# IndexTemp

Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha rhomboidea (virginica var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is the most common species of the genus in Ky. There is an ecological series of related species from mesic to xeric sites: deamii, rhomboidea, virgininica, gracilens, monococca. All of these may be distinct species, but further revision is needed (Y).


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] robustius (punctata var. majus)

FOOTNOTE:
Further records may be expected from closer study of material filed under P. punctata. P. robustior is widely scattered in eastern North America but concentrated on "peaty shores" in coastal regions (FNA 5). It differs in its inflorescences, which are uninterrupted (versus interrupted); its ocreolae are overlapping (versus mostly not), their margins with hairs lacking or sometimes up to 1 mm long (versus mostly with hairs up to 2 mm). Its leaves are 2-4.5 cm wide (versus 0.6-2.4 cm).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> urophyllum (A. sagittifolius, cordifolius var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of east-central states is close to cordifolium, but is typical of more open, drier or disturbed habitats, where it appears most distinct. There may be occasional hybridization with undulatum, shortii, cordifolium, and drummondii; see notes under those species.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Trichostema dichotomum (var. d.)


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Trichostema setaceum (dichotomum var. lineare)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is generally distinct from typical dichotomum, but some colls. need checking; there may be some intergradation.


FULL NAME:
Scutellaria ovata Hill var. versicolor (Nutt.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria ovata var. versicolor (calcarea, pseudovenosa)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation in this species needs further study. Most material is referable to the largely mid-western var. versicolor (Nutt.) Fern., which has relatively broad leaves (8-12 cm versus 5-8 cm) and short branches, compared to the largely southwestern var. ovata. A few colls. with relatively sparse eglandular (versus dense glandular) hairs have been treated as var. calcarea (Epling) Gleason (including ssp. pseudovenosa Epling). That taxon has a rather restricted south-central range (Ky., Tenn. & N.C), but may not be clearly distinct from var. versicolor (F, Cr).


FOOTNOTE:
In North America, this alien is largely restricted to northern regions. The only record from Ky. is the note of Gr: "seen in cultivation, or as an escape."


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Chamaemelanium> pensylvanica (pubescens var. scabriuscula*; eriocarpa)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been recently treated as a variety of V. pubescens (e.g. Cr, McKinney & Russell 2002), and there certainly has been much confusion in mid-western regions (e.g. D, St). However, a detailed analysis has yet to be completed. Mapped records include the glabrous-fruited var. leiocarpon (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern., which may not deserve recognition.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum repens (fluitans, mucronatum)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species ranges throughout tropical America. Based on their less robust, annual habit, more northern plants have been segregated as P. repens var. fluitans (Ell.) J. Wipff & S.D. Jones, or even as a distinct species (Cr, W). However, recent treatments have tended to merge these taxa (e.g. FNA 25; Y).


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon deamii {digitalis* var. deamii suggested comb.}

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from HARD by Cranfill (1989), but the coll. may be lost or still unprocessed (check at Univ. of California, Berkeley). P. deamii occurs in the flatwoods of s. Ind. and s. Ill. It is close to alluviorum, differing in its sepals only 2-4 mm long (versus 5-9 mm) and scarious margined (versus not or scarcely); also, its lower leaves are rounded at the apex and entire or slightly denticulate (versus acuminate and rather sharply serrate).


FULL NAME:
Solidago gigantea Ait. var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronq.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> gigantea var. serotina (leiophylla)

FOOTNOTE:
This smooth-leaved variety may be weakly defined. It is about as widespread as typical gigantea, but with a more northern, overlapping range (F). It appears to intergrade with rupestris at some sites, with relatively late flowering and stems lacking clear glaucous or purplish surface.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Millettieae>: Wisteria <Rehsonia> floribunda

FOOTNOTE:
This may have been confused with sinensis in some cases; colls. should be checked (see also: Cr). There is evidence of extensive hybridization between these two species in southeastern states (Trusty et al 2007).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Sesbanieae>: Sesbania herbacea (exaltata, macrocarpa)


FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated species occasionally escapes, but it may not be truly naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys eplingii ("nuttallii", ?ambigua)

FOOTNOTE:
This rare, poorly understood species is close to cordata; the only clear difference is its obtuse to rounded leaf bases (versus cordate), with petioles only 2-5 mm (versus 10-50 mm). There has also been nomenclatural confusion in earlier literature with S. nuttallii Shuttlew. ex Benth (a synonym of cordata), S. hyssopifolia Michx (of the southeastern Coastal Plain), and perhaps S. aspera Michx. (a synonym of its var. ambigua). Records of eplingii are scattered, mostly in the Appalachians but also west to the Ozarks. In Ky. it is known only from a few colls. in the Cumberland Mountains (BELL, HARL), plus an old (1840s) disjunct coll. of C.W. Short (GH, PH) from "barrens" in MEAD that was initially det. as S. hyssopifolia var. ambigua Gray but included in S. eplingii by Nelson (1981). There is also a report of aspera from WARR (Pr; check MO). Further review of these Stachys colls. is desirable for mapping.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus curvatus (virginicus var. submuticus)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon is at least a good subspecies, with a more western range than others in the virginicus group. In Ky., it may occur only as occasional waifs. The name E. curvatus has priority over E. submuticus (Hook.) Smyth & Smyth, which was mistakenly used by Campbell (2002b) and others.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> flaccidifolia

FOOTNOTE:
This southern Appalachian species is locally frequent in the Big South Fork corridor (MCRE), and there are scattered records elsewhere in southeastern counties. Further comparison with flexicaulis is needed to clarify the status of some plants. This species appears generally intermediate between flexicaulis and curtisii, and possibly of hybrid origin with continuing introgression. Some outlying records may be confused with forms of those two species, especially robust plants of curtisii and the "Appalachian variant" of flexicaulis (var. ?latifolia).


FOOTNOTE:
Most records are from before 1950; there are only 3 or 4 records from after 1980. Most Ky. plants may be referrable to the eastern var. carolinianum (L.) M.E. Jones, with a more open raceme. Typical var. canadensis is centered in the Mississippi Valley (Barneby 1964). However, this taxonomic distinction may be unclear, and it is not accepted in most recent treatments (Isely 1990; K, W).


FOOTNOTE:
This clover ("rabbit-foot") did not become widely used for forage. Most records date from 1893 (Pr) to 1943 (B). In 1914, Gr noted it was "common on rather poor soils" in western regions, but it has apparently declined in recent decades.


FOOTNOTE:
This mapping is provisional. It is not clear if these records are from truly naturalized plants; see also alba for possible hybrids. S. babylonica (the common "weeping willow") is widely cultivated, and some colls. may come from plantings.


FULL NAME:
Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. var. pubescens J.K. Underwood

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> oxylepis var. pubescens

FOOTNOTE:
This variety was recently discovered in Ky. by R. Naczi (Naczi et al. 2002) and L. McKinney (EKY; det. T.W. Smith). It is relatively uncommon throughout the range of the species.


FOOTNOTE:
This species of the Southern Appalachian mountains was recently discovered in HARL (EKY) on Black Mountain at 3600-3800 ft (Naczi et al. 2002).


FULL NAME:
Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from BULL (KY), JEFF (DHL) and elsewhere are referable to var. mucronulata (Michx.) Fern., but that widespread southern (to tropical) variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
This species is generally distinct, but known from only scattered sites. It has a relatively narrow range from east-coastal states (DC to Mass.) to the Ohio Valley and adjacent glacial plains.


Scientific Name:
Mimosaceae [Fabaceae*]: Mimosa (Schrankia) microphylla (quadrivalvis* var. angustata; "S. uncinata")

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern "sensitive brier" has often been treated as a variety of M. quadrivalvis L., along with several other taxa across North America. M. microphylla is closely related to M. nuttallii (DC. ex Britton & Rose) B.L. Turner, which is disjunct in central states (PL). Typical quadrivalvis occurs in Texas. M. microphylla is largely restricted to rights-of-way today, but it may have spread more into woodlands on sandy uplands when burned and browsed along trails before settlement. This plant has a curious combination of high palatibility, before prickles develop, and sensitive folding leaflets. Crossing the Cumberland Plateau in 1867, John Muir (1916) noted: "...I found that Schrankia vines growing along foot-paths leading to a backwoods schoolhouse were much less sensitive than those in the adjacent unfrequented woods, having learned to pay but slight attention to the tingling strokes they get from teasing scholars."


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> X godfreyanum ("vaseyi")

FOOTNOTE:
This name has been applied to a series of apomictic polyploids (2n = 30, 40) derived from hybridization of pubescens and sessilifolium (FNA 21). However, colls. from Ky. with this name might be better treated as the relatively northern E. sessilifolium var. brittonianum Porter. The name E. godfreyanum should perhaps be restricted to more eastern plants, especially in Va. (W). The Ky. colls. are from FLEM (B), LEWI (B) and ROWA (R.K. Godfrey #70017 at TENN); the latter was determined not to produce pollen. This cluster of records in the northeastern Knobs region, though small, does suggests that a distinct taxonomic entity might occur here. The colls. were initially named E. vaseyi Porter in error; see notes under album var. vaseyi.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> rotundifolium (var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. of pubescens (as also noted by B) suggest transitions to typical rotundifolium, especially in the southeast (MCRE, WAYN, WHIT). But although typical rotundifolium has been reported from Ky. (M; see also, FNA 21), no verified colls. have been located. E. rotundifolium has been redefined as a southern species with apomictic polyploids (2n = 30) that extend north at least to Ark., Tenn. and Va., but its sexual diploids (2n = 20) appear restricted to Ga. and Fla. (FNA 21). Further analysis is needed to determine the degree of distinction in appearance and distribution of taxa within the rotundifolia group.


FOOTNOTE:
This East Asian species was recently reported from BALL (Mears & Libby 1995, Mears 1999, J). It appeared in mid-Atlantic states after 1980, and has not yet spread throughout other southeastern states (W).


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] ciliaris

FOOTNOTE:
The old disjunct western records from CHRI (Ettman & McAdoo 1979) and MCRA (BT) may be supported by colls., but these have not been located. There is also no confirmation of Ettman & McAdoo's records from the Cumberland Mt. counties. However, Pr's record from EDMO is supported by her excellent painting of this species at MO, labeled "Chalybeate Springs, wet sand soil" on 29 Jul 1896; plus her coll. from the same locality, "sand swamp" on 17 Jul 1897.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Sorghum bicolor (vulgare)

FOOTNOTE:
Typical ssp. bicolor is the common "sorghum" or "milo", with several cultivars. More weedy plants known as ssp. drummondii (Steud.) de Wet (= S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf.) or "shattercane" may be derived from hybrids between ssp. bicolor and the original wild progenitor, ssp. arundinaceus (Desv.) de Wet. (FNA 25). However, there is much interbreeding between these taxa. Most colls. are probably ssp. drummondii, which is a widespread weed in corn crops. Further study is needed.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Turritis [Arabis*] glabra

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern and western species is apparently endangered in Ky. It is known only from OLDH (DHL) and SHEL (KY-Agr.). There is also a general report from c. Ky. by Linney (1882), under the synonym Arabis perfoliata Lam.


Scientific Name:
Hydrangeaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Philadelphus cf. intectus (pubescens var. i.)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants have often been misidentified as inodorus, which has more stamens (ca. 60-90 versus 20-50 in all other North American species, 30-40 in P. intectus); larger flowers (petals ca. 15-26 mm long versus 12-15 mm in the others); typically 1-3 flowers per inflorescence (versus 3-9 in the others); and silvery reddish-brown outer bark peeling in strips (versus dull greyish, more persistent or cracking into smaller plates in intectus and pubescens). Instead, these plants match Hu's (1954-56) description of intectus in general, except that they typically have only 3-5 flowers in each cymule, versus 5-9 in her description. P. intectus has been considered a glabrous variety or form of pubescens, but Hu revived its status as a species. Based on her descriptions, together with some interpretation from Ky., intectus appears to differ from pubescens in its smaller seeds (embryos ca. 1.25 mm versus 2 mm); smaller capsules (5-7 mm versus 7-9 mm); stigmatic surfaces unequal (adaxial/abaxial ratio ca. 2-3 versus subequal); sepals, hypanthia and pedicels glabrous (versus pubescent); cymules generally with fewer flowers, (1) 3-7 (9) versus (5) 7-9 (11); and leaves generally glabrous on both surfaces except along veins below (versus pubescent along veins above and uniformly below), averaging larger on vegetative shoots (to be determined). P. intectus may only be known from limestone bluffs near the Cumberland Rv. in Ky. and Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.), transitional in range and morphology between the largely Ozarkian pubescens and the southern Appalachian inodorus. Colls. from LYON (NY) and other western localities should be rechecked for P. pubescens var. pubigerus Hu, which may be transitional from intectus to pubescens.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae {insertae sedis}: Callicarpa dichotoma

FOOTNOTE:
This was recently reported as escaped at one site in MADI (Clark et al. 2005; CW). It may not be spreading significantly in Ky. currently, but in the Carolinas it appears to be accelerating (W). The transfer of Callicarpa from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae is based on recent molecular data, but its position within the family remains uncertain (as reviewed by W).


FOOTNOTE:
This species mostly occurs under sandstone cliffs in the Appalachian Plateaus, but in Ky. it also occurs further west under limestone along the Kentucky River Palisades, and in sandstone ravines of the Shawnee Hills.


FULL NAME:
Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Hesperideae>: Erysimum capitatum (var. c.; "asperum")

FOOTNOTE:
This western species (a "western wallflower") is occasionally cultivated, escaped or adventive in eastern states. In Ky., there have been no records before the recent discovery in an old field of MADI, where it may have been introduced with "wildflower" sowings (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; G. Dandeneau, pers. comm.). E. asperum (Nutt.) DC. is a related species that has been reported from Ky. and some adjacent states, but probably in error (M, Y).


FULL NAME:
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) B.S.P.

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Cardamine bulbosa (rhomboidea*)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been uncertainty about whether this widespread eastern species should be renamed C. rhomboidea (Pers.) DC. (as reviewed by Y and W). See also notes under douglassii.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in central and eastern North America, but generally uncommon to absent in regions with infertile acid soils. In the original woodlands of Ky., occidentalis was common in the Bluegrass region, but much less frequent elsewhere (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989); Barton's data shows a strong concentration in FAYE and adjacent counties. It has now increased and spread into many regions after Virginian settlement. Evident variation and hybridization with the other two species of Celtis needs further study. Based on F, most trees may be referable to var. canina (Raf.) Sarg. Some colls., including many from the Bluegrass region, fit var. crassifolia (Lam.) Gray, and a few scattered colls. fit var. occidentalis.


FULL NAME:
Helenium autumnale L. var. parviflorum (Nutt.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helenium autumnale var. parviflorum

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively narrow-leaved, small-headed variety is often indistinct from var. autumnale, and most recent treatments do not recognize it (e.g. FNA 20). It may be more closely associated with major river valleys in the state, especially to the west; F indicated that it occurs in more hydric habitats.


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] acuminatum (lanuginosum) var. fasciculatum (tennesseense)

FOOTNOTE:
Within Ky. var. fasciculatum is clearly the most widespread taxon in the acuminatum group, but further study is needed. Included here are colls. that were previously treated as P. huachucae Ashe (the most common form) or P. tennesseense Ashe (with relatively glabrous foliage).There can also be intergradation with other variants of acuminatum, meridionale, columbianum, villosissimum, dichotomum, laxiflorum and others (FNA 25).


