# Index

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|BBlephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth.B|   	1883


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This is distinct from ciliata in characters of the calyx (Cr; Simmers & Kral 1992). Vegetative differences are not always clearcut. Stems usually have longer hairs, but this is not a reliable character. Rare plants may have glabrous stems (as in Sevier Co., Tenn.; GH). Leaves are often eaten by invertebrates, in contrast to  ciliata.


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|BBletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichenb. f.B|   	2796 R


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Orchidaceae <Arethuseae>: Bletilla striata (hyacintha)


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An apparently spontaneous plant was discovered by R. Williamson and grown in his garden in JEFF; a photograph is in files of M.


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|BBLUESTEM: Andropogon geradii (BIG), Bothriochloa (CANE), Schizachyrium (LITTLE)B|


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|BBoechera burkii (Porter) Windham & Al-Shehbaz ?B|   	709


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] cf. burkii (laevigata var. b.)


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These plants fit the traditional description of laevigata var. burkii, with cauline leaves not at all auriculate or sagittate-clasping at the base (F). This largely central Appalachian taxon has recently been promoted to species by Windham & Al-Shehbaz (2007), but the status of disjunct plants in c. Ky. remains somewhat uncertain; see also W. There has been some confusion with plants of the shales barrens in Va. and W.Va., now known as B. serotina (Steele) WIndham & Al-Shehbaz.


Line:
|BBoechera canadensis (L.) Al-ShehbazB|   	703


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] canadensis


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|BBoechera dentata (Raf.) Al-Shehbaz & ZarucchiB|   	704


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] dentata (shortii; perstellata var. s.)


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Although widely scattered in midwestern regions, this species is local to rare from the Ohio Rv. to c. Tenn. and n. Ala. (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). The nomenclatural priority of dentata Raf. over shortii Fern. has been recently established in preparation for FNA (Al-Shehbaz & Zarucchi, in prep.).


Line:
|BBoechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al-Shehbaz var. laevigataB|   	708


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] laevigata var. l.


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|BBoechera missouriensis (Greene) Al-ShehbazB|   	707


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] missouriensis (laevigata var. m.)


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In Ky., the only records of this largely mid-western species are from Backusburg Hill, on gravel ridges in CALL (EKY, MUR, NCU).


Line:
|BBoechera patens (Sullivant) Al-ShehbazB|   	706 R


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] patens


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There are old reports from FRAN (Wildberger 1880) and BOYL or MERC (Linney 1880, 1882), but colls. are unknown. These reports may have been based on B. shortii. B. patens is a globally rare species concentrated in central Appalachian regions, but disjunct localities include s. Ind., in Harrison Co. adjacent to the Ky. Knobs region (D).


Line:
|BBoechera perstellata (E.L. Braun) Al-ShehbazB|   	705


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] perstellata (var. p.)


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This species is known only from wooded calcareous slopes at a few localities in c. Ky. and c. Tenn. The plants in Tenn. have been considered distinct by some authors (var. ampla Rollins). B collected an apparent hybrid with laevigata in FRAN (GH). Although most closely related to dentata, no transitions or hybrids have been documented.


Line:
|BBoehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.B|   	1148


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Plants known as var. drummondiana (Weddell) Weddell are generally not recognized in Ky., and may just be a sun-grown form (F).


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|BBolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) SojákB|   	2938


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|BBoltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Cronq.B|   	2411


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Boltonia asteroides var. recognita (latisquama var. r.)


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This largely midwestern taxon is generally distinct from the more southern var. asteroides, but they have often been combined as varieties (FNA 20, Y, W); both are tetraploids (2n = 36). Var. recognita appears closer to the diploid var. latisquama (Gray) Cronq., which has a similar range but remains unknown in Ky. (FNA 20). It has also been confused with B. diffusa (another diploid), and some records need to be rechecked.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Boltonia diffusa (including var. interior)


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Varieties have proven difficult to maintain (Y). Typical var. diffusa has been considered more southern and perhaps unknown in Ky. (but see Y and W). Plants known as var. interior Fern. & Grisc., including most or all Ky. colls., are distributed in the lower Mississippi Valley and on nearby uplands. B. diffusa has also been confused with B. asteroides var. recognita, and there may be some hybridization; both taxa are diploids, with 2n = 18 (FNA 20, Y).


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|BBONESET: Eupatorium <Uncasia>, Kuhnia (FALSE)B|


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|BBothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter ssp. torreyana (Steud.) Allred & GouldB|   	3443


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Bothriochloa [Andropogon] laguroides ssp. torreyana ("saccharoides")


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During the past 30 years, this western plant has spread through much of Ky. along roadsides, especialy interstate highways. It is much more widespread than indicated by the colls. mapped here. Typical ssp. laguroides and B. saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb. are more southern taxon in Central and South America.


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|BALI B| W.   |BHAB B| R-10 D 5.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BBotrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. var. angustisegmentum Pease & A. H. MooreB|   	29


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Ophioglossaceae: Botrychium lanceolatum* var. angustisegmentum


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The only record from Ky. is as follows. KENT (KNK): P. Kelly, 6 Jun 1989, in woods along woodland hiking trail, adjacent to Kenton County Golf Course; on Banklick Station Rd. northwest of Independence. The identification to variety seems correct.


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|BBotrychium matricariifolium (A. Braun ex Dowell) A. Braun ex KochB|   	28


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|BBotrypus virginianus (L.) HolubB|   	30


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|BBouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.B|   	3288


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This is widespread across the Great Plains, and disjunct in scattered regions of more eastern states with xeric calcareous glades (FNA 25).


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|BBrachiaria tespecies ana: Urochloa texanaB|


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|BBrachyelytrum erectum (Schreb. ex Spreng.) Beauv.B|   	3137


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|BBrasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel.B|   	125


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This cultivated species ("brown mustard" or often grown as "mustard greens") has hybrid origin from nigra and rapa; 2n = 36 (Al-Shehbaz 1985). It is widely naturalized in North America; the paucity of records from Ky. reflects the frequent botanical boredom with brassicaceous weeds.


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Brassicaceae <Brassiceae>: Brassica napus ("rapa")


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This was not recorded as a wild plant in Ky. until the 1960s (M). It includes var. napus, the widely cultivated "rape" (also known as "canola oil seed"), and var. napobrassica (L.) Peterm. ("rutabaga"); 2n = 38 (Al-Shehbaz 1985). The latter has been collected in a wild context from OLDH (DHL). B. napus may have hybrid origin from B. sylvestris L. (2n = 18; also the progenitor of B. oleracea L. or "cabbage") and B. rapa L., with which there has been some confusion.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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|BBrassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. KochB|   	647


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This is the "black mustard" that is often grown for its seed, but also a common weed; 2n = 16. It was recorded early after settlement (M'Murtire 1819).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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Brassicaceae <Brassiceae>: Brassica rapa (campestris)


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This species, originally European and Asian, includes the common weed "field mustard", also known as B. campestris L., plus several cultivars, including bird's rape (ssp. olifera DC.) and the turnip (ssp. rapa); 2n = 20 in all (Al-Shehbaz 1985). These cultivars can revert to wild-types when naturalized. There has been some confusion in nomenclature, and there are few verified records; see notes under other species.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> arvensis


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This has been reported by Anderson (1924), Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) and others, but the only verified colls. may be from KENT (KNK). It is easily confused with japonicus, racemosus or other species, and all records need to be checked. Although widely scattered in North America, it does not seem to be increasing in the Ohio Valley.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Ceratochloa> catharticus (unioloides, willdenowii)


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This South American species has been widely cultivated for forage in warmer regions, but there are only a few obscure unverified records from Ky. (Gr; RAB; Wharton & Barbour 1991; J). If present, this species is probably just planted or an occasional waif.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> ciliatus (dudleyi)


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This northern species has been reported by Pr, Gr and others (FNA 24), but no verified colls. have been found. Colls. from MENI, ROWA (MDKY) and elsewhere have been tentatively assigned here, but need further study. B. ciliatus differs from pubescens in its smaller anthers, ca. 0.9-1.7 mm (versus 2.5-5 mm); and its lemmas are usually pubescent in two marginal bands, the lateral nerves distinct to base (versus with usually more uniform pubescence and with nerves obscure below middle). In southern Appalachian regions, ciliatus is known only from disjunct localities at high elevation. Another northern species, B. kalmii Gray, has been reported from nearby in Va., W.Va., Ohio and Ind. (FNA 24, D, W), but identifications in Ky. have been erroneous (M). It has moderately small anthers (ca. 1-2.5 mm); lemmas are densely long-pilose, with awns only 2-3 mm long; first glumes are 3-nerved, second glumes 5-nerved.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> commutatus


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The first colls. may date from ca. 1930-1940 (McFarland 1942; B), but see notes under racemosus.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> erectus


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This has few records from Ky., but it has become locally abundant on a dolomitic glade in GARR (JC for KY).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-12,10 E 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> hordeaceus ("mollis")


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This species is close to racemosus and other species; some records should be rechecked.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> inermis


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This was unknown in Ky. until after 1930 (Greenwell 1935, Gunn 1959, 1968b; M), when it became widely used for forage and soil stabilization. With persistent creeping rhizomes, it is especially abundant along irregularly cut brushy roadsides, especially in the Bluegrass Region. It is less persistent in pastures with Festuca arundinacea.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10,12 E 5.   |BABU B| +6*.


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|BBromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr.B|   	3252


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> japonicus


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This weedy annual grass was not reported until 1919 (Anderson 1924), although Gr may have confused it with squarrosus a decade earlier. See also notes under racemosus.


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|BBromus latiglumis (Shear) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3244


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> latiglumis (altissimus, incanus)


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This northern species (sometimes named B. altissimus Pursh) has been reported by B and other authors (M), but the only verified colls. that have been located for this Atlas are from rich weedy flooplain woods in LEWI (EKY) and PULA (KY). Anderson (1924) reported that a coll. from FAYE then existed at KY: R. Peter, 14 Sep 1834, Clay's Ferry. There are colls. from some adjacent counties in Ind. (D), Ohio (GH) and perhaps other states (FNA 24). Compared to pubescens, latiglumis differs in its anthers, with are usually shorter (ca. 1.5-3 mm versus 2.5-4 mm), and produced in Aug-Sep (versus Jun-Jul); its sheaths have a distinct villous ring at summit (usually absent or indistinct in pubescens) and clasping auricles (absent in pubescens); nodes are mostly covered (versus at least the upper exposed). Leaves tend to be darker green and more numerous (ca. 6-20 versus 4-6), with plants often taller (up to 2 m versus 1.5 m). Plants originally described as B. purgans L. var. incanus Shear are now considered just a more hairy form; examples may include the colls. from FAYE and PULA.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> nottowayanus


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There are only a few reliable records of this species from Ky. (e.g., Naczi et al. 2002), but it may be fairly widespread. Although reported from scattered regions of east-central states, B. nottowayanus remains rather poorly understood (McKenzie & Ladd 1995). There is some inconsistency in its treatment (F, Cr, W, FNA 24), and we need better circumscription. It reportedly differs from B. pubescens in its leaves which are moderately numerous (usually 6-8 versus 4-6), dark green, with "a conspicuous satiny sheen (when fresh)" on abaxial surfaces; adaxial surfaces are densely villous (versus glabrous to sparsely villous); sheaths are thinly to densely villous, usually with a distinct tuft of retrose hairs at the summit (versus glabrous to canescent, then lacking a distinct tuft at summit); nodes are mostly covered or nearly so (versus at least the upper exposed). In Ky., plants referred to nottowayanus have hairy culms and rachises; typical pubescens is smooth. Florets are similar, but second glumes are more often 5-veined (versus usually 3-veined); lemma awns are ca. 5-8 mm (versus 2-8 mm); anthers are reported to be relatively small. B. nottowayanus typically occurs on fertile floodplain terraces, like the more northern species, latiglumis, which it resembles in some characters.


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|BBromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	3243


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> pubescens ("purgans"; ciliatus var. purgans)


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Mapped records of this variable species may include transitions to latiglumis or nottowayanus. A thorough revision is needed. Typical pubescens appears to have rather few (ca. 4-6) dull greyish-green leaves, blades glabrous to villous, sheaths glabrous to densely canescent (but usually without a distinct ring or tuft at summit), nodes partly exposed, second glumes usually 3-veined, lemma awns 2-8 mm, and anthers 2.5-5 mm long. Forms with glabrous sheaths (forma laevivaginatus Wieg.) or glabrous lemmas (forma glabriflorus Wieg.) are widespread and probably do not deserve recognition.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> racemosus {+ commutatus}


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The first reliable records appear to date from the 1890s (Gr), but there has been some taxonomic confusuon. Many records are referable to B. commutatus L., with larger spikelet parts but smaller anthers. However, that closely related species is often hard to distinguish (J). Some authors have suggested combining them in North America (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, F), but the species are generally treated as distinct in Europe. B. commutatus often appears transitional from racemosus (2n = 28) to japonicus (2n = 14), and it may be the most variable taxon of these three (2n = 14, 28, 56). Colls. from BARR and LOGA (KY) are referrable to B. commutatus var. apricorum, with distinctly pubescent lemmas. Depauperate specimens of B. japonicus are also hard to distinguish (e.g. the coll. from LETC at KY).


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> ramosus (asper)


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This was reported from Ky. by Britton (1901) and Anderson (1924), but no colls. have been located; Anderson cited F.T. McFarland #2194, June 19195, from Lexington [FAYE] There are few records from North America, and it does not seem to be increasing.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> secalinus


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This ancient weed (the common "cheat" of wheat fields) is widely scattered in farmland, but much less common than racemosus/commutatus and japonicus. However, in 1914 Gr noted that secalinus was "common everywhere along farm roads and in wheat fields" and that racemosus was known from only one coll. (EDMO in 1898). A decade later, Anderson (1924) also called it "very common, especially in wheat fields" but indicated the spread of racemosus/commutatus (with 4 colls.) and the first coll. of japonicus.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromus> squarrosus


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This was reported from FAYE by Gr in 1914, but no coll. has been located and there may have been confusion with B. japonicus (M). Although found at a few scattered sites in North Americsa, squarrosus does not seem to be increasing in southeastern states (FNA 24).


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Genea> sterilis


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This annual weedy grass was not recorded until the 1930s (B). Its ecology is similar to the closely related species, tectorum, which is much more common.


