confused.


Comment:
x velutina: CALL (ex MU) !!; CART (mo) maybe.

LO: BELL, BREC, CALL, CHRI, HARD, JEFF (several student colls. from Iroquois Pk on clay hillsides, etc.), MEAD, OLDH (barren ridge on Covington Church Rd 1.5 miles off US 42).

Check Bryant's record(s) from northern Bluegrass counties (?); see his paper(s).

PD: x velutina occ at Iroquois Park!?

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species, but largely restricted to thin woods on seasonally dry infertile soils, especially areas with a history of frequent fire or other disturbance. There are occasional hybrids in Ky. with velutina and probably other species.

   As observed by Michaux (1803), marilandica was originally abundant around margins of fire-maintained "barrens" in parts of w. Ky. Like stellata, marilandica has declined greatly in many areas of the state, especially on deeper soils, due to succession from pyric to submesic forest and conversion to farmland. It is less long-lived than stellata and its disappearance has been even more dramatic. Early reports from the Bluegrass region remain unverified, but the reports of Gm from the Blue Licks area (NICH, ROBE) are believable, considering the unusual influences from ungulate and humans at that locality before Virginian settlement (Campbell 1989; and associated historical citations).


Comment:
The CAMP (NK) coll. may be hybridized with Q. shumardii or rubra.

LO: BELL, BULL, EDMO, JEFF, LETC, MEAD, OWEN, POWE, SPEN, WOLF.

EK: HARL

Footnote:
Although widespread in eastern states, this species is uncommon to absent on fertile base-rich soils. In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids (or perhaps introgressants) with several other species, including imbricaria, marilandica, rubra and shumardii, but there is no reported intergradation with coccinea.


Comment:
Sometimes confused with shumardii, leading to spurious records from calcareous regions. 

However, CAMP (jc; collection needs processing) is confirmed, from an acid ancient glacial/river terrace on the uplands near US 27; see also CW.

The BRAC (EK) record indicates only two trees in a fencerow.

LO: HARD.
LO: OLDH (JJ Mathews #693, 22 Jun 1961, at roadside ca. 0.5 miles past Duncan Memorial Chapel toward Floydsburg, Ky.") seems correct (also R. Clark).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly east of the Mississippi Rv., centered in Appalachian regions but extending into some other regions with dry acid soils. In Ky. it has sometimes been confused with shumardii, leading to spurious reports from calcareous regions. However, records from BRAC (EKY), CAMP (JC for KY) and OLDH (DHL) are confirmed, coming from very small populations on old high terraces or acid shales peripheral to the Bluegrass region. 

   Introgressve hybridization with rubra and perhaps shumardii has been suggested in Ky. (CW), and hybrids with several other species are possible (FNA 3). But there is little definitive evidence of hybridization in Ky., and it is remarkable that there are not even reports of hybrids with velutina, which appears to be the closest relative of coccinea in Ky. (F, M). Compared to other red oaks typical of mature unbroken forest, both coccinea and velutina have relatively deep acorn cups, pubescent to tomentose buds, and generally blackish blocky bark (J).


Comment:
LO: BELL, EDMO, GRAV, HARL, JEFF, LAUR, LETC, MEAD, OLDH, OWEN.

Footnote:
This is widespread across most of eastern North America, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. In Ky. there are occasional hybrids with several other species (at least shumardii and imbricaria). There are no wild records of the northern var. ambigua (Gray) Fern. (= var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw.), which has deeper cups around acorns (about a third covered versus a quarter), deeper leaf sinuses (up to 1/3 versus 1/4), and paler smoother bark (F, W). However, many planted trees with northern origins appear to be var. ambugua, and probably contributing significantly to local gene-pools. These trees can easily be confused with some forms of shumardii or with putative rubra-shumardii intergrades.


Common:
shumard oak, southern red oak (of rich woods)

Comment:
Var. status is generally uncertain.  The BOYL (ky) coll. and perhaps others (check NELS at KY) may be hybridized with Q. velutina.  There may also be frequent hybrids with Q. rubra.

GH: BOON, FAYE, KENT, HENR, OWEN, PULA, UNIO.

LO: CALL, NELS, OWEN, SPEN, etc. etc.

PERR: EK "Laurel Lick Branch. Hollow backfill for strip mine." was this planted???

Footnote:
Most records mapped here are var. shumardii, but see also notes under var. schneckii. This species is widespread across southeastern states, but generally restricted to base-rich soils. In early literature from Ky., it was confused with palustris (Short 1828-9; Short et al. 1833-40) or with texana (Pr, Gm); B provided the first usage of the name shumardii. Hybrids with palustris are not documented in Ky., but there do appear to be occasional hybrids with rubra, velutina and perhaps others; introgression may be extensive in some populations.    

   Q. shumardii is often difficult to identify based on leaves alone, which are similar in shape to coccinea but relatively deep green above, often turning maroon in fall (versus bright green, turning scarlet); see also note on buds under coccinea. In both species, but especially shumardii, well-developed sun-leaves have lobes that broaden distally, often pinching off the sinuses.


FullName:
Quercus shumardii Buckl. var. schneckii (Britt.) Sarg.

Comment:
The EDMO (KY) coll. was det. by Jensen; other colls. need checking. The distinction of this variety needs checking but it seems to be typical of drier limestone slopes; distinguished by the deeper cup and more rounded acorn base (and perhaps less deeply lobed ornate leaves). However, Braun (1943) indicates this occurs on terraces and lower slopes, while typical shumardii occurs on drier sites. Needs further study in field and herbarium; and check Garman (1913) for other records.

GH: DAVI, LYON, MADI, NELS, PEND.
EK??: CLAR FRAN HENR LINC MADI OWEN RUSS

In Oxford OH Miami Univ campus may be the main form here--looks rather different from most KY shumardii

Footnote:
This taxon is poorly understood; mapping here is provisional and incomplete. It was initially reported to have a more interior western range (Sargent 1905, 1926). Most Ky. records come from hills around the Bluegrass region and adjacent to the Pennyrhile Karst Plain. Differences in habitat remain unclear; var. schneckii may be concentrated on seasonally dry uplands, while var. shumardii is most common on damper soils (see also W), but B reported an opposite trend.

   Distinction of var. schneckii has been based primarily on its somewhat smaller acorns, with ca. 1/3 covered by the cups; typical shumardii is usually more like typical rubra in its acorns, with only ca. 1/4 covered by the cups. Var. schneckii may also have generally smaller leaves on mature branches (the blades mostly 7-9 cm long versus 9-13 cm), with fewer lobes, and smaller buds.


Species:
texana (nuttallii, shumardii var. t., palustris forma n.)

Comment:
Note reputed record from Laterneau Woods (CARL?)--JSole.others to check.

Footnote:
This occurs in the lower Mississippi Valley, especially on slackwater flats with subhydric clayey alluvium that dries out during summer to fall. It is rare at the northern edge of its range in se. Mo., w. Ky and s. Ill. (FNA 3). Colls. from CALL (EKY; Clark et al. 2005), HICK (KY) and MARS (MUR) are vegetative but identification is fairly certain. There is also a coll. with acorn from BALL (EKY) that is probably texana or perhaps a transition to shumardii. 

   In overall form and size of acorns, leaves and buds, texana seems intermediate between palustris and shumardii (FNA 3). But it is distinct from both in its acorn cups, which are uniformly pubescent on the inner surface (versus glabrous except around the scar), and deeper (covering 1/3-1/2 versus 1/4-1/3), with the acorn often more elongated (versus often globose in palustris, but variable in shumardii). Leaves are similar in shape to palustris, generally 5-lobed but highly variable; lateral lobes tend to be more angled towards apex (versus almost perpendicular to midrib), and the terminal lobe tends to have parallel sides or tapers without prominent sublobes. Leaf blades tend to be deeper glossy green above, drying to dark greyish or blackish (versus bright pale green to pale brown in palustris, or deep green to maroon or brown in shumardii).


Comment:
HART (KY) appears to be a hybrid with Q. shumardii. BOON (NK) might be from a planting.  
1 = Bryant (1978), Alton swamp.  
2 = R. Hannan field notes (ca. 1979); see also CW for JACK

Lower case ek records may be escapes from plantings.

LO: BALL, CALL, HARD, JEFF, LAUR, MEAD, OWEN, TRIG.

DBoone: 66 in dbh 108 ft tall in Laterneau Woods FULT; may be state champ

Footnote:
This widely planted species is becoming locally naturalized outside its original distribution on swampy sites in east-central states. Clearly adventive records are excluded here, though a few remain uncertain. In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids with shumardii, phellos and others. 

   Based on leaves alone, palustris is sometimes confused with other deeply lobed species, especially shumardii and coccinea. Its leaves are usually plain shiny green to (especially on richer soils) yellowish and paler below, turning pale brown in fall; in contrast, the leaves of similar species are mostly deeper green (except coccinea), and tend to become darker brown or reddish during fall. Leaves are typically smaller (as are buds), ovate in overal outline (versus often obovate), with 5-7 main lobes (versus 5-11); see FNA 3 for details. Lobes are usually more acute, with one of the 2-3 divisions distinctly elongated (versus usually truncate, without a more prominent division); and more or less parallel-sided or tapering outwards (versus often broadening), with sinuses widening outwards (versus often pinched off in well-developed sun-leaves of shumardii and coccinea).


FullName:
Poterium sanguisorba L. ssp. muricatum (Spach) Rouy

Species:
sanguisorba ssp. muricatum (S. minor ssp. muricata)

Comment:
Braun (1943) states: "grassy field" for KENT (LB). There are no other records of this garden herb; it does not seem to more than a waif.

Footnote:
This cultivated herb ("salad burnet") is locally escaped or perhaps somewhat persistent in northeastern North America (F, W). The only record for Ky. comes from B, who collected it from a "grassy field" in KENT.


Comment:
1 = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

WK: MM! HART POWE JEFF.

US: CALL BARR NELS FLEM EDMO HARD

Footnote:
This is centered in the Great Plains but extends into the rocky glades of east-central states, especially on xeric base-rich soils.


Comment:
The MCRE coll. was by Browne and Browne; but it is unclear if truly naturalized.

perhaps PULA (Medley coll. catalog, under L. lancifolium Thunb. but with white flowers).

Footnote:
This cultivated species has been reported from Ky. (Cr) in MCRE (BA), and perhaps PULA (M). It is not clear if these colls. were from persistent plantings or truly spontaneous.