Scientific Name:
Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Villosae> parviflora (var. p., rugelii)

FOOTNOTE:
Most material appears to match var. rugelii (Shuttlw.) Rosend., Butt. & Lak., which has less hairy leaves, but this was not recognized in Wells (1984) or most other recent treatments. H. parviflora is probably unknown west of the Shawnee Hills in Ky. and Ind., where it is restricted to sandstone cliffs. But see notes under H. puberula. The coll. from MERC is verified, and would be the only clear record from limestone, if label data are correct.


FULL NAME:
BULRUSH: Bolboschoenus (RIVER), Isolepis (KEELED), Schoenoplectus, Scirpoides (ROUNDHEADED), Scirpus, Trichophorum (BASHFUL)


FOOTNOTE:
This alien weed is common across much of North America, but virtully absent in  southeastern states, beyond the lower Misissippi Rv. and lower Ohio Rv. (PL).


FOOTNOTE:
Most records date from before 1950. This western weed first appeared in 1893-1902 (Pr, Gr), when it became locally common in the central Bluegrass. Gr noted that it was probably introduced with alfalfa hay and seed.


FOOTNOTE:
An apparent hybrid with typhina (= X deamii F.J. Herm.) was collected by C.W. Short from KENT (PH).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> rugosperma ("umbellata", tonsa var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused in nomenclature with umbellata and tonsa. C. rugosperma is restricted to dry sandy soils, especially on open sandstone clifftops. It may be reasonably combined as a variety with tonsa; typical tonsa may be somewhat more northern and unknown in Ky., but further revison is needed (FNA 23). These plants are distinct from umbellata in their generally longer perigynia (3.1-4.7 mm versus 2.2-3.2 mm), with longer beaks (0.9-2 mm versus 0.4-1 mm). Also, their leaves are often relatively wide (up to 4.3 mm versus 2.3 mm), short (sometimes equalled by stems versus never in umbellata), bright-green or coriaceous.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in east-central states and the Great Lakes Region, but relatively uncommon. In Ky. it is largely restricted to subxeric woods on rocky calcareous slopes, especially along ledges or leads.


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by McFarland (1942) and others, but no coll. is known and there has been some confusion with latifolium. Nevertheless, this Eurasian weed is likely to occur in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Physalis grisea ("pruinosa"*, pubescens var. grisea)

FOOTNOTE:
This may be widely distributed across the U.S.A., but it has often been confused in appearance with pubescens and heterophylla; records needs to be rechecked. The name P. pruinosa L. has been applied to grisea in error; true pruinosa occurs in Mexico and Central America (as reviewed by W).


FOOTNOTE:
The only certain record of this western species is a coll. of A. Michaux (Paris) from BARR or ALLE in 1795: "barren oaks endica de Big Barren River" (M). There is also a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) but without data. C. alcaeoides is also known from s. Ill. and w. Tenn. (PL).


FOOTNOTE:
In some cases, it is not clear if plants are truly naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
This tall alien annual weed was present early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; M), and became a common weed in cultivated ground (Gr).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Pisum sativum (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This common "garden pea" is much grown, but it is not known to persist or naturalize. The more northern var. arvense (L.) Poiret was a failure in early trials at the Univ. of Ky. (Gr).


FOOTNOTE:
Without flowers, this can usually be distinguished from capensis by the glaucous bloom on its stems and upper leaf surfaces (see also Y). Both species are widespread in eastern North America, but capensis occurs in more open, stressed or disturbed habitats, and it extends into northwestern regions as well. I. pallida is reported to be mostly pollinated by bumble-bees, while capensis may be generally dependent on humming-birds (as reviewed by Y). Hybrids are unknown. Rare plants of pallida with creamy white flowers, named forma speciosa Jenn., have been observed by D. Dourson (pers. comm.) and JC along Indian Creek in MENI.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Ambrosia trifida (var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread North American species is generally known as "giant ragweed" but the old common name "buffalo-weed" (F) suggests a prehistoric association with ungulates. In 1914 Gr called it "horse-weed" and stated that it was "often cut for horses, and said to be a remedy for slobbering... sometimes cured and ground for feed... being rich in nitrogenous material." There is also evidence that seeds were eaten, cultivated and even selected for larger size by native people in some regions (as cited by Y); see also Ford (1985). Varieties have been described and hybrids with other Ambrosia spp. may be expected, but we lack a definitive analysis. Var. integrifolia (Muhl.) Torr. & Gray was reported from BALL by Anderson (1947; check Iowa State Univ.). Var. texana Scheele could be expected as an adventive from the southwest, but the only Ky. report appears to have been erroneous (M).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> laevigatum

FOOTNOTE:
There appear to be rare hybrids with glabellum, paniculatum or marilandicum; see colls. at KY, BEREA and elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Myosotis scorpioides (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This perennial "forget-me-not" is sometimes cultivated, and occasionally persists or escapes.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered, there are few recent records of this largely northeastern species. It may have been typical of thin woods and edges on fertile lowlands, now increasingly influenced by agriculture and colonized by the closely related weedy species, syriaca. In 1914, Gr noted that purpurascens was "common on low ground, along streams and ditches." Since 1980, it has been found (pers. comm.) by D. Boone & R. Cassell on roadsides north of Mammoth Cave (EDMO/HART); by D. White along a trail at Big Bone Lick (BOON); and by D. Estes along a road in MCRE. In 30 years of field work, JC and MM have recognized this species on only two or three occasions.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. in western regions should be rechecked for C. aureolensis (see FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Liliaceae: Lilium philadelphicum (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
Reports from the Mammoth Cave area (EDMO) are based on misidentified michiganense (at the park herbarium). All known Ky. colls. are probably the typical variety, which has a largely Appalachian and northeastern range. The more western var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker-Gawl. is less robust, with narrower leaves and fewer whorls, but it may have relatively long capsules. That variety may be expected in northeastern counties, since it is known in se. Ohio and it was reported from Ky. by F. However, the basis for distinguishing it needs clarification; capsule length cannot be relied on as a key character (FNA 26).


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Saccharina> nigrum (saccharum var. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
There been some confusion with saccharum and floridanum, and further revision is needed in Ky. A. nigrum is often treated as a subspecies or variety of saccharum, and transitions are locally frequent, especially in the Bluegrass region, where Gr noted that nigrum was typical of the old woodland pastures. However, nigrum is usually distinct and concentrated on relatively moist or fertile sites. In the mid-west, nigrum appears to intergrade more extensively with saccharum (with some so-called  "var. schneckii" as intermediates), and it is often reported from relatively dry or fire-prone sites (Y). In addition to the more obvious foliar characters, nigrum can often be distinguished by its dark brown or blackish bark, becoming furrowed in larger trees (F, W). Typical saccharum has grayish-brown bark, or often slightly pinkish in older trees. remaining platy in larger trees.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] meridionale (acuminatum/lanuginosum ssp./var. m./implicatum )

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping here is provisional; this relatively northern and Appalachian taxon does occur in Ky., but there has been confusion with other taxa. It has been treated as a variety or subspecies (FNA 25) of acuminatum, including var. implicatum (Scrib. ex Nash) Gould & Clark. The recent treatment by R. LeBlond in W indicates that this species (as well as relatives not present in Ky.) can be distinguished from acuminatum by the very short hairs on its panicle axes, peduncles and vernal culm sheaths: ca. 0.1 mm long (or occasionally plus scattered longer hairs) versus 0.2-0.5 mm (or occasionally lacking). Also, leaf blades are relatively short (3-6 cm versus 4-12 cm) and narrow (3-5 mm versus 4-12 mm), typically with sparser longer hairs. Spikelets are usually shorter (1.3-1.7 mm versus 1.5-2 mm in var. fasciculatum). This taxon is reported to grow in relatively sterile acid soils on damp sites (especially as "implicatum") or dry sites (at least "meridionale").


FULL NAME:
Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. stipata

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Vulpinae> stipata var. s.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Bracteatae> bracteata

FOOTNOTE:
This evergreen species was reported by BA but no collection has been located. As a persistent planting or escape, it has a southern distribution, north to Tenn. and Va. (F, Cr).


FOOTNOTE:
The only known site west of Appalachian regions is in JESS (KY), on terraces with beech trees on relatively acid, cherty alluvial soils of Jessamine Gorge. Reports from Mammoth Cave National Park were based on misidentified Synandra hispidula (Lix's coll. at US).


FULL NAME:
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. var. compacta Terrell ?

Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] longifolia* cf. var. compacta {"Appalachian group"}

FOOTNOTE:
Several records are tentative, pending further analysis of the longifolia complex. Terrell (1996) suggested that var. compacta (his "Appalachian group") could be defined mostly in the central Appalachian plants, but he ultimately combined with it with the more northern var. longifolia; W accepted it as a variety. These plants tend to have "stems densely puberulent, especially near base, internodes (4-) 6-12 (-13), usually 15-40 mm long; inflorescences especially of northern and central Appalachian populations indeterminate and continuing to produce flowers into the autumn." Some of the scattered plants mapped here may be transitional to (or confused with) tenuifolia, canadensis, lanceolata or purpurea.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Vesicariae> lurida (var. l.)


FULL NAME:
Elymus subsecundus (Link) A. Love & D. Love

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Goulardia> subsecundus (trachycaulus ssp. s., Agropyron s.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread western species occurs only as a rare waif in most eastern states. In Ky., the only known coll. is from near a parking lot in LETC (EKY).


FOOTNOTE:
This species is largely restricted to the Blue Ridge and Piedmont regions (PL, W), and it may not be native in Ky. The only known wild-looking plants are in small patches at forest edges along roads or trails, all in or near parks. There are colls. from BELL (KY, MUR, RC) on Pine Mt. in or near the state park, and on Cumberland Mt. near the Hensley Settlement. There has been some local transplanting for display in or near these parks. The WHIT (EK, MM) plants appear native, but along Ky. State Rt. 92 close to the entrance to Cumberland Falls State Park. See also notes under Leiophyllum buxifolium.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> faucibus ("macroarguta" ined.)

FOOTNOTE:
This decaploid (2n = ca. 90) endemic species of central Appalachian regions was recently described by Wieboldt & Semple (2003), but had been known informally as "macroarguta" by M and Campbell et al. (1993). S. faucibus has distinctly larger involucres, 4.5-6 (7) mm long (versus 2.5-4 (5) mm in arguta), with 3 veins usually evident on phyllaries (versus only the mid-vein enlarged). It also tends to have shorter inflorescence branches, with less secund character and without naked bases. Also, its basal leaves tend to abruptly truncate (versus broadly cuneate), and its caudices form extensive clonal patches, often 1-10 sq. m or more (versus < 1 sq. m). It mostly occurs in relatively mesic sites at the base of forested slopes (versus more widely distributed in mesic to subxeric woods). Colls. from JACK, OWSL and MCRE (KY) are vegetative, and they may just be abnormal arguta, but Wieboldt did include the one from MCRE.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda <Cheilyctis> punctata

FOOTNOTE:
There is only one known coll. of this species from the state, from sandy fields near the mouth of the Tennessee River, by R. Athey #1445 (EKY). McClintock & Epling (1942) also reported ssp. villicaulis Pennell, but no coll. has been located.


Scientific Name:
Campanulaceae: Triodanis [Specularia] perfoliata (var. p.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This is usually distinct from biflora, but intermediates are often found. Fertile hybrids have been documented in other states (as reviewed by Y). T. perfoliata is widespread across North America, but biflora is largely restricted to southern regions and it may occur in drier rockier sites, on average. T. biflora is virtually unknown in glaciated regions north of Ky. (PL).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum laeve var. l.

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may be transitional to var. pilosum or var. circulare; closer inspection is needed in these cases.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis gigantea ("alba"; stolonifera var. major)

FOOTNOTE:
No doubt introduced early after settlement, this became a "valuable pasture grass, cultivated extensively, and growing wild in all parts of the state" (Anderson 1924). See also Short et al. (1833), Gr and other early records under various synonyms (M).


FOOTNOTE:
The extent of naturalization is not generally clear based on collection data. See also alba for records of hybrids.


FOOTNOTE:
This appears to be a distinct species, with a highly congested inflorescence, but in Ky., at the edge of its southern range, it has sometimes been confused with L. capitata or hairy forms of intermedia. Also, hybrids with virginica can be expected; see colls. from adjacent states at GH. Moreover, some colls. of stuevei may resemble hybrids of capitata with virginica or with intermedia. Further study is desirable.


FULL NAME:
Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. var. paleacea Fern.

Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Paronychia fastigiata var. paleacea

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction of this variety from typical fastigiata may need further study. It was not recognized in FNA 5.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Brachychaetae> sphacelata


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> purpurifera (laxiflora var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly on the Cumberland Plateau, but it also extends east to the Southern Appalachians, and west to c. Ky. and c. Tenn. (FNA 23, PL). A coll. from HARL (BEREA) suggests hybridization with digitalis.


Scientific Name:
Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia <Cosmanthus> cf. gilioides

FOOTNOTE:
Plants from Mantle Rock in LIVI (JC for KY) appear to be this Ozarkian species. Sandstone outcrops in EDMO (with sight record) and elsewhere in the Shawnee Hills need to be revisited to make further collections. There should be a general review of western colls. filed under purshii, which is closely related. P. gilioides differs in its corolla lobes conspicuously hairy outside (versus glabrous or glabrate), denticulate to fimbriate (versus conspicuously fimbriate); ovules mostly 8 (versus 4), seeds 6-8 (versus 2-4), 1.5-2 mm long (versus 1.5-3 mm).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Glyceria septentrionalis (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. need more careful analysis to distinguish arkansanas, perhaps as a variety.


FOOTNOTE:
This was collected from MARS in a "chrome ore pile" (Browne & Athey 1976; coll. perhaps at Memphis). It is a Eurasian species typical of damp sandy coastal flats. It remains virtually unknown elsewhere in North America.


FULL NAME:
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern and western species is rare to absent in southeastern states (PL, W). There are several old records from Ky. The most recent record may be a coll. of P. Dalton Haragan from MARS (KY-Agr.) on a river bottom in 1985. A KSNPC coll.  from MCLE ca. 1980 was initially misidentified as Cayaponia quinquefolia (M). E. lobata has often been cultivated "for arbors and freely escapes" (F, Cr), but this practice has probably dwindled in modern horticulture.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> racemosa

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species of fens and other damp calcareous open sites is known only from an old coll. made from PEND (KY) near Falmouth, and a recent coll. from LEWI (EKY) in the Crooked Creek Barrens.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread dioecious perennial with creeping roots was first reported a century ago. In 1914 Gr noted: "has of late overrun the cultivated land of Kentucky. It has been introduced in large quantities with clover and other seeds [including bluegrass], and it is being scattered still further with several of our small-seeded forage plants." However, it is not now a serious agricultural or horticultural weed.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Sanguisorbeae>: Agrimonia pubescens (var. p.)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Matricaria discoidea (matricarioides)

FOOTNOTE:
This northwestern species has become a widespread weed in temperate regions of the world; see notes on its status in FNA 19. Its spread in Ky. has occurred mostly after 1970; it was not recorded by Anderson (1947), B or earlier botanists.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] diphylla

FOOTNOTE:
Dentaria spp., especially diphylla and laciniata, have highly variable chromosome numbers; 2n ranges from ca. 80 to 250 (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Their genetics are complex, with clonal spread by rhizomes often replacing sexual reproduction. Their distinction from Cardamine, and recognition of their many local races or hybrids, remain controversial subjects. In Ky., there appears to be rare hybrids with heterophylla and perhaps laciniata; see also notes under maxima.