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Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Genea> tectorum


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This annual weedy grass was unknown in Ky. until about 1900. In 1914 Gr noted: "sometimes observed along railroads and elsewhere." B. tectorum has now become locally abundant across the state; it remains most closely associated with railroads and larger roadsides. Colls. from CAMP (KNK), HICK (MUR) and elsewhere are referable to var. hirsutus Regel, but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


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|BBroussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.B|   	1139


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8,7 E? 4?.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BBrunnichia ovata (Walt.) ShinnersB|   	311


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|BBUCKTHORN: Frangula (GREATER), Rhamnus (LESSER)B|


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|BBUCKWHEAT: Eriogonum (WILD), Fagopyrum, Fallopia (CLIMBING)B|


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|BBuglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. JohnstonB|   	1525


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This alien was first reported by Gr in 1914, when it had already become "a very common pasture weed... also in clover and alfalfa meadow. Commonly observed on waste land. Locally abundant."


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|BBulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. ClarkeB|   	2920


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|BBULRUSH: Bolboschoenus (RIVER), Isolepis (KEELED), Schoenoplectus, Scirpoides (ROUNDHEADED), Scirpus, Trichophorum (BASHFUL)B|


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Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Bupleurum rotundifolium


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Almost all colls. of this alien species were made during 1934-61, with none after 1970. Its disappearance must reflect some change in farmland management, such as conversion of marginal pastures to fescue (Festuca arundinacea).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 E 5?.   |BABU B| +4<.


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|BBUTTERCUP: Ranunculus {species with large yellow flowers}B|


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Records from JEFF (DHL, KSNPC) are old (1938, 1940, 1957) and perhaps from adventive or planted populations, but there were large natural ponds in this county before settlement.


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|BCalamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. macouniana (Vasey) StebbinsB|   	3204


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Calamagrostis canadensis var. macouniana


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This is a widespread species of marshy grasslands in northern and western regions; var. macouniana is concentrated in northeastern regions. The only Ky. record is from wet meadows in BALL (EKY), where it was collected in the 1970s but not seen since.


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|BCalamagrostis coarctata (Torr.) Eat.B|   	3201


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Calamagrostis coarctata (cinnoides)


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Calamagrostis insperata (porteri ssp. i.)


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This globally rare taxon occurs at several localities in the Ozarks of Mo., plus scattered disjunct sites in Ark., Ill., Ky., Ohio and perhaps elsewhere (FNA 24). It is often treatead as C. porteri ssp. insperata (Swallen) C.W. Greene, but there is virtually no overlap in range with typical porteri, which occurs in the central Appalachians. In Ky., no flowering has been observed, but comparison of vegetative material with authentic specimens from Ohio does support the identification.


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Calamagrostis porteri (ssp. p.)


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|BCalamintha glabella (Michx.) Benth.B|   	1890


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Calamintha [Satureja] glabella


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Calamintha [Satureja] nepeta (S. calamintha)


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This alien species is locally well-established in some eastern states, but it remains virtually unknown in the Ohio Valley and Mid-west (PLs). The two Ky. colls. date from ca. 1930-1950 (B, M). They have have been referred to typical ssp. nepeta, as opposed to ssp. glandulosa (Riquien) P.W. Ball.


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|BCalamovilfa arcuata K.E. RogersB|   	3323


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Calamovilfa [Sporobolus] arcuata


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This was recently discovered along the Big South Fork in MCRE (EKY) by N. Drozda and others of KSNPC. In Tenn., it is known from several other sites further up this river and along the Obed Rv. These Appalachian localities are highly disjunct from its main range in the Ozark-Ouachita region. There is evidence that Calamovilfa could be reasonably included within Sporobolus (W).


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|BCallicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) K. KochB|   	1806 C


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Lamiaceae {insertae sedis}: Callicarpa dichotoma


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This was recently reported as escaped at one site in MADI (Clark et al. 2005; CW). It may not be spreading significantly in Ky. currently, but in the Carolinas it appears to be accelerating (W). The transfer of Callicarpa from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae is based on recent molecular data, but its position within the family remains uncertain (as reviewed by W).


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|BCallirhoe alcaeoides (Michx.) GrayB|   	590


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The only certain record of this western species is a coll. of A. Michaux (Paris) from BARR or ALLE in 1795: "barren oaks endica de Big Barren River" (M). There is also a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) but without data. C. alcaeoides is also known from s. Ill. and w. Tenn. (PL).


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|BCallirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) GrayB|   	589 W


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There is a coll. from FAYE (KY), but probably just from a waif included with some grass seed from western North America.


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|BCallitriche nuttallii Torr.B|   	1769 R


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This species is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley and has been reported from Ky. (Sm, F), but no colls. have been located.


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Callitrichaceae [Plantaginaceae]: Callitriche palustris (verna)


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This northern (circumboreal) species has been reported from Ky., but no verified coll. has been seen. B's coll. from MCRE (US), and others with this name, appear to be terrestris instead, but further checking may be needed.


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Callitrichaceae [Plantaginaceae]: Callitriche terrestris (deflexa var. austini)


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|BCalopogon tuberosus (L.) B.S.P.B|   	2795


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Orchidaceae <Arethuseae>: Calopogon tuberosus (pulchellus)


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Although this species has been found at widely scattered in eastern and central regions of the state, the only records after 1980 are from MCRE and WHIT. The record from WHIT (not LAUR as reported by Libby et al., 1997) is a photograph (GH), since the population was so small. C. tuberosus has a widespread eastern range, except in the lower Mississippi Valley. D. Goldman has recently described C. oklahomensis from widely scattered sites, mostly in the Mississippi River watershed (FNA 26). This new species is known from c. Tenn. and n. Ill., and might have occurred in w. Ky. It differs in the near simultaneous opening of its flowers (versus sequential); the distal portion of middle lip is usually much narrower than long (versus usually much wider than long), triangular to broadly rounded (versus typically anvil-shaped); the sitgma is typically flat against column surface (versus at angle); corms are elongate and forked (versus globose to elongate, not forked), and they may be able to survive unfavorable conditions for longer periods (D. Goldman, pers. comm.).


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In Ky., this northern (circumboreal) species of base-rich wetlands is known only from the following colls.: C.W. Short (PH), ca. 1840, "Beard's Branch near Lexington [FAYE]; and Mueller (KY), June 1883, Louisville [JEFF]. It has been found recently by D. Boone (pers. comm.) at a seep in Indian Hill, Hamilton Co., Ohio, within 5 miles of Ky.


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|BCalycanthus floridus L. var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & GrayB|   	138


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Calycanthaceae: Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus (fertilis)


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This species is clearly native in the upper Cumberland Rv. watershed, at least in MCRE and WHIT. It is locally common along the Big South Fork and tributaries. However, disjunct plants in KNOT, POWE, ROWA, MCRA and elsewhere have probably escaped or persisted after cultivation; these are mapped as open dots. Reports of var. floridus are erroneous or based on cultivated plants (M).


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|BCalycocarpum lyonii (Pursh) GrayB|   	159


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|BCalylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) RavenB|   	564


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The only record is a coll. from a roadside in FULT (SIU): O'Dell & Windler #542, 30 Jun 1962; see also Mohlenbrock et al. (1966). This species of dry western regions may just be adventive in eastern states (F).


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|BCalystegia fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) BrummittB|   	1968


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Convolvulaceae: Calystegia [Convolvulus] fraterniflora (silvatica ssp. f.)


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Distinction of this common native species from sepium needs to be reviewed; apparent hybrids have been documented in Mo. (Y). The taxonomy and biogeography of this group has remained uncertain (F, Cr), despite significant contributions by Brummitt (1980) and Mohlenbrock (1982). C. fraterniflora is supposedly native to eastern North America, especially in mid-western regions. It is distinguished from sepium by its "sac-shaped, overlapping, obtuse bracteoles" (versus keeled, separate, acute to subobtuse); sharp-angled leaf lobes (versus sharp to blunt), the quadrangular sinus with nearly parallel sides (versus U or  V shaped); and flowers consistently white (versus usually pink in eastern states). It is close to the Mediterranean C. silvatica (Kit.) Griseb., and has been treated as C. silvatica ssp. fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) Brummitt. Brummitt (1980) described related Chinese plants as ssp. orientalis.


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|BCalystegia pubescens Lindl.B|   	1969 C


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Convolvulaceae: Calystegia [Convolvulus] pubescens (pellita*, hederacea)


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This Japanese species is occasionally cultivated, especially the double-flowered form known as "California rose". It has been reported as escaped but may not be truly naturalized.(Wharton & Barbour 1991; J).


Line:
|BCalystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.B|   	1966


Line:
Convolvulaceae: Calystegia [Convolvulus] sepium {with vars. or ssp.}


Line:
See notes under fraterniflora and further discussion in Y. Plants of European origin (ssp. sepium sensu stricto) may occur widely in North America (F), but these are difficult to distinguish from supposedly native northeastern plants known as Calystegia sepium ssp. americana (Sims) Brummitt (including var. communis of R. Tryon). Narrow-leaved plants formerly known as Convolvulus sepium var. repens (L.) Gray (but misapplied), with records from HARL (B, Brummitt 1980) and ROCK (B), may now be referred to Calystegia sepium ssp. appalachiana Brummitt. Other variants expected in the state are ssp. angulata Brummitt (a northern and western taxon, appearing transitional to fraterniflora), and ssp. erratica Brummitt (from Ill., Ind., Mich., Pa., N.Y., N.J. & Ont., with bracteoles merging into sepals and with strongly occluded leaf sinus).


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :: D 6.   |BABU B| +5?.


Line:
|BCalystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. appalachiana BrummittB|   	1967 R


Line:
Convolvulaceae: Calystegia [Convolvulus] sepium ssp. appalachiana


Line:
|BCalystegia spithamaea (L.) PurshB|   	1965


Line:
|BCamassia scilloides (Raf.) CoryB|   	2725


Line:
Hyacinthaceae [Liliaceae]: Camassia scilloides ("esculenta")


Line:
In some midwestern regions, typical habitats include open woods, fields and prairies (e.g. Yatskievych 1999). However, in Ky. Camassia occurs generally in fairly deep shade, often on steep rocky slopes. Occasional plants in more open disturbed areas (e.g. the "Julian Savanna" of FRAN and other old pastures) may well be persistent remnants of more shady woodland.


Line:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Camelina microcarpa (sativa ssp. m.)


Line:
Uncertain records mapped here may become transferred to sativa; see notes under that name.


Line:
|BCamelina sativa (L.) CrantzB|   	681 T


Line:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Camelina sativa (ssp. s.)


Line:
This weed from eastern Europe is much less common in southeastern states than the closely related species, microcarpa, which is often confused (Al-Shehbaz 1987). There are recorded colls. from KENT (PH; see B), JEFF and SIMP (colls. of MM in processing at WKY), but these need to be rechecked before mapping.


Line:
This has a broad northeastern range, with records in ne. Tenn., Va., W.Va. and Ohio that are in counties close or adjacent to Ky. It is typical of wet meadows or fens, and may have been much reduced by farming or other developments. Colls. of aparinoides at MDKY were verified for BT, but then transferred to the herbarium of Clyde Reed (check MO). There are several older reports, which may be based on colls. (e.g. F).


Line:
|BCampanula rapunculoides L.B|   	2113 W


Line:
This alien is known only from a coll. on the Univ. of Ky. campus (FAYE). The species is widely established across northern regions but remains rare or absent in southeastern states, except Va. (PL).


Line:
|BCampanulastrum americanum (L.) SmallB|   	2112


Line:
A coll. from BOUR (KY) is referable (within Campanula) to the western var. illinoensis (Fresen.) Farw., which may deserve further taxonomic attention.


Line:
|BCAMPION: Silene stellata {species with inflated calyx}B|


Line:
|BCampsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex BureauB|   	1659


Line:
This weedy vine probably occurs throughout Ky., but it is much less common in forested hilly regions.


Line:
|BCanna ×generalis Bailey (pro sp.)B|   	2810 C


Line:
This has been collected from along a railroad in PIKE, but it is not clear if this commonly cultivated species is able to become truly naturalized.


Line:
Records mapped here are mostly older colls. derived from somewhat persistent populations after cultivation of ssp. sativa ("hemp"). More recent records derived from cultivation or disposal of ssp. indica (Lam.) Cronq. ("marijuana"), are generally excluded. An active botanist in Ky. is likely to run into cultivated plants of indica about once a year, often hidden ingeniously; in one case JC was shown where potted plants had been hoisted with pullies into a tree canopy. Ssp. indica can be distinguished primarily by the higher resin content in its epidermal glands; morphological differences are inconsistent (Y).


Line:
|BCapnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh.B|   	242


Line:
Fumariaceae [Papaveraceae]: Capnoides [Corydalis*] sempervirens


Line:
|BCapsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.B|   	669


Line:
Brassicaceae <Lepidieae>: Capsella [Thlaspi] bursa-pastoris


Line:
This alien weed was common during the earliest period of settlement (Short 1928-29). For this species, as for Lepidium virginicum, Gr noted: "well known from its constant presence about human habitations... not much disposed to spread greatly elsewhere..."


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


Line:
|BCardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) B.S.P.B|   	683


Line:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Cardamine bulbosa (rhomboidea*)


Line:
There has been uncertainty about whether this widespread eastern species should be renamed C. rhomboidea (Pers.) DC. (as reviewed by Y and W). See also notes under douglassii.


Line:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Cardamine douglassii (bulbosa var. purpurea)


Line:
This species of east-central states occurs typically on submesic or subxeric woods on fertile base-rich soils. There may be rare hybrids with bulbosa (e.g. a coll. from ROWA at KY), which usually flowers 2-3 weeks later (Al-Shehbaz 1988b) and occurs on much wetter soils. Both species have varied chromosome numbers across their ranges: 2n = 64 to 96 or, in douglassii, 144. To the north or west of Ky., douglassii may occur on relatively damp sites, with more chance of hybridization (as reviewed by Y).


Line:
This horticultural weed is considered to be an tetraploid (2n = 32) derived from hybrids of hirsuta and impatiens or perhaps other diploid species; provenance, taxonomy and nomenclature remain uncertain (see citations of W). There are recorded colls. from CAMP (KNK) and ELLI (B) but these may deserve further study.