Comment:
1 = D. Dourson (pers. comm.) from Star Gap Old-growth.

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely midwestern species is restricted to calcareous soils, but occurs in varied kinds of woods, from damp to dry; on slopes it is usually associated with warmer aspects. Without its distinctive white flowers, which usually open in April, albidum cannot be easily distinguished from americanum, which usually flowers in late April or early May (F, Cr, FNA 26, W). Its fruits tend to be more rounded, slightly apiculate or slightly depressed at summit (versus truncate or apiculate); leaves tend to be narrower (mostly 1.5-4 cm versus 2-5 cm), often in extensive non-flowering patches; 2n = 44 (versus 48).


Footnote:
This southeastern annual or short-lived perennial (?) is most frequent in the central and lower Mississippi watershed (F, Cr, W). It is known from s. Ind., and may be overlooked on lowlands in the Shawnee Hills of Ky. D. brachiata  usually grows in less disturbed woods on damp fertile soils of riverine floodplains. It is the probably the most shade tolerant species of Acanthaceae in eastern states; 2n = ca. 80.


Comment:
This species is apparently adventive from the south; and it may escape sometimes from plantings as an attractive "wild flower"; it has increased in such use within recent years.

Footnote:
This tall annual is a tetraploid (2n = 28) that is adventive from South America. Also, it escapes sometimes from plantings as an attractive but erroneous "wild flower"; such misinformed use has increased within recent years. Hybrids are unknown. The related species, V. bonariensis L., may also be expected but generally does not extend as far north (SE, W).


Comment:
All plants are probably the typical variety. Many colls. have pubescent leaves but none appear to be velutinous as in var. leiocarpa.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is perennial, but perhaps short-lived (Cr). All plants in Ky. are probably the typical variety. Many colls. have hairy leaves, but none appear to be velutinous as in var. leiocarpa Perry & Fern. Hybrids are expected with hastata and others (F, Cr); most eastern species of Verbena contain diploids (2n = 14).


Comment:
Probable hybrids with V. urticifolia are collected from JEFF (MM) and UNIO (KA).

Footnote:
This tall wetland perennial is widespread across eastern and central North America. Apparent hybrids with urticifolia are collected from JEFF (MM for WKY) and UNIO (R. Athey colls. to locate at EKY or MEM).


Comment:
1 = Moldenke (1982) in Phytologia 50: 235

Footnote:
This is a widespread weedy species of dry base-rich soil in eastern states, often along roadsides as well as more natural rocky habitats.


Footnote:
This widespread species of the Great Plains is adventive in Atlantic states (Cr, W).


Comment:
There may be some further confusion with glomerata in these records; FNA indicates that capitellata intergrades with glomerata to the south; but it is not clear if there are true intermediates in Kentucky.


EK: BELL CALL FLEM HARL LAUR MCRE MONT POWE PULA ROCK RUSS WHIT

Footnote:
This is widespread in much of eastern North America, but it is restricted to wet acid soils. Some Ky. colls. are difficult to distinguish from glomerata, and should be rechecked; see notes under that species.


Comment:
EK: CALL CLIN HARL LAUR MCRE

WARR: BT map; als Anderson 1924 "cymosa" of Price 1893 addenda

Anderson 1924 under glomerata: 
"barrens near Mammoth Cave" Sep 1835 Short KY

Footnote:
This is close to capitellata, and has a more southern range, being most common on the Coastal Plain. Intergradation is known in southern regions (FNA 23), and suspected in Ky. R. glomerata usually has distinct achenes (FNA 23,  J, LeBlond in W): averaging larger, up to 1.4 mm wide (versus 1.2 mm), suborbicular (versus pyriform), distinctly truncate at the summit (versus tapered), pale-umbonate on the faces (versus uniformly brown), and with a thickened wire-like margin (versus usually with a less distinct margin). It is generally more robust, with leaves up to 5 mm wide (versus 3.5 mm).


Comment:
HART coll. is by M. Medley from Hundred Acre Pond.  

WAYN (NP) coll. is from "Cooley's Meadow" by G. Libby in 1995.

Footnote:
This robust annual or short-lived perennial occurs mostly in swamps of the southeastern Coastal Plain, but there are scattered interior records as far as s. Mich. The two Ky. records come from depressional wetlands on karst plains of the Mississippian Plateaus; both sites have diverse native flora with several conservative and rare species.


Comment:
Some colls. may need rechecking for var. corniculata (of the eastern seaboard; this latter var. has not been documented in Kentucky (Fernald 1950).

EK: CALL CLIN GRAV HEND HOPK LAUR LYON MCLE MCRA MUHL OHIO ROCK

Anderson 1924: "barrens of Ky" 1835 CWShort KY
JEFF: Anderson 1924: "near Louisville" 1835 CW Short KY

Footnote:
This robust perennial is widespread in swampy woods and marshes of southeastern states. Most plants in Ky., but not all, are probably referable to var. interior Fern. (F). However, that taxon is not generally distinguished in recent treatments (FNA 23).


Footnote:
This occurs only on calcareous slopes along larger streams in s. Ky., c. Tenn., n. Ala. & n. Ga. It has been largely overlooked until recent decades, partly due to confusion with the more western species, A. grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell.  Reports of grandiflora from Ky. appear to have been erroneous (M), but it is known from s. Ill. and ne. Ark. Without flowers or fruits, patula can be distinguished from other species in Ky. by the sparseness of its stem pubescence (versus dense in virginica or glabrous in the others).


Comment:
Reports are probably erroneous, based on misidentification of flava; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928-35); PERR (KY) was burned, by Garman from Buckhorn. 

2 = Fort Knox study of Okla. Biol. Surv. 

The western outliers should be carefully rechecked.

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to central and southern Appalachian regions, but extends locally into some adjacent hills. In Ky. the outlying western records should be rechecked.


Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928-35).

LO: HARD Cranfill coll much eaten not sent to KY!!!

KY: FAYE!!! JCampbell 26Apr1989 Raven Run dry slope N of mouth of Cr

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, but its range is somewhat fragmented. It is largely restricted to dry woodland on somewhat base-rich soils, and it is probably sensitive to browsing by deer or other herbivores. F. Michaux (1805) reported flava from the "barrens" of western Ky.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); probably NP/MM. Need to recheck for ROCK (KA) cited by Medley but not relocated at KA; was this moved? Although some colls seem quite distinct, there are frequent transitions to tenuifolia. This is "a highly variable taxon" (Weakley); in Kentucky, it seem most distinct and abundant near major rivers, especially on the Coastal Plain.

GH: none.

HART (WK): JC coll Sep 2007 on Goebel Tract at bottom of field in woods edge.

MEAD (MB): "Stachys aspera... subglabra? No. 2. Meade county, Ky. C.W.Short, M.D., Kentucky, 1842." JC: keys to hispida using Nelson and W but it has narrow leaves depauperate habit like aspera?? JC: presumed a different taxon than the "eplingii" from MEAD by Short also... see notes under eplingii; was that "No. 1"???

Note disjunct 1840s colls. of C.W. Short (GH, ?MO, PH) from "barrens" in MEAD. The latter were initially det. as aspera by Short; then hyssopifolia var. ambigua by F; then included in eplingii by Nelson (1981); but see also notes under hispida.

Footnote:
This is a highly variable species, with transitions to tenuifolia and perhaps even aspera (C.W. Short's coll. from MEAD at MO). It seems most distinct and frequent on seasonally dried or disturbed terraces near larger streams, especially in the lower Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, but even there it is not widely recognized (e.g. Ch.). It is uncommon to rare in mid-Atlantic states (W).


Comment:
Needs further study; there may be a Grubbs (1989) collection from the loess bluffs, but the collection is not yet located. McFarland (1942) also reported palustris (as ssp. arenicola).This species may be adventive from the west; it has been reported from banks of waterfowl impoundments in southeastern states (Weakley).

Footnote:
This northern and western species is reported to be adventive in southeastern states, especially on banks of shallow impoundments for waterfowl (W). It has been reported by Grubbs (1989) from HICK (recheck MUR) and by McFarland (1942) for Ky. in general, but colls. have not been located or confirmed.


Comment:
The nature of this taxon is still controversial. Without bark and nuts, most records are tentative. Much introgression appears to exist; intermediate populations, collectively approaching species status, are locally more abundant than parents (e.g Cumberland Mt.). Braun notes varieties.

TRIG (ap): veg perhaps glabra var hirsuta???

LO: also ?CALL to check

Footnote:
These poorly understood trees may result from hydridization of glabra and ovata. In Ky. they are locally more common than these supposed parents: e.g. on Cumberland Mt. in BELL, and perhaps other relatively cool zones of the state. But FNA 3 included such trees all within a broadly defined, variable glabra, within which no segregates were recognized. 

   C. ovalis has been described (F, Cr, W) as differing from glabra in its somewhat scaly or shaggy bark (versus non-shaggy); longer staminate catkins, ca. 10-15 cm long (versus 5-8 cm); fruits of intermediate size and various shapes, with light brown husk that splits to base, and sweet kernel (versus dark brown, closed or tardily splitting, sweetish or somewhat bitter). Less reliable are leaflet number (often reported as usually 7 but not necessarily so in Ky.), pubescence (perhaps more consistently hairy), and other characters (perhaps reddish petioles). C. ovalis reportedly includes diploids (2n = 32), as in most Carya species, plus tetraploids (2n = 64), as in glabra, tomentosa and pallida.


Comment:
Plants known as var. megacarpa, with nuts 3.5-5 cm long and the husk 3-4 mm thick, are typical of the Coastal Plain, and may extend north to southern Illinois and probably Kentucky; but there are no records. Check MASO (ky) claimed by Clark & Bauer (2001).

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states, and its variation needs further study. There may be local introgression with ovata (see notes under X ovalis), and occasional hybridization with other species (FNA 3; W). Varietial names have not generally been applied within Ky. Expected here is var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sarg., which has relatively large fruits and large terminal leaflets; though mostly known from the southeastern Coastal Plain, it is reported north to s. Ill. (M, W).


Footnote:
This aggressive rhizomatous plant from Mediterranean Europe has become widely sown for stabilizing ground in eastern states, especially along newly constructed roads. In Ky. some records may be from persistent plantings, but the species does often spread by seed as well as rhizomes. Although it has been generally known as Coronilla varia L., the segregated genus Securigera has become widely applied in recent years (W, PL).