Scientific Name:
Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Chamaecrista [Cassia] fasciculata

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from NELS, WOOD (KY) and elsewhere seem to be var. robusta (Pollard) J.F. MacBr., but that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


FULL NAME:
Panicum albomarginatum: see Dichanthelium tenue


FOOTNOTE:
This is the most widespread native species of Ipomaea in eastern and central states. In  this region, it is also the only perennial in the genus, with a large tuberous root. Colls. from FAYE (KY) and KENT (B) may be referred to var. rubescens Choisy, with reddish flowers.


FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan weed originates from southwestern U.S.A. to South America (Cr; FNA 21). It has been reported from MCRA (R. Athey catalog) and NELS (Greenwell 1935), but no confirmed colls. have been seen (M). There has been some confusion with quadriradiata.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum verticillatum (var. v.)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion between this northeastern taxon and the mid-western species, pilosum, which mostly occurs on drier ground. It deserves some distinction, at least as a variety.


FOOTNOTE:
This weed has probably been present since early after settlement; a coll. of P. Peter from Lexington in 1833 was lost in the 1948 fire at KY (Anderson 1924). In 1914 Gr noted: "a grass of dooryards where it thrives about ash heaps and along little use walks... Animals eat it freely... among our best grasses in the matter of nutritive constituents."


FULL NAME:
Carex lucorum Willd. ex Link var. austrolucorum J. Rettig

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> lucorum* var. austrolucorum (p. var. distans)

FOOTNOTE:
This Appalachian taxon appears distinct from the more northeastern var. lucorum, which is unknown in Ky., and it might deserve species status (W). The disjunct coll. from WASH (EKY, KNK) is correctly identified.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> emmonsii (albicans* var. e.; varia)

FOOTNOTE:
Most records need to be checked. In several cases, distinction from C. albicans is difficult, and some colls. appear to be intermediate. FNA 23 emphasizes characters of staminate scales and perigynium teeth to distinguish these taxa. In addition, emmonsii tends to have shorter staminate spikes, more condensed inflorescences in general, and often relatively large tussocks. C. emmonsii may be concentrated on relatively acid soils, and has a somewhat more southern range, but there is probably much overlap. Variety status may be preferable.


FOOTNOTE:
The earliest record was the listing by M'Murtrie (1819), under the old synonym Verbena caroliniana L. (Britton & Brown 1896). In 1914, Gr noted: "brought from farther south. Native?" G. canadensis is a widespread native in southern and midwestern states, but appears adventive or escaped from cultivation in more northeastern states. It is a common native in c. Tenn., together with a more robust variant also expected in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). In Ky., some western records are from more or less native grassy open vegetation, but most northern records are from weedy roadsides, adandoned lots or similar places. See also G. X hybrida (Grönland & Rümpler) Nesom & Pruski.


FULL NAME:
Glandularia ×hybrida (Grönland & Rümpler) Nesom & Pruski

Scientific Name:
Verbenaceae: Glandularia [Verbena*] X hybrida

FOOTNOTE:
This is an ornamental cultivated hybrid that occasionally escapes; canadensis is one of the parents, but the other remains uncertain (Cr, W). There are colls. of apparent garden escapes in LYON and TRIG (APSU).


FOOTNOTE:
Much material has been referred to var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Soper, but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments, and B considered most of her colls. intermediate.


FULL NAME:
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Arabis hirsuta var. pycnocarpa

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread across western North America.


FOOTNOTE:
Previous spelling as "quinquefolium" was incorrect (Y). Although this potent herb is still widely scattered over Ky., intense regular harvesting has greatly reduced its density. Even in the best habitats, a day of general botanical survey rarely reveals more than 5-10 plants. Yet Ky. reportedly leads the nation in its annual harvest, estimated to be about 30,000 lbs (dried); see Y and International Herald-Tribune (2007).


Scientific Name:
Hydrangeaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Hydrangea arborescens (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
There have been several reports of var. deamii St. John, also known as ssp. discolor (Seringe) McClintock or even H. cinerea Small. However, colls. with these names that have been examined seem to be only somewhat hairier forms of arborescens. Such plants are scattered across southern regions of Ky. and do not seem to warrant recognition here. Virtually all colls. cited under these names from Ark., Mo., Ill., Ind, Ky. and w. Tenn. do not seem as distinct as typical cinerea, which occurs further southeast (in Ala, Ga., N.C., S.C. and Tenn.), where it is usually restricted to base-rich soils (McClintock 1957, Pilatowski 1982, Cr, W). There, cinerea has dense felty white pubescence on lower leaf surfaces, while typical arborescens is glabrous except for major veins  Its leaves are broadly ovate to orbicular; arborescens has similar shape (l/w = 0.5-1) or often more narrowly ovate (l/w = 1.5-3). Sterile (marginal, radiant) flowers may be more frequent or larger (usually ca. 1-1.3 cm across versus ca. 0.7-1 cm in arborescens). [A extraordinary cultivar from s. Ill. named "Annabelle" has profuse radiant flowers across the whole corymb; M. Homoyta, pers. comm.]  It remains possible that cinerea is transitional to H. radiata Walt, which is largely restricted to the southern Blue Ridge escarpments (Ga., N.C., S.C., Tenn.). The only record of radiata from Ky. is from Pr, and might have been based on a cinerea-like plant; no coll. has been located.


FULL NAME:
Schoenoplectus purshianus (Fern.) M.T. Strong

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] purshianus (var. p.; "smithii"; debilis)

FOOTNOTE:
The names Scirpus smithii Gray or S. smithii var. williamsii (Fern.) Beetle have been erroneously applied to some Ky. plants in the past (BT, M). These names belong to more northern taxa; plants in Ky. now appear referable to typical Schoenoplectus purshianus (FNA 23).


FULL NAME:
Paspalum laeve Michx. var. pilosum Scribn.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum laeve var. pilosum (P. longipilum)

FOOTNOTE:
This variety is not recognized in recent treatments, but in Ky. it appears more frequent to the south. It has a somewhat more southern overall range (Hitchcock & Chase 1950).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda <Cheilyctis> citriodora

FOOTNOTE:
This southwestern species is rarely adventive in eastern states.


Scientific Name:
Melastomataceae: Rhexia interior (mariana var. i.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Further study is needed. These records (B, M) need to be rechecked; some colls. may only be intermediate between mariana and interior, which has been combined as a variety in some treatments (W). True interior is distributed in the central Mississippi Valley, while mariana is largely southeastern. Some plants mapped here as mariana appear transitional to interior (including those that have been called var. leiosperma Fern. & Grisc.), but few colls. have appeared closer to typical interior. R. mariana var. ventricosa (Fern. & Grisc.) Kral & Bostick is a somewhat intermediate taxon that occurs only east of the Appalachians, but has been reported from Ky. in error (M)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> smallii (palustris var. ?australis)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. (especially from HARD) may be referred to the more western E. macrostachya Britt., but this distinction is not clearcut, and both taxa have been combined in some treatments with the European species, E. palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes. Further analysis of this circumboreal complex is needed (FNA 23). There also been some confusion with erythropoda (apparently misidentified as palustris from BULL and SHEL in BT).


FULL NAME:
Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

FOOTNOTE:
This eastern and southern, largely coastal species was recently collected from swampy woods in CLIN by Naczi et al. (2002).


FOOTNOTE:
This species of east-central states (especially frequent in Appalachian regions) can be confused in name with M. tenuifolia (Kunth) Trin., which is a western species; note the erroneous map (switched from tenuifolia) in FNA 25. M. tenuiflora is most similar to sobolifera, and there may be intermediates (e.g. the coll. from HEND at EKY).  In general, tenuifolia is restricted to acid sandy soils; sobolifera is most abundant on calcareous soils but also occurs on moderately base-rich inclusions within non-calcareous landscapes. Some possible intermediates in southern Appalachian regions have been named var. variabilis (Scribn.) R.W. Pohl; these have sheaths and stems virtually glabrous, and lemmas awns only 0-4 mm long (Cr, J).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Lolium perenne (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This grass did not become widely used until the 1930s or later (B). Some records may be from plantings.


FOOTNOTE:
There are only three colls. of this species, dating from 1916-43. This Mediterranean weed is widely scattered in North America, but it does not seem to have increased in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Calamagrostis coarctata (cinnoides)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Calamagrostis insperata (porteri ssp. i.)

FOOTNOTE:
This globally rare taxon occurs at several localities in the Ozarks of Mo., plus scattered disjunct sites in Ark., Ill., Ky., Ohio and perhaps elsewhere (FNA 24). It is often treatead as C. porteri ssp. insperata (Swallen) C.W. Greene, but there is virtually no overlap in range with typical porteri, which occurs in the central Appalachians. In Ky., no flowering has been observed, but comparison of vegetative material with authentic specimens from Ohio does support the identification.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Calamagrostis porteri (ssp. p.)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Pennisetum glaucum (americanum)

FOOTNOTE:
This is cultivated for grain, birdseed and forage, but it is probably not truly naturalized in North America except in the deep south (FNA 25). There is a coll. associated with plantings in MCRA (R. Athey-2631 at EKY). Another species, the Mediterranean P. setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov., is cultivated widely as an ornamental; it is naturalized in the desert southwest but not in eastern states.


FULL NAME:
Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm.

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from bignonioides needs to be rechecked in several cases. Colls. from Mississippi and Ohio Rv. bottomland in CARL, FULT, HICK, MCLE, UNIO and perhaps elsewhere may be from native plants. There is archaeological evidence that speciosa occurred upstream along the Ohio in W.Va. before 1500 AD (Hemmings & Core 1976), and this species is currently frequent in the lower Kanawha Rv. valley. However, much is planted throughout the whole Ohio Valley, and there are frequent escapes.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> scabrum

FOOTNOTE:
Short's (1840) report of the more northern H. kalmii L. may well have been based on scabrum (M).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> marianum ("traillii"; "greenii")

FOOTNOTE:
There have been several reports under this name (Short & Peter 1835; and citations of M), but colls. need location and verification. H. marianum is a rather poorly understood but widely reported taxon in southeastern states, apparently derived from hybrids of venosum and gronovii (W). H. traillii Greene was mapped in Ky. by FNA 19, but the only records (M) may be some colls. of B (perhaps at US) that were initially named H. greenii Port. & Brit. (not to be confused with H. greenei Gray of western states). H. greenii has been included in traillii, which proably has hybrid origin similar to marianum but is endemic to the shale-barren region of Pa., W.Va. and Va. (FNA 19). B's colls. (presumably at US) were from "dry sandy soil in open woods, in swampy meadows (acid soils) and swampy pin oak woods" in BATH, BOON, LAUR, LETC, MCRE, MENI and WOLF.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Camelina microcarpa (sativa ssp. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
Uncertain records mapped here may become transferred to sativa; see notes under that name.


FULL NAME:
Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.

FOOTNOTE:
There are records from OLDH and TODD (M), but perhaps just persistent from old gardens. This infamously pungent plant ("horseradish") spreads slowly from root branches, but rarely makes fertile seed. It is self-incompatible and probably originated as a cultivated hybrid of ancestral species in Eurasia (Al-Shehbaz 1988b).


Scientific Name:
Linderniaceae (Scrophulariaceae*): Lindernia dubia (var. d.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Several colls. have been referred to var. major, which is not recognized in recent treatments. Colls. from BRAC (KNK) and perhaps elsewhere may be transitional to anagallidea.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Boltonia diffusa (including var. interior)

FOOTNOTE:
Varieties have proven difficult to maintain (Y). Typical var. diffusa has been considered more southern and perhaps unknown in Ky. (but see Y and W). Plants known as var. interior Fern. & Grisc., including most or all Ky. colls., are distributed in the lower Mississippi Valley and on nearby uplands. B. diffusa has also been confused with B. asteroides var. recognita, and there may be some hybridization; both taxa are diploids, with 2n = 18 (FNA 20, Y).


FULL NAME:
Amelanchier stolonifera auct. p.p. non Wieg.

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species was found by JC at the northwest end of the knob north of Ravenna, together with Paxistima canbyi (Campbell et al. 1989). The range and habit of stolonifera is similar to sanguinea, but it is generally a smaller shrub more restricted to xeric open sites. The name A. spicata (Lam.) K. Koch has been misapplied to both species in some older literature.


FULL NAME:
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. var. cisatlantica Blake

Scientific Name:
Pyrolaceae [Ericaceae]: Chimaphila umbellata var. cisatlantica

FOOTNOTE:
This northern (circumboreal) species has been reported from Ky. but not verified (Gibson 1971, Campbell et al. 1989). It is known from the Blue Ridge region, adjacent Piedmont and eastern Coastal Plain (W).


FULL NAME:
Micranthes michauxii (Raf.) Brouillet & Gornall

Scientific Name:
Saxifragaceae: Micranthes [Saxifraga*] petiolaris (S. michauxii, leucanthemifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
Records from MCRE and PULA are tentatively based on inadequate colls., but detailed in reports to Daniel Boone National Forest (Campbell et al. 1994).


FULL NAME:
Sambucus canadensis L. var. submollis Rehd.

Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Sambucus canadensis var. submollis

FOOTNOTE:
This densely pubescent variety has a somewhat southwestern range centered on the Ozark region (F, Cr), but its distinction has been doubted (Y). In Ky., the few records are from rather swampy wetlands that may occasionally dry out in summer-fall.


FOOTNOTE:
Two colls. have been tentatively assigned to this northern species, from BELL (KY) and POWE (MICH). I. versicolor is considered to be an allopolyploid derived from I. shrevei Small and I. hookeri Penny (FNA 26). Further investigation is needed.


Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] lanceolata (purpurea* var. calycosa)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon differs from typical H. purpurea in its narrower leaves, with l/w 3-7 (versus 1-3.2), which usually dry to a pale hue (versus uniformly darkening). Also, its calyx lobes are (3.5) 4-7 mm long (versus 2-3.5 mm), and often broader at their base. H. lanceolata occurs typically in open woods, fields, and rocky glades, usually on base-rich soils; whereas H. purpurea typically occurs in somewhat mesic woods or at edges, on acid soils. Terrell (1996) treated lanceolata as H. purpurea var. calycosa A. Gray, noting that it "intergrades with var. purpurea in many localities, particularly at the northern part of its range (e.g. in Illinois)." However, he also noted: "Anyone observing var. calycosa in the cedar glades [of Ala. and Tenn.] is likely to be impressed with its distinctiveness there." In Ky., only about 1-5% of colls. are difficult to assign and suggest transitions to H. pupurea. Other variants may deserve further study, including some unusually hairy plants within both species. Coll. from HARL (KY, WKY) are atypical, appearing transitional to longifolia or purpurea, or perhaps a distinct variant.


FULL NAME:
Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex Reichenbach.

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Nasturtium (Rorippa) microphyllum (officinale var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a distinct allotetraploid (2n = 64) species, closely related to typical officinale, but sometimes treated as a variety (e.g. F). It has been reported from Ky. by Rollins (1993), but colls. have not been located. It is scattered in cooler regions of eastern states (F, Cr, W; Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Compared to officinale (2n = 32), microphylla has narrower siliques (1-1.5 mm versus 1.8-3 mm), with seeds in one row (versus two); seeds have more polygonal depressions on each side (ca. 75-175 versus 25-60); flowers are slightly larger (petals ca. 6 mm versus 4 mm).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Melanium> bicolor (rafinesquii, kitaibeliana var. r.i)

FOOTNOTE:
F indicated that this species is an alien from Eurasia, but recent treatments do not (Cr; McKinney & Russell 2002; W). Further global review of literature is needed. Plants with blue flowers may deserve more attention, and colls. should be reeaxmined for segregation.