Line:
This common winter annual was not fully documented until the 1930s, when B reported it only from two northeastern counties (CART, ELLI). It may have been present earlier, but it appears to have been confused with Planodes virginica in the 18th Century Floras (e.g. Gray 1864). Although hirsuta has become widespread in moist temperate regions, it is just diploid (2n = 16), and it is curiously rare to absent across north-central regions of North America with more extreme winters and summers (PL). Even within the lower Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys, it becomes less common towards the north and west (e.g. Y). There has, however, been confusion with parviflora and pensylvanica and some data need to be rechecked.


Line:
|BCardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) O.E. SchulzB|   	689


Line:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola


Line:
This widespread eastern species is often confused with hirsuta; both are diploids (2n = 16) but hybrids are unknown. Typical parviflora does not occur in North America, and our plants may deserve species status (as reviewed by W).


Line:
|BCardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	691


Line:
This widespread North American species is polyploid (2n = 32, 64) and relatively variable (Y). Although often confused with other species, hybrids are not documented.


Line:
Brassicaceae <Lepidieae>: Cardaria [Lepidium] draba


Line:
This is one of the few alien species of Brassicaceae that has true rhizomes; see also Rorippa sylvestris. Although a serious weed in western North America, it is rare or absent in southeastern states (PL, W). Lepidium draba L. may become the preferred name again (Y). The closely related L. chalapense L. (= C. draba ssp. chalepensis) and L. appellianum Al-Shehbaz ( = C. pubescens) may also be expected (Y). These three "hoary-cresses" are noxious weeds that include a complex polyploid series from 2n = 16 (appellianum) to 128 (some chalepensis).


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :: C? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
This weed from southern Europe was first reported in Ky. by Meijer (1972a). It has become locally abundant in the eastern and central Bluegrass region, but remains unknown elsewhere. Although widespread across much of North America, the species is rare or absent in southeastern states (FNA 19; PL). Hybrids with nutans may be expected (FNA 19).


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 :: E 5.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
Although present in North America before 1900 (Y and his citations), this robust alien weed (known as "musk" or "nodding" thistle) was not properly documented in Ky. until about 1970 Meijer (1972a). As in several other North American regions, this species has increased during recent decades to become one of the most abundant thistles.


Line:
This southeastern species is known only from a coll. made in CALL: L. McKinney #4198 (EKY; Naczi et al. 2001). All other previous records of this species were segregated as the new species, cumberlandensis. C. abscondita has ca. 8-13 perigynia (versus 4-8), spirally overlapping (versus distichous) in the spikes, and other differences.


Line:
|BCarex aestivalis M.A. Curtis ex GrayB|   	3080


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> aggregata (sparganioides var. a.)


Line:
This is a distinct species, widespread in open woods and fields on damp fertile soils, but it can appear intermediate between sparganioides and either gravida or muhlenbergii (especially plants that have been called var. enervis); further revision of this group is needed. C. aggregata differs from sparganioides in the fronts of its sheaths, with firm yellow-brown summits (versus fragile, whitish) and often reddish-dotted surfaces (as in gravida); well-developed leaves are narrower (ca. 3-5 mm wide versus 5-10 mm); also (as in gravida), its spikes tend to be more condensed, with generally larger scales, perigynia and anthers. Tentatively included here are several colls. that have been referred to muhlenbergii, but which differ in their perigynia with consistently ovate-lanceolate bodies (versus often suborbicular) and relatively long beaks (1/3-1/2 of length versus 1/4-1/3); their somewhat looser sheaths, the backs usually mottled and more green-striped, the front usually more deeply concave at the summit and less often cross-puckered; and their leaves wider on average. As in sparganioides, the spikes of aggregata are sometimes slightly compound at the base, which has then led to confusion with species in section Vulpinae (F, Cr, FNA 23).


Line:
This species is closely related to the more northern C. straminea, but with a wide south-central range, mostly near the coast but also scattered inland. In Ky., the only records are colls. from marshy places in TODD (AP). It has also been collected from nearby counties in Tenn. (Montgomery and Robertson); see APSU and Ch.


Line:
|BCarex albicans Willd. ex Spreng.B|   	3033


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> albicans (artitecta, nigromarginata var. muhlenbergii)


Line:
Distinction from emmonsii is difficult in some cases, and some records may need to be transferred from that taxon to typical albicans. There has also been confusion with nigromarginata, a name which was initially applied to some relatively broad-leaved colls. from CRIT and MCRA (WKY).


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> albolutescens ("straminea")


Line:
This is a relatively distinct species, widespread in wet woods across Ky. and other south-central states. A coll. from PULA (DOV) is unusually robust.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> albursina (laxiflora var. latifolia)


Line:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but largely restricted to less disturbed wooded slopes on base-rich soils. Although clearly a distinct species, immature or incomplete colls. have often been misidentified as laxiflora or other relatives; see also notes under kraliana.


Line:
|BCarex alopecoidea TuckermanB|   	2996 R


Line:
This northern species is unlikely to occur in Ky. (R. Naczi and A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). It was mapped in the state by FNA 23, but colls. have not been seen or verified. Colls. have been reported from BULL (KY--mislaid?), MADI (BEREA--in processing?) and MORG (sent to MICH?). C. alopecoidea is close to conjuncta, but differs in its sheaths, with smooth fronts and with faint or absent abaxial veins (FNA 23). Also, it sometimes has a simpler non-compound inflorescence as in section Phaestoglochin.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> amphibola (var. a.)


Line:
This has been confused with planispicata, corrugata and other species; some colls. need to be rechecked.


Line:
|BCarex amplisquama F.J. Herm.B|   	3029


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> amplisquama (communis* var. a.)


Line:
Some of the more robust colls. below sandstone cliffs in se. Ky. that have been determined as communis are transferred here to amplisquama. The latter is a southern Appalachian species that reportedly differs (FNA 23) in its generally broader leaves (mostly 2-5 mm versus 1-3 mm); its inflorescences relatively long (usually 4-6 cm versus 2.5-4 cm) and pale (versus often purplish); its relatively long basal bracts (often extending to the staminate tip versus up to half as long); its perigynia with wider scales (>1.6 mm versus usually <1.6 mm) and perhaps longer teeth (usually >0.2 mm versus usually 0.1-0.2 mm).


Line:
|BCarex annectans (Bickn.) Bickn. var. annectansB|   	2985


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Multiflorae> annectens var. a.


Line:
|BCarex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. var. xanthocarpa (Kükenth.) Wieg.B|   	2986


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Multiflorae> annectens var. xanthocarpa


Line:
This relatively western taxon may not be consistently distinguishable from typical annectans, and is combined by some caricologists (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Some colls. have only tentative assignment.


Line:
|BCarex appalachica J. Webber & P.W. BallB|   	2971


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> appalachica ("radiata")


Line:
This Appalachian segregate of rosea is difficult to distinguish in some cases, and colls. should be rechecked, especially in more western regions. FNA 23 indicates that its relatively narrow widest leaves (0.9-1.5 mm versus 1.8-2.6 mm) is the clearest difference from rosea, but in some cases culm base width (0.7-1.4 mm versus 1.5-2.2 mm) and perigynium dimensions (2-3.4 x 0.8-1.3 mm versus 2.6-4 x 1.1-1.8 mm) also can be useful. Lower bracts are often longer, up to 11 cm (versus 6 cm). Based on leaf width alone, this species is also easily confused with radiata.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Stellulatae> atlantica (var. a.*; incomperta)


Line:
A few colls. suggest intergradation with howei, seorsa or other species. Cr considered that most members of the section Stellulatae are "more or less confluent" in eastern North America.


Line:
This southeastern species was mapped in Ky. by FNA 23. A coll. from FULT (MM for WKY) has been recently det. by R.L. Naczi: M.E. Medley #845-79 & 853-79, 12 Jun 1979; Bayou de Chien between Howel Rd and US 51, north bank at east end near Howel Rd. Colls. named frankii from western regions should be rechecked for aureolensis, which differs in its longer rhizomes, more open inflorescence, and pistillate scales wider with hyaline margins.


Line:
This southern Appalachian species is largely restricted to low slopes in wooded ravines.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Vesicariae> baileyi (lurida var. gracilis)


Line:
This northeastern and Appalachian species is generally distinct from lurida, but several colls. are difficult to assign. There do seem to be disjunct colls. from acid swamps and seeps in western regions (CALL, HICK, MUHL, NELS), but further study is needed. The best characters for distinction of baileyi (FNA 23) are its narrower spikes (usually 9-13 mm versus 15-22 mm), which tend to be relatively elongated (l/w mostly = 2-5 versus 1-3), and its narrower widest leaves (usually 2.4-4 mm versus 4.5-13 mm). Its perigynia are usually shorter (ca. 4.8-6.6 mm versus 6.5-10.8 mm) with relatively long beaks (0.7-1.3 times body versus 0.7-0.9 times); but these are less reliable differences. Plants of lurida that are immature or depauperate, with unusually narrow spikes and leaves, are easily confused with baileyi.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> blanda (laxiflora var. b.)


Line:
This widespread, somewhat weedy species is often confused with other species. Occasional hybrids are suspected (e.g. with digitalis in WARR at BEREA), but there is little direct evidence of this. There is considerable variation in perigynium shape, and in the length of the staminate peduncle; also, 2n reportedly ranges from 30 to 36 (?40) across its range.


Line:
|BCarex brevior (Dewey) MackenzieB|   	3015


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> brevior (festucacea var. b.)


Line:
This widespread northern and western species is close to the southern reniformis (mostly on the Coastal Plain), the largely south-central festucacea, and the largely mid-western molesta. There has been considerable confusion with those species and others. C. brevior is generally reported to occur on relatively dry soils (at least in the summer), somewhat like molesta in the Bluegrass region.


Line:
|BCarex bromoides Schkuhr ex Willd.B|   	3002


Line:
Although largely Appalachian in Ky., this species is widespread across eastern North America. A mysterious old record from FAYE (KY-Agr.) is excluded (Anderson 1924); the coll. has not been located.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> bushii (caroliniana var. cuspidata; triceps)


Line:
Several colls. have been determined as this species (especially by R. Athey on the Coastal Plain), but there has been confusion with carolinana or hirsutella and most records should be rechecked. Circumscription of this largely mid-western species could use improvement. Several supposed colls. from southeastern states do not have the papillose, pubescent perigynia (FNA 23) or strongly cuspidate scales that are described in western states, although perigynia are often relatively large and few per spike, as in typical bushii. It is not clear if distinction from caroliniana should be primarily based on the perigynia and scales (FNA 23), or on the uniformly pubescent leaf-sheaths. Colls. from HICK (EKY, MUR) and TODD (EKY), at least, do appear correctly identified. Also, some colls. from close to Ky. can reasonably be assigned to bushii (e.g., at NY from Grant Co., W. Va., and Cumberland Co., Tenn.).


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Racemosae> buxbaumii (fusca)


Line:
In addition to the coll. from BALL (KY) by R. Athey in 1970, this widespread northern circumboreal species has been recently collected in CLIN (Naczi et al. 2002). There are also old reports of this species by Britton & Brown (1896), Small (1903), Mackenzie (1931) and others, but these may just be based on C.W. Short's ca. 1840 coll. (NY ex Meisner Herbarium) from "west of Ky.", which cannot be attributed to Ky.


Line:
|BCarex careyana Torr. ex DeweyB|   	3047


Line:
This is fairly widespread in eastern states, but largely restricted to wooded ravines on calcareous soils.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> caroliniana (var. c.)


Line:
|BCarex cephaloidea (Dewey) DeweyB|   	2983


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> cephaloidea (sparganioides var. c.)


Line:
This occurs in northeastern woodlands on base-rich soils, with records as far south as s. Ill. and c. Ind. (PL). It is close to sparganioides, but differs in its condensed spikes (with lower internodes ca. 0.5-1 cm versus 2-3 cm), and in more obscure features (F; FNA 23). There is a verified coll. by C.E. Mueller, now at MO ("ex herb Arthur D. Pease, Wilson, New York"); but it is labeled just "Louisville, Ky. 1889" and that provenance may be doubted. There have also been reports, including various synonyms, from WARR (Pr in addenda), perhaps FAYE (Short & Peter 1835, Anderson 1924), and HARR (JC for KY). However, the coll. named C. muricata L. var. cephaloidea Dewey by C.W. Short at PH was det. by K. Mackenzie as C. laevivaginata.


Line:
|BCarex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2973


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> cephalophora (var. c.)


Line:
This species of calcareous woods and glades in south-central states was recently reported from MADI by McKinney et al. (2000): R. Mears, 11 May 1995, calcareous roadside and open rocky areas, N of Berea along the east side of Hwy 25 just S of junction with Ky. 1983. C. cherokeensis is superficially similar to davisii and oxylepis, but has tough coarse creeping rhizomes (versus very short or lacking).


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> communis (var. c.)


Line:
There is much variation here that deserves further study. Perigynium shape and leaf width can be variable enough to confuse differences from other species (e.g. using the key in FNA 23), and some colls. should be rechecked. Several colls. from the Bluegrass or adjacent hills (BATH, FAYE, JESS, GARR, OLDH, etc.), and perhaps elsewhere (CLAY, HARD & LAUR at KNK or DOV), have relatively narrow leaves. Some robust colls. from Appalachian regions are provisionally treated as amplisquama; see notes under that name.


Line:
This widespread eastern species (also disjunct in northwestern states) is not verified from Ky. but it does occur in adjacent counties of w. Tenn. (Ch). There is a coll. of C.W. Short (NY) labeled Ky., but with no other data. The record from TRIG (Ellis et al. 1971) appears to have been based on a misidentified coll. of lurida (NCU). C. comosa is close to hystericina.


Line:
|BCarex complanata Torr. & Hook.B|   	3092


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> complanata (var. c.)


Line:
This is close to hirsutella, and there has been some confusion, even among experts. It is more southern and generally occurs on damper lowland sites, but differs little in appearance. The most obvious difference is that leaves are glabrescent, at least abaxially, whereas hirsutella has leaves pilose on both surfaces (FNA 23). C. complanata may also have less distinct nerves on perigynia (Cr). It has also been confused with caroliniana, due to its relatively smooth leaves.


Line:
This has been confused with aggregata or sparganioides, which may sometimes have compound spikes (F).