FullName:
Hylodesmum nudiflorum (L.) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill

Footnote:
In Ky. this widespread eastern species is largely restricted to woods on mesic-subxeric sites with medium-acid soils. These are usually "average" oak-hickory woods, potentially dominated by Quercus alba.


FullName:
Hylodesmum glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill

Comment:
LO: some "nudiflorum" is glutinosum for JEFF.

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern North America in woods somewhat similar to nudiflorum but typically on more mesic, fertile soils.


FullName:
Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. var. australis

Comment:
1 = Larisey (1940) cited by Braun (1943); along Rolling Fork in HARD and Clear Creek in SHEL.

HARD plant of DWhite from Fort Knox was referred to var aberrans/minor by np in early database; Max thought intermediate.

2 = A. Michaux (1793-96); 

3 = Nourse (1775), interpreted; there is only one site (plant?) currently known along the Kentucky River, in MERC, discovered by Marty Bender.

Footnote:
Before artificial dams and impoundments, this species was formerly widespread and locally abundant along several larger streams and rivers of east-central states. In Ky. it is now common only along rocky banks of the upper Cumberland River system. Records from FRAN and GARR are historical references without known colls. M. Bender discovered a plant on banks of the Kentucky River in MERC, which is the only one known to remain in that watershed. A piece of this plant was taken for cultivation by JC; it flowers about two weeks later, in the same garden, than plants from the Cumberland River drainage.


FullName:
Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. var. aberrans (Larisey) M. Mendenhall

Comment:
These plants may be intermediate between minor and australis; see Weakley for discussion. B. minor is a more western taxon that does not seem to cross the Mississippi Valley. 

CHRI (NP 1979 data); (BEREA) A. Measey 1916 Jul 8 "Hopkinsville"; (EK) EM & ET Browne-77F4.1 (with RAthey) 11Jun1977, Ky 91 roadside at side road to west 1.4 mi N of jct w/Ky 624.
CRIT (BEREA); also was a coll at KA but not there now: H. Garman 1904 Aug "Marion" (check in Garmans pubs etc).
HARD (NP) needs rechecking for variety; DWhite Fort Knox--see australis.;  perhaps intermediate acc to Max.
HOPK (KA): C.L. Taylor, 1914 May 16, "Madisonville"; no other data--was this cultivated?
LOGA: EK
TODD: EK.

CHECK LARISEY DATA... in his pub...???

Footnote:
This taxon of calcareous glades in southeastern states appears somewhat intermediate between typical australis and B. minor Lehm., a more western species (W). The coll. from HARD (KSNPC) appears transitional to australis. Given the striking disjunction in habitat from typical australis (on rocky river banks), variety status may not be sufficient (W). A parallel situation exists in Physostegia praemorsa versus P. virginiana.


Species:
leucantha (lactea; alba* var. macrophylla)

Comment:
There has been unnecessary confusion between the western plants known as leucantha and the eastern known as alba; this has led to import of so-called native alba (actually var. alba) from southeastern states as a species for wildflower beds and even restoration.

CAMP (nk) may not be collected; this is tentative based on R. Naczi's notes and pers comm re: Carex muhl and Galium pilosum on Larry Giesman property; need to revisit site and at least photograph; just one/few plants?
HARD: (EK) cedar glade/oak woodland, Gross Hill, 2 mi W of Franklin's Crossroads, 374020 N 860320W.
LIVI: sight obs 12 planr TNC in burned oild field (LIP) 2.5 m ENE of Burna; c.2003.
JEFF (LO): PADavies 1524b 26 Jun 1947: shaded hillside Red Stone Hill
MADI: check data.
POWE: (EK) wildflower planting at Slade rest area; perhaps alba (ss).

Note also in TN JKiser has seen just outside Pickett State Park area with a few miles of KY line.

EK: CRIT CHRI BREC MCLE HARD

Footnote:
This midwestern species has been confused with typical B. alba (L.) R. Br., which does not occur in Ky. but has been sometimes introduced from southeastern states as a supposed wildflower. There has also been confusion with leucophaea, which has a similar range but occurs on poorer soils. In Ky. leucantha occurs mostly in western regions on base-rich soils, often on dry uplands with remnants of native grassland, but sometimes also on lower ground in thin woods bordering swamps. The record from CAMP is probably correct, but it is just a sight record of R. Naczi (pers. comm.).


FullName:
Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M.A. Curtis ex Gray

Comment:
Initially found in CLAY by NP; there may be a coll. in limbo at LO; it is too bad that the Univ. of Louisville herbarium has been so dysfunctional with such an important scientific resource for conservation as the early KSNPC collections.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the Piedmont from Va. to Ga., with only scattered records in Appalachian regions further west. In Ky. there are two localities in thin upland woods of CLAY, especially along one US Forest Service road. Iit has also been recently found in an old-field of MADI, where seed might have been introduced with "wildflower" sowings (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; G. Dandeneau, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Thermopsis villosa (Walt.) Fern. & Schub.

Comment:
Discovered by J. Thieret at head of Green River; apparently native; check data.

Footnote:
This largely southern Apppalachian species was discovered by J. Thieret on a roadside at the head of the Green Rv. valley in CASE (KNK). It appeared native at this locality, but villosa is sometimes cultivated and can escape. Its original range and habitats remain somewhat mysterious (W).


FullName:
Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray

Comment:
Label data for the FAYE (KY) coll., which is correctly identified, are: H. Garman, Lexington, Ky. May 27, 1908; "from Agropyron occidentale Plot". This was apparently a waif from the west, included with grass seed.

Footnote:
This occurs widely in the Great Plains, and it is rarely adventive to the east. The only Ky. record is a coll. from FAYE (KY-Agr.): H. Garman, 27 May 1908, "from Agropyron occidentalie Plot" [apparently a waif in grass seed from the west].


Comment:
Not verified; a more eastern taxon unlikely in Kentucky (Medley 1993).


Footnote:
This winter annual is widespread across temperate North America. There may be historical evidence and archaeological evidence (e.g. Henderson 1998) that this species is native. Gray (1864; see also F) noted: "Shaded ground, throughout the continent; probably as an introduced plant eastward." In Ky., it was first recorded early after settlement by Rafinesque and others (McMurtrie 1819), but it has generally been considered alien (Gm). Cr noted variation in chromosome number, from plants with relatively large seeds and long leaves (2n = 44 to 88 usually), to more depauperate plants (with 2n = 20 usually) that are potentially segregated as var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Farw. However, there does not appear to have been a comprehensive study of variation within this annoying species.


FullName:
Rosa setigera Michx. var. tomentosa Torr. & Gray

Comment:
Variety status needs rechecking in some cases; Braun's records do not separate varieties; she notes they occur together but glabrous forms are more common.

GH: BALL, MADI, ROCK.

Lewis 1958: BALL (H); BATH (Lewis); LOGA (lewis); MCLE (US, H); MADI (H); MARS (Lewis); ROCK (H); SHEL (Lewis)

Footnote:
This hairy-leaved segregate is centered in the midwest, but overlaps much with typical setigera on the modern landscape (Lewis 1958). It has not been recognized in most recent treatments (Cr, W).


Comment:
The MCRA coll. is R. Athey #2497 ("airport lawn"). See Browne and Athey (1974, 1978).

EK: WAYN RLMears 17Sep1995, mowed lawn on Main St in Monticello; also a coll of Brownes-11833 20May1966 from Main St Monticello where brought in with strawberry plants.

Footnote:
This bad weed of tropical agriculture has tuberiferous rhizomes, like its temperate relative, esculentus (FNA 23). These two taxa are part of a polyploid complex; 2n = 16-152+ with 108 often predominnant in esculentus at least. C. rotundus has established locally in Paducah (MCRA), Louisville (JEFF) and Monticello (WAYN). Although not generally peristent in temperate regions, the population in Monticello began with a horticultural introduction in 1960/61 and was found in adjacent mowed lawns during 1995 (EKY)


Comment:
BE are duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

EK: ADAI BALL BOON BOUR BOYD BRAC CARL CLAR CLIN DAVI EDMO ESTI FAYE FLOY FRAN FULT GRAN GREE GRNP HARL HARR HENR HICK JACK JEFF JESS LAUR LAWR LEE LESL LEWI LIVI LOGA MARI MADI MASO MCRE MCLE MONR NELS OLDH PIKE POWE ROCK SIMP TODD TRIM WARR WASH WAYN WOLF

Anderson 1924: "beach of the Kentucky River" R Peter 1834 (KY).

Footnote:
This widespread pantropical and warm temperate weed may be native in Ky. It has been common here for over a century (Riddell 1835, Short et al. 1833, Gm). Variation needs more study: all material from Ky. may be var. leptostachyus Boeckl., but colls. should be checked for var. macrostachyus Boekl., which is in southeastern states (W). C. esculentus is especially successful in horticultural situations, where tuberiferous rhizomes peristently exploit fresh loose soil. Plants "often have a swett aroma when bruised or during drying" (Y).


Comment:
Recently reported in Kentucky; details to be documented (check Mears 1999, Jones 2005). CAMP (NK): Thieret 59758, weed in nursery.

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable pantropical annual; 2n = 96-128 (FNA 23). It was recently reported in Ky. (Mears 1999, J). It is known only from a roadside in WHIT (EKY; Mears & Libby 1995) and from a nursery in CAMP (J. Thieret #59758 at KNK). It is probably not well established in the state.


Comment:
Widely grown in lawns and much naturalized in southern regions; "the southern fescue".

MV: CAMP, MERC.

1 = ??? notes from Brushaber; check herbarium at Wilmore College

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan species of tropical to warm temperate regions is widely grown in lawns, and has become frequently naturalized in southern regions. It behaves somewhat as a warm-season equivalent to fescue, with much utility for pastures, lawns and erosion control. C. dactylon has been widespread in Ky. for a century or more (Gm); see also note under Muhlenbergia schreberi. Anderson (1924) noted: "grows everywhere, especially along railroad embankments, where it is frequently planted as a soil binder. Spreads rapidly by its stolons. but rarely perfects seed." As in most other species of the genus, both diploids and tetraploids are known (2n = 18 and 36).


Comment:
There are also U.K. Agr. Sch. reports from several other counties.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) is a cosmopolitan, trampling-resistant weed of fertile soils in tropical and temperate regions. It has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement; a coll. of P. Peter from Lexington in 1833 was lost in the 1948 fire at KY (Anderson 1924). In 1914 Gm noted: "a grass of dooryards where it thrives about ash heaps and along little use walks... Animals eat it freely... among our best grasses in the matter of nutritive constituents."