FULL NAME:
Elymus virginicus L. var. intermedius (Vasey) Bush

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus virginicus* var. intermedius (E. hirsutiglumis)

FOOTNOTE:
This variety is generally distinct, and concentated on river banks or nearby sites in relatively open areas, especially near limestone (FNA 25).


FOOTNOTE:
This species has often been confused with A. coccinea, and further study is needed for reliable separation of records (Graham 1985; Cr). A. robusta has similar broad southern range and wetland habitat, though apparently concentrated along larger rivers (Cusick 1989). It differs in its lower chromosome number (2n = 34 versus 66); its paler petals (pale lavender versus rose-purple) and anthers (pale versus deep yellow); and its shorter peduncles (0-1 mm versus 0-4+ mm) and pedicels. Its leaves tend to be relatively large on healthy plants (up to ca. 5-10 mm wide and ca. 5-7 cm long), but those on branches and smaller plants are often smaller (ca. 3-5 mm wide and 2-4 cm long).


FULL NAME:
ALEXANDERS: Angelica (PALE), Zizia (GOLDEN)


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in central and eastern North America but, remarkably, it is rarely abundant. Gr noted: "moderately common in Kentucky, but generally occurs singly or a few in a place, never constituting any large proportion of the woody growth." Although it often grows into subcanopies of old field thickets and woodland pastures, browsing appears to limit it, and trees usually die at relatively small size due to diseased bark; see also Burns & Honkala (1990). In Ontario, and perhaps other areas where rubra is rare, there has been some hybridization with M. alba, with locally invasive introgression (Burgess & Husband 2006; R. Naczi, pers. comm.). M. alba and hybrids with alba mothers were consistently more vigorous in experimental studies, in sun and shade, compared to hybrids with rubra mothers and to M. rubra.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Junceae> missouriensis

FOOTNOTE:
These plants can probably all be referred to the midwestern var. fasciculata Holz, with less pubescent achenes, but that variety may not be worth distinguishing (FNA 20). Typical missouriensis is even more western. Some plants may be hybridized with juncea; see also F. The coll. from EDMO (US) was initially misidentified as the closely related S. gattingeri Chapman, which is known only from the Ozarks of Ark. and Mo. except  for a few disjunct sites in c. Tenn.


FOOTNOTE:
This distinct species has often been confused with P. simplex, but there are differences in rhizomes, stolons, stems, leaves and branching patterns (F); leaves alone (Cr) should not be relied on. Virtually all plants are referable to var. villosissima Fern., which has a largely Appalachian and perhaps Ozarkian range. A coll. from the campus of Belknap University in JEFF (DHL), perhaps adventive, appears to be the largely northeastern var. canadensis.


Scientific Name:
Celtidaceae [Moraceae*]: Celtis tenuifolia (?pumila)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. There has been some confusion with the other species of Celtis, and hybrids appear to occur. Most colls. fit the relatively pubescent and coriaceous-leaved var. georgiana (Small) Fern. & Schub., but further assessment of that taxon is needed. Using older treatments, a few plants were identified as C. occidentalis var. pumila (Pursh) Gray or C. pumila var. deamii Sarg., but these taxa may be considered transitional between tenuifolia and occidentalis.


FULL NAME:
FESCUE: Festuca, Schedonorus, Vulpia (ANNUAL)


Scientific Name:
Lemnaceae [Araceae]: Wolffiella gladiata (floridana)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> texensis (retroflexa var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is most common in mowed areas on fertile soils, including lawns; it may have spread greatly after settlement. Some colls. are immature and not easily distinguished from typical retroflexa. C. texensis differs in its perigynia averaging 1-1.3 mm wide (versus 1.4-1.8 mm), with l/w usually 2.3-3.1 (versus 1.5-2.3), and the basal spongy portion < 1.1 mm long (versus 1.1 mm or more). Its widest leaves are wider on average (ca. 1-2.5 mm versus 1.4-3.4 mm), but this is not a reliable character. See FNA 23 and especially Downer & Hyatt (2003).


FOOTNOTE:
This species was described by Mohlenbrock & Schwegman (1969) in s. Ill. It is locally common in lowland woods on damp fertile soils of the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys (see also: McKinney et al. 2000). Easily overlooked, it can be confused with rosea or radiata, and is probably more widespread than colls. indicate. Its perigynia are similar to radiata but more elongated (l/w = 3-5 versus 1.5-3); also, it has conspicuous rhizomes up to 6 cm long (versus more or less cespitose).


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from riparia, baileyana or aestivalis, and need to be rechecked.


FOOTNOTE:
Further review of colls. is needed. This largely northeastern species is a parent of the Concord grape and various other cultivated hybrids, often known collectively as V. X labruscana L.H. Bailey. There have been several dubious records, but true labrusca does seem to be locally native (as mapped with solid dots), especially on damp acid soils in eastern hills or near the Ohio Rv. Some colls. also need closer examination for distinction from cinerea.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia [Arenaria] patula (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly on calcareous outcrops and roadsides in the Ozark region, Interior Low Plateaus and other calcareous regions in mid-western and southeastern states. See notes under muscorum.


FOOTNOTE:
This mysterious species occurs in scattered disjunct localities on the Interior Low Plateaus, plus some disjunct sections of the Appalachian Plateaus and the adjacent Coastal Plain (in Ind, Ky., Tenn., Miss. & Ala.). It is one of the few dioecious sedges (Delph et al. 1993). C. picta burns well and resprouts vigorously (D. Taylor, pers. comm.); its distribution may partly reflect the history of fire.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <patens group> oblongifolium


FOOTNOTE:
See notes under pallida. Forms with unusual flower colors have been reported in other states (e.g. F, Y), but are unknown in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
In addition to a coll. by R. Athey (#3272) from CRIT (EKY), this largely northwestern species was reported from "centr. Ky." by F. It is close to tabernaemontanum and may be confused; see FNA 23.


FOOTNOTE:
This widely planted species is becoming locally naturalized outside its original range; such adventive records are excluded here, though a few remain uncertain. 
There may be occasional hybrids with shumardii, phellos and others. Based on leaves alone, palustris is sometimes confused with other species with deeply lobed leaves, especially shumardii and coccinea. Its leaf blades are usually plain green to (especially on richer soils) yellowish, turning pale brown in fall; in contrast, the leaves of similar species are mostly deeper green (except coccinea), and tend to become darker brown or reddish during fall. The main leaf lobes number 5-7 (versus 5-11), and are usually acute, with one of the 2-3 divisions distinctly elongated (versus usually truncate, without a prominent diviision). Lobes are usually more or less parallel-sided or tapering outwards (versus often broadening), so that sinuses generally widen outwards (versus often pinched off in well-developed sun-leaves of shumardii and coccinea).


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias <Acerates> viridiflora


FULL NAME:
BUCKWHEAT: Eriogonum (WILD), Fagopyrum, Fallopia (CLIMBING)


FOOTNOTE:
Some records may come from planted trees, but this species from tropical Asia is clearly naturalized in many areas, especially on medium-acid soils. The first published record for Ky. was in 1950 (F). B did not record it during her extensive field work during 1920-1950, including many parts of Appalachian regions where the species is now so common.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Tenuifoliae> flabellata

FOOTNOTE:
This name has been applied in Ky. (e.g. Clark & Bauer 2001; see also M), but no known colls. can be identified as flabellata in its original narrow sense (F, Gl). In that sense, it has a northern range, and within the southern Appalachians, it is restricted to higher elevations and seems unlikely in Ky. (HFG, W). The few records are provisionally referable to macrosperma, which has been combined with several other species into a much broader concept of flabellata by Cr and others. C. flabellata has been distinguished primarily by its "flowering corymbs more or less villous," versus glabrous in macrosperma (Gl). Further research is needed, using the full range of potential characters.


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Chamaemelanium> tripartita var. t.

FOOTNOTE:
The only record from Ky. is a coll. of B (#3945 at NY & US) from CART.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread northern species. A few colls. have been named var. corymbosa Nutts. ex Torr. & Gray, which is not recognized in recent treatments, or var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. Var. rugulosa applies to more western plants with relatively long rhizomes and broader, hairier leaves, but has been misapplied in Appalachian regions (W).


FULL NAME:
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. dumosum

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> dumosum var. d. (A. coridifolius)

FOOTNOTE:
This variable species (2n = 16, 32) needs further study. The relatively southern var. coridifolius (Michx.) Torr. & Gray, as treated in Aster, has been combined in recent treatments. That variant does not seem particularly distinct in Ky. based on reported characters: relatively narrow leaves (often reflexed), more diffuse inflorescences, and fewer wider rays (F). There are occasional apparent hybrids with pilosum (BULL at KY) and racemosum (CART at MDKY). A coll. from BELL (KY) has unusually large flowers and leaves, suggesting a distinct montane variant (or perhaps a hybrid). See also the varieties listed below.


FULL NAME:
Rumex salicifolius: see R. triangulivalvis


FOOTNOTE:
This species of northwestern North America has been collected from a stripmine bench in LESL (JC for KY), but it is probably not truly naturalized. It was probably a waif in plantings of other seed for reclamation.


FULL NAME:
Panicum boreale: see Dichanthelium bicknellii


FULL NAME:
Heuchera americana L. var. hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rosendahl, Butters & Lakela

Scientific Name:
Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Americanae> americana var. hirsuticaulis (interior)

FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western taxon is considered by some authors (e.g. Wells 1984, Cr) to have resulted from introgression with the more western species, H. richardsonii R. Br. It was not recorded from Ky. by Wells, but the identification of colls. mapped here is confirmed. However, the coll. from MADI (BEREA) may be misleading; it comes from cultivation of buried seed, "with forced flowering" (R. Thompson & Wade #87-2033), and its origin is unclear.


FOOTNOTE:
All material is probably the typical variety. Many colls. have hairy leaves, but none appear to be velutinous as in var. leiocarpa Perry & Fern.


Scientific Name:
Araceae: Arisaema stewardsoniii (triphyllum ssp. s.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern taxon has been reported from BELL by Treiber (1980) and others, but no coll. has been located. It is close to pusillum; both are diploids (2n = 28).


FOOTNOTE:
There has been much misidentification of vegetative material; see notes under other species. U. americana varies greatly in leaf size, shape and pubescence. Plants on drier uplands often have small leaves and somewhat corky branches, but such leaves may still be distinguished from alata by their relatively broad shape, with more asymmetric base and more acuminate apex. Upper leaf surfaces are often scabrous to short-hairy, not just glabrous as indicated in FNA 3; this has caused confusion with rubra.


Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Alisma subcordatum (plantago-aquatica var. parviflora)


FOOTNOTE:
This species may have been used extensively for food by native people, but there is no clear evidence of cultivation; see C. W. Cowan in Ford (1985).


Scientific Name:
Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea hirticaulis (villosa var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This poorly understood southeastern taxon has been variously interpreted (F, Cr; Al-Shehbaz & Schubert 1989; FNA 26; W). Within the Ohio Valley, plants named hirticaulis may just represent an occasional hairy form of villosa, but a distinct variety or species may be justified on the Coastal Plain. It has been reported from Ky. by BA and Rogers (1941), but no complete convincing colls. have been located. There is a coll. from CALD (EKY, KY) that may be referred here. D. hirticaulis has also been reported from s. Ind. (D).


Scientific Name:
Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea villosa (var. v.)

FOOTNOTE:
With incomplete colls. viilosa is not easily distinguished from quaternata, and these species have been combined in some treatments (e.g. FNA 26). More study is needed in Ky., based on recent literature. D. villosa can be distinguished (Al-Shehbaz & Schubert 1989; W) by having a mostly twining stem with alternate leaves (except rarely at the base with short internodes, appearing almost whorled). D. quaternata has lower leaves in whorls of 4-7, and only the upper stem twines with alternate leaves. Also, villosa has stems with 8-14 narrowly winged ribs (versus terete); and its rhizomes are ca. 5-10 mm thick (versus 10-15 mm), relatively straight and little-branched (versus often contorted and branched).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Macracanthae> succulenta (macrantha var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
There are few records of this northern species (M). Verified colls. (det. by J.B. Phipps) are known only from BATH (GH: Horsey #1781, Olympia) and OLDH (DHL: H. Woodward #2999, field on Old Zaring Rd. to the Univ. of Lousiville Farm).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] multifida (heterophylla var. m.; C. dissecta)

FOOTNOTE:
This species mostly occurs in c. Ala., nw. Ga., Tenn. and sc. Ky. (Al-Shehbaz 1988). The plants in GRNP are part of disjunct clusters in se. Ind., c. Ohio and perhaps sw. W.Va. There appear to be rare hybrids with heterophylla (e.g. a coll. of B from WAYN), perhaps laciniata and other species.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> villosa (canovirens, biennis* var. canescens)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species is often confused with the largely eastern O. biennis, and further analysis is needed. Colls. from CALL, DAVI, GRAV and HICK (MUR, SIU) have been referred to O. strigosa (Rydb.) MacKenzie & Bush, which has been treated as a more western subspecies of villosa, but these determinations appear to be erroneous (Dietrich et al. 1997).


Scientific Name:
Juglandaceae: Carya <Apocarya> X ovalis (glabra x ovata)

FOOTNOTE:
These trees deserve further study. They may result from hydridization of glabra and ovata, and in some localities they are more common than the supposed parents: e.g. on Cumberland Mt. in BELL, and perhaps other relatively cool zones of the state. However, FNA 3 has included such trees all within a broadly defined, variable glabra, within which no segregates are recognized. In general, ovalis has been described (F, Cr, W) as differing from glabra in its somewhat scaly or shaggy bark (versus non-shaggy); longer staminate catkins, ca. 10-15 cm long (versus 5-8 cm); fruits of intermediate size and various shapes, with light brown husk that splits to base, and sweet kernel (versus dark brown, closed or tardily splitting, sweetish or somewhat bitter). Less reliable are leaflet number (often reported as usually 7 but not necessarily so in Ky.), pubescence (perhaps more consistently hairy), and other characters (perhaps reddish petioles). C. ovalis reportedly includes diploids (2n = 32), as in most Carya species, and tetraploids (2n = 64), as in glabra, tomentosa and pallida.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Cyperus> squarrosus (inflexus, "aristatus")


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Caninae> canina

FOOTNOTE:
This has been widely cultivated (especially for its fruits), and it may be occasionally naturalized. However, some identifications are tentative. There may also be a record of the hybrid with R. obtusifolium Desv., known as X dumetorum Thuill. (M).


Scientific Name:
Apocynaceae: Amsonia tabernaemontana (var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from JEFF (DHL) may be from a cultivated plant. This species could be more broadly defined to include close relatives; see notes under salicifolia.


Scientific Name:
Apocynaceae: Amsonia salicifolia (tabernaemontanum* var. s. & gattingeri)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is distinct from typical tabernaemontanum in its denser inflorescence, narrower leaves (ca. 1-3 cm wide versus 3-6.5 cm), denser clonal growth, and preference for more sunny conditions. Differences are clear in cultivated plants grown side by side. The name A. tabernaemontanum var. gattingeri Woodson has been applied to plants of the Interior Low Plateaus that differ from salicifolia in their generally pubescent, green lower leaf surfaces (versus glabrous, glaucous), and perhaps denser inflorescence (F). Such plants include colls. from HOPK (KY), MCRA (NCU) and perhaps elsewhere. However, there does not seem to be enough phenotypic, ecologic or biogeographic difference to justify recognition (see also Y). The largely Ozarkian A. illustris Woodson is more distinct, and may occur in c. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Not mapped here are colls. from CAMP (KNK, NCU) initially referred to illustris, which were probably spread from cultivation; their identify and provenance remain uncertain.