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> corrugata ("amphibola")


Line:
This has only recently been identified in the state (Naczi et al. 2002), and more colls. of the amphibola group need to be reviewed. The peripynia of corrugata are bluntly triangular in cross-section, like amphibola, versus nearly circular in C. grisea; otherwise, they appear generally intermediate in size and shape (FNA 23). It differs from amphibola in its broader perigynium shape (l/w ca. 1.7-2.3 versus 2.5-3.1, with the achene widest at ca. 0.7 from base (versus 0.6). It ranges across the mid-south, mostly along larger rivers. It occurs usually on base-rich alluvial soil that is rather wet and finer textured, compared to grisea and (especially) amphibola.


Line:
This short species is widespread but easly overlooked in seasonally wet calcareous open areas across much of North America. In Ky., it appears to be only locally abundant, especially in glades of the Nolin River and lower Salt River watersheds; in Tenn., it is known only from the Nashville Basin (Ch). More searching is needed; some colls. are immature and need to be rechecked.


Line:
This southeastern species of lowland woods has been recently collected from HICK on slopes above Three Ponds by L. McKinney (see KSNPC database). No coll. has been located to support Cranfill's (1991) record from HARD, which seems less likely. C. crebriflora is scattered across Tenn. and Va. in counties close or adjacent to Ky. Its fusiform perigynia resemble laxiflora, styloflexa and striatula, except that their apices are erect (versus more or less curved) and they are ascending in the spikes (versus spreading). Its distal spikes are overlapping (versus separate), and equalling or exceeding the terminal staminate spike (versus clearly exceeded). Also, lower peduncles arise at least half way up the culm (versus in the lower third).


Line:
|BCarex crinita Lam. var. brevicrinis Fern.B|   	3109


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> crinita var. brevicrinis


Line:
Distinction from var. crinita is not clear in some cases, and there may be intermediate plants. This is a southern variety, found mostly on the Coastal Plain.


Line:
|BCarex crinita Lam. var. crinitaB|   	3110


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> crinita var. c.


Line:
There has been some confusion with tribuloides or other species, and some colls. should be rechecked.


Line:
|BCarex crus-corvi Shuttlw. ex KunzeB|   	2990


Line:
|BCarex cumberlandensis Naczi, Kral & BrysonB|   	3055


Line:
This widespread species of eastern states was recently described by Naczi et al. (2001). It is a segregate of the more southern abscondita, which occurs largely on the Coastal Plain. Records of abscondita from Campbell et al. (1991-99), McKinney et al. (2000) and others should generally be transferred to cumberlandensis.


Line:
|BCarex davisii Schwein. & Torr.B|   	3081


Line:
This largely mid-western species is locally abundant in relatively thin woods and meadows, on moist fertile uplands as well as lowlands. It is often associated with Elymus spp. and other graminoid vegetation under trees such as walnut and hackberry. The coll. from MARS (WKY) was referred to forma glabrescens G. Kukenthal, but this has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Line:
|BCarex debilis Michx. var. debilisB|   	3086


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> debilis var. d.


Line:
This is close to var. rudgei, and some colls. should be rechecked.


Line:
|BCarex debilis Michx. var. pubera GrayB|   	3087


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> debilis var. pubera (C. allegheniensis)


Line:
This species, with pubescent perigynia, is close to var. rudgei and has been combined in FNA 23 and other treatments, but W maintains it as a species. Further analysis is needed. Both var. debilis and var. rudgei may have some pubescence on perigynia (FNA 23). A more distinctive character of var. pubera is reported to be the generally short-awned scales (and perhaps reddish-brown margins).


Line:
|BCarex debilis Michx. var. rudgei BaileyB|   	3088


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> debilis var. rudgei (C. flexuosa)


Line:
This is close to typical debilis, and seems to differ only in its shorter perigynia, with little or no clear difference in shape. Most modern caricologists do not treat it as a species (FNA 23; R. Naczi, pers. comm.), but W does, noting that it often occurs in drier habitats. Occasional hybrids with virescens or swanii are reported in other states (FNA 23).


Line:
|BCarex digitalis Willd. var. digitalisB|   	3052


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Careyanae> digitalis var. d.


Line:
This is widespread in eastern North America, except in southern states. There has been confusion with several other species, especially if colls. are immature or incomplete.


Line:
|BCarex digitalis Willd. var. macropoda Fern.B|   	3053


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Careyanae> digitalis var. macropoda


Line:
This southeastern taxon is generally distinct and may deserve species status. It differs from typical digitalis in its terminal (staminate) spikes usually exceeding upper bracts (versus the upper bracts exceeding the spikes), with longer well-developed peduncles (usually 8-15 cm versus 1-7 cm); perigynia usually have fewer nerves per face (7-10 versus 11-15); and well-developed leaf blades are usually narrower (2-2.9 mm versus 2.7-4.5 mm). It is locally abundant in relatively mesic woods of LYON, TRIG (WKY) and nearby, often without typical digitalis. Some colls. (CALL & CARL at MUR) may be at least transitional to var. asymmetrica Fern., which is combined with the more southern var. floridana (L.H. Bailey) Naczi & Bryson in FNA 23 and otherwise unknown in Ky. Further analysis of this complex is needed.


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|BCarex emmonsii Dewey ex Torr.B|   	3032


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> emmonsii (albicans* var. e.; varia)


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Most records need to be checked. In several cases, distinction from C. albicans is difficult, and some colls. appear to be intermediate. FNA 23 emphasizes characters of staminate scales and perigynium teeth to distinguish these taxa. In addition, emmonsii tends to have shorter staminate spikes, more condensed inflorescences in general, and often relatively large tussocks. C. emmonsii may be concentrated on relatively acid soils, and has a somewhat more southern range, but there is probably much overlap. Variety status may be preferable.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> emoryi (stricta var. elongata)


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This has been confused with stricta, but it is generally distinct in form and habitat: marshy shoals along larger streams and rivers with relatively base-rich substrate. It differs (F, FNA 23) in its stoloniferous habit, forming extensive colonies (versus large dense stools in typical stricta). Its bladeless lower sheaths are not ladder-fibrillose and lack evident veins on the inner side (versus prominently ladder-fibrillose), are often deeper purplish-red but lacking spots on the inner side (versus spotted red-brown), and have a prolonged convex apex (versus obtuse); its ligules are as long as broad (versus longer). Its pistillate spikes are strongly overlapping (versus more widely separated) and lack staminate tips (versus often staminate); perigynia are green-stramineous (versus pale brown-tawny). Differences in spikes and perigynia are not clearcut, in contrast to the vegetative characters.


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|BCarex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd.B|   	3016


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> festucacea (var. f., "straminea")


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There has been occasional confusion with brevior, normalis and other species; some colls. need to be rechecked. Some colls. from FAYE and MADI (KY) are atypical (see also annotation of A.A. Reznicek); they have suggested transitions to brevior or molesta.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Scitae> flacca (glauca)


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This alien has been promoted in horticulture as an ornamental, and it is also becoming naturalized from initial introduction in eastern Canada (FNA 23). A coll. from NELS was recently det. by R.L. Naczi: M.E. Medley #78-031, 11 May 1978; Cedar Glade just west of Bardstown High School on north side of stream just north of Smith Avenue.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> flaccosperma (var. f.)


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This southern species is closely related to glaucodea, and there may be some intergradation. Most previous records are referable to glaucodea.


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Colls. in western regions should be rechecked for C. aureolensis (see FNA 23).


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|BCarex glaucodea Tuckerman ex OlneyB|   	3075


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> glaucodea (flaccosperma var. g.)


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> gracilescens (laxiflora var. gracillima)


Line:
There has been some confusion with blanda and other species in Laxiflorae or even Griseae. Compared to blanda (F, Cr, FNA 23), perigynia of gracilescens are mostly shorter (ca. 2.2-3 mm versus 2.5-4 mm), but with the beak more prolonged and "often proboscis-like" (versus abruptly contracted and short). The distinctive purplish or reddish color of the lowest sheaths sometimes fades in older material. C. gracilescens is typical of streambanks on acid soils, and there are relatively few records from calcareous regions.


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|BCarex granularis Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	3067


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> gravida (var. g.)


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There have been several reports (e.g. Anderson 1924; Cr, M), but most accessible colls. have been reassigned to robust forms of muhlenbergii or aggregata. C. gravida appears most similar to aggregata, but differs is its sheaths, with fronts pale and fragile at summits, and with backs not white-spotted (FNA 23); also, leaves are often wider and perigynia often larger, with scales more or less equal (versus shorter). There is a recent coll. from CAMP (KNK): Naczi et al., CGE #45, 6 Jun 1996, powerline row, Highland Heights, just S of Tessener Rd, just E of Three Mile Rd. A coll. has also been reported from TRIG (BEREA) along a creek in restored prairie of Land-Between-the-Lakes (Thompson & Poindexter 2006). Var. gravida is widespread in mid-western regions and the northern Great Plains, but perhaps only adventive further east (see also W). Records of the southwestern var. lunelliana (Mackenzie.) F.J. Herm. are probably erroneous (M).


Line:
Most colls. (perhaps all) are referable to the southern var. hispidula Gray, but this is not recognized in recent treatments.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> grisea (amphibola var. turgida)


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This is close to amphibola and corrugata (FNA 23); there has been much confusion, and some colls. still need to be rechecked. The perigynia of C. grisea are typically wider (usually 2-2.6 mm versus 1.5-1.9 mm), less elongated (l/w = 1.8-2.3 versus 2.5-3.1), and more rounded in cross-section.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> gynandra (crinita var. g.)


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This is close to typical crinita, but hybrids are reportedly rare and sterile (FNA 23; and citations there). Perigynia are ovoid-ellipsoid (versus obovoid); apices of pistillate scale are acuminate (versus retuse); and sheaths are scabrous (versus glabrous). Some colls. need rechecking or may appear intermediate. C. gynandra has a northern and Appalachian range, and may be typical of more acid sites than crinita.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> hirsutella (complanata/triceps var. hirsuta)


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> hitchcockiana (oligocarpa var. h.)


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This is widely scattered in northern and mid-western regions, but generally restricted to mesic woods on rocky calcareous soils in relatively deep ravines. It has sometimes been confused with the much more common species, oligocarpa, which often grows nearby. One of the clearest differences in hitchcockiana (F; FNA 23) is its brown culm bases (versus purple-red). Also, perigynia are usually longer (mostly 4.6-5.6 mm versus 3.7-4.7 mm), and sheaths are hispidulous (versus glabrous). There is little difference in leaf width.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Stellulatae> howei (atlantica var. capillacea*)


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This southeastern taxon can be difficult to distinguish from the more widespread atlantica in some cases, and it is often combined as a subspecies or variety. However, W has maintained it as a generally distinct species. In addition to its typically narrower leaves, its spikes and perigynia tend to have smaller dimensions (Cr, FNA 23). There has also been confusion with seorsa. In Ky., howei appears to be very local in well-developed acid seeps with high floristic interest.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Paludosae> hyalinolepis (lacustris var. laxiflora)


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|BCarex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	3117


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This widespread northern species has been verified with colls. from only two western counties: FULT and MCRA (MUR). There is also a coll. of C.W. Short (at Univ. of Cincinnati or elsewhere) from Ky. (Short & Peter 1834; B, Gl), which needs to be checked. However, reports from Appalachian regions (M) have been based on misidentified colls. of lurida or lupulina: BELL at KY ( Anderson 1924); MCRE at MUR (Rogers 1941); ROCK at KY (F.T. McFarland in 1940). C. hystericina has been also been reported as far south as Tenn. (Ch) and Ga. (W).


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This species is widespread in northern and western regions, especially on calcareous soils. It has been reported from all surrounding states (PL), including nearby counties in Ohio and W.Va., but there are only a few tentative reports of colls. from Ky. (M). These and other colls. filed under atlantica (or howei) should be examined more analytically for possible records. The more northern, circumboreal relative C. echinata Murray (= C. angustior Dewey) might also be expected, since it extends south along the Blue Ridge to Tenn. and N.C. in boggy places (Ch, W).


Line:
The coll. from GREE (EKY) has pubescent perigynia, like grayii, but in other characters it seems to match intumescens (as det. by R. Naczi). Some plants on the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. and Tenn. may be a distinct segregate, with spikes that have relatively few perigynia, on long stems that decline or droop, with relatively narrow leaves (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Such plants have been collected from BELL, HARL, LAUR, LETC, JACK, MCRE, POWE, PULA, RUSS and WOLF (EKY).


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|BCarex juniperorum Catling, Reznicek & CrinsB|   	3025


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This was described by Catling et al. (1993), and more details were supplied by Naczi & Ford (2001). It is known only from dry open woods and glades on calcareous soils in ne. Ky., se. Ohio, s. Mich. and s. Ont.


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|BCarex kraliana Naczi & BrysonB|   	3057


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This species was recently described by Naczi et al. (2002b). It is apparently widespread in east-central states, but data need to be accumulated. Superficially, kraliana appears intermediate between albursina, laxiflora and blanda. Most colls. in herbaria have been previously named blanda, but kraliana differs in its upper lateral bracts broader and hiding spikes (like albursina), and its perigynium less bent (more like laxiflora). Lower leaves are generally similar to laxiflora. C. laxiflora var. serrulata F. J. Herm. was considered a synonym of kraliana in some initial work, but it should be included with typical laxiflora (R. Naczi, pers. comm.).


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Paludosae> lacustris (var. lacustris)


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This northern species may occur in Ky. but needs to be verified. It is close to hyalinolepis, which has a more southern range. It was reported in J from the Coastal Plain, and there may be a coll. from JEFF (MM for WKY).


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|BCarex laevivaginata (Kükenth.) MackenzieB|   	2991


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This is close to stipata but differs in the adaxial side of its leaf sheaths, which are yellowish-thickened at the apex (versus thin and friable) and flat below the apex (versus rugose-puckered). Also, leaf blades are papillose around stomata (versus not), when viewed at x 25 (FNA 23).


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|BCarex laxiculmis Schwein. var. copulata (Bailey) Fern.B|   	3051


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Careyanae> laxiculmis var. copulata


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This taxon has been considered a hybrid of laxiculmis and digitalis (F), but such origin is not supported by recent evidence. It is currently treated as a variety of laxiculmis (A. Reznicek et al. in FNA 23), and potential evidence for species status is being studied further (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Leaves of var. copulata are usually bright green (versus glaucous) and narrower (5.3-8.3 mm versus 6.4-11.8 mm); its staminate spikes tend to be longer (the longest per plant usually 6-20 mm versus 12-25 mm). However, overall ranges and typical habitats do not seem to differ much in Ky. or elsewhere.


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|BCarex laxiculmis Schwein. var. laxiculmisB|   	3050


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Careyanae> laxiculmis var. l.