Comment:
1 = D. Taylor (pers. comm.); he probably made coll.

2n= 40

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern species is rare and occurs mostly on acid infertile soils in good diverse remants of open woodland or grassland. There are also disjunct populations in s. Ill., s. Ind. and s. Ohio (FNA 25).


Comment:
Note other PULA record from L McKinney 1992: "ca. 0.6 m NE of Bobtown; 1.8 m S of Ocala Rd along Rt 39; "Along Hwy. 39, ca. 1.8 mi. S of Ocala Rd. and just S of the Buck River floodplain."

Footnote:
This species occurs mostly on seasonally wet acid infertile soils in open woodland and grassland on the southeastern Coastal Plain. There are several disjunct inland populations in Miss., Ala., Ga. and s. Tenn. (FNA 25), but only one in Ky. These plants in PULA grow in a highly diverse unique remnant of native vegetation on acid xerohydric soils; see also Drosera brevifolia.


Comment:
JEFF (LO): B Palmer Ball Ohio Rv banks near water intake facility 28 Oct 1980; ATHotchkiss 6Oct1980 Falls of Ohio; also a MMedley coll exists (check data).

Footnote:
This variable species occurs in diverse types of seasonally wet habitat, mostly from the northern Great Plains to the North Atlantic Coast. In Ky. it is largely restricted to marshy places on some riverbanks. The few records inland suggest that, before settlement, it might have been more widespread. See also notes under Panicum virgatum, which has similar distribution. Both species have cytological variation that needs more research; 2n = 40 to 94 in S. pectinata (FNA 25).


Comment:
Recently discovered by Ron Jones and class; see Sida 21:1906-16.

Footnote:
This was recently found on Wolf Island in HICK (EKY) by R. Jones and his class, and reported under the synonym I. turbinata Lag. (Clark et al. 2005). It may originate from Mexico, but has become scattered across the  Coastal Plain of southeastern states in recent decades, sometimes as a contaminent in soybean seed (W). It has violet or lavender flowers with narrow, 3-7 cm long tubes, and also been cultivated as an ornamental ("lilacbell").


Comment:
The FAYE (ky) seems atypical in having reddish flowers and glabrous leaves. Includes var. rubescens, as det for KENT (LB).

Footnote:
This is the most widespread native species of Ipomaea in eastern and central states, where it is also the only perennial member of the genus, with a large tuberous root. Colls. from FAYE (KY) and KENT (B) may be referred to var. rubescens Choisy, with reddish flowers.


Comment:
Added colls. are pink/purple forms (f. purpurata), from HICK (MU) and BRAC (NK), perhaps elsewhere.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread across southeastern states along alluvial shorelines and in the edges of fertile fields. Colls. from BRAC (KNK), HARR (JC), HICK (MUR) and elsewhere have pink-purple flowers, referable to forma purpurata Fern. That form may be more frequent that typical white-flowered plants in some parts of the Bluegrass region. An obscure hybrid origin has been suggested for purpurata (Y).


Footnote:
This is a common species of dry infertile sandy or limey soils in northeastern regions, but it is absent south of the Appalachians. Segregates may be worth recognizing (W; M. Homoya, pers. comm.), with plants varying much in overall pubescence, stature, and climbing tendency. Var. pubescens (Gray) Fern. (= ssp. stans (Michx.) Brummit) is known from southern Appalachian regions, especially on shale in the Ridge-and-Valley, and it may be expected in Ky. It is tomentose (versus glabrous to pubescent), with leaves more folded and with larger lobes (W).


Comment:
This taxon apparently should include var. communis. Distinction from fraterniflora needs checking in all cases. Some material may key to var. americanus in some manuals, e.g., from GARR (KA), but this taxon is unlikely in Kentucky. More research is needed.

WK: HART (JC 2007).

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. C. sepium has been defined as a complex species that is widespread across cool temperate regions of North America and Eurasia; see also notes under fraterniflora and further discussion in Y. Plants of European origin (ssp. sepium sensu stricto) may occur widely in North America (F), but these are difficult to distinguish from supposedly native northeastern plants known as Calystegia sepium ssp. americana (Sims) Brummitt (including var. communis of R. Tryon). Narrow-leaved plants formerly known as Convolvulus sepium var. repens (L.) Gray (but misapplied), with records from HARL (B, Brummitt 1980) and ROCK (B), may now be referred to Calystegia sepium ssp. appalachiana Brummitt. Other variants expected in the state are ssp. angulata Brummitt (a northern and western taxon, appearing transitional to fraterniflora), and ssp. erratica Brummitt (from Ill., Ind., Mich., Pa., N.Y., N.J. & Ont., with bracteoles merging into sepals and with strongly occluded leaf sinus).


Comment:
Colls. need to be rechecked for C. brevior, which is considered distinct in FNA. None at NK in Nov 2005; on loan--or were these redet.??? Some/all BRAC & CAMP (NK) was redet as molesta.

Also JACK (DO).

AP: CHRI "alata".

EK: BALL CHRI GRAV MADI MCRA MENI MONT POWE

Footnote:
This widespread species of south-central states has often been confused with brevior, normalis or other species; 2n = 68 or 70. Some colls. need to be rechecked. A few colls. from FAYE and MADI (KY) are atypical (see also annotations of A.A. Reznicek), and they have suggested transitions to brevior or molesta; see notes under those species and FNA 23.


Footnote:
This has been rarely planted in Ky., and there is little evidence of naturalization. There are only old colls. from KENT (NCU) and LYON (NY); both were verified by Argus (1986). However, the hybrid with alba (X ehrhatiana) does seem to be more established.


Comment:
1 = Reported by Price (1893, handwritten addenda), and Browne and Athey (citing collection at KA which cannot be found).

This northern species does not extend far south in the Appalachians, and is unlikely in Kentucky (Medley 1993). There may have been confusion with A. racemosa.

Footnote:
This rhizomatous herb is a northern species of dry, thin or disturbed woods that extends south in the Appalachians to w. N.C., but it is unlikely in Ky. (M). It has been reported from Ky. by Pr (addenda) and BA (citing a coll. at KY-Agr. which cannot be found), but it may have been confused with racemosa.


Comment:
PIKE (NC): Levy & Wieboldt 1982/05/24; check location. 

Browne & Athey (1992) cite KA collections for A. nudicaulis and A. hispida, but no collection occur there now.

Footnote:
This acaulescent rhizomatous herb is widespread in northern and western regions. In Ky. it is currently known from a few sites in or near the Cumberland Mts. There are also old colls. reported from LEWI, ROWA (B; check US), and perhaps elsewhere (BA), which need to be located and verified.


Footnote:
In its strict sense, this species is restricted to lowlands of the central Mississippi Valley. 

   Sewell & Vincent (2006) have resurrected P. covillei Wats., a segregate with highly fragmented range: from Mo., Ill. and Ind. (Wabash Rv.); to Ohio (including Lawrence Co. adjacent to Ky.) and W.Va.; to Md., Va. and N.C. It is expected in Ky., and differs from ranunculacea as follows: hairs at mid-stem sparse, mostly appressed/strigose, rarely spreading (versus dense, mostly spreading/pilose, some retrorse), plus a few glands <2 mm tall (versus dense and mostly >2 mm); terminal leaflets subtending inflorescence with acute-cuneate or nearly attenuate bases (versus obtuse-rounded or truncate); 2n = 28 (versus 12). Habitats are similar, typically on fertile soils in subhydric to mesic forests on floodplain terrace or toe-slopes.


Species:
microphylla (quadrivalvis* var. angustata; "S. uncinata")

Footnote:
This southeastern "sensitive brier" has often been treated as a variety of M. quadrivalvis L., along with several other taxa across North America. M. microphylla is closely related to M. nuttallii (DC. ex Britton & Rose) B.L. Turner, which is disjunct in central states (PL). Typical quadrivalvis occurs in Tex. M. microphylla is now largely restricted to rights-of-way, but may have spread more into woodlands on sandy uplands when burned and browsed along trails before settlement. This plant has a curious combination of high palatibility, before prickles develop, and sensitive folding leaflets. Crossing the Cumberland Plateau in 1867, John Muir (1916) noted: "...I found that Schrankia vines growing along foot-paths leading to a backwoods schoolhouse were much less sensitive than those in the adjacent unfrequented woods, having learned to pay but slight attention to the tingling strokes they get from teasing scholars."


Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states, especially in thin rocky woods and thickets on dry base-rich soils. Within regions where acid sandy soils predominate, it is generally concentrated in strips along roads made with limestone gravel. Also, it is often planted in Ky. and has spread locally onto the deeper soils of residential areas. Cercis is the only simple-leaved legume in eastern North America, and allied with the tropical genus Bauhinia. Cercideae are all woody plants and lack nitrogen-fixation.


Comment:
The WARR (wk) record may be from a planted (campus) tree. 1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across eastern North America, but generally restricted to highly fertile soils on mesic to submesic sites. Uncertain records mapped here as open dots include a few that may come from planted trees, especially those within Appalachian regions (Gm, CW). Note that the correct spelling may still be dioica (Y).

   In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted that Gymnocladus is "...peculiar to the forests of Canada and the western states of North America, in no portion of which is it more commonly met with, or seen in greater perfection than in the immediate neighbourhood of Lexington." Although this landscape is now mostly converted to farmland, the species survives well along woodland edges and fencerows, sometimes colonizing adjacent old fields. 
   
   Pods of Gymnocladus are relished by cattle, who often consume them during the winter and spring after they fall to the ground; see also Gm. Deposits of seeds can sometimes be found in old barns (L. Crawfort, pers. comm.). Occasional dispersal by other larger mammals is also suspected. In addition to being generally dioecious, this tree is unusual in its lateral root suckering up to 10 m or more from original stems (especially in males).


Footnote:
This extends across most of temperate North America, except the northwest. But it is particularly common on base-rich fertile soils, as in the Bluegrass Region of Ky., and generally rare to absent in more hilly non-calcareous regions. Unverified historical data of Gm are mapped here as open dots; his data from Appalachian regions may be doubted, but the species does occur at low density in major valleys throughout most Appalachian regions (PL). The fruits are consumed more or less whole by larger herbivores, including deer (but see Y). See also notes under aquatica.


Comment:
HICKetc 1 = sources of Medley (1993); Garman (1913) ??... 

GRAV (np): just extensive of HICK record???