FULL NAME:
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. var. ambigens (Greene) Cronq.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Antennaria plantaginifolia var. ambigens (parlinii ssp. fallax*)

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping here is provisional. This taxon is often included with A. parlinii ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins, but appears somewhat intermediate between typical plantaginifolia and parlinii (Cr. FNA 19, W). It differs from typical parlinii in its basal leaves, with upper surfaces initially tomentose and "more tardily glabrate" (versus glabrous or nearly so even when young). Also, summits of young flowering stems are usually glandless (versus usually with purple glandular hairs). Further examination of colls. is needed to clarify the degree of distinction among these three or more taxa in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Sericocarpus [Aster] linifolius (A. solidagineus)


FOOTNOTE:
This infamous Chinese tree was grown initially as an exotic ornamental, but has become widely naturalized in thin woods or along edges, especially where repeated cutting or browsing occurs. The first report that suggests naturzalized status was by Hussey (1876).


FOOTNOTE:
Status remains uncertain. This was collected during in DAVI by E.J. Palmer (#17829 at GH) on 10 Jun 1920 from "high alluvial banks of the Ohio River just below Owensboro... However, it may have been a more recent introduction there, as it is usually found only in rocky ground and along bluffs" (Palmer 1927). Baskin & Baskin (1989) reviewed the context of this coll. and suggested that it was from a cultivated plant, but M considered their argument insufficient to reject from the flora. Elsewhere, obovatus occurs only on rocky sites of the Edwards Plateau (Texas), the Ozark region (Ark., Mo., Okl.) and the southern Highland Rim (Ala., Ga., Tenn.).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> rupestris (canadensis var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is known only from rocky riverbanks, generally on calcareous material, in disjunct localities of Md., Va., Ky., Tenn. and Ind. However, it is locally abundant and has often been overlooked. Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from S. gigantea var. serotina, and intergradation is suspected; in eastern regions at least both taxa may be diploid (2n = 18; Cr; FNA 20).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> shortii

FOOTNOTE:
This highly restricted endangered species is known from a cluster of sites in the Blue Licks area of Ky. (FLEM, NICH, ROBE). It was also present on Rock Island at the Falls of the Ohio River (JEFF) during the 19th Century, and it has been recently rediscovered nearby along the Blue River in Harrison Co., Ind. (Homoya & Abrell 2005). A morphometric analysis by Beck et al. (2001) showed that the historic plants from Falls of the Ohio fall largely within the range of variation exhibited by plants from the Blue Licks locality. Despite its rarity and uniform chromosome number (with 2n = 36), shortii displays considerable variation, and some material from ROBE (KY) appears to be hybridized with altissima (with 2n = 36 or 54).The clearest differences from altissima are its glabrous leaves, and its fewer (5-7 versus 8-13), broader (0.6-1.2 mm versus 0.1-0.5 mm) ray florets. Its strong similarities to gigantea and rupestris also deserve further study. Its habitats in the Blue Licks area are cedar glades and adjacent old fields (Baskin & Baskin 1985). Its habitats along the Ohio Rv. (formerly) and Blue Rv. are scoured rocky riverbanks, often in close association with Hypericum sphaerocarpon. Orbexilum stipulatum, probably now globally extinct, was also closely associated at the Falls of Ohio.


FULL NAME:
ROCKET: Diplotaxis (WALL-), Hesperis (DAME'S), Iodanthus (PURPLE)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] sphaerocarpon (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. (e.g. from POWE) may be transitional to polyanthes. FNA 25 indicates that sphaerocarpon can also hybridize with acuminatum and laxiflorum.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Coccinieae> aff. coccinea (?pedicillata, ?pennsylvanica, ?putnamiana)

FOOTNOTE:
All records need checking, including recent data from CW. There has been confusion or combination with pruinosa and other species. In its broad sense, coccinea is a widespread species in northern regions of eastern North America. However, this name has only been widely applied in Ky. after 2000 (e.g. Clark & Bauer 2001, Thompson & Fitzgerald 2003, Weckman et al. 2003, Abbott et al. 2004; CW). C. coccinea and its segregates are reportedly rare in N.C. and Va. (W), but more widespread in W.Va. (HFG). In Ky., the coll. from HARL (GH) is verified, but some others may be doubted. More western colls. may be referrable to C. putnamiana Sarg., which is a segregate reportedly centered in the lower Ohio Valley, including Ky. (D, F, G, M); that taxon has relatively broad-based leaves and large fruit, and may be transitional to Series Rotundifoliae. Other possible segregates are suggested or expected in Ky. (M), but need further assessment: C. pennsylvanica Sarg. (mostly in northern Appalachian regions) and C. pedicillata Sarg. (mostly in the Great Lakes region but also reported widely in W.Va. by HFG).


FOOTNOTE:
This species is centered in the mid-west (often in thin woods with Floerkea nearby). It has widely scattered occurrences elsewhere, perhaps adventive in some cases. There is a coll. by G.F. Buddell from CAMP (KNK): "yardweed growing along sides of house and garage", 320 Fairview Drive, Dayton. There is also an old report from BOON (Nelson 1919).


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. most records of this widespread southern species come from sandy banks of larger rivers or nearby disturbed areas. However, it has also been found in rocky parts of an eroded cherty old field (METC at WKY). Colls. from HICK (MUR) and LIVI (R. Athey) may be referable to var. laevivaginata Fern., but that relatively eastern variety is not recognized in recent treatments. The related western species, E. trichodes (Nutt.) Wood, is expected in w. Ky., since it occurs in adjacent s. Ill. (FNA 25).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Eriochloa acuminata (lemmonii var. gracilis)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria sanguinalis (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread weed in North America may have been present since early after settlement, but the first colls. appear to have been made by Kearney, Pr and Gr during the 1890s. In 1914 Gr noted: "one of our most troublesome grass weeds, occurring everywhere in cultivated ground, in meadows, pastures, lawns, and along roadsides." Colls. need to be rechecked for the supposedly native species, ciliaris; see under that name.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely western species has several disjunct occurrences on rocky riverbanks and rocky glades as far east as Va. (or D.C.) to N.H. (Bartgis et al. 1997; W). In Ky. it is known from small patches on both sides of the Rockcastle Rv. in LAUR (MM for WKY) and PULA (KY); also, on banks of the Little South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in WAYN (KY). There is an unverified record of KSNPC from LYON.


Scientific Name:
Rhamnaceae: Frangula [Rhamnus*] alnus (R. frangula)

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from JEFF (KNK), LAUR (BEREA) and MADI (CW), but the contexts are unclear. They need checking to see if truly naturalized, as opposed to planted. F. alnus is widely naturalized in more northern states and adjacent Canada, but remains virtually unknown as an escape in southeastern states (PL).


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Angelica triquinata (curtisii)

FOOTNOTE:
Records from HARL (KY) and probably LETC (KSNPC) are well-documented. There is a 1939 coll. labelled as from ROWA (MDKY), but the data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992). There is a 1950s coll. from ADAI (F) that has been verified by R. Cranfill (pers. comm.). There is also a report from WARR by Pr that may be supported by a coll. (but not found at MO).


FOOTNOTE:
Old colls. of C.W. Short (initially named "lucens") at PH and elsewhere need to be rechecked. Records of amplifolius are provisionally included here, pending more detailed examination. Both species have broad North American ranges.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> perfoliatum

FOOTNOTE:
Occasional hybrids with serotinum (X truncatum Muhl. ex Willd.) have been found in MARI, NELS and ROWA (M), and are scattered widely across east-central states (Tucker & Dill 1989). These hybrids include plants named E. perfoliatum var. cuneatum Engelm. & Gray, or, erroneously, E. resinosum Torr. var. kentuckiense Fern.


FULL NAME:
POGONIA: Cleistes (SPREADING), Isotria (WHORLED), Pogonia (ROSE)


Scientific Name:
Callitrichaceae [Plantaginaceae]: Callitriche terrestris (deflexa var. austini)


FULL NAME:
Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Tripleurospermum [Matricaria] inodorum (maritimum var. i., perforatum)

FOOTNOTE:
This roadside weed is widely scattered in eastern states, but there is only one old record from Ky. (B). The closely related T. maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch has a much more northern (circumboreal) range, but the two taxa have been combined as varieties by some authors.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Matricaria chamomilla (recutita)

FOOTNOTE:
This is the cultivated "chamomile"; it may rarely escape, but does not seem to be truly naturalized. There are colls. from HEND (KY), LAUR (KY) and JEFF (DHL). See FNA 19 for notes on the correct name.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Suturosperma> adpressum

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this globally rare species is known only from colls. of R. Athey in BALL (perhaps at Memphis) and MCRA (NCU) during 1968-70. H. adpressum is widely but thinly scattered from the central Atlantic Coastal Plain to the central Mississippi Valley (W). It has been overlooked in some regions, and deserves further search in the field and the herbarium (Y, W).


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Suturosperma> dolabriforme

FOOTNOTE:
This is largely restricted to calcareous or dolomitic sections of the Interior Low Plateaus, plus locally around the margins of the southern Cumberland Plateau. See notes under sphaerocarpon.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Suturosperma> sphaerocarpum

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs in somewhat disjunct calcareous or dolomitic sections of east-central states. It varies greatly in overall stature and leaf width, from drier to damper habitats, but no segregates have been recently recognized. H. sphaerocarpon has often been confused with dolabriforme, especially without flowers. Its leaves tend to be wider (ca. 3-10 mm versus 2-6 mm), the larger ones often with a clasping base, and deeper glossy-green above (versus generally glaucous); plants are often rhizomatous (versus rarely or never in dolabriforme).


FOOTNOTE:
In "barren soil" of c. Tenn. (Sm), plants with relatively small flowers & capsules, short pedicels, and style branches longer than united portion have been segregated as P. bicknellii Small and may deserve recognition (W). The closely related P. fimbriata Michx. is largely restricted to cooler zones in the Blue Ridge, but also reported from the southern Appalachian Plateaus in Ala. (Small 1933).


Scientific Name:
Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia <Cosmanthus> cf. hirsuta

FOOTNOTE:
A plant resembling hirsuta was recently collected in MCRE (EKY), at the end of Harley-Coffee Road by Doug Stephens (R. Jones, pers. comm.). This is a largely Ozarkian species considered a "casual adventive" in eastern states (F), but it has been confused with the southern Appalachian P. maculata Wood (W). More likely as a native in se. or sc. Ky. is the closely related P. dubia (L.) Trel. or its var. interior Fern., which occur in close or adjacent counties of Tenn. (Ch).


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by Lint & Epling (1945), but no coll. has been located. It is native to western North America, cultivated as an ornamental, and reportedly naturalized at scattered locations in the east (W).


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. attributed to HARL (MM for WKY) was made close to, and possibly within, the BELL county line.


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported in Ky., disjunct from its main range on the Coastal Plain, by RAB and Cr, but no coll. has been located.


FOOTNOTE:
The first North American record for this species was in 1950, and it has now become a local weed of greenhouses and flower beds across much of the eastern U.S.A. (Vincent 2004). Occasionally it may become established in the wild, including open woods, edges and along streams. In Ky., it is locally frequent in urban areas of JEFF and perhaps elsewhere.


FOOTNOTE:
All plants in Ky. may be derived from introduction after Virginian settlement, although it is sometimes speculated that native people could have planted this species locally for its useful wood. At the time of the European conquest of North America, this species was documented only in Ark, Okla.. Tex. and perhaps La. (FNA 3, W). However, there is paleobotanical evidence that this species occurred as far north as southern Canada during a previous interglacial period (Terasmae 1960). The large fruits of this species are relished by horses and occasionally dispersed by deer (pers. obs. of JC, Lee Crawfort and others). It seems likely that extinct equine species or other megafauna formerly dispersed Maclura around North America. The species is dioecious and males tend to have a more upright habit, without branches weighted down by the fruit crops.


FOOTNOTE:
The few records of this species need to be confirmed. Maddox et al. (1985) reported it from HARD, and there are tentatively identified colls. from LEWI (KY) and OLDH (DHL).


Scientific Name:
Cleomaceae [Capparaceae*]: Polanisia trachysperma (dodecandra ssp. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been treated as a large flowered subspecies or variety of dodecandra by H.H. Iltis. There is much intergradation and little overall difference in range or habitat (Y), although trachysperma is reportedly more weedy and perhaps adventive in eastern states (W). A coll. from TRIG (AP) has been referred to this segregate but other colls. of Polanisia need further study.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Epilobium ciliatum (ssp. c.; adenocaulon, glandulosum var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern and western species has been documented with two known colls. Its more northern, circumboreal relative, E. glandulosum Lehm. (ciliatum var.g.), has been reported from BELL, but no coll. has been seen and it may well have been confused with ciliatum. E. ciliatum may also hybridize with coloratum (Cr).


FOOTNOTE:
This ecologically noxious--yet horticulturally addictive--woody vine from China and Japan is much more widespread than the mapped coll. With ignorant promotion and virtually no restriction, it has spread rapidly through the Ohio Valley since the 1970s, especially in the Bluegrass region, where it has become one of the most serious alien threats to native woodlands and residential landscapes. It appears to benefit from calcareous soils, being rare or absent in Appalachian regions and further east (W). Plants in North America may be referable to var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder. The obscure name E. hederaceus Champ. ex Benth. had priority over fortunei (Y), but there has been a proposal to conserve fortunei (Cao & Ma 2006). See also J.S. Ma (in Y) and W for further review of nomenclature and spelling in Celastraceae.


FOOTNOTE:
This globally imperiled species of limestone clifftops has an unusual distribution pattern, occurring in the Ridge-and-Valley region from Pa. to N.C., plus the disjunct western margins of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ohio and Ky. Similar patterns occur in Phlox subulata var. australis and Solidago harrisii (Campbell et al. 1993). The distribution of Paxistima is probably relictual from previous ages, when climatic conditions were more suitable for its dispersal and growth (Braun 1955). Its isolated populations generally seemed stable until recent years, when the alien euonymus scale insect has been observed infesting several patches. Declines are probably under way (T. Littlefield, pers. comm.), and the only hope for survival may be horticultural. The wild patches may be largely clonal, and fruiting has never been observed in Ky., but cross-pollination may be successful when clones are artificially grown together (W. Stoutamire, pers. comm.).


FULL NAME:
Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin.

FOOTNOTE:
This species of east-central states (especially common in Mo.) is sometimes confused with tenuiflora; see notes under that name.


Scientific Name:
Oxalidaceae: Oxalis dillenii (ssp. d., florida, "stricta")

FOOTNOTE:
There has been much confusion between this supposedly Eurasian species and the supposedly native stricta; some colls. still deserve closer study.


FULL NAME:
Cypripedium calceolus: see C. parviflorum & C. pubescens


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Heleoglochin> prairea (diandra var. ramosa)

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. of this northern species by C.W Short (NY, PH) that may be from Ky. (M). The latter is labeled "near Cincinnati" but it is probably from Hamilton Co., Ohio (see also PL). Within the Ohio Valley, prairea is restricted to glaciated regions.