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This is widespread in eastern North America, except towards the southwest. There has been some confusion with the more northern var. copulata, and records need to be rechecked for that taxon.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> laxiflora (var. l., serrulata)


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Identifications and variation in this widespread eastern species may still need further study, since several other species are closely related. However, chromosome numbers vary considerably within this group, and hybrids are virtually unknown. A few colls. have been referred to var. serrulata F.J. Herm. (CAMP, MAGO, PULA), with serrulate angles on bract sheaths, but that taxon is now considered insignificant (Naczi et al. 2002b).


Line:
|BCarex leptalea Wahlenb. var. harperi (Fern.) Weatherby & Grisc.B|   	3026


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Leptocephalae> leptalea* var. harperi


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All material of this species from Ky. appears to be the southeastern var. harperi. However, the more widespread northern and western var. leptalea does extend south to Tenn. and N.C. in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont (W). These taxa may integrade in some regions of overlap (FNA 23), and further analysis is warranted in Ky.  Var. harperi has perigynia 3.4-4.9 (5.4) mm long (versus 2.5-3.5 mm); achenes more sharply angled; pistillate scales more slender, more overlapping and whitish.


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|BCarex leptonervia (Fern.) Fern.B|   	3066


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B collected this northeastern species on Black Mountain in HARL (US). Other colls. there have been made by M. Medley (for WKY) and T. Wieboldt (Virginia Polytechnic Institute).


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> longii ("albolutescens")


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This is close to albolutescens; to a lesser extent, brevior and festucacea. There has been nuch confusion (FNA 23). C. longii often occurs in more open habitats than albolutescens, and is more frequent in southern regions. Although widely scattered across eastern states, it seems generally uncommon except on the Coastal Plain from Texas to Flo. (PL).


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|BCarex lucorum Willd. ex Link var. austrolucorum J. RettigB|   	3031


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> lucorum* var. austrolucorum (p. var. distans)


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This Appalachian taxon appears distinct from the more northeastern var. lucorum, which is unknown in Ky., and it might deserve species status (W). The disjunct coll. from WASH (EKY, KNK) is correctly identified.


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|BCarex lupuliformis Sartwell ex DeweyB|   	3126


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This uncommon species is close to, and often confused with, the widespread eastern species, lupulina, and some colls. may be intermediate. C. lupuliformis can appear somewhat transitional from lupulina to the southern species, gigantea. Compared to lupulina, its achenes have distinctly pointed or knobbed angles (versus smoothly curved), and are usually 2.4-3.4 mm wide (versus 1.7-2.6 mm), often almost as wide as long (versus clearly longer than wide). Also, perigynia tend to be more spreading (versus ascending), though not perpendicular to the rachis as in gigantea. C. lupuliformis has a rather fragmented range, centered in east-central states and concentrated in eutrophic calcareous habitats that have become much reduced by conversion to farmland.


Line:
|BCarex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	3125


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Lupulinae> lupulina (halei)


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A coll. from HARD (KY) is referable to var. pedunculata Gray, which is not recognized in recent treatments but seems transitional to lupuliformis; see notes under that species.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Vesicariae> lurida (var. l.)


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Paniceae> meadii (tetanica var. m.)


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> mesochorea (cephalophora var. m.)


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Distinction from cephalophora is difficult in some colls., especially when immature, but careful study of good material shows that these two species are clearly distinct (F, FNA 23). Pistillate scales are 2-3-3.1 mm long (versus 1-1.8 mm), with bodies ca. 70-100% as long as bodies of perigynia (versus 40-60%), usually with three distinct green nerves (versus only the midnerve distrinct). Perigynia are 3-4.1 mm x 1.7-2.6 (versus 2-3.2 x 1.4-2 mm), but their beaks have teeth only 0.2-0.3 mm long (versus 0.3-0.5 mm). Spikes are relatively large (ca. 1 cm wide versus 0.5-1 cm), on culms up to 60-100 cm tall (versus usually no more than 60 cm), usually well above the leaves (versus about as tall or little exserted), but these are less reliable characters. C. mesochorea is typical of grassy open areas (often in pastures or lawns on relatively damp fertile soil), while cephalophora is largely restricted to woods (especially subxeric types).


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|BCarex mitchelliana M.A. CurtisB|   	3107 R


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> mitchelliana (crinita var. m.)


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A coll. of C. gynandra from Ky. by C.W. Short (NY) was apparently misidentified as C. mitchelliana M.A. Curtis, leading to erroneous records from Ky. by Bruederle et al. (1989), Cr and FNA 23 (M). However, mitchelliana is another member of the crinita group expected in the state. It is a globally threatened species known mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but extending north on the Cumberland Plateau to Scott Co., Tenn., adjacent to Ky. (Ch). It is close to gynandra but differs as follows (FNA 23): its perigynia are ovoid (versus ovoid to ellipsoid) and papillose (versus smooth); its achenes are not constricted (versus "variously constricted"); and its pistillate scale apices are truncate (versus acuminate).


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|BCarex molesta Mackenzie ex BrightB|   	3011


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This largely mid-western species has been confused or combined with normalis or brevior, with some suggestion of hybrid origin (Gl, Cr), but J. Mastrogiuseppe et al. (in FNA 23) have affirmed its status as a species. In Ky., it is locally common on uplands with damp or compacted clay soils, especially in abandoned pastures or hayfields of the Bluegrass region. C. normalis occurs in more mesic or shady habitats; while brevior may occur in drier habitats.


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|BCarex molestiformis Reznicek & RothrockB|   	3012


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This species was recently described, and attributed to Ky. by A. Reznicek in FNA 23. In addition to colls. of R. Naczi from CUMB and ROCK (DOV), there is a coll. from BARR (EKY): C.J. Lapham #355 with J. Campbell & Z. Murrell, Rt 31E near Edmonson Co. line, xeric woods. This species has been called the "southwestern form" of molesta, differing in its larger, fewer perigynia.


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|BCarex muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd.B|   	2977


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Spelling as "muehlenbergii" is incorrect (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Records mapped here are probably accurate to species, but only tentative to variety; see also notes under aggregata and gravida. Typical muhlenbergii occurs mostly in thin woods on rather dry acid soils, often on sandy substrates. More robust specimens of grassy woods and openings have been referred by some collectors to the southwestern species, austrina (muhlenbergii var. australis), or the northwestern species, gravida (M), but most of these have been redetermined as muhlenbergii by A. Reznicek, R. Naczi, L. McKinney or others. C. austrina may still be expected in Ky., north of its main range, at least as an adventive (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Its pistillate scales are wider (at least 2 mm versus often less than 2 mm), almost covering perigynia (versus much less wide); awns are longer (1.5-4 mm versus usually 0-1.5 mm), and culms are more divergent (at ca. 45 degrees versus almost upright).


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|BCarex muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. enervis BoottB|   	2978 T


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> muhlenbergii var. enervis (C. plana)


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This is not easily distinguished from typical muhlenbergii, and it has also been confused with aggregata. Colls. that have been named var. enervis have been tentatively assigned for this Atlas to either of those two species. MacKenzie (1940) considered these plants a species (= C. plana MacKenzie) typical of calcareous soils, but F noted typical muhlenbergii "passing insensibly into the relatively unimportant var. enervis." FNA 23 indicates that the perigynia (2.7-3.1 mm versus 3-4.2 mm) and scales (2-2.5 mm versus 2.5-3.6) are relatively short and veinless adaxially (versus often veined in typical plants). It may be typical of richer soils, sometimes appearing in pastures and lawns, as does aggregata.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> nigromarginata (var. n.)


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Some colls. need to be reassessed for segregation of reznicekii; see under that name.


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This widespread variable eastern species can be easily confused with several other species, and its circumscription could use improvement; see key in FNA 23. It supposedly has greenish perigynia and relatively broad leaves (2.5-6.5 mm wide), with sheaths "conspicuously green-veined adaxially nearly to collar" (appearing mottled against the whitish interveinal tissue). However, these characters are not clear in some colls. from Ky. Compared to molesta and other close relatives, it tends to occur in more mesic sites, often with some shade.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Vulpinae> oklahomensis (stipata var. o.)


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This southwestern species has been confirmed by R.F. Naczi for colls. of R. Athey and J. Grubbs from CALL, MARS and MCRA (MUR), which were previously named stipata. It may also be confused with conjuncta.


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|BCarex oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd.B|   	3070


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> oligocarpa (var. o.)


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|BCarex ouachitana Kral, Manhart & BrysonB|   	3077


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This largely Ozarkian species also occurs at scattered locations in the southern Interior Low Plateaus, and has been recently identified in CLIN (Naczi et al. 2002). It is a robust plant, with long thick rhizomes and exserted terminal spikes.


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|BCarex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. var. oxylepisB|   	3082


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> oxylepis var. o.


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The disjunct record from ROWA (BEREA) needs to be rechecked.


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|BCarex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. var. pubescens J.K. UnderwoodB|   	3083


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> oxylepis var. pubescens


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This variety was recently discovered in Ky. by R. Naczi (Naczi et al. 2002) and L. McKinney (EKY; det. T.W. Smith). It is relatively uncommon throughout the range of the species.


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|BCarex pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	3039


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|BCarex pellita Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	3096


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Hirtae> pellita (lanuginosa, lasiocarpa var. latifolia)


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> pensylvanica (var. p.)


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|BCarex physorhyncha Liebm. ex Steud.B|   	3034


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> physorhyncha (albicans* var. australis)


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This easily overllooked southeastern taxon can be difficult to distinguish from pensylvanica and emmonsii, appearing intermediate in some cases. Colls. from HARD (DHL, KY) and MCRE (KY) are included here, but the latter has been doubted by R.F. Naczi and A.A. Reznicek. Further analysis is needed.


Line:
This mysterious species occurs in scattered disjunct localities on the Interior Low Plateaus, plus some disjunct sections of the Appalachian Plateaus and the adjacent Coastal Plain (in Ind, Ky., Tenn., Miss. & Ala.). It is one of the few dioecious sedges (Delph et al. 1993). C. picta burns well and resprouts vigorously (D. Taylor, pers. comm.); its distribution may partly reflect the history of fire.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> planispicata (amphibola var. rigida, grisea var. r.)


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This species was recently described by Naczi (1999). In previous treatments these plants were often considered intermediate between amphibola and grisea, but Naczi showed that it is closer to oligocarpa, which shares the distichous arrangement of perigynia and purplish shoot bases. It differs from oligocarpa in its more elongated perigynia (l/w = usually 2.5-3.3 versus 2.1-2.6) with tapering apices; its achenes relatively short; its longest spikes with more perigynia (usually 7-14 versus 4-8); and its broader leaves (up to 3.5-6.5 mm versus 1.8-4 mm).


Line:
In Ky. and Tenn., this northeastern species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions, but there are disjunct plants in wooded ravines on acid soils of the Interior Low Plateaus.


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Within Ky. and Tenn., this northeastern species occurs mostly in Appalachian regions, and becomes rare to the west and south. A coll. from CART (MDKY) suggest hybridization with blanda.


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This western species of alkaline sites has spread into northeastern states mostly along salted interstate highways.


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|BALI B| W.   |BHAB B| R-10 ::? E 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BCarex prairea Dewey ex WoodB|   	2988 R


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Heleoglochin> prairea (diandra var. ramosa)


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There are colls. of this northern species by C.W Short (NY, PH) that may be from Ky. (M). The latter is labeled "near Cincinnati" but it is probably from Hamilton Co., Ohio (see also PL). Within the Ohio Valley, prairea is restricted to glaciated regions.


Line:
Disjunct western records are confirmed: from BOON (DOV), R. Naczi #8019 (DOV) from a seep along Gunpowder Creek; and from HARD (EKY; Cranfill 1991). A record from "High Bridge" in JESS (Anderson 1924) remains dubious.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> projecta (tribuloides var. reducta)


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This has been reported by Campbell et al. (1992) and others from slightly open seepy or swampy woods, but perhaps based only on misidentified variants of tribuloides. C. projecta is considered somewhat intermediate between tribuloides and cristatella (FNA 23), but with the inflorescence flexible or nodding, and the perigynia usually less numerous and more spreading. There are no clear records of projecta from Ky., though some plants mapped under tribuloides var. sangamonensis are hard to distinguish, especially colls. with slightly nodding spikes and relatively broad yellowish-green leaves. Such colls. are mostly from eastern regions, along smaller streams and seeps with acid soils.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> purpurifera (laxiflora var. p.)


Line:
This occurs mostly on the Cumberland Plateau, but it also extends east to the Southern Appalachians, and west to c. Ky. and c. Tenn. (FNA 23, PL). A coll. from HARL (BEREA) suggests hybridization with digitalis.


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|BCarex radiata (Wahlenb.) SmallB|   	2972


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> radiata (rosea var. ra.)


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This widespread northeastern species is close to rosea and appalachica, and difficult to distinguish in some cases, especially with immature specimens. C. radiata has relatively straight stigmas except for the basal reflex (versus clearly coiled); its perigynia have broad subtruncate bases (versus cuneate to rounded), with achenes well above the spongy bases (versus subsessile), and they tend to be reflexed when ripe; its lowest bracts tend to be relatively short, on average (Cr, FNA 23). C. radiata is typical of damp acid soils. It does occur on somewhat siliceous stream terraces in hilly parts of the Bluegrass region, but is virtually absent from the largely calcareous plains of this region.


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|BCarex reniformis (Bailey) SmallB|   	3014


Line:
This is close to brevior, but with a southern range, mostly on the Coastal Plain in swampy woods. The only record from Ky. is a coll. from CALL (MUR), determined by A. Reznicek: J. Grubbs #1366, 23 May 1989, Shannon Creek embayment, Fort Heiman, wooded floodplain, dense canopy. See also McKinney et al. (2000).


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|BCarex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2967


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> retroflexa (var. r.)


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This is a widespread eastern species; see notes under texensis.


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This recently described species is difficult to distinguish from nigromarginata (Werier 2006), and some colls. appear intermediate. It supposedly differs in its usually narrower widest leaf blades (ca. 1.2-2.2 mm versus 2.3-4.5 mm); its usually shorter (and often relatively uniform) longest culms (mostly 2-10 cm versus 6-40 cm); its pistillate scales with reddish color usually no more than submarginal (versus often reddish-black from margins to the stripes beside mid-veins); and its somewhat less extensive staminate spikes (usually no more than 3-4 mm above lateral spike apices, versus often up to 5-7 mm). It tends to occur in relatively deep woods on slightly richer moister soils, but there is much overlap. Its relatively narrow leaves and short culms also suggest umbellata, but it lacks the uniformly basal spikes of umbellata and rugosperma. C. reznicekii is distributed from the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain (especially Va.) to the Ozarks, and may be expected in much of Kentucky.