HICK (np):  "Bayou de Chien 6 km SE of Clinton at GRAV co line"; "Hwy 123 at Hailwell to Hickman Rd to right fork for 0.5 m...Three Ponds..."

Records from TRIM and UNIO need checking. 

This species may be hard to distinguish from triacanthos without fruits; hybrids are known in some parts of its range, and have been suspected in some areas (Campbell & Grubbs 1992).

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to swamps on the southeastern Coastal Plain, extending upstream to bottomlands of the central Mississippi, lower Ohio and lower Wabash rivers (PL). In Ky. there are several old or uncertain records that need verification, including those of Gm as far as TRIM. Without fruit, aquatica can be hard to distinguish from triacanthos, which occasionally occurs along the margins of swamps. Hybrids appear to occur in several areas across the range (Y), including Ky.


Comment:
This is a very variable species, but segregates are not readily recognized.

BE are duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

EK: ADAI ANDE BALL BATH BELL BOYD BOYL BRAC  CALL CARL CASE CLAR CLAY CLIN DAVI ESTI FAYE FRAN GALL GARR GRAN GRAV GRAY GREE GRNP HARD HART HENR HICK HOPK JACK JEFF KNOT LARU LAUR LAWR LEE LESL LETC LEWI LINC LIVI LYON MADI MAGO MARIO MART MASO MCRA MCRE MENI MERC METC MONR MONT MORG MUHL NELS OHIO OLDH OWSL PERR PIKE POWE PULA ROBE ROCK ROWA SCOT SHEL SIMP SPEN TAYL TRIM WASH WAYN WEBS WHIT WOLF WOOD

Footnote:
This annual or cespitose perennial (without distinct rhizomes) is widespread across North America except in arid regions, and in Ky. it is the most common Cyperus. C. strigosus occurs on diverse wet to damp habitats, including agricultural and urban landscapes. It appears to be a highly variable species, but segregates are not readily defined; chromosome number is high and has not been precisely counted (as in most native species).


Comment:
BALL (NK): L.E. McKinney 6323.

EK: BALL (RAthey-1042 sand strip parallel to Ohio Rv); BOON CLAR LAUR MADI

sp = Price 1893 addenda; cited by Anderson 1924

Footnote:
This has a relatively narrow range from mid-Atlantic states to the Ozarks, and is generally uncommon to rare. C. refractus occurs in varied natural and artificial habitats but may be most frequent on sandy soils that often dry out in summer.


Comment:
This has been confused with true C. retrofractus (= C. dipsaciformis); several collections need checking. CALL (mu) reported by Fuller (1980) but not found.

EK: BALL BUTL ESTU HARL JOHN KNOX LAUR LETC MCRA MCRE

Footnote:
This robust relative of refractus has a similar range from mid-Atlantic states to the Ozarks, usually on sandy soils, but it is more common. In Ky. it has been confused with true retrofractus (dipsaciformis); several colls. need to be rechecked. An apparent hybrid with lupulinus was collected in BALL (R. Mears at EKY).


Comment:
Recently reported in Kentucky; details to be documented (Mears 1999, Jones 2005). This is a southwestern species, not treated in Fernald (1950) or Cronquist (1991); see Weakley.

NONE at EKY 2011

Footnote:
This southwestern relative of lancastriensis occurs on dry sandy soils up the Mississippi Valley to se. Mo. and n. Miss. (K, FNA 23). It was recently reported from Ky. by Mears (1999; see also J), but colls. have not been located.


Comment:
The MCRE (LB@US) colls. were det. by J.R. Carter: Braun 731 (dry sandy soil, red sandstone knobs S of Stearns) and Braun 4192 (Yahoo Ridge, sandstone knob). There are also tentatively ided MCRE (KY) colls. from same general area. The record from ROWA (lb) is a collection of Braun that needs checking: #4840, sandstone ledges, false [?illeg.] Lockegee Rock (from her handwritten collection notes).

Footnote:
In Ky. this southeastern species of dry sandy soils has been rarely recorded. Colls. were made during the 1930s (B) and the 1980s (J. Campbell at KY) from the same general locality in MCRE (Yahoo Ridge). The record from ROWA is tentatively based on Braun #4840 (perhaps at US), which needs to be rechecked.


Comment:
This is the true C. retrofractus according to J.R. Carter. The type specimen is a Kearney coll from HARL at US; there is also a HARL coll. at LO (Hannan & Phillippe 511). See also ROWA (NK): Thieret 52393, det R.L. Mears.

EK: CALL HARL MCRE

Anderson 1924: Kearney 222, 213 1893 "retrofractus" as distinct from dispsacifiormis.; was this type material?

Footnote:
This close relative of plukentii occurs from mid-Atlantic states to the central Mississippi Valley, usually growing on dry sandy soils or perhaps seasonally damp. 
The name retrofractus was misapplied to hystricinus in some earlier treatments, and F established the name C. dispaciformis Fern. for this species.


Comment:
Status unclear; most or all Ky records should be referred to C. lancastriensis.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on dry sandy soils of the Coastal Plain. It has been confused with typical retrofractus and lancastriensis in Ky. and elsewhere. There are no confirmed records, but it is expected in western regions. C. hystricinus is known from se. Mo. (Y) and perhaps s. Ind. (F).


Comment:
Colls. need checking; the lb coll. from BELL was redet. as C. lancastriensis (G.C. Tucker, pers. comm. to M. Medley) but Carter kept it as retrorsus. 1 = Medley (1993); check MM.  All plants may be referred to var. cylindricus but this is not a recognized taxon.

EK: BARR EHartowicz Jul1995 2 miles N of Glasgow near parking lot.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on dry sandy soils of the Coastal Plain, perhaps most vigorous after fire (F, FNA 23). In Ky. appears ot be rare, but there has been some confusion with lancastriensis, and some colls. should be rechecked. All plants are probably referable to var. cylindricus (Ell.) Fern. & Grisc., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
The HARD (KY) coll. by R. Cranfill was initially det. as L. michiganense but has large anthers suggesting L. superbum.  The CARL (MU) coll. is vegetative.

MCRE: 2011 Big South Fk 1000 ft fownstream from bottomon gaging station rd; large nonflw plant back of boulders w/Aster sax etc; prob same plant mapped by KSNPC

WARR (NP): 1994 S of Edmonson Co line pasture to Little Beaverdam Cr W of Ky 748.

Footnote:
This southeastern species has been recorded from Black Mt. in the east and some swampy lowlands in the west. Also, intervening localities have recently been discovered along banks of the Big South Fork in Ky. (MCRE at EKY) and Tenn., and on uplands on the Cumberland Plateau (LAUR at EKY; Libby et al. 1997). 

   There has been some confusion with the closely related midwestern michiganense. Hybridization among related species of Lilium is often indicated; 2n = 24 in all eastern species. There may be intermediates in western regions of Ky. For example, the coll. from HARD (KY) was initially determined as michiganense (Cranfill 1991), but it has large anthers and smooth leaves that suggest superbum.


Comment:
Several colls. are difficult to distinguish from L. michiganense; there may be  intermediates.  The np colls. were not found at LO. The ssp. editorum has been reported from BULL (Gunn 1968), but no colls. have been located. 1 = sight record of Weckman et al. (2003).

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is recorded from scattered sites in western regions of Ky., but some colls. are difficult to distinguish from michiganense. The relatively southern and western segregate, L. canadense var. editorum Fern., has been reported from BULL (Gunn 1968) but not confirmed. This variety has not been recognized in most recent treatments (FNA 26). Var. editorum was initially distinguished (F) by its red flower color (versus yellow to orange), with relatively narrow tube and petals (8-13 mm wide versus 12-20 mm), and leaves elliptic to ovate, scarcely attenuate (versus broadly lanceolate, attenuate).


FullName:
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. {Ozark-Ouachita group and transitions}

Species:
longifolia* variant {Ozark-Ouachita group and transitions}

Comment:
These plants need further study; they are more stiffly erect than tenuifolia (rigida?) in Appalachian regions, and perhaps part of a distinct western taxon centered in the Ozarks.

1= Terrell (1996): CRIT (FSU, Athey 4051), HOPK (MO, Palmer 17692); he also maps ?CALD and ?LIVI.

AP: TRIG 2 colls LBL nr Hematite Lake etc.; 
AP: also TN Cheatham Co perhaps this but "tenuifolia" AWC 1982.

JC also has collection from HOPK for KY; check data.

MB: HOPK EJPalmer-17692 Dawson Springs..

WK: none!!! 2008

Footnote:
Needing further study, these plants appear more robust and stiffly erect than typical tenuifolia of Appalachian regions, and perhaps part of a somewhat distinct western taxon centered in the Ozarks. They are tentatively referred to Terrell's (1996) "Ozark-Ouachita group" of longifolia, which he described as having "stems usually puberulent, internodes 4-7, usually longer than in the other groups (20-70 mm long); inflorescence sometimes diffuse; flowering determinate with plants flowering principally in April May and early June." However, he also noted that this group often grades into plants that resemble tenuifolia.


Species:
tetragona var. t. (ambigua, ?longistipata)

Comment:
1 = Munz (1937). Typical tetragona is a northeastern taxon, close to fraseri but with smaller flowers and narrower leaves; it is known south to at east Virginia and Missouri. It remains unclear if there is intergradation within Kentucky, or if Kentucky material is all closer to fraseri, or if most material under fraseri should be transferred to tetragona.

GH: Short 1837, apparently from Kentucky -- "Oenothera fraseri/fruticosa? I am most perplexed by this genus. Have you any well-determined species in Florida?"

Footnote:
Deeper revision is needed (W). Typical tetragona is a taxon of dry or damp woods and edges in northeastern states. It is close to glauca (= fraseri) but with flowers usually smaller (petals 12-25 mm long versus 20-35 mm), and leaves narrower (ca. 5-10 mm wide versus 10-30 mm). There may be some intergradation, but in Ky. most or all material that has been named tetragona appears closer to glauca. B's records of tetragona are provisionally grouped here with glauca; those of Munz (1937, 1965) still need to be reexamined. 

   There is an obscure 1836 coll. of what seems to be typical tetragona by C.W. Short (GH), apparently sent from Ky., with a note: "Oenothera fraseri/fruticosa? I am most perplexed by this genus. Have you any well-determined species in Florida?" Some plants from Appalachian riverbanks can key to O. tetragona var. longistipata (Pennell) Munz, but that that taxon appears to be at least transitional to fruticosa (F, K);


Species:
glauca (fraseri; fruticosa ssp. glauca*; vars./ssp. in tetragona)

Comment:
1 = Munz (1937). There has been much confusion in nomenclature within the fruticosa-tetragona group due to unnecessary combination of various taxa with fruticosa; it seems best to go back to the basics and allow the original basonyms to recover some general usage. See also tetragona for possible records.