Scientific Name:
Lythraceae: Didiplis [Lythrum (Peplis)] diandra

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered across southeastern states and up the Mississippi Valley to Minn., this monotypic aquatic herb is rarely recorded. In Ky., it appears to be associated with large old mature oxbow lakes and ponds, which may draw down substantially in the summer.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> parviflora (var. p., laevigata)

FOOTNOTE:
This weedy northern species extends south to N.C. in the Blue Ridge, and there are scattered records from the Ohio Valley, especially Ind. It is likely that parviflora originated from hybridization of nutans with another species. O. oakesiana (Gray) J.W. Robbins ex S. Wats. & Coult. is a less widespread northern species probably derived from hybridization of parviflora with biennis (Dietrich et al. 1997). There are colls. from ADAI (EKY), FAYE (Univ. of Ind.), HICK (Montreal Bot. Gard.) and perhaps elsewhere. B's coll. of oakesiana from HARL (US) is tentatively included here, since Munz (1937) redetermined it as O. laevigata Bartlett, a synonym of parviflora.


FOOTNOTE:
This diploid (2n = 18) species is widely naturalized in North America, but generally uncommon or rare. Its status and habitats in Ky. are not clear.


FULL NAME:
Thaspium chapmanii (Coult. & Rose) Small

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium chapmanii (barbinode var. angustifolium; ?b. var. garmani)

FOOTNOTE:
This mapping is somewhat tentative. F, B, M and others (B.E. Wofford & D. Estes, pers. comm.) have pointed out the distinction of these rather poorly understood plants, which are locally abundant in relatively dry open areas on calcareous soils, especially in regions west of the Appalachians. Superficially, they appear transitional from typical barbinode to pinnatifidum in the size of their ultimate uncut leaf segments (not counting divisions less than half way to midribs). The ultimate leaf segments are moderately numerous on larger leaves (ca. 15-75 versus ca. 9-15 in barbinode), ca. 5-10 mm wide (versus ca. 10-20 mm in barbinode and 1-3 mm in pinnatifidum), ca. 8-15 mm wide long (versus 15-30 mm and 5-10 mm), usually grayish-granulose green (versus deeper green in barbinode and pinnatifidum) and often more hairy. Plants are often relatively tall (ca. 1-2 m versus 0.5-1 m). Mature fruits are often smaller, usually averaging ca. (3-) 4 mm long (versus ca. 4-6 mm in barbinode). The most distinctive character may be the creamy-white color of fresh flowers (versus sulphur-yellow in typical barbinode), but this usually becomes yellowish-brown in dried colls. of both species. There is considerable variation in both taxa, and further work is needed to clarify differences; D could make no consistent division in Ind. T. chapmanii was originally known only from calcareous bluffs in Ala., Ga. and Fla. The apparently synonymous barbinode var. angustifolium Coult. & Rose is known from somewhat xeric calcareous woods and glades in central states (Ill., Ind., Ky., Tenn., Va., ?N.C.). T. barbinode var. garmani Coult. & Rose may be an intermediate; it was described from the Palisades section of the Kentucky Rv. (JESS), but field work here in recent decades has revealed little clear differentiation.


FULL NAME:
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. virginiana

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Fragaria virginiana var. v.

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from var. illinoensis needs more study. F indicated that this typical variety is more northern and tends to have shorter terminal leaflets (ca. 1.5-10 cm long versus 5-10 cm) with fewer teeth (4-8 pairs versus 8-15), and slightly shorter calyx lobes (4-8 mm long versus 5-10 mm).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Pauciarticulata> ciliare ("obtusum")


FOOTNOTE:
This favorite flower of humming-birds is widespread in North America (except the northwest), Central and South America, but named subspecies and varieties are not generally distinct (as reviewed by Y). The white-flowered form has been recorded in MCRE (Rogers 1941). Sterile hybrids with siphilitica have been rarely found in other states (Y).


FULL NAME:
SEDGE: Bulbostylis (HAIR-), Carex, Cymophyllus (FRASER'S), Cyperus (UMBRELLA-), Dulichium (THREE-WAY), Kyllinga (SPIKE-), Lipocarpha (HALFCHAFF)


FULL NAME:
Luzula campestris: see L. bulbosa, L, echinata & L. multiflora


FOOTNOTE:
This western and northern species has been often confused with glabriflorus, riparius, virginicus (especially var. intermedius) and others. The four known colls. are from banks of the Ohio Rv. or Mississippi Rv., or within a few miles. All except the one from HICK (JC) are were made before 1950. E. canadensis is sometimes planted with prairie seed-mixes from further west, and records from probable plantings are excluded. It is highly variable and segregates are not well-defined. Most of these colls. from Ky. are referable to the mid-western var. robustus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Mackenzie & Bush, which may result from introgression with virginicus or glabriflorus (FNA 24). But the coll. from JEFF (DHL), along a railroad, may be the more southwestern var. brachystachys (Scribn. & Ball) Farw.


FOOTNOTE:
Several colls. have been referred to var. setigera Fern. & Grisc., including those of B from BULL, LETC, METC and WAYN; see also M. However, that relatively western taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> hordeaceus ("mollis")

FOOTNOTE:
This species is close to racemosus and other species; some records should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> squarrosus

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from FAYE by Gr in 1914, but no coll. has been located and there may have been confusion with B. japonicus (M). Although found at a few scattered sites in North Americsa, squarrosus does not seem to be increasing in southeastern states (FNA 24).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Genea> tectorum

FOOTNOTE:
This annual weedy grass was unknown in Ky. until about 1900. In 1914 Gr noted: "sometimes observed along railroads and elsewhere." B. tectorum has now become locally abundant across the state; it remains most closely associated with railroads and larger roadsides. Colls. from CAMP (KNK), HICK (MUR) and elsewhere are referable to var. hirsutus Regel, but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
This widely scattered Appalachian species has been confused in Ky. with S. corymbosa Raf., which is largely restricted to the Blue Ridge or nearby; see M for citations.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> lanceolatum (A. "simplex")

FOOTNOTE:
This highly variable species of diverse ploidy (2n = 32 to 64) needs further revision in Ky., using recent treatments of J.C. Semple (FNA 20) and others (Y, W). It may intergrade with ontarione and racemosum; all three species have distinctly long rhizomes, as in dumosus but not lateriflorus or pilosus. S. lanceolatum is often confused with ontarione, especially without close examination of flowers, but leaves are usually more elongated and almost completely glabrous (versus softly short-hairy, at least on upper leaves). Most Ky. plants have been named "Aster simplex Lam." or A. lanceolatus var. simplex (Willd.) A.G. Jones, but the type of simplex suggests a hybrid with lateriflorum (Cr). The more northern A. simplex var. ramosissimus (Torr. & Gray) Cronq. has not been reported, but that taxon is now combined with what was called simplex into typical S. lanceolatum. The upper mid-western var. interior (Wieg.) Nesom has been reported from CARL (Mohlenbrock et al. 1966), ESTI (Anderson 1947) and perhaps BULL (Gunn 1968; see also FNA 20), but no verified colls. have been seen. The more southern var. latifolium (Semple & Chmiel.) Nesom has also been reported (FNA 20), but colls. have not yet been located.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> praealtum

FOOTNOTE:
This variable (2n = 32, 48, 64), widespread, mid-western and northern species may have been often overlooked. S. praeltum can be confused (or perhaps rarely hybridized) with lanceolatum, lateriflorum or other species. The few Ky. colls. mostly need to be rechecked and variety determined. Those from CALL (R. Athey #5022) and MCRA (R. Athey with accession unknown) have been referred to var. subasperum (Lindl.) Nesom, which is probably a distinct southwestern segregate. The coll. from MADI (R. Jones #4157 at EKY) appears to be var. praealtus.


FULL NAME:
Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. humilis Gray

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia laciniata var. humilis

FOOTNOTE:
This largely southern Appalachian taxon is generally less robust than typical plants, with less cleft leaves. Var. humilis is reported to be usually sexual (versus usually apomictic), with a low chromosome number; 2n = 38 versus 36 or 54. F, G and Cr reported it from Ky., apparently based on one coll.: T.H. Kearney #324 (GH), Aug 1893, Poor Fork Post Office. Recently, MM also collected and determined a plant from OWSL (for WKY) as this taxon. These colls. appear to match the descriptions, but there has been some inconsistency among recent treatments (e.g. Cr and FNA 21).


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. acuminatum

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] acuminatum var. a.

FOOTNOTE:
In its narrow sense, typical acuminatum is a largely southern taxon, on the Coastal Plain and through Central to South America. Records from Ky. need to be rechecked, but at least the coll. from LIVI (KY) seems correct. This taxon does intergrade with var. fasciculatum and others in the acuminatum group.


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from Ky. by Hitchcock (1924), based only on a coll. of C.W. Short (GH) without locality. It was not included by Hitchcock & Chase (1950). This species occurs on dunes and similar sandy sites along the east coast and in the upper mid-west. It is unlikely but possible in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] verticillata

FOOTNOTE:
This weed has a northern range in North America (FNA 25). In Ky., the only verified colls. may be from FAYE and WOOD (mostly at KY-Agr. Sch.). In 1914 Gr noted: "frequent in cultivated ground, but not so often seen as [S. pumila]." Anderson (1924) listed colls. dated 1833 to 1919, only from Lexington (FAYE).


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Tomentosa> rhytidophyllum

FOOTNOTE:
This is widely planted but rarely spreads from seed. A few plants have established from seed in forest adjacent to the lodge at Pine Mt. State Park in BELL (M, Weckman et al. 2002; EKY), but it is not clear if these will become a reproducing population.


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Veratrum [Melanthium] parviflorum

FOOTNOTE:
In addition to colls. from southeastern counties, there is a coll. labeled as from ROWA (MDKY) but the data are highly dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Lepidieae>: Lepidium (Coronopus*) didymus

FOOTNOTE:
This pantropical weed is common throughout the southeastern Coastal Plain, but does not seem to be well-established in the Ohio Valley. There is a recent report from Ky., but a coll. has not yet been seen (J; R. Jones, pers. comm.). The species has been treated in Coronpus, but that genus now appears to be unnatural and didymus is relatively close to virginicum (as reviewed in Y).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Lactuca sativa (scariola var. integrata, integrifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This abundantly cultivated species (lettuce) does not seem to become truly established in the wild. There are a few rather obscure or dubious records of escapes (M).


FOOTNOTE:
The single record is based on a coll. of R. Athey from BALL that was confirmed in the 1970s; this coll. may now be transferred to EKY and should be rechecked.


FULL NAME:
Clematis viorna L. {widespread/hairy variant}

Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> viorna {widespread/hairy variant; incl. flaccida}

FOOTNOTE:
These plants mostly have relatively hairy lower leaf surfaces and outer sepal surfaces. They usually occur on base-rich soils. However, there are transitions to the largely Appalachian variant of non-calcareous regions (see above). The name C. viorna var. flaccida (Small) Erickson may be appropriate, but types need to be reexamined. Some of the more disjunct western and southern colls. mapped here may resemble other variants found in southern foothills from S.C. to Ala. (including Viorna beadlei Small) and Ala. to e. Tex. (including V. subreticulata Harbison). These include colls. from TRIG and Montgomery Co., Tenn. (ASPU) with relatively broad, thinly hairy, more or less subreticulate leaflets. Such plants may appear intermediate between C. viorna and typical C. reticulata (Walt.) Small, which is known largely from the Coastal Plain but not confirmed in Ky. or Tenn. (Sm, Ch, W, FNA 3).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> cerasus

FOOTNOTE:
Some of these records may be from old plantings.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien is widespread across North America, except in southeastern states FNA 19; PL). Although first reported from Ky. in 1914 (Gr), there have been few subsequent records.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread North American species is polyploid (2n = 32, 64) and relatively variable (Y). Although often confused with other species, hybrids are not documented.


FULL NAME:
Spermolepis echinata (Nutt. ex DC.) Heller

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Spermolepis echinata

FOOTNOTE:
This southwestern species is probably a remnant of native grassland. It is known from only two colls. of R. Athey in the 1970s, from FULT and MCRA (presumably at Memphis).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> ramosus (asper)

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from Ky. by Britton (1901) and Anderson (1924), but no colls. have been located; Anderson cited F.T. McFarland #2194, June 19195, from Lexington [FAYE] There are few records from North America, and it does not seem to be increasing.


FULL NAME:
STRAWBERRY: Duschesnea (FALSE), Fragaria, Waldsteinia (BARREN)


FOOTNOTE:
A few more densely pubescent colls., from CALL (KY) and OHIO (GH, MO), have been referred to var. pulverulenta (Michx.) Perkins. However, that taxon is typical of more southern pine woods, and Ky. plants are probably no more than transitional.


FOOTNOTE:
This South Asian species has been grown ornamentally for over a century, and sometimes escapes (Gr). Some colls. may not be from truly naturalized plants.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Heterotheca [Chrysopsis] latifolia (subaxillaris ssp. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although often recognized in floras, at least as a subspecies (e.g. FNA 20), some studies indicate that this widespread southwestern taxon is not clearly distinct from typical H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby of the southeastern Coastal Plain (especially ocean dunes); see citations of Y and W. In Ky., most records are from dune-like sandy areas along the lower Ohio Rv. and the Mississippi Rv., or nearby. The coll. from JEFF (KY) is from a waif found in the parking lot by the herbarium in 1996.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien creeping annual has become locally abundant on damp rich bare soil, especially in cropland and along riverbanks. The first records were about a century ago (Gr).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens comosa {or suggested: tripartita var. c.}

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with connata and tripartita, and all three species have been combined to various extents by some authors (e.g. FNA 21, Y). B. comosa appears to be much more common in Ky. than the other two taxa, but further revision is desirable. FNA 21 indicated that North America plants in thiscomplex are all tetraploids (2n = 48), but in its broader global sense tripartita may include a wider range of chromosome numbers (Y).


FOOTNOTE:
Hybrid with several species can be expected (FNA 21, Y); some colls. from MCRA and ROWA appear to be hybrids with aspera (see notes under that species).


Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) hybrida (lanceolata var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in wetlands of upper mid-western and northeastern coastal regions, but with widely scattered disjunct populations across North America. It has sometimes been hard to distinguish from typical lanceolata, which is restricted to eastern states. Variety or subspecies status may be preferred (Ray 1956, Coffey & Jones 1980). For Ky., there are some old colls. from FAYE (C.W. Short at GH/KY from "moist meadows/ground near/around Lexington"), MERC (Univ. of Illinois) and perhaps MCRE (B). The only convincing more recent coll. is from TRIG (APSU): E.W. Chester-91-120, 5 Oct 1985, swampy thickets by Tennessee Rv. at Fenton Landing, plentiful. Chester has also collected relatively narrow-leaved plants in LYON (APSU) that may represent introgressants between hybrida and terrestris. All potential colls. in this complex deserves further revision.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha deamii (rhomboidea var. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is easily overlooked and confused with typical rhomboidea; there may be occasional intermediates. A. deamii differs in its fruits, which have two seeds, (2) 2.5-3 mm long (versus three seeds, (1) 1.6-1.8 (2) mm long). Vegetative differences may not be clear cut (F, Y; Levin 1999b, Becus 2003): its larger mid-cauline leaves are usually broadly ovate (versus lance- to rhombic-ovate) and (1) 5-10 (12) cm long (versus 1-10 cm), so,metimes with abruptly drooping blades (versus usually spreading), and usually rather bright green (not reddish/coppery). It is probably more widespread than records suggest, but generally restricted to disturbed ground in damp fertile woodland, especially on levees near larger streams and rivers but also along some smaller streams in calcareous landscapes. It is known from scattered localities across east-central states (from Ark. and Mo. to Pa. and Va), especially in the Ohio Valley (G. Levin, pers. comm.).