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This species of the Southern Appalachian mountains was recently discovered in HARL (EKY) on Black Mountain at 3600-3800 ft (Naczi et al. 2002).


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|BCarex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd.B|   	2970


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> rosea (convoluta)


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This has a widespread northeastern range. See notes under appalachica, radiata and socialis.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> rugosperma ("umbellata", tonsa var. r.)


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This has been confused in nomenclature with umbellata and tonsa. C. rugosperma is restricted to dry sandy soils, especially on open sandstone clifftops. It may be reasonably combined as a variety with tonsa; typical tonsa may be somewhat more northern and unknown in Ky., but further revison is needed (FNA 23). These plants are distinct from umbellata in their generally longer perigynia (3.1-4.7 mm versus 2.2-3.2 mm), with longer beaks (0.9-2 mm versus 0.4-1 mm). Also, their leaves are often relatively wide (up to 4.3 mm versus 2.3 mm), short (sometimes equalled by stems versus never in umbellata), bright-green or coriaceous.


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|BCarex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. moniliformis TuckermanB|   	3005


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> scoparia* var. moniliformis


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The taxon seems to merit more than forma status, as treated in F. It occurs across most of the range of the species, but with less southern extension. Although locally distinct in Appalachian Ky., intermediates are known in other states (e.g. colls. at DOV). However, A. Reznicek, R. Naczi (pers. comm.) and others doubt the taxonomic significance of congestion versus extension within the inflorescences of scoparia (as in tribuloides).


Line:
|BCarex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. scopariaB|   	3004


Line:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> scoparia var. s.


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This is a variable species with a broad northern range. The coll. from CART (MDKY) may be referable to var. condensa Fern., which is not recognized in recent treatments, but has been reported widely from northeastern regions (F). Sterile hybrids with alata, straminea and other species are documented in various states (FNA 23).


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This northeastern species of thin woods on wet acid soils was recently discovered in eastern and western Ky. (Ousley & Risk 1998, McKinney et al. 2000, Naczi et al. 2002). At the Hog Hollow seeps in BATH (MDKY), there also appear to be sterile hybrids with atlantica.


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An apparent hybrid with typhina (= X deamii F.J. Herm.) was collected by C.W. Short from KENT (PH).


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|BCarex socialis Mohlenbrock & Schwegm.B|   	2969


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This species was described by Mohlenbrock & Schwegman (1969) in s. Ill. It is locally common in lowland woods on damp fertile soils of the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys (see also: McKinney et al. 2000). Easily overlooked, it can be confused with rosea or radiata, and is probably more widespread than colls. indicate. Its perigynia are similar to radiata but more elongated (l/w = 3-5 versus 1.5-3); also, it has conspicuous rhizomes up to 6 cm long (versus more or less cespitose).


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|BCarex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2982


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> sparganioides (var. s.)


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This is close to aggregata, and some immature specimens are difficult to distinguish.


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|BCarex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. maxima ChapmanB|   	2993


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Vulpinae> stipata var. maxima (uberior)


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This relatively robust southern variety appears somewhat intermediate between typical stipata and crus-corvi. Distinction from those two taxa is difficult in some cases.


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|BCarex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. stipataB|   	2992


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Vulpinae> stipata var. s.


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|BCarex straminea Willd. ex SchkuhrB|   	3017


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This species is generally distinct, but known from only scattered sites. It has a relatively narrow range from east-coastal states (DC to Mass.) to the Ohio Valley and adjacent glacial plains.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> striatula (laxiflora var. angustifolia)


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This southeastern species has often been confused with laxiflora or styloflexa. C. striatula is relatively frequent in Appalachian regions of Ky., and it probably also occurs further west in Ky. and s. Ind. (F). However, some western colls. may be atypical or need further verification (especially with immature material).


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> stricta (var. s.)


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Typical C. stricta is typical of relatively acid swamps, seeps and boggy sites without fresh alluvium. The coll. from CALL (WKY) is referrable to var. strictior (Dewey) Carey, which appears somewhat transitional to emoryi and occurs more often in calcareous swamps (F). This distinction is not recognized in recent treatments, but may deserve further study.


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This southeastern species appears most closely related to striatula (of drier habitats), but its spikes are mostly shorter (ca. 0.5-2 cm versus 1-3 cm) and denser, with the lowest on a long, arching or drooping peduncle (versus short, erect or ascending); its perigynia tend have a more distinct, long-narrowed and strongly outcurved beak.There has also been some confusion with gracilescens, which often occurs in similar habitats; but the more extended fusiform perigynium beaks of striatula are distinctive, and its basal sheaths are not purplish or reddish (as in fresh gracilescens; FNA 23, W).


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|BCarex superata Naczi, Reznicek & B.A. FordB|   	3021


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phyllostachyae> superata (willdenowii var. megarrhynca)


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This recently described species occurs locally in thin subxeric woods on base-rich soils across southeastern states (Naczi et al. 1998). It is close to willdenowii but with perigynia much longer, peduncles more erect, leaves more coriaceous and evergreen (FNA 23).


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|BCarex swanii (Fern.) MackenzieB|   	3091


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> swanii (virescens var. s.)


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> tenera (var. t., "C. straminea")


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This is a widespread northern species, with only scattered reports from Ky., several of which have been erroneous. C. tenera is easily confused with normalis, scoparia or other species; see FNA 23 for the complete complex key. A few colls. appear to be intermediate between tenera and other taxa.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Paniceae> tetanica (var. t.)


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This is a northern relative of meadii, often on relatively damp sites. It is often difficult to distinguish and there may be intergradation, but authorities consider the two taxa to be distinct species (FNA 23). C. tetanica has a higher chromosome number; 2n = 56 versus 52. Some colls. from Ky, have been carefully determined as tetanica, following standard manuals (e.g. F, Cr); colls. from LEWI (A. Cusick at MICH) and ROWA (A. Risk at MDKY) have been particularly convincing. However, most or all colls. have now been redetermined as meadii by R. Naczi or A.A. Reznicek. Further revision is needed.


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|BCarex texensis (Torr.) BaileyB|   	2968


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> texensis (retroflexa var. t.)


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This southern species is most common in mowed areas on fertile soils, including lawns; it may have spread greatly after settlement. Some colls. are immature and not easily distinguished from typical retroflexa. C. texensis differs in its perigynia averaging 1-1.3 mm wide (versus 1.4-1.8 mm), with l/w usually 2.3-3.1 (versus 1.5-2.3), and the basal spongy portion < 1.1 mm long (versus 1.1 mm or more). Its widest leaves are wider on average (ca. 1-2.5 mm versus 1.4-3.4 mm), but this is not a reliable character. See FNA 23 and especially Downer & Hyatt (2003).


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|BCarex timida Naczi & B.A. FordB|   	3024


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This species of woods and glades in calcareous east-central regions has been recently described by Naczi (2001). It is close to jamesii, but has shorter perigynium beaks, shorter staminate sections in the spikes, wider bright green leaves, red-purple shoot bases, and often more open tussocks; see also FNA 23. Further exploration is needed to determine if the two initial clusters of records in Ky. reflect real disjunctions.


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|BCarex torta Boott ex TuckermanB|   	3106


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The disjunct coll. from BOON (DOV) is based on a coll. of R. Naczi (#8021) at the same location as prasina, in a seep along Gunpowder Creek.


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Colls. from HARD (UC, ?KY; see Cranfill & Thieret 1981) and ROWA (MDKY) have been verified but are now mislaid or are awaiting accession, and should be rechecked. The more western records from CARL, GRAV and MCRA are reliable (EKY, WKY).


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|BCarex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. sangamonensis ClokeyB|   	3007


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> tribuloides var. sangamonensis ("C. projecta")


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These plants have a more elongated spike than typical tribuloides, and its perigynia are relatively broad (with l/w = 2.2-3 versus 3-5); they tend to occur in more deeply wooded seeps and swamps (FNA 23). Although often initially identified as the northern species, projecta (= C. tribuloides var. reducta Bailey), they are now considered closer to tribuloides by A.A. Reznicek and others. See also notes under projecta.


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|BCarex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. tribuloidesB|   	3006


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> tribuloides var. t.


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FNA 23 notes that this species often spreads with decumbent shoots (as does longii); such growth is moderately frequent in albolutescens (or projecta), but rare in other species.


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This is close to squarrosa, and often confused. An apparent hybrid was collected by R. Naczi from LAUR (DOV). C. typhina can be clearly distinguished (FNA 23) by its relatively short achenes (l/w = 1.2-1.9 versus 1.9-2.5) and straight deciduous styles (versus sinuous, persistent). its perigynia are usually appressed-ascending (versus widely radiating to, at base, reflexed), often with slightly scabrous beaks (versus usually smooth). Pistillate portions of spikes are often more elongated (ca. 1-4.3 cm versus 1-2.5 cm), usually with an oblong shape (versus somewhat ovate); pistillate are blunt to acute (versus acute to awned). Plants tend to have broader leaves (usually 4-8 mm versus 3-5 mm), with a slightly bluish/grayish hue, and more spikes per stem (usually 2-4 versus 1-2). Both species occur typically on wet medium-acid soils, but typhina is more restricted to wooded wetlands with less exposure to droughts or disturbances.


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|BCarex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd.B|   	3037


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> umbellata (abdita, "tonsa")


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This has been confused with rugosperma, and both have been often overlooked due to their low hidden inflorescences. C. umbellata appears to be typical of relatively base-rich soils in dry open woods and grasslands, "often at edges of ant hills" (FNA 23).


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This species mostly occurs on the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains. The only record in Ky. is a coll. from CALL (EKY): L.E. McKinney #4195 22 May 1990, seep along Dalton Road off Ky. 280, parallel to lake shore. C. venusta differs (FNA 23) from debilis in its more crowded spikes, ca. 4-5 mm thick (versus 2-3 mm) and ca. 1-5 cm long (versus 2.5-8 cm), with internodes 1-1.5 (3) mm (versus 2-4 (9) mm). Pistillate scales are often tinged reddish-brown along sides (versus whitish), and at least half as long as perigynia (versus less than half). The coll. from CALL has glabrous perigynia.


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The coll. from JEFF (KY) was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s on "Corn Island". In 2000, JC also found this species at the Blue Grass Army Depot (MADI). This is a widespread northern (circumboreal) species. As in other sedges of northern wetlands, it is speculated that occasional southern occurrences may result from dispersal by migrating waterfowl


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|BCarex virescens Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	3090


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> virescens (var. v.)


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This is close to swanii, and there may be occasional intermediate colls. (e.g., from BARR at WKY). Some older treatments included swanii (e.g. Anderson 1924; M).


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|BCarex willdenowii Schkuhr ex Willd.B|   	3022


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Phyllostachyae> willdenowii (var. w.)


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Botanists in Ky. did not recognize this species until Wharton (1945) and Anderson (1947), but it had been described over a century before. Section Phyllostachyae has continued to provide suprises.


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Cyperaceae: Carex <Paniceae> woodii (tetanica var. w.)


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This rather poorly known species mostly occurs in woods on base-rich soils from the upper Mid-west to central Appalachian regions (FNA 23; W). Variation and distinction from related species may need clarification; 2n = 44, 52. The coll. from BATH (KY) has been redetermined by R. Naczi as meadii, but it appears somewhat transitional to woodii.


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|BCarpinus caroliniana Walt. var. carolinianaB|   	1353


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Betulaceae <Coryloideae>: Carpinus caroliniana var. c.


Line:
Further work is needed to map this southern variant; there is some intergradation (Furlow 1987a,b; FNA 3, Y). Var. carolinana differs from var. virginiana in its smaller leaves (averaging 5-7 cm long versus 7-11 cm), with acute apex (versus more abruptly narrowed or acuminate), secondary teeth relatively small and blunt, and lower surfaces lacking dark conspicuous glands; also bracts have less sharp tipped apices and teeth.


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|BCarpinus caroliniana Walt. var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fern.B|   	1352


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Betulaceae <Coryloideae>: Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana


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Most material of the species has not been checked carefully, but this variety is clearly the predominant type.


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|BCARROT: Daucus (or QUEEN ANNE'S LACE)B|


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Several records suggest that this cultivated herb (caraway) has become locally naturalized in western regions.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? D? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BCarya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt.B|   	1366


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This southern species (largely on the Coastal Plain) has been found mostly near the lower Ohio and lower Green Rivers; it is unknown from the Mississippi lowlands (in CARL, HICK & FULT). Within cypress/tupelo sloughs, this species appears to associate with backwaters that have less frequent, or less intense, flooding and alluviation. It may hybridize with illinoinensis.


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|BCarya carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.B|   	1370


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Juglandaceae: Carya <Apocarya> carolinae-septentrionalis (ovata var. australis)


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This occurs locally on base-rich soils in or near southern sections of the Interior Low Plateaus, Ridge and Valley and Piedmont (PL). Records from TRIG (APSU) and FULT (CW) remain uncertain; however, the species is known from Tenn. adjacent to TRIG (Ch). Although this taxon has often been treated as a variety of the widespread eastern ovata, study of complete colls. shows that it is distinct. Intermediates are unknown in Ky. It differs (FNA 3, W) in its smaller fruits, averaging ca. 2.5-3 cm long (versus 3.5-4 cm); shorter staminate catkins, up to ca. 6 cm (versus 13 cm). Leaflets are narrower (the terminal one ca. 2-5 cm versus 6-15 mm), and virtually glabrous (versus pubescent). Terminal buds (6-15 mm long versus 9-18 mm) and twigs (ca. 1-3 mm thick versus 3-6 mm) are less stout, virtually glabrous, maturing or drying to a blackish hue (versus more persistently hairy, brownish).


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|BCarya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. KochB|   	1365


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There are rare apparent hybrids with ovata, glabra and perhaps other species.


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|BCarya glabra (P. Mill.) SweetB|   	1373


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Variation needs further study. There appears to be local introgression with C. ovata, and occasional hybridization with other species (FNA 3; W). Varietial names have not generally been applied in the state. Expected is var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sarg., which has relatively large fruits and large terminal leaflets; though mostly known from the southeastern Coastal Plain, it is reported north to s. Ill. (M, W).