GH: MCRE; also Short 1837 "Oenothera fruticosa var. ambigua Nuttall so says Dr. Torrey. It is the most beautiful of our species, and not respective [illeg.].--In the mountains of Ky. June." Other colls from NC (Haywood, Caldwell, McDowell, "Highlands"), TN ("Lookout Mt", Blount, Hamilton), WV (Wayne).

Footnote:
This is a largely Appalachian taxon that probably deserves species status. There has been much confusion with typical tetragona and fruticosa, partly due to complex nomenclature and conflicting treatments; see notes under those species. O. glauca and its allies in the tetragona group may all be tetraploids (2n = 28), while the fruticosa group is often hexaploid or octoploid (Cr).


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): PULA (BE).

CHRI (NP): 1993 Ft Campbell; assume AP; to check; also 1976 check RA.

TRIG (NP): 1994 Ft Campbell; assume AP; to check.

SI: TODD RAthey-3354 13May1976 Hopkinsville, thin soil on limestone rock 9.2 m from Ky-508 on Ky-507E.

Footnote:
This is a distinct diploid of seasonally dry sandy soils in southeastern states. It is generally uncommon east of the Mississippi, where adventive status is suspected in some areas (W). In Ky. the species appear to be relative conservative and associated with remnants of xeric or xerohydric grassy openings.


Comment:
The MADI (ek) coll. is correctly ided but may be from a planted area.

SI: CALL, GRAV.

Footnote:
This western diploid may not be native, but it is often cultivated as an attractive "wildflower." Some records may come from plantings, but it has become locally naturalized. The earliest record is from Gm in 1914: "sometimes seen growing abundantly in pastures. Local and not common, taking the State as a whole. Native."


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check Munz (1965), NP, MM, RA.

BULL (JC) found in 2004 north of Pine Creek along road.

CAMP (NP): 1907 in Newport on hilltop opposite Childrens Home...

FAYE (NP): 1942 Clays Ferry; also a "Lexington" record...

FRAN (NP): 1989 Jeffers Farm 1310 Deerwood Farm; JC recalls roadside acc to Marc Evans close to US 60--go check again...???

WARR (NP): 1969 intersection of L&N RR with Russellville Road near McNeil Sch in Bowlong Green.

Footnote:
This is scattered across south-central states, on calcareous sites with little slope and significant puddling early in the growing season but xeric later (Munz 1965; K, W). It tends to be associated with disturbed field margins or roadsides, and is rather infrequent in completely undisturbed rocky glades. 

   The plant is generally a winter-annual, forming a leafy rosette that puts up a series of large flowers in Apr-Jun with calyx tubes (hypanthia) up to 10-15 cm long. Proper stems are only 0-1 cm long, with individual fruits (capsules) that accumulate into a tight sessile, slightly woody cluster on the ground, often 5-10 cm long and wide. The plant dies after flowering, but fruits persist for more than year, superficially resembling a pine cone, and gradually weathering but rarely collected or associated with herbarium specimens. Capsules open during rain, when the non-dormant seeds are dispersed by splashing (Walck & Hidayati 2007).


Footnote:
This occurs widely in southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv., but it is largely restricted to dry acid soils.


FullName:
Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins.

Comment:
Some BULL (KY) material may be var. tomentellum; also, some NELS (KY), OWEN (LB) and WHIT (LB) material is f. villicaule. But these forms are not generally recognized.

Footnote:
This is widespread on damp fertile soils of eastern North America, especially in thin woods with a long history of browsing. It is highly variable across its range, but segregates are mostly rather indistinct; 2n = 34 in all reports (as in other Ageratina species). Some relatively pubescent colls. from Ky. have been identified as var. tomentellum (B.L. Robbins.) Blake (from BULL), or as forma villicaule Fern. (from NELS, OWEN, WHIT). However, these taxa are not recognized in recent treatments. A few colls. from the Cumberland Mts. may tend towards var. roanensis; see below.


FullName:
Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. roanensis (Small) Clewell & Woot.

Species:
altissima var. roanensis (E. rugosum var. r.)

Comment:
Dubious; to check. The HARL (MO) coll. is tentatively assigned to this var.; F.T. McFarland # 29, 28 Sep 1940, Black Mountain top, common in woods. A BELL (NC) coll by Kearney was redetermined as var. altissima.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the Blue Ridge Mts, and Clewell & Wooten (1971) noted: "grading into var. altissima at lower elevations and in peripheral geographic areas." A coll. from HARL (widely distributed, with a duplicate at MDKY) has been assigned to this variety by Clewell & Wooten: F.T. McFarland #29, 28 Sep 1940, Black Mt. top, common in woods. Also, a coll. of T.H. Kearney from BELL (NCU) has been labeled with this name. These plants do not seem to be as distinct as var. roanense in the Blue Ridge (M).


FullName:
Ageratina luciae-brauniae (Fern.) King & H.E. Robins.

Footnote:
Although locally common, this species is known only from sandstone rockhouses in the central Cumberland Plateau of Ky. and Tenn. (in Fentress, Pickett, Scott & Morgan Cos.; Ch).


Footnote:
This twining vine is pantropical and widespread on lowlands in warmer regions of southeastern and east coastal states. It is largely unknown in the Ohio Rv. watershed upstream of the Shawnee Hills, but there is a disjunct population in se Ind. (M. Homoya, pers. comm.) and a dubious old record from sw Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Comment:
This northern and Ozarkian species is unknown in Kentucky; reports are based on misidentified aspera or squarrulosa; see Medley (1993). However, it is expected.


Species:
longiflora (filiformis; biennis var. pitcheri)

Comment:
See also CALL ("KANU"): Spann s.n. Check Munz (1965); see Medley 1993.
Raven & Gregory 1972: Longiflora: CALL (Spann sn 1932 KANU)

CALL (LO): LGHickok #454 6Aug1969 1.2 mi west on 614 from 121/614 jct, borrow ditch on right;

Footnote:
This has a broad lower midwestern range, mostly from Ill. and Mo. to Lou. and e. Tex., but also locally common in w. Tenn., n. Miss. and perhaps elsewhere east of the Mississippi Rv. G. longiflora is mapped here based only on two colls. from roadsides in CALL (Munz 1965; Raven & Gregory 1972; M). It overlaps in range slightly with the more northeastern biennis, which is often confused, and hybridization has been reported (Raven & Gregory; Cr). 

   G. longiflora differs from typical biennis in its stems, usually strigulose with dense ascending hairs (versus villous with more spreading hairs); there are also spreading glandular hairs in the inflorescences of some populations (e.g. Munz's var. kearneyi), but in biennis such hairs are predominant and stigulose hairs are lacking. Also, longiflora has rather stiffly erect inflorescence branches (versus more long-flexuous), with plants usually reaching 1.5-4 m in height (versus 1-2 m); stems dry to a relatively pale or mottled brown to reddish (versus more uniform, darker purplish). Leaves are mostly smaller (the larger ones ca. 10-15 mm wide versus 15-25 mm), and they dry to a pale, greyish green color (versus darker, orange-brownish green). Fruits have 2-4 seeds, and often sharp angles (versus 3-6 seeds and consistently rounded angles). See also notes under filipes.


Comment:
1 = reports from Baumberger Barrens; and perhaps collections (JC, MM?). 

2 = Price (1893).

GH: none.

CRIT: NP 1999 E side Ky 1668 ca. 0.2 mi S of Crittenden Spring Sch ca. 50-75 yds S of unnamed trib to Hurricane Br

TRIG (AP) assumed; 1994 Fort Campbell.

Footnote:
In Ky. this midwestern species is rare, mostly found in remnants of thin woodland or grassland on rather infertile, acid soils. It has been confused with gronovii, and hybrids may be expected (Y).


Comment:
The CAMP coll. is a possible waif from birdseed. This is not well established and does not seem worth mapping.

Footnote:
This pantropical diploid (2n = 16) is a weedy annual that is increasing in warmer regions of southeastern states (W), but remains virtually absent in the Ohio Valley. There is a coll. from CAMP (KNK), but the plant was a possible waif associated with birdseed.


Footnote:
This annual or biennial is scattered in cool temperate humid regions of northern states and adjacent Canada, typically occurring in mowed areas on fertile soils. It is easily overlooked in comparison with pulchra (FNA 19, Y). C. capillaris has smaller heads, and stems are non-glandular (versus viscid); 2n = 6 (versus 8). A closely related species of colder zones, C. tectorum L., has also been reported from JEFF (herbarium of Ind. Univ. SE), but it is probably not established in Ky. or other southeastern states (K, W).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check Harvill (1941).

Footnote:
This annual is widespread in northeastern states and adjacent Canada, growing in various disturbed habitats on fertile soils.


Footnote:
This annual or biennial is widely scattered across southeastern states, usually growing in fields and roadsides on medium-acid soils. In addition to diagnostic differences in its fruits and involucral bracts (FNA 19, Y), Pyrrhopappus has relatively large heads with involucres ca. 10-25 mm high (versus 5-12 mm in Crepis and Hieracium recorded from Ky.); 2n = 12 (as in no other native Cichorieae).


Comment:
The PULA (mm) coll. has white flw and may be L. phillippinense.

Footnote:
This is a popular cultivated species ("tiger-lily") that sometimes persists in eastern states. It produces bulblets in leaf-axils, which may allow local spread.


Comment:
BOON: check NK for D. Boone collection he provided. 
EDMO, ESTI & GARR (jc) are well mapped vegetative plants; to be revisited for further collectons. 
EDMO (jc): across river on ferry at MCNP then in low woods on upstream side.
ESTI (jc): see DBNF inv work SW of Irvine.
FRAN (1): sight record to be confirmed; check contacts (begins with Marple?? in KNPS)
GARR (jc): on bottom at NE side of Sally Brown preserve near large daylily bed.
GRAV: (EK) RAthey-2932 1Sep1974, Kaler, W Fk Clarks Rv, edge of wet woods, 0.7 mi on Mill Rd from Ky 131 [whitish flws!!!].
GREE (JC): 2008 on HLCF tract in beech woods remnant on bottom.

2 = other D. Boone records from KENT (Highland Cemetary) and CAMP, with collections still needed.