FULL NAME:
PLUME GRASS: Erianthus, Miscanthus (ASIAN)


Scientific Name:
Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Albersia> albus ("graecizans")

FOOTNOTE:
This is native to North America, but it has become a widespread "tumbleweed" and the original range is uncertain. There has been confusion with the more southwestern A. blitoides. Also, the related species A. viridis L. (from South America) and A. blitum L. (a pantropical weed) can be expected (FNA 4). Further review of colls. is desirable.


FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated species ("sweet-william") may occasionally persist or escape, but does not seem to become truly naturalized. There is a coll. of dubious status from a "vacant lot" in JEFF (DHL).


FOOTNOTE:
This is apparently adventive from South America, and it may escape sometimes from plantings as an attractive but erroneous "wild flower"; such misinformed use has increased within recent years.


FULL NAME:
Arenaria groenlandica: see Minuartia glabra


FULL NAME:
Aristolochia durior: see Isotrema macrophylla


FULL NAME:
Scirpus: > Bolboschoenus, Isolepis, Schoenoplectus, Trichophora


FULL NAME:
PRIVET: Forestiera (NEW WORLD), Ligustrum (OLD WORLD)


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Poygonum arenastrum (aviculare ssp. depressum, "aviculare")

FOOTNOTE:
There has only been a provisional revision of colls. in the aviculare complex from Ky., but this segregate undoubtedly occurs throughout the state. It usually grows in pavement crevices and similar places. Its seeds are usually 1.5-2.7 mm long (versus 2.7-3.7 mm); flower length is usually 2-3.4 mm (versus 2.8-4.7 mm), with ca. 40-60% as the tube (versus 20-40%); leaves are relatively uniform in size (with early leaves only ca. 0.5-2 cm long versus up to 2.5-6 cm in aviculare) and bluish-green (versus plain green). It is usually prostrate, remaining <1 cm above the ground (versus ca. 1-20 cm tall). Colls. mapped as uncertain records have relatively narrow leaves, suggesting bellardii, but may just be forms of arenastrum.


FOOTNOTE:
This segregate of the aviculare complex has been reported from Ky. (FNA 5) but colls. have not yet been sufficiently reviewed. Closely related plants known as P. aviculare ssp. rurivagum (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher may also be expected. P. bellardii is generally intermediate in overall habit and dimensiions between typical aviculare and arenastrum, but has distinctive linear-tending leaves (l/w ca. 4-10+ versus 2-5). It differs from arenastrum in its tepals: with unbranched veins (versus branched), margins white (versus usually pink or red), and overall green to reddish-brown color (versus just green). It differs from typical aviculare in its much narrower leaves (ca. 1-7 mm wide versus 6-15 mm); also, its cymes are smaller (usually with 1-3 flowers versus 3-8) and uniformly distributed (versus aggregated at tips); seeds are relatively short (1.2-1.8 mm) and distinctively exerted.


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Luzula echinata (campestris var. e.)

FOOTNOTE:
Most colls. are referable to var. mesochorea F.J. Herm., but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments. Distinction from L. multiflora is difficult in some cases.


FULL NAME:
Sida: > {to be determined; aff. Sidasodes for now}


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species is rare in Ky., and it has not been relocated at several recorded localities. Colls. of B from Appalachian regions were not mapped by Argus (1986) and need to be verified (check US etc.).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Potentilla norvegica (?monspeliensis)

FOOTNOTE:
Most or all material may be var. hirsuta (Michx.) Lehm. (= P. monspeliensis L.), but further study of this complex circumboreal species is needed. It was recorded early after settlement (Short & Peter 1835), and may be native; see also Cr and M.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> undulatum

FOOTNOTE:
This variable species appears to form occasional hybrids with shortii (e.g. from BOUR, BULL & POWE), urophyllum (WOLF), cordifolium (CART & MCRE), S. lowrieanum (PERR), laeve (WAYN), dumosum (BULL), and other related species (FNA 20). Unusually narrow leaved plants have been referred to var. loriformis Burgess (NELS at MICH), within Aster, but might also have resulted from hybridization.


Scientific Name:
Amaryllidaceae <Lycorideae> [Liliaceae]: Lycoris radiata

FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated East Asian species ("red spider-lily") may rarely escape (J), but no established populations have been documented.


FULL NAME:
Chrysogonum virginianum L. var. brevistolon Nesom

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Chrysogonum virginianum var. brevistolon

FOOTNOTE:
This Southern Appalachian variety was recently described by Nesom (2001a). It has moderately long stolons, ca. 2-6 cm; early flowering stems are leafless, ca. 2-25 cm tall; later ones are leafy, ca. 15-25 cm tall. Var. virginianum is essentially non-stoloniferous, with later leafy flowering stems often taller, and more eastern; it was mapped close to Ky. by Nesom (and within Ky. by FNA 21 but apparently not verified). The highly distinct var. australe (Alexander ex Small) Ahles is strongly stoloniferous and has short leafless flowering stems; it has a disjunct southern range.


FULL NAME:
Monarda fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth.

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda fistulosa var. mollis

FOOTNOTE:
Variation in fistulosa needs further research. Most colls. are clearly referrable to var. mollis. There appear to be occasional hybrids with clinopodia, and perhaps other species. Introgression may have resulted in distinct populations. However, there has been considerable confusion due to difficulties in using or understanding some published keys. The "beard" of hairs on the upper petal (lip) is often misinterpreted. In fistulosa this is always distinct at the summit, at least in bud. Other species can have a thin indistinct beard that is not much longer than other hairs on the lip.


FOOTNOTE:
This species (spelt) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized. Waifs of T. durum Desf. (durum wheat) may also rarely occur, but that species is generally grown in drier regions further west.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> paniculatum (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This includes var. pubens; the species is generally distinct from perplexum and glabellum, but there are occasional intermediates (Isely 1990).


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium tenue (Muhl.) Freckmann & Lelong

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] tenue (albomarginatum)

FOOTNOTE:
Plants from sandstone clifftops in MCRE (KY) have been referred to the relatively glabrous Panicum albomarginatum Nash, which is now combined with D. tenue in recent treatments. However, tenue in its orginal narrow sense was applied just to hairier plants on the southern Atlantic Coastal Plain (Hitchcock & Chase 1950). A closely related species, D. ensifolium (Bald. ex Ell.) Gould, is known from boggy seeps on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn., within a few miles of the Ky. border.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] pumila (sylvestris ssp. mitis, P. malus)

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely reported as escaped in North America, this is less frequent in warmer or drier regions, including s. Ky. and further south or west (PL). There has been some confusion in nomenclature between this species (the common cultivated apple) and M. sylvestris P. Mill. (the wild European crab apple), which is not verified in the state. Also, pumila may rarely hybridize with coronaria (Sargent 1926).


FOOTNOTE:
This has become widely sown for wildlife and revegetation in recent decades; such plantings are excluded here, but will become more difficult to distinguish from native plants in the future. As a native plant Sorghastrum is virtually unknown in the Bluegrass region, except for a few colls. along low rocky banks of the Kentucky Rv. and some transitions to surrounding hills and valleys.


FOOTNOTE:
All material matches the smooth slender var. myrtifolius (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray, which is not recognized in current treatments but deserves further attention.


FOOTNOTE:
Presumed colls. from HARL (B: Big Black Mt., "mesophytic north face woods, rare") and MCRE (Little 1971) have not been relocated (Chester 1991). Var. monticola (Rehd.) Reveal & Seldin occurs at higher elevation in the southern Appalachians (W), and it might be expected in Ky. Reports of H. carolina L. are based on confusion in nomenclature.


FULL NAME:
Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & Gray) Piper


FOOTNOTE:
This may deserve no more than varietal status, and has not been separated at all from triglomerata in some recent treatments (Cr, FNA 23). However, while admitting much "hybridization or incomplete hybridization" in the genus, R. LeBlond (in W) considered that nitida is a distinct species (see also: F). S. nitida differs in its frequently longer rhizomes; its leaves are yellowish-green (versus bluish geen) and narrower on average (ca. 4-6 mm wide, versus 6-8 mm); its sheaths are usually purplish (versus bluish-green, except for the band at summit), and the ventral surface is pubescent, especially on the "membranous band" (F) at the summit (versus glabrous, or nearly so); and its achenes are longer (2.8-4 mm versus 2-3.3 mm). S. nitida occurs largely on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, typically growing on dry infertile soils. S. triglomerata has a widespread eastern range, and often occurs on calcareous soils. Further examination of Ky. colls. is needed for mapping. There are colls. at GH from CALL, HARL and MADI that are det. as nitida by authorities.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> commutatus

FOOTNOTE:
The first colls. may date from ca. 1930-1940 (McFarland 1942; B), but see notes under racemosus.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia [Arenaria] michauxii ("A. stricta")

FOOTNOTE:
There is an old coll. of C.W. Short (PH) from "wet rocky places", presumed by M to come from near Hopkinsville (CHRI). There is also a sight record from POWE (M). This is a widespread, variable species, typical of base-rich outcrops in northern regions, extending south to Ark., Mo., Ohio, Va. and perhaps S.C. (F). While somewhat tenuous, its occurrence in Ky. was also accepted by F and FNA 5.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Ascyrum> crux-andreae (stans)


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Arethuseae>: Calopogon tuberosus (pulchellus)

FOOTNOTE:
Although this species has been found at widely scattered in eastern and central regions of the state, the only records after 1980 are from MCRE and WHIT. The record from WHIT (not LAUR as reported by Libby et al., 1997) is a photograph (GH), since the population was so small. C. tuberosus has a widespread eastern range, except in the lower Mississippi Valley. D. Goldman has recently described C. oklahomensis from widely scattered sites, mostly in the Mississippi River watershed (FNA 26). This new species is known from c. Tenn. and n. Ill., and might have occurred in w. Ky. It differs in the near simultaneous opening of its flowers (versus sequential); the distal portion of middle lip is usually much narrower than long (versus usually much wider than long), triangular to broadly rounded (versus typically anvil-shaped); the sitgma is typically flat against column surface (versus at angle); corms are elongate and forked (versus globose to elongate, not forked), and they may be able to survive unfavorable conditions for longer periods (D. Goldman, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Isanthus [Trichostema] brachiatus


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> flaccosperma (var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is closely related to glaucodea, and there may be some intergradation. Most previous records are referable to glaucodea.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely Ozarkian species also occurs at scattered locations in the southern Interior Low Plateaus, and has been recently identified in CLIN (Naczi et al. 2002). It is a robust plant, with long thick rhizomes and exserted terminal spikes.


FOOTNOTE:
Apparent hybrids with urticifolia are collected from JEFF (MM for WKY) and UNIO (R. Athey colls. to locate at EKY or Memphis).


FULL NAME:
Carex crinita Lam. var. brevicrinis Fern.

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> crinita var. brevicrinis

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from var. crinita is not clear in some cases, and there may be intermediate plants. This is a southern variety, found mostly on the Coastal Plain.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> gynandra (crinita var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to typical crinita, but hybrids are reportedly rare and sterile (FNA 23; and citations there). Perigynia are ovoid-ellipsoid (versus obovoid); apices of pistillate scale are acuminate (versus retuse); and sheaths are scabrous (versus glabrous). Some colls. need rechecking or may appear intermediate. C. gynandra has a northern and Appalachian range, and may be typical of more acid sites than crinita.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> mitchelliana (crinita var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. of C. gynandra from Ky. by C.W. Short (NY) was apparently misidentified as C. mitchelliana M.A. Curtis, leading to erroneous records from Ky. by Bruederle et al. (1989), Cr and FNA 23 (M). However, mitchelliana is another member of the crinita group expected in the state. It is a globally threatened species known mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but extending north on the Cumberland Plateau to Scott Co., Tenn., adjacent to Ky. (Ch). It is close to gynandra but differs as follows (FNA 23): its perigynia are ovoid (versus ovoid to ellipsoid) and papillose (versus smooth); its achenes are not constricted (versus "variously constricted"); and its pistillate scale apices are truncate (versus acuminate).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Calamintha [Satureja] nepeta (S. calamintha)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien species is locally well-established in some eastern states, but it remains virtually unknown in the Ohio Valley and Mid-west (PLs). The two Ky. colls. date from ca. 1930-1950 (B, M). They have have been referred to typical ssp. nepeta, as opposed to ssp. glandulosa (Riquien) P.W. Ball.


FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. have been made in valleys of the Cliff Section in the Appalachian Plateaus. These plants were far from obvious evidence of old home sites or gardens, and in some cases colonies appeared to be spreading in the woods (Poindexter & Thompson 2008).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Discolores> bifrons


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> pitcheri


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> crispa


FOOTNOTE:
This is an extraordinary biennial herbaceous vine of rocky woods, usually on sandy soils. Some records suggest association with fire or other disturbance. It is rare through much of its northeastern range, at least in the southern Appalachian extensions. In Ky., it is known only from a few old records in the Cumberland Mountains; the last may have been in 1984.


Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Alisma triviale (plantago-aquatica var. americana)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern and western species was reported by Pr as A. plantago-aquatica L. var. americana J.A. Schultes, and by Gunn (1968) as A. triviale. However, no coll. has been located. This species remains unknown south of the Ohio Rv. and east of the lower Mississippi Rv. (PL).


Scientific Name:
Alliaceae [Liliaceae]: Allium burdickii (tricoccum var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was neglected in Ky. until the 1980s, and it may be more widespread than records suggest. Although still treated as a variety by some authors (Cr, FNA 26), it generally seems distinct from tricoccum (Jones 1979; J). More investigation is needed to see if there are intermediate plants. A. burdickii differs in its umbels, with fewer flowers (ca. 10-18 versus 30-55), on more erect, shorter pedicels (ca. 10-15 mm versus 15-25 mm), with shorter spathe bracts (ca. 1-2 cm versus 2-3 cm); its scapes are usually shorter (ca. 13-16 cm versus 25-35 cm); its leaves are usually narrower (ca. 2-4 cm versus 5-8 cm), without a distinct petiolar base, the base white (versus with a distinct reddish/pink petiole); its bulbs are usually narrower (ca. 1-1.5 cm versus 2-3 cm); it flowers usually in Jun, with the leaves (versus Jul, after the leaves). The two species have similar northern and Appalachian ranges, but burdickii is locally predominant in midwestern regions, especially on drier base-rich soils. Both species may have significant disjunctions in hilly regions of c. Ky. and c. Tenn. (Ch), but further checking is desirable across their ranges.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> firmum (A. lucidulus, puniceus var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species is close to puniceum, but considered distinct in most recent treatments (e.g. Cr, FNA 20). It differs in its long creeping rhizomes (versus stout caudex), forming large patches; upper stems are pubescent in lines to glabrous (versus uniformly hairy); and leaves are distinctly crowded in the inflorescence. It is typical of more calcareous sites (see also St and Y). In Ky., the only known record is an 1840s coll. of C.W. Short from FAYE (PH): "Kentucky River banks north of Elk Lick Creek".