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|BCarya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. KochB|   	1367


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Juglandaceae: Carya <Eucarya> illinoinensis (pecan)


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Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr. Excluded are colls. that probably came from planted or escaped trees; see CW. The native range of this commonly planted species (pecan) was originally centered in the lower Mississippi Valley, but even before Virginian settlement it is likely that native people extended its distribution. Native populations appear to have occurred along the Ohio Rv. bottomlands upstream to at least JEFF. Above this, there are colls. that suggest native status in TRIM (DHL) and KENT (B). C. illinoinensis also extended up the Cumberland Rv. to the Nashville Basin (Ch), but its status further upstream in Ky. remains uncertain. There are rare natural or artificial hybrids with laciniosa and other species. Also, various cultivars or selections are often planted or grafted. The spelling "illinoensis" (F) was incorrect (Cr, FNA 3).


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|BCarya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. DonB|   	1368


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Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and B. This species of east-central states occurs on deep fertile soils, especially in the Bluegrass region and on western lowlands, but it also occurs locally along some river valleys within Appalachian regions. The closely related ovata has a more widespread eastern range, mostly on uplands or drier terraces. However, there is much overlap in habitat and probably some introgression. C. laciniosa differs (F; FNA 3; W) in its nuts laterally flattened and obovoid (versus globose and sharp-pointed at apex), with the shell typically thicker (ca. 3-6 mm versus 2 mm) and reddish-brown (versus whitish-brown). Leaflets are 7 (-9), versus 5 (-7), deeper glossier green, without dense persistent subterminal tufts of hairs on the serrations (as found in ovata). The petiole and rachis is often persistent in winter on young vigorous trees (never so in ovata; Meijer 1972a). Bud scales are glabrous (versus partly tomentose); and young twigs are orange- or pale tan (versus reddish- or olive-brown). The bark is hard to distinguish, but peeling plates may be typically narrower and shorter.


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|BCarya ovata (P. Mill.) K. KochB|   	1369


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Juglandaceae: Carya <Apocarya> ovata (var. o.)


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There appears to be some hybridization with glabra, laciniosa and perhaps tomentosa. See notes under laciniosa.


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|BCarya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.B|   	1374


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This southeastern species occurs mostly on dry sandy soils east of the Mississippi Rv., especially areas with history of frequent fire. Reports from calcareous regions in Ky. (CW) are probably erroneous. C. pallida can be difficult to distinguish from tomentosa or other species, and some records need checking using more detailed keys (e.g. W). Fruits are typically smaller, ca. 2-4 cm long (versus 3.5-5 cm in tomentosa), and distinctively yellowish-lepidote (versus smooth); the nuts are ridged (versus 4-angled), with thinner shells (2-3 mm versus 5-6 mm). Lower leaf surfaces have dense lepidote, peltate scales of varied size and shape (absent in tomentosa except for scattered small round scales), appearing silvery when fresh, without hairs (versus densely hairy). Leaflets are typically smaller, but can be large on vigorous sprouts. Terminal buds are smaller, 4-11 mm long (versus 10-20 mm), reddish-brown, with silvery-lepidote scales (versus grayish and pubescent). There are erroneous reports of the closely related C. texana Buckley, which is a more southwestern species, but a few colls. from CALL (MUR), HARD (KY), MCRA and elsewhere (M) may be transitional. C. texana is virtually unknown east of the Mississippi River, except in s. Ill. and sw. Ind., where it appears to intergrade with pallida (FNA 3). It differs in the more frequent rusty-brown color of its peltate scales; also, its petioles and rachises are relatively glabrous, without concentrations of hairs near leaflet insertions (as found in pallida).


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|BCarya tomentosa (Lam. ex Poir.) Nutt.B|   	1371


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Juglandaceae: Carya <Apocarya> tomentosa ("alba")


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The confused name C. alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. has been applied to this species in some literature (W), but there is a proposal to reject that name (Ward & Wiersema 2008). During the Virginian settlement of Ky. (Campbell 1989), the common name "white hickory" was also applied to cordiformis (bitternut), which does have a distinctly whitish bark, more so than tomentosa (mockernut).


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|BCarya X ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg.B|   	1372


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Juglandaceae: Carya <Apocarya> X ovalis (glabra x ovata)


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These trees deserve further study. They may result from hydridization of glabra and ovata, and in some localities they are more common than the supposed parents: e.g. on Cumberland Mt. in BELL, and perhaps other relatively cool zones of the state. However, FNA 3 has included such trees all within a broadly defined, variable glabra, within which no segregates are recognized. In general, ovalis has been described (F, Cr, W) as differing from glabra in its somewhat scaly or shaggy bark (versus non-shaggy); longer staminate catkins, ca. 10-15 cm long (versus 5-8 cm); fruits of intermediate size and various shapes, with light brown husk that splits to base, and sweet kernel (versus dark brown, closed or tardily splitting, sweetish or somewhat bitter). Less reliable are leaflet number (often reported as usually 7 but not necessarily so in Ky.), pubescence (perhaps more consistently hairy), and other characters (perhaps reddish petioles). C. ovalis reportedly includes diploids (2n = 32), as in most Carya species, and tetraploids (2n = 64), as in glabra, tomentosa and pallida.


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|BCastanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.B|   	1320


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Unverified records (open dots) include historical data of Barton (1919), Gr and B; Gr also listed counties throughout western regions, but Barton and B did not. This famously useful tree used to be widespread and locally abundant on acid sandy soils, especially in the Cumberland Mts. and adjacent rugged hills (Barton 1919). It was always absent from the Bluegrass region, and it was uncommon to absent in most counties west of the Green Rv. After the 1930s, it has largely disappeared due to the chestnut blight. Small sprouts are still scattered at low density and occasionally grow to sapling size. Seed production is very rare, but there have been reports of this since 1980 from BARR, BUTL, HARL, LARU and POWE.


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Most records may be from planted trees, but occasional self-seeding does occur. Open dots indicate uncertain status. C. mollissima is often confused with dentata. Breeding of blight-resistant trees has involved hybridization between these two species, and further confusion can be expected as these hybrids become released. The European species, C. sativa Mill., may also be expected but remains unconfirmed (Clark et al. 2005; CW). Leaves of mollissima-dentata hybrids may be hard to distinguish from sativa, which combines stellate pubescence (as in mollissiima) and, in young leaves, small stalked glands (J; Zander 2000).


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|BCastanea pumila (L.) P. Mill.B|   	1321


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Solid dots indicate verified native plants; most records retain uncertain status. Before fungal blight and fire-suppression, this southern species may have been much more frequent, at least in Appalachian regions. Unverified historical records are mapped here as open dot, but those of Gr and others are hard to interpret. Some colls. may have come from planted or escaped individuals; these include some mapped by Johnson (1988) and CW. Although old colls. from JEFF and OLDH from roadsides or parks have been considered native in previous databases, their status is dubious. There appear to be no verified records of native plants from Ind. (D) or Ohio, despite recent mapping in those states by FNA 3 and others. There appear to be rare hybrids with dentata, including a coll. from adjacent Tenn. (Johnson 1988).


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|BCastilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng.B|   	1728


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This appears to be native in MCLE, MCRE, TRIG, WHIT and perhaps elsewhere (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW), but its status in Ky. remains uncertain. It is widely planted and escaped. Within southeastern states, the original range of bignonioides may have mostly to the southeast of Ky., especially on more acid, infertile, siliceous soils (Little 1971). Distinction from speciosa is often difficult, especially without the distinctive flowers or fruits (F, Cr, J, Y). Leaves of bignonioides tend to be more malodorous, more persistently pubescent (with stellate hairs as well as straight ones), and less long-tapered; its bark is relatively light brown (versus reddish-brown), with thinner scaly plates on older trunks (Y; see also Gr).


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|BCatalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm.B|   	1661


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Distinction from bignonioides needs to be rechecked in several cases. Colls. from Mississippi and Ohio Rv. bottomland in CARL, FULT, HICK, MCLE, UNIO and perhaps elsewhere may be from native plants. There is archaeological evidence that speciosa occurred upstream along the Ohio in W.Va. before 1500 AD (Hemmings & Core 1976), and this species is currently frequent in the lower Kanawha Rv. valley. However, much is planted throughout the whole Ohio Valley, and there are frequent escapes.


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|BCATCHFLY: Silene {species with sticky hairs}B|


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|BCaulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Loconte & BlackwellB|   	164


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Berberidaceae: Caulophyllum giganteum (thalictroides var. g.)


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Mapping here is provisional. Loconte & Blackwell (1985; FNA 3) indicated that giganteum is distinct from thalictroides, differing in its larger pistils (3-5 mm long versus 1-3 mm), styles (1-2 mm long versus 0.25-1 mm), stamen filaments (1.5-2.5 mm long versus 0.5-1.5 mm), and sepals (6-9 mm long versus 3-6 mm). Sepals are usually purple, less often red, brown or yellow (versus yellow to greenish-purple). It typically flowers about two weeks earlier, has fewer flowers per inflorescence (4-18 versus 5-70), less divided first leaves (mostly into 3 parts versus 4) but larger leaflets (5-10 cm long versus 3-8 cm). C. giganteum is reported to have a largely northeastern range, but overlaps greatly with thalictroides. It may reach the southwest margin of its range in c. Ky. and c. Tenn.


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|BCaulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.B|   	163


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Berberidaceae: Caulophyllum thalictroides (var. t.)


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Some of these mapped records may still be referred to giganteum; further revision is needed.


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|BCayaponia quinqueloba (Raf.) ShinnersB|   	1383 R


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Cucurbitaceae: Cayaponia [Melothria] quinqueloba (grandifolia)


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This southern species of swamp border and river banks has been reported from Ky., but probably in error (M). Nevertheless, it probably does occur in Ky. near the Mississippi River, since it is known from all counties in w. Tenn. and se. Mo. along that riverine border of the state (Ch, Y).


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Varieties in this widespread eastern species need more study. Most colls. from Ky are referable to var. americanus, but there may at least be intergradation with other varieties. Some of B's colls. from FLEM (check US) and GRAV (GH) have been identified as var. intermedius (Pursh) K. Koch., which is known primarily from the southeastern Coastal Plain and may be unlikely in Ky. That variety generally has smaller leaves (ca. 2-4 x 1-2 cm versus 4-10 x 2.5-6 cm) and other differences (F). A coll. of R. Athey (check EKY) from LIVI has been identified as var. pitcheri Torr. & Gray, which is known primarily from the central Mississippi Valley and adjacent hills; its leaves are generally blunt or rounded (versus acute or acuminate) and pilose above (versus glabrous).


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This largely western species has several disjunct occurrences on rocky riverbanks and rocky glades as far east as Va. (or D.C.) to N.H. (Bartgis et al. 1997; W). In Ky. it is known from small patches on both sides of the Rockcastle Rv. in LAUR (MM for WKY) and PULA (KY); also, on banks of the Little South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in WAYN (KY). There is an unverified record of KSNPC from LYON.


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This alien has the potential to become widespread along woodland edges due to dispersal by birds from plantings. It has become locally abundant at several scattered localities, but especially in northeastern regions where it seems to have spread from extensive populations across se. Ohio (D. Taylor, pers. comm.). In several northern and eastern regions of North America, especially urban areas, this species is now a major problem. Although present for over 50 years, major invasions only occurred after 1970, probably assisted by promotion for horticulture. Unfortunately, its ornamental fruit has been touted, with insufficient attention fo the alternative cultivation of scandens.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 8,7 D 4.   |BABU B| +5*.


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Although widespread across eastern North America, this species is uncommon to rare in warmer or drier regions, including much of w. Ky. and c. Tenn. (except close to the Mississippi Rv.). In 1914, Gr noted: "found everywhere in thickets and in openings, clambering over fences, rocks and shrubs, and in the absence of support, sometimes sprawling on the ground." C. scandens remains widely scattered across north-central Ky. in richer soils, but it has become rare in more populated areas. It may have been reduced due to harvesting of fruiting branches for decoration, and perhaps local intense browsing by deer and livestock. Gradual invasion of orbiculatus could pose another threat by direct competition and slow genetic introgression (Pooler et al. 2002; Y).


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This is an occasionally escaped ornamental, but perhaps not truly naturalized; there are records from LIVI and PIKE (M). The more showy cultivated plants are known as var. cristata (L.) Kuntze.


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Celtidaceae [Moraceae*]: Celtis laevigata (mississippiensis)


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This appears to intergrades somewhat with the two other species of Celtis. Some outlying northern records deserve further verification, but this species does occur at scattered sites along the lower Kentucky Rv. bottomlands. Colls. from BULL, MARS, OHIO (KY) and elsewhere have been identified as the "copiously serrate" (F) var. smallii (Beadle) Sarg., which could be transitional to occidentalis. Revision is needed (FNA 3).


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This is widespread in central and eastern North America, but generally uncommon to absent in regions with infertile acid soils. In the original woodlands of Ky., occidentalis was common in the Bluegrass region, but much less frequent elsewhere (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989); Barton's data shows a strong concentration in FAYE and adjacent counties. It has now increased and spread into many regions after Virginian settlement. Evident variation and hybridization with the other two species of Celtis needs further study. Based on F, most trees may be referable to var. canina (Raf.) Sarg. Some colls., including many from the Bluegrass region, fit var. crassifolia (Lam.) Gray, and a few scattered colls. fit var. occidentalis.


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Celtidaceae [Moraceae*]: Celtis tenuifolia (?pumila)


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Variation needs further study. There has been some confusion with the other species of Celtis, and hybrids appear to occur. Most colls. fit the relatively pubescent and coriaceous-leaved var. georgiana (Small) Fern. & Schub., but further assessment of that taxon is needed. Using older treatments, a few plants were identified as C. occidentalis var. pumila (Pursh) Gray or C. pumila var. deamii Sarg., but these taxa may be considered transitional between tenuifolia and occidentalis.


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|BCenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern.B|   	3432


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Cenchrus longispinus (carolinianus, "pauciflorus")


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Most records are from western regions along major rivers, but a few disjunct records are from eastern regions on sandy riverbanks.


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Cenchrus spinifex (incertus, pauciflorus)


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This southern species is close to the more northern longispinus, and there has has been confusion in nomenclature. It is not clearly reported from Ky., but distributions indicated by FNA 25, as well as previous treatments, suggest that it may well occur along the Mississippi River. Further collection and revision is needed.