Colls. at PH are all Rafinesque's (1824, 1836), but with counties interpreted by Medley (1993). 

GH: none.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species appears to have declined much since settlement in Ky., but it is easily overlooked and has been rediscovered in several regions. Plants from GRAV (EKY) and adjacent Tenn. (Stewart Co.) have whitish flowers, but those from elsewhere in Ky. have yellowish flowers. P. crepidinea usually grows in rather weedy, thin woods and edges on damp fertile soils near streams, but persistent disturbance from livestock or mowing can eliminate it. Like altissimus, crepidineus can form colonies with short offsets from its rootstocks. But when individual ramets flower they generally die, leading to an appearance of monocarpy (Isaac 2009). Unless exposed to full sun for some of the day, no flowering occurs at all and leaves disappear completely during Jun-Jul.

   Rafinesque (1836, 4:85) made several colls. of this species from Ky. and elsewhere (PH; see M). He erected the genus Opicrina for these plants, with at least two species, and became quite interested in their properties. He recommended cultivation for medicinal use: "exuding a milk intensely bitter, producing a bitter opium which the name implies... in Central Kentucky rich woods" (for O. latifolia).


Comment:
ESTI (EK): MHines & MEvans 27 Sep 2004, siltstone/calcareous shale glade, Crooked Creek Barrens snr.

PEND (KA): Barton s.n., Falmouth; check date etc. = "aspera" of Harvill (1941)

GH: none.

Footnote:
This occurs in north-central states and adjacent Canada, growing in fens and other damp calcareous open sites. In Ky. it is known only from an old coll. made from PEND (KY) near Falmouth, and a recent coll. from LEWI (EKY) in the Crooked Creek Barrens.


Comment:
May be confused with barbata in some cases; need to recheck. 

Check GRAY (LB) locality: "west of Summit"

HARD (NP):???

LIVI (NP): ??

Check LOGA (RA); was this 1976 record vouched by RA/others?

TRIG (NP): assumed AP; 1994 Fort Campbell SW on Artillery Rd to range 46/OP1 trailer then NW on gravel rd past trailer for 1.3 mi.

GH: none.

Harvill (1941): "barrens of Ky." (Short).

Footnote:
This midwestern species is unknown across southeastern states beyond w. Ky., c. Tenn. and n. Miss. In these states, it is a rare remnant of native grasslands on relatively deep, fertile, submesic soils. Yet (under the name P. illinoensis, Short (1840) noted: "abundant in the barrens of Kentucky, as well as the prairies of Illinois."


FullName:
Nabalus barbatus (Torr. & Gray) A. Heller

Footnote:
This globally rare species is largely restricted to remnants of native grassland in the southern Interior Low Plateaus and the west Gulf Coastal Plain (FNA 19). In Ky., it is known only from TRIG, in or near Fort Campbell and Land-between-the-Lakes.


Comment:
This species has been misidentified in several cases, including HARL (KY) and others cited by Medley (1993). 

POWE (ah): Harvill (1941); may be verifiable.

BATH (NP): probably old Short/Peter colls: "Mud Lick Hills".

ESTI: (EK) RGGuetig-432 25Sep1987 Ky 89 3 mi SE of Ky 52, nr grocery store, dry upland forest on S-facing slope; RGG-528 9Oct1987 Ky 1571 3.9 mi E of jct w/Ky 52, wet ditch at base of dry wooded slope nr RR tracks across from Lock No. 12; see also the scrap JC got in 2007 at Grassy Knob in woods below overlook.

KENT (GH): G.W. Greenert, 15 Sep 1927, at Forest Hills; also "Barrens of Ky." C.W. Short 1840, "Prenanthes serpentaria".

Footnote:
There has been some confusion in Ky. between this widespread northeastern species and serpentarius or other species, but records of albus mapped here are mostly confirmed. There is also a verified 1840 coll. of C.W. Short (GH) from "Barrens of Ky." N. albus is similar to trifoliolatus and serpentarius, but usually has a distinctively deep reddish-brown ("cinnamon") pappus (versus stramineous or pale brown); 2n = 32 (versus 16). N. trifoliolatus is distinct in its primary involucral bracts which are as long as the pappus (versus shorter), and its outer ones ("calyculi" of FNA 19) which are deltoid to ovate (versus deltoid to lanceolate or setaceous). The more southern serpentarius differs from both of these northern species in its pubescent involucral bracts (versus glabrous). These species may all be short-lived monocarpic perennials, but further studies of life-history are needed.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993), perhaps based on RA. Weakley has advocated species status, based on reinterpretation of Graham's (1975) work. This taxon has a southern distribution, in contrast to typical alatum.

Footnote:
Species status for this southeastern segregate of alatum has been revived in some recent treatments (W). Typical alatum occurs from the northern Great Plains to northeastern states.There is little overlap of ranges, except perhaps in Ky. and Tenn., and lanceolatum becomes rare towards the north within these two states (Graham 1975; PL).


Comment:
Most collections from the Ohio Valley may be var. interior; most from central and eastern areas may be var. ramosior. However, there appears to be much overlap in Kentucky; see also Braun (1943). This distinction is generally not recognized in recent treatments.

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in wetlands of North and Central America. Most plants from the lower Ohio Valley are referable to the relatively robust var. interior Fern. & Grisc. However, in Ky. there is much overlap in distribution with typical ramosior. The distinction has not been followed in most recent treatments (Graham 1975; Cr, W).


Comment:
Much Kentucky material may belong to A. robusta instead, following Cronquist and others. See Graham's papers: Taxon 28:169-178 (1979); J. Arn. Arb. 66:395-420 (1985). But separation may be difficult and further study is needed.

Footnote:
This is widespread in wetlands from southeastern states to Central America. It is an amphiploid (2n = 66), derived from robusta (2n = 34) and A. auriculata Willd. (2n = 32), which is more western and southern. The latter has been reported from Ky., but probably in error (M). See notes under robusta; more records may be transferred to robusta, following closer study. McFarland (1942) also reported A. koehnei Britt. (a segregate of the more tropical A. latifolia L.) from Ky., but probably in error (M),


Comment:
Not confirmed and perhaps unlikely in Kentucky; there have been several misidentifications

Harvill (1941): MCRE WOLF and "barrens of Ky." (Short); but he does NOT list serpenataria for Ky.

HARL (mo) is immature. 

ROWA (MO) has correct id but there are label errors of K. Carr and associates colls. at MO (Campbell et al. 1992). 

Check LAUR (BE); see Thompson & Fitzgerald (2003).

GH: none.

Footnote:
There have been several reports from Ky. of this northeastern and high Appalachian species, but there have been misidentifications among this and related species (see notes under albus). Also, there may have been some hybridization with serpentarius and other species in different parts of its range (FNA 19). No convincing colls. from Ky. have been seen. There is an immature coll. from HARL (MDKY) that may be this species. There is a verified coll. labelled as from ROWA (MDKY), but it is not accepted due to probable error in the data (Campbell et al. 1992). However, the species is known from nearby Scioto Co., Ohio, in hills similar to parts of ne. Ky. (PL; D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Apparently only misidentified in Kentucky; see Medley (1993).


Species:
arbutifolia x melanocarpa (X prunifolia)

Comment:
Not confirmed as more than occasional crosses; this hybrid taxon may not be stabilized in Kentucky; however, Weakley notes that this does occur further east.


Comment:
BULL (LO): AHotchkiss 14Apr1946 marsh at South Hill.

EDMO (LO): PADavies 26Aug1951 Mammoth Cave National Park, Indian Hills.

GRNP: see also Short 1840: Riddell coll.

Footnote:
This is widespread on relatively dry, acid soils in northeastern regions, but overlapping much with arbutifolia (K, PL). See further notes under arbutifolia.


Comment:
Identification is tentative; supposedly a spontaneous escape.

Footnote:
This widely planted species does not seem to have become generally naturalized in eastern states. There is coll. from PEND (KNK) of an apparently self-seeded plant, which was erroneously referred to C. apiculatus Rehd. & Wilson in some previous listings of the Ky. flora. P. Zika (pers. comm.) provided the correct determination.


Comment:
This species is probably not native to Kentucky but is widely planted and sometimes escapes; it appears to have a horticultural origin from the Atlantic Coast. The ROWA (MO) coll. Is correctly identified but may be from a planted tree.

GH: CALD ("rocky hillsides"); CHRI ("along small streams"); WARR ("Bowling Green" S Price); see also old collection from IL "prairie".

MB "indet" tentative id: Tenn "ridgetop" leg. Eggert

AP: CHRI, LYON, TRIG.

WK: WARR.

Footnote:
This distinctive species has been widely planted (as "Washington thorn") and it occasionally spreads by seed; only apparent wild records are mapped here. It is native from the mid-Atlantic region to the Blue Ridge, and some records further west may be from introductions (D, W; Lance 2006). However, Phipps (1998) and others (F, St) have indicated a broader native range, including the Ozark region and southern Interior Low Plateaus. It appears to be native in Butler Co., Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.). 

   Some colls. from w. Ky. suggest native status: e.g. from CALD ("rocky hillsides") and CHRI ("along small streams") at GH. Moreover, the clustering of records in this relatively undeveloped western region supports native status. Much more planting has occurred in more populated regions to the northeast, where escapes have sometimes been found in recent decades (e.g. as mapped with open dots in FAYE and MADI).


Comment:
The CALL (MU) coll. is: M.J. Fuller, May 6, 1958; MSU Campus roadside. JC recently found it in MCRA (Zip Track site). Check Phipps (1983).

Footnote:
This southeastern species is known from only two colls., in CALL (MUR) and MCRA (JC fo KY); both were from rights-of-way. These are about the most northern records in the Mississippi Valley (Phipps 1998; PL).


Footnote:
This southeastern species is known only from a coll. in TRIG (APSU), which is about the most northern record in the Mississippi Valley (Phipps 1998; PL).


Comment:
Needs confirmation; and may not be truly naturalized. The FAYE (ky) coll. may be monogyna x phaenopyrym (a common cultivar), according to J. Phipps (see Syst Bot. 1990).

Footnote:
There are colls. from BATH and FAYE (KY) that appear to be from self-seeded plants, but this occasionally cultivated European species does not seem to have become truly naturalized in Ky. The coll. from FAYE may be hybridized with phaenopyrum (Phipps 1990).


Comment:
1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); check EK, dubious; but now WOverbeck has possible veg coll from trail at Sally Brown, half way down to barn

GH: BOYD, PULA (Cox Bend).