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris squarrulosa (earliei, scabra; scariosa var. sq.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a variable species that may introgress with other species (Cr, Y), especially L. aspera (see notes under that species) and locally L. scariosa (L). Willd. However, no simple hybrids appear to have been named (FNA 21). There has been confusion with typical scariosa, which appears somewhat transitional from squarrulosa to aspera, and occurs further east in Appalachian regions (especially around the shale-barrens of Pa., Md., W.Va. and Va.). Relatively hairy plants, formerly known as L. scabra (Greene) K. Schum., are included here.


FOOTNOTE:
This variable species can hybridize with several others; six are named in FNA 21. Relatively glabrous plants have been named var. intermedia (Lunell) Gaiser, especially in older treatments, but are generally mixed with the typical variety and have no clear difference in distribution within the state. Hairy plants (var. aspera) have a more western range in North America, but there is often too much overlap and intergradation for clear distinction (FNA 21). There has been confusion with squarrulosa; local introgression has been suspected in Ky. (especially in more western regions) and in Mo. (Y), but this was not reported in FNA 21. The only consistent observable difference between the species is that the middle phyllaries of squarrulosa are glabrous to hirtellous, with margins usually firm to somewhat coriaceous, and green to whitish. In aspera, middle phyllaries are glabrous, the margin hyaline and erose to irregularly lacerate, often purplish (see also: Cr). See also notes under X spheroidea.


FULL NAME:
Xanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Xanthium strumarium var. glabratum (chinense, globosum, orientale, pungens)

FOOTNOTE:
This includes insignificant variants formerly known under X. chinense Mill., X. globosum Shull, X. orientale L. or other names.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species was reported from Ky. by Muenscher (1944) and Kellerman (1957), but no verifiable colls. have been located. There is a coll. of G.D. Kellerman & Kahn (#171) from BULL (DHL) that has been named "intermedia" but it has lost its spikes; closer study may be warranted.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes tuberosa (grayi)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> debilis var. d.

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to var. rudgei, and some colls. should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Poa pratensis (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread, circumboreal species, or species-complex, with a great range in chromosome number; 2n = 27 to 147. Many variants have been recognized (FNA 24). In Ky. it has been widely planted for pasture using seed from Europe. Some plants have been considered native in northern states and Canada (F), and there are clearly native segregates typical of boreal and alpine regions, but it remains unclear if plants occurred in more central states before European settlement. See also notes under angustifolia, which should perhaps be combined.


FULL NAME:
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Heliopsis helianthoides var. scabra

FOOTNOTE:
There is much intergradation with var. helianthoides, but colls. from CHRI (B), GRAY (R. Seymour), HART (P. Measle), LOGA (WKY) and perhaps elsewhere are distinctly scabrous.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Agaloma> pubentissima (corollata var. zinniiflora)

FOOTNOTE:
We need further study of variation in corollata and its relatives, with potential separation of E. pubentissima Michx. (= E. corollata var. zinniifolia (Small) Ahles). E. pubentissima is a southern taxon that probably occurs in Ky. (F), but colls. have not been confirmed. It differs from typical corollata in its generally less robust and less branched habit; its usually reflexed leaves (versus ascending); and its earlier flowering (Mar-Jul versus Jun-Sep); see W for details and references. There were reports of "var. zinniifolia" from rocky banks of the Cumberland Rv. in a 1980 inventory (M), and true pubentissima is known from banks of the Obed Rv. in ne. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
Ky. plants are referable to var. pubescens (Keller) Fern., which has smaller seeds, but this northern segregate is not recognized in recent treatments.


FULL NAME:
Quercus prinus: see Q. montana & Q. michauxii


FULL NAME:
Ranunculus aquatilis: see R. longirostris


FULL NAME:
Ranunculus trichophyllus: see R. longirostris


FULL NAME:
Aster pilosus: see Symphyotrichum pilosum & S. juniperinum


FULL NAME:
Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum setaceum var. ciliatifolium

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively smooth variety may be more frequent to the south within Ky. (often on sandy soils), and its global range is slightly more southern than var. muhlenbergii. However, the degree of biological and ecological distinction seems rather small.


FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated species has been recently found escaped in MADI on the campus of Eastern Ky. Univ. (Clark et al. 2005) and perhaps elsewhere. However, there is no evidence that it is spreading into the countryside.


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> simulatum

FOOTNOTE:
This is a tetraploid (2n = 48) member of the corymbosum complex, and distinction is often difficult (W). It is supposed to have narrower leaves, widest below the middle (versus at or above), acuminate (versus acute to short-acuminate), and serrulate (versus entire); berries are purple-black when fresh (versus blue, glaucous).  It occurs at moderate to high elevation in the southern Appalachian regions. In Ky., colls. from BELL (GH), HARL (GH, NY), LETC (US) and elsewhere (B) have been identified as simulatum, but these do not appear clearly distinct at first examination.


FOOTNOTE:
Although largely Appalachian in Ky., this species is widespread across eastern North America. A mysterious old record from FAYE (KY-Agr.) is excluded (Anderson 1924); the coll. has not been located.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Schwalbea americana (australis)

FOOTNOTE:
Plants from Ky. were placed in the segregate named S. australis by Pennell (1935), but that taxon has generally not been distinguished by subsequent authors. In Ky. americana is known only from two colls. of B in MCRE. This globally endangered species is known to be highly dependant on fire or other disturbance to maintain open grassy woodland, especially on seasonally damp, sandy soils with pines and oaks (e.g. Townsend 1997).


FOOTNOTE:
This attractive weed was established early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). In 1914, Gr noted: "most frequently observed on waste ground and commons around towns." It is now widely scattered across farmed regions.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Microstegium [Eulalia] viminea

FOOTNOTE:
This seriously invasive alien annual in our woodlands was first recorded during the 1930s (B). By the 1980s it had become widespread across most of the state. It is especially abundant in woods on damp medium-acid soils that have been exposed along floodplains or trails. It is generally avoided by herbivores, and often associated with cattle or high deer populations.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Maritimae> cf. gracillima (austrina, stricta ssp. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants, initially reported as S. uliginosa Nutt., were discovered along the lower Rockcastle Rv. (often associated with Eurybia saxicastellii) and the lower Laurel Rv. (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988). There has been considerable confusion between S. gracillima (largely on the Coastal Plain), S. uliginosa (a northern species that extends south to the Blue Ridge) and their relatives (Sm, FNA 19, W). It is possible that the Ky. plants, like some other Southern Appalachian plants, are distinct and closer to the nebulous taxon, S. austrina Small (W). Further revision is needed.


FULL NAME:
Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex Small

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Smallanthus [Polymnia] uvedalius

FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from CARL (MUR) is referable to var. densipilis Blake (within Polymnia), but this is not generally recognized.


# Source

Description:
Alison Cusick collections from his catalog: most may be at the Carnegie Museum (Pittsburg), Univ. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) or Miami University (Oxford); his colls. known to be at particular herbaria are indicated under respective codes.


Description:
Alton McCaleb Harvill (1941); see citation; this thesis listed county records of Asteraceae, based largely on collection at KY that burned in 1948.


Description:
APSU: Austin Peay State University Herbarium (Clarksville, Tenn.), mostly by E.W. Chester in Lyon and Trigg Counties.


Description:
Asbury College Herbarium (Wilmore, Ky.); mostly by John Brushaber.


Description:
J.M Baskin and CC. Baskin (collections and sight records); perhaps to be accessed at KY.


Description:
Beal and Thieret (1986); based on specimens and reliable literature sources, but unreferenced individually.


Description:
Campbellsville College Herbarium (Campbellsville, Ky.)


Description:
Center College Herbarium (Danville, Ky.)


Description:
UNCC: University of North Carolina at Charlotte; 36,000 colls.


Description:
University of Cincinnati Herbarium (Cincinnati, Ohio); mostly based on references from Braun (1943); needs to be checked.


Description:
Carnegie Museum Herbarium (Pittsburg, Penns.)


Description:
National Museum of Canada (Ottawa, Ontario)


Description:
CFR: Herbarium of Clyde Reed (deceased); now being incorporated into MOBOT (Missouri Botanical Garden).


Description:
CU: University of Colorado Museum, Boulder; 400K+ colls. [not Cumberland College Herbarium (Wiliamsburg, Ky.); but check records.]


Description:
Clark & Weckman (2008); based on extensive examination of collections in herbaria of Kentucky and APSU; also using data from Argus (1986), Weckman (1999) and Hardin (unpublished)


Description:
DOV; Delaware State University; mostly collections of R.F.C. Naczi, especially Cyperaceae.


Description:
To check this standard acronym; do I mean Delaware State?


Description:
Kentucky Department of Transportation (Frankfort, Ky.); collections of Hal Bryan and Steve Rice; the latter's now largely transferred to EK.


Description:
EKY: Eastern Kentucky University (Richmond, Ky.)


Description:
FI: Field Museum Herbarium (Chicago, Ill.)


Description:
FSU: Florida State University (Tallahassee, Fl.); especially collections of R.K. Godfrey


Description:
GA: University of Georgia, Athens; with colls. of W. Duncan.


Description:
Georgetown College Herbarium (Georgetown, Ky.)


Description:
GH: Gray Herbarium; combined with Arnold Arboretum Herbarium (Harvard, Mass.)


Description:
Harrison Garman: records from Garman (1900, 1902, 1913, 1914); some of these are based on colls. still found at KY (Agr. Sch.), but other colls. seem to have been lost.


Description:
IA: University of Iowa (Iowa City, Iowa): transferred to ISC in 2004; includes colls. of W.A. Anderson (1947).


Description:
ILL: Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.


Description:
IND: Indiana University Herbarium, Bloomington; 140K colls.


Description:
ISC: Iowa State University (Ames, Iowa): see also IA.


Description:
Julian Campbell (sight records and unprocessed collections, which will go to KY).


Description:
Jepson Herbarium, University of California at Berkley; these collections have been mostly provided or reviewed by Ray Cranfill, but details are lacking in some cases.


Description:
JEF: Indiana University Southeast, at Jeffersonville (Clark Co.); see online catalog.


Description:
James Kiser; pers. comm. but generally backed up by colls or photos; colls generally given to EKY.


Description:
John MacGregor (sight records and photographs)


Description:
Johnnie Varner, personal herbarium (Cynthiana, Ky.); this includes many collections of Crataegus.


Description:
University of Kentucky, Dept. of Agronomy Herbarium (Lexington)


Description:
KANU: University of Kansas, Lawrence; 350K+ colls.


Description:
K: Kew, London, England; see Pennell (1935).


Description:
KY: University of Kentucky Herbarium, recently moved from Biological Sciences to Forestry School (Lexington)


Description:
Records from E. Lucy Braun (1943); these are mostly based on collections catalogued at U.S. National Herbarium (Washington, D.C.); several however were also sent to GH, NY (especially Asteraceae for A. Cronquist), etc. Lower case entries are only sight records.


Description:
University of Louisville Herbarium (Louisville, Kentucky); does NOT include MM collections (see WK).


Description:
Lindsey Wilson College Herbarium (Columbia. Ky.)


Description:
Morton Arboretum, collection of Ross Clark from Red River Gorge, now transferred to EK.


Description:
Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis, Missouri)


Description:
Herbarium at Mammoth Cave National Park; including important historical specimens of Henry Lix (former park naturalist); ultimately this herbarium should be transferred to Western Kentucky University to help build a regional botanical center.


Description:
Memphis State University Herbarium (Memphis, Tenn.); much material is now be transferred to Eastern Kentucky University, as part of the R. Athey collection and E.T. Browne collection; but complete sets may remain there (to check).


Description:
Univ. of Michigan Herbarium (Ann Arbor, Mich.); including many R. Peter collections from ca. 1820-1860; see also MW.


Description:
Max Medley collections; currently housed at Western Kentucky University; being slowly processed


Description:
Morehead State University Herbarium (Morehead, Ky.)


Description:
McFarland (1941) and Rogers (1941): masters theses at Univ. of Ky. for JESS and MCRA; colls. mostly burned in 1948 but some dupes were sent elsewhere.


Description:
MSC: Michigan State University, East Lancing.


Description:
MT: Montreal Botanical Garden Herbarium; 100K+ colls.


Description:
Murray State University Herbarium (Murray, Ky.)


Description:
Miami University (MU); collections of Michael Vincent mostly; also A. Cusick has deposited most/all of his Ky. material here (to be checked).


Description:
Mary Wharton collections at MI (Ann Arbor)


Description:
National Arboretum Herbarium (Washington, D.C.)


Description:
University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill, N. Carolina); their digitized determined records from loans, etc., are being entered in 2005; selected collections will be checked in the herbarium


Description:
ND: check acronym ?North Dakota for Calopogon MCRE.


Description:
Northern Kentucky University Herbarium (Fort Mitchell, Ky.); lower cases are mostly from student reports (Budelsky, etc.)


Description:
Northeast Louisiana University (Monroe, Louisiana)


Description:
Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission collections and reports (lower case); many collections are laready transferred to EK or LO.


Description:
NYS: Brooklyn Botanical Garden; to be checked more; Svenson worked here and collected much in Tennessee, perhaps others; thanks to D. Goldman for noting under Calopogon.


Description:
New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (Bronx, N.Y.)


Description:
Oklahoma State University; collections mostly from Fort Knox, annotated by M.E. Medley.


Description:
Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio); was "OH"


Description:
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France)


Description:
Patricia Dalton Haragan (sight/unprocessed collections); colls. have been provided to KY, LO and more recently EK; but catalogs and accessions need to be checked.


Description:
Museum of Natural History, Philadelphia (Penns.); including many 1820s-1850s collections of C.W. Short, and including "Lea Herbarium" (see Braun 1943).


Description:
Pine Mountain Settlement School (Bell Co., Ky.); including neglected collections of Elwood Carr in the attic.


Description:
Purdue University Herbarium (Indianapolis, Ind.); mostly older colls. of J. Hussey and others.


Description:
Raymond Athey collections; mostly at Memphis State University perhaps; but many also sent to MU, WK, etc.


Description:
Ray Cranfill collections, mostly from Hardin Co., from which most have been transferred to KY.  A different meaning applies in the ferns: "RC" means that a coll. at KY was indicated by Cranfill (1980) but non was found there in 1992; "rc" refers to literature records of Cranfill (1980). Some RC collections may also be deposited at the Jepson Herbarium (Berkely, California).


Description:
Southeast Exotic Prest Plants Council (2011, ongoing): http:// www.eddmaps.org/ southeast/distribution/; these are sight records but with somne reasonable quality control.


Description:
Southern Illinois University (Carbondale, Ill.)


Description:
Sadie Price (1893); and handwritten addenda in the copy at Missouri Botanical Garden; some of her colls. are in the herbarium at Missouri, but many are not; further historical work is needed.


Description:
University of Tennessee Herbarium (Knoxville, Tenn.)


Description:
University of Texas; includes a few Short specimens.


Description:
U.S. National Herbarium (Smithsonian Inst., Washington D.C.)


Description:
Vanderbilt University; these are transferred to Texas (BRITT); most are collections of R. Kral, who decided that Vanderbilt was not the best location for them.


Description:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute; mostly collections of Tom Wieboldt during 1990-2005.


Description:
W.A. Anderson (1924); includes colls. from KY that were destroyed by fire in 1948; but some survive throught the Agr. Sch. herbarium.


Description:
William S. Bryant (sight records/unprocessed colls.)


Description:
Western Kentucky University Herbarium (Bowling Green, Ky.)


Description:
UWL: University of Wisconsin at LaCrosse; 42K colls.


Description:
Willem Meijer (sight records/unprocessed collections)