Footnote:
This is a widely scattered southeastern species, generally associated with thin woods on sandy soils. It is generally uncommon to rare in Ky. and Tenn., and largely restricted to Appalachian regions or nearby.


Comment:
Includes records of the closely related C. armata from CAMP (LB), and C. wilkinsonii from BOON (LB). C. armata may not deserve species status; most/all good material is from the Nashville Basin (?); check. 

See also CLAR (TN): M.E. Wharton 5521, "var. pyracanthifolia" det Palmer; but det as crus-galli with no variety by Phipps.

GH: HARR (Braun), etc. (many other collections).

LO: JEFF, MEAD (some broad like C. collina).

WK: ROCK WARR JEFF (MM).

Some relatively broad-leaved colls. from LYON (GH) and MCRA (MB) have been named C. denaria Beadle, which needs further assessment (see also C. acutifolia Sarg. in D); these are provisionally grouped with aff. persimilis; see below. Recheck to see if typical crus-galli also from these counties!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
Several segregates of this widespread, variable eastern species have been described, but their treatment remains uncertain. The map includes early records of C. armata Beadle (CAMP), C. wilkinsonii Ashe (BOON), and other names that are generally considered synonyms in some recent treatments (Cr, M). 

   Although crus-gallii has been widely recorded in Ky.,, like several other hawthorns it has declined due to the abandonment or conversion of rougher rocky pastures and invasion of Juniperus virginiana. Extensive colonies, as still exist in some other states (Lance 2006; D. Boone, pers. comm.), are now virtually unknown in Ky. "Hot-spots" with this and other Crataegus species may indicate where open woodland occurred before settlement, or where rough pasturing continued after settlement.


Comment:
Most/all of these collections were initially named engelmannii, which may deserve to be a variety of berberifolia according to J.B. Phipps, ined. Typical C. berberifolia is close to crus-gallii but more southwestern, and may not occur in Kentucky. Some of these records may be crus-gallii; all should be rechecked. 

Recheck NC: is this typical berberifolia?

CRIT (RA@NC) seems correct: R. Athey 617, 13 May 1969, right off Hwy 60 E at New Salem Church, edge of woods at Clifty Hollow.

CRIT: JC got seed and colls for UK arboretum??? check records from the Crit Springs glade...

GH: FLEM, MCRA (both engelmannii).

EK: MARS Brownes 7 May 1973 73B2.3 Sharoe-Elva Rd nr Elva, swampy woods on hardpan.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern taxon may be reasonably treated as C. berberifolia Torr. & Gray var. engelmanii (Sarg.) Egglest., according to G. Yatskievitch & J.B. Phipps (pers. comm.). Typical berberifolia is more southwestern and unknown in Ky. (F). Both are close to crus-gallii but more hairy; further review is needed. Relatively broad-leaved variants can be expected in damp or shady habitats, as in crus-galli (F, St).


Comment:
Most colls. are var. salicaria.  GALL (NK), GRNP (NK) and an extra CAMP (NK) may be var. tomentosa, but this is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


FAYE: jc has seen a few plants along Landsdowne Br of West Hickman Cr
LAUR: jc saw photo from JHays 2011; along Ky 80 east of Lida on south side, common in low field
MCRA (NY): R Athey.

Footnote:
In North America, this has become naturalized mostly in northeastern states and adjacent Canada. In Ky. it has become established at several localities, but it does not seem to be as invasive here as further north. Colls. from CAMP, GALL and GRNP (KNK) are referable to var. tomentosa (P. Mill) DC., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
In BULL, plants occur at Pine Creek Barrens in the low swale beyond the main glade. These collections need to be rechecked for var. lanceolatum.


Comment:
Collections from BELL & PIKE at LO may be transitional to steelei; Medley (1993).

ANDE: LeeCrawfort has in his Eden Shale woods!!!

Footnote:
This is widely distributed in mesic woods of eastern states, especially from mid-Atlantic to midwestern regions. In Ky. all plants are probably typical purpureum (with 2n = 20 as in other species of Eutrochium). Other variants may be recognizable to the west and north (F, FNA 21, W).


Comment:
Apparently a good species but needs further study, including comparison with plants formerly known as intermedia f. hahnii. 

Some of these records may just be various hybrids, suggesting capitata x virginica (CALL, HART) or capitata x intermedia (HEND, MCRE). 

CALD (NC) appears close to intermedia. 
HART: jc 2011 noted at the glade NE of park HQ MCNP; see also old notes for glades in region.

1 = Shacklett (1937). Check Garman (1902).

GH: none from Kentucky; they also have stuevei x virginica (X neglecta), = stuevei var. angustifolia from IN, MS, OK, AR, MO, TX, not KY.

check RA castalog more: HOPK assumed from 1971 np record...

NP also lists MORG: 1971 "Lick Br in low woods, Ky 172" highly dubious...; more likely capitata.

Footnote:
This is generally considered to be a distinct southeastern species, close to intermedia but with more pubescence (spreading or strigose) and a relatively congested (glomerate) inflorescence. However, some colls. referable to stuevei may resemble hybrids of capitata with virginica or with intermedia. Further analysis of potential intergradation among these taxa and others is needed; 2n = 20 in all native Lespedezas of Ky. (F, Cr, W). Hybrids of stuevei with virginica can be expected; see colls. from adjacent states at GH. In Ky. stuevei is known mostly from calcareous glades, often associated with virginica. It has sometimes been confused with hairy forms of intermedia or (lacking flowers) with capitata, which species tend to occur on more acid soils.


Comment:
1 = Rogers (1941). 
2 = Thompson et al. (1984). 

This species is locally abundant in Fort Campbell: TRIG (jc); check Chester's collections.

GH: WHIT (F.T. McFarland #56, 13 Sep 1941, dry soil at edge of woods 5 miles W of Corbin).

WK: BARR!!! Prewitt's Knob 1/2 mile SW of Cave City on US31W.
WK: BUTL was misid of virg; apr09 fixed; CHRI (LMcKinney at WK) is hirta--perhaps source of np record???

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species but uncommon to rare in Ky., where it is usually associated with remants of native grassland on relative deep, medium-acid soils. Some of its largest populations are inside Fort Campbell, on cherty soils at the western side of the former Big Barrens. In vegetative condition, this species may be confused with stuevei. Also, hybrids with hirta are known in other states, but not yet in Ky.


Comment:
GH: hirta x capitata (= X longifolia or hirta var. longifolia (DC.) Fern.) from IN, GA, VA, FL, NC, but not KY.

WK: CHRI (see capitata at first)

Footnote:
This is widespread across most eastern states, but absent from the upper midwest. In Ky. it is widespread in hilly regions, but, like others in the genus, it has probably been much reduced by browsing of livestock (Gm). There appear to be occasional hybrids with procumbens and intermedia. Also, hybrids with capitata are known from some adjacent states (GH).


Comment:
Some colls. may be from plantations.

GH: MEAD, POWE.

Footnote:
This vigorous species has been widely used in eastern states for "reclamation" of mines, old fields and other severely disturbed sites, but it then presents a serious problem for restoration of native biological diversity. In Ky. it was first recorded in the 1930s (B). Some colls. may come from plantings, but the species is also frequently naturalized through seed dispersal.


Comment:
Garman 1902: esp common around Nortonvill HOPK; Adairsville LOGA; Clinto HICK.

Footnote:
This annual has been widely sown for at least a century as "Japanese" clover or bush-clover, and it is widely naturalized in southeastern states. After early trials, Gm (1902) noted that the colder climate of n. Ky. appeared to limit the success of this species there, but it had already become "especially common" in some western counties (HICK, HOPK, LOGA).


Footnote:
This species (2n = 20, 22) is closely related to striata (2n = 22). It has been widely sown as "Korean bush-clover" in eastern states for similar purposes, extending into somewhat cooler zones (PL). It has been established in Ky. since the 1930s or earlier (Shaklette 1937; B), but was not listed by Gm in 1902.


Comment:
Collections from MUHL (KY) , CLIN (GH), WAYN (GH) are determined as var. hispidissima. If S. riparia were separated from S. biflora, there appear to be colls. from GARR, CLAR, HARD, LAWR, MADI, MEAD; ESTI (GH). However, these various entities are not recognized in recent treatments, and there do not seem to be clear taxa in Kentucky.

Footnote:
Segregates within this widespread southeastern species were generally recognized during 1900-1950 (Sm, F), but rarely since then (from B to W). Colls. from CLIN (GH), MUHL (KY) and WAYN (GH) have been called S. biflora var. hispidissima (Michx.) Pollard & Ball, with the stem more pubescent. 

   Plants formerly referred to S. riparia Kearney may be concentrated in north-central counties, with colls. from CLAR, ESTI, GARR, HARD, MADI and MEAD. S. riparia has been considered to differ in its less ascending habit; its leaves smaller (ca. 0.5-2.3 cm long versus 1.5-4 cm) and oval to oblanceolate (versus lanceolate); and its bracteal leaves with smooth (versus usually bristly-hispid) bases and with eciliate (versus bristly-ciliate) blades. There are no clear differences in range or habitat, based on current data. S. riparia was initially described from along the French Broad Rv. in Tenn.


Comment:
This attractive large white flowered vetch has been tried in plantings around the state, but does not persist generally, except in rich soil with partial shade in thicket margins and similar place. It was consumed by rabbits when planted in a powerline in McCreary County (T. Taylor, pers. comm.).

Footnote:
This Mediterranean annual has been sown for forage, "wildlife" or other purposes in southeastern states. In Ky. it has been tried in various plantings, but it is much consumed by rabbits or other herbivores, and rarely persistent (T. Taylor, pers. comm.). A related species, V. lathyroides L., may also be expected in horticultural settings, and has been observed in CAMP (J. Thieret, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Given unnecessary confusion of this fairly distinct taxon with typical sativa, it seem best to maintain it as a species.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean annual has been widely planted for forage across North America. It is close to typical sativa, and is often treated as V. sativa L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. Some records mapped here may come from plantings.


Comment:
Recheck for comparison with angustifolia (ssp. nigra).

Footnote:
This is close to angustifolia, but there should be some taxonomic recognition. It is much less extensive in North America, especially in more arid regions (PL).


Footnote:
This annual "winter vetch" has been widely promoted for forage across North America, and it was established in Ky. before 1900. Gm (1902) noted : "Its vigorous growth is a pleasure to see when other plants are suffering from unfavourable weather." See also dasycarpa, which has been combined with villosa by some authors.