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Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Centaurea biebersteinii ("maculosa*"; stoebe ssp. micranthos)


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This persistent perennial weed was first reported from Ky. in 1943 (B), and it is now locally abundant on dry base-rich soils across the state. Following Ochsmann (2001), a alternative name has been recently adopted in some treatments (FNA 19; Y, W): C. stoebe L. ssp. micranthos (S.G. Gmelin ex Gugler) Hayek, which is a tetraploid (2n = 36). However, the subspecies concept is avoided in this Atlas, pending further clarification. Ochsmann showed that C. maculosa Lam. is a synonym of typical stobe, which is a diploid annual. The two taxa have become largely sympatric in Europe, but biebersteinii appears to have had a more western range before forest clearance.


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This first records of this showy weed were during the 1980s. It has increased in recent decades, partly due to plantings for displays along roads and then subsequent escapes.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: C 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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This alien has become common in much of western North America, but it is generally rare in the east and absent in southeastern states (PL).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? D 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Centaurea jacea (ssp. j.)


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This alien occurs in northeastern and northwestern regions, but is virtually absent in southeastern states (FNA 19; PL). The first report from Ky. was in 1914, when Gr noted just "not very common"; but it has remained rare.


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Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Centaurea nigra (jacea ssp. n.)


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The history of this weed in North America and Ky. is similar to that of C. jacea. The few colls. from Ky. may be var. radiata DC., which is supposed to have orginated from hybrids with jacea (= X pratensis auct.). The status of radiata needs further investigation (FNA 19, Y).


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The few records of this species need to be confirmed. Maddox et al. (1985) reported it from HARD, and there are tentatively identified colls. from LEWI (KY) and OLDH (DHL).


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This alien is widespread across North America, except in southeastern states FNA 19; PL). Although first reported from Ky. in 1914 (Gr), there have been few subsequent records.


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|BCentaurea transalpina Schleich. ex DC.B|   	2508


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Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Centaurea transalpina (dubia, nigrescens)


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This is known only from colls. of the late J.W. Thieret (KNK). It is similarly distributed in North America to jacea, but much less common..


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|BCentrosema virginianum (L.) Benth.B|   	1287


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The only record of this southeastern species is a coll. from WAYN (US): L.B. Smith & A.R. Hodgdon #3878, 12-14 July 1937, brushy bank of Beaver Creek south of Monticello.


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Centunculus [Anagallis] minimus


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This cosmopolitan species of warmer regions was collected by C.W. Short (PH), labelled as Peplis americana: "common around Greenville [MUHL], in thin, poor soils, June 1, 1840." The only other record is a coll. of R. Thompson from MADI (BEREA) from a ditch along Interstate 75 at the KY 21 exit (Abbott et al. 2001). The name Anagallis minima (L.) E.H. Krause may be preferred (W).


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This includes var. pubescens Raf., which is recorded from JEFF (DHL) and probably elsewhere.


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|BCerastium brachypetalum Desportes ex Pers.B|   	355


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This is close to glomeratum, and often overlooked; it has become widespread across southeastern states (FNA 5). In addition to its long silvery hairs more open panicles, and relatively narrow leaves, the plant is relatively large and diffusely branched (Y); 2n = 88, 90.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BCerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex Gray) B.L. Robins.B|   	352


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Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium brachypodum (nutans var. b.*)


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This diploid (2n = 34) is close to nutans, but generally distinct (FNA 5). It has a widespread western range, and extends into Ky. and Tenn. along major river valleys. It is typical of more open weedy habitats.


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|BCerastium dubium (Bast.) GuépinB|   	353


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The first North American record of this diploid (2n = 36, 38) was in 1966 (FNA 5), but it has spread rapidly to many states. It is close to the more southern tetraploid, C. diffusum Pers., which has been found in se. Mo. and is expected in Ky.


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This annual weed is a highly variable tetraploid (2n = 72), and most colls. need rechecking for other species: especially semidecandrum, brachypetalum or pumilum but also vulgare. Both glomeratum and vulgare become common during early settlement (Short 1928-29), especially in overgrazed bluegrass pastures (Gr). C. viscosum L. is an ambiguous name proposed for rejection (FNA 5).


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Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium nutans (var. n.*)


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This native diploid (2n = 34, 36) is typical of moderately disturbed submesic to subhydric woodlands and edges on fertile soils. However, it is rather uncommon and appears to have been generally grazed or mowed out of more heavily farmed landscapes.


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This tetraploid (2n = 72) is similar to vulgare and often overlooked; see FNA 5 and Y for notes on characters.


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This diploid (2n = 36) is close to pumilum and vulgare, and often overlooked, but probably much less common (Y). The only records from Ky. are colls. of J.W. Thieret (KNK).


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Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium velutinum (arvense* var. ve.)


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This tetraploid perennial (2n = 72) of rocky woods on base-rich soils occurs in scattered, somewhat disjunct regions across east-central states (FNA 5). C. arvense L., strictly defined, is a more northern diploid, but further revision is anticipated (Morton 2004). Ky. plants may be synonymous with C. arvense var. villosum (Muhl. ex Darl.) Hollick & Britt., perhaps to be renamed as C. velutinum var. villosum (new combination).


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Caryophyllaceae: Cerastium vulgare (fontanum ssp. v., triviale, "vulgatum")


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This cosmopolitan weed from Europe is an octoploid (2n = 144) that is often combined as a subspecies with C. fontanum Baumg., which occurs only in cooler regions of Europe. C. vulgatum L. is an ambiguous name proposed for rejection (FNA 5). Altough vulgare is often described as perennial, this is not obvious in most colls., and biennial to annual behavior may also occur.


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In Ky., this cosmopolitan aquatic species is known mostly from large old sloughs and ponds. It does not typically occur in artificial lakes or ponds.


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There has been some taxonomic confusion with the closely related C. submersum L. or C. muricatum Chamisso, which occur in Eurasia and can be defined in a narrow sense to exclude American plants (as reviewed in W). C. echinatum is widely scattered in eastern North America and the Pacific northwest, but is much less frequent than demersum. In Ky., Tenn. (Ch) and Mo. (Y) it is known from a few natural ponds or sloughs that are somewhat removed from the major river valleys, occasionally even in sinkhole ponds or springs (Y). The alien Myriophyllum spicatum could be a serious competitor in these habitats, especially with eutrophic conditions.


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|BChaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) NakaiB|   	1053


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Chaenomeles speciosa (lagenaria, "japonica")


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Most or all records may be from persistent plantings at old home sites. Establishment from seed has not been documented, and the species should perhaps not be considered naturalized.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8 D? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BChaenorhinum minus (L.) LangeB|   	1708


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chaenorrhinum [Linaria] minus


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BChaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz var. procumbensB|   	2021


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Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Chaerophyllum procumbens var. p.


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|BChaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz var. shortii Torr. & GrayB|   	2022


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Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Chaerophyllum procumbens var. shortii


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This variety seems distinct from typical plants, and perhaps concentrated in the central Ohio Valley (but see Y). Further research is needed to clarify its status.


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Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Chaerophyllum tainturieri


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This southern species has probably been confused with procumbens, especially in early records (e.g. Gr). The first reliable records of tainturiei are from the 1930s (Greenwell 1935; B), and it seems possible that it spread north into Ky. after settlement. It is often associated with roadsides.


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|BChamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) GreeneB|   	1168


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Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Chamaecrista [Cassia] fasciculata


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Colls. from NELS, WOOD (KY) and elsewhere seem to be var. robusta (Pollard) J.F. MacBr., but that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


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|BChamaecrista nictitans (L.) MoenchB|   	1169


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Caesalpiniaceae [Fabaceae*]: Chamaecrista [Cassia] nictitans (var. n.)


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Variation in this species is complex across the wide range, extending to South America. But in most of eastern North America only var. nictitans is worth recognizing (Y, W). Included here is var. leiocarpa Fern., which was reportedly collected in BELL (B).


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|BChamaelirium luteum (L.) GrayB|   	2650


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Chamaelirium luteum (obovale)


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|BChamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) SmallB|   	901


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|BChamaesyce maculata (L.) SmallB|   	900


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Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce [Euphorbia*] maculata (supina)


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|BChamaesyce nutans (Lag.) SmallB|   	899


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Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce [Euphorbia*] nutans (preslii, "maculata")


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This was formerly called maculata, in error, due to confusion in nomenclature.


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|BChamaesyce prostrata (Ait.) SmallB|   	902


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Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce [Euphorbia*] prostrata (E. chamaesyce)


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|BChamaesyce serpens (HBK.) SmallB|   	903 R


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This has been reported from CRIT (KSNPC; check EKY) and WARR (Pr), but verified colls. have not been seen. If present in Ky., this western species is probably just as adventive waifs.


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|BChasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) YatesB|   	3140


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Poaceae <Centotheceae>: Chasmanthium ("Uniola") latifolium


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This tetraploid (2n = 48) is widespread across southeastern states in various habitat. Within Ky. it is especially frequent along the crest of riverbanks, between riparian woods and the open scoured zones. It is also locally abundant in thin woods on rocky slopes, especially on base-rich soils.


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|BChasmanthium laxum (L.) YatesB|   	3141


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Poaceae <Centotheceae>: Chasmanthium ("Uniola") laxum (ssp. l.)


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This southeastern species is largely restricted to damp acid soils that dry out during the summer (i.e. hydroxeric), usually in thin woods or edges.


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|BChasmanthium sessiliflorum (Poir.) YatesB|   	3142 R


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Poaceae <Centotheceae>: Chasmanthium ("Uniola") sessiliflorum (laxum ssp./var. s.)


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This southern species has been reported but colls. have not been located (M; see LYON in FNA 25 & website). In c. Tenn., it is known from counties bordering Ky., and there is a disjunct record from e. Mo. C. sessilifolium differs from laxum (F, Cr, FNA 24, W) in its fertile lemmas, which are 7-9-veined (versus 3-7) and usually curved or irregularly contorted (versus straight); blades are wider on average (mostly 6-11 mm versus 3-7 mm), basally-concentrated (versus to half-way up the culm); sheaths are villous at least towards the summit (versus glabrous), mostly covering the nodes (versus nodes exerted); culms are up to 2-3.5 mm thick at nodes (versus ca. 1 mm). It has been treated as a variety or subspecies of laxum; both are diploids (2n = 24), but there is no evidence of intergradation. It occurs in submesic to xeric woods, in contrast with the subhydric to xero-hydric habitats of laxum


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|BCheilanthes alabamensis (Buckl.) KunzeB|   	51


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This species was discovered at one site on dolomitic limestone cliffs along Cedar Creek in BULL (KNK) during the 1970s (Cranfill 1980) and 1980s (M), and it may have been relocated in 1993 by KSNPC staff.


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|BCheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C. Eat.B|   	52


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This rarely persists or spreads from cultivation; there are scattered records from the Bluegrass region (BOON, FAYE, SCOT).


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|BChelone glabra L. var. elatior Raf.B|   	1686


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone glabra var. elatior (C. montana)


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Distinction from typical glabra may not be clear in some cases; W concluded that these taxa intergrade too much for easy recognition. Nelson et al. (1998) found only diploid chromosome numbers within this species (2n = 28).


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|BChelone glabra L. var. glabraB|   	1685


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone glabra var. glabra


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Variation may deserve further study. Some Appalachian records might be switched to var. elatior; a coll. from CALL (WKY) is referable to var. linifolia Coleman; several scattered colls. have been referred to forma tomentosa (Raf.) Pennell.


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|BChelone obliqua L. var. erwiniae Pennell & WherryB|   	1682


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone obliqua var. erwinieae


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Variation within this southeastern species deserves further study. All Appalachian material in Ky. has been referable to var. erwiniae, but this taxon has not been distinguished in most recent treatments. Chromosome numbers need to be checked; there is a southern Appalachian race with 2n = 56, which may represent var. erwiniae (Nelson et al. 1998). In the rest of the species, 2n = 84.


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|BChelone obliqua L. var. obliquaB|   	1683 R


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone obliqua var. o.


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Further review of colls. is needed to check varieties. M concluded that this typical variety is relatively rare, at least in Ky. The only verified record may be a coll. from the edge of Murphy's Pond in HICK (M. Medley #19246-89 for WKY).


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|BChelone obliqua L. var. speciosa Pennell & WherryB|   	1684


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone obliqua var. speciosa


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This mid-western variety appears to be generally distinct. However, colls. from GRAV (WKY) and HICK (MUR) should be rechecked; see note under var. obliqua.


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium album (vars. a. +  lanceolatum)


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This cosmopolitan weed probably originated in Eurasia, but it has been combined in various treatments with some native species, especially missouriense; both are hexaploids (2n = 54). It has also been considered close to the native berlandieri complex; see notes under bushianum. These plants have all had an ancient association with mankind, providing useful food in cooked greens and ground seeds. Plants referable to C. lanceolatum Muhl. ex Willd. (= C. album var. lanceolatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Coss. & Germ.) have been combined with typical album in most recent treatments, but may warrant at least informal recognition (FNA 4) or suggest introgression with boscianum (Y). They differ from typical album (F, St, FNA 4) in the leaves, which are usually lanceolate to narrowly ovate, entire, dark green, glabrous (versus broader rhombic, toothed, glaucous, farinose); inflorescences are more interrupted, with pedicels below some flowers (versus sessile); and seeds are smaller (1-1.2 mm versus 1.3-1.5 mm long). In contrast to album, lanceolatum may be native in North America, and is often associated with vacant lots and roadsides (versus cultivated fields), often with a more sprawling habit. In Ky, these plants do appear distinct sometimes (e.g. JC from HARR for KY), but may be also associated with stress or regrowth after mowing.


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|BChenopodium berlandieri Moq.B|   	396 T


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium berlandieri (+ vars. boscianum, zschackei)


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These are western and southern plants closely related to bushianum, and consist of several additional segregates that have been treated as species in some treatments (FNA 4, Y). Those that may occur in Ky. are var. zschackei (Murr) Murr ex Asch., which is widespread in western and central North America, and var. boscianum (Moq.) Wahl, which occurs mostly in southern states (especially coastal counties from Va. to Texas). See notes under buschianum for a possible transition to zschackei in CAMP (KNK). In much literature the name boscianum has been misapplied to standleyanum; reported colls. from CARL (check MUR) and FULT (check Memphis) have not been verified (M).


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|BChenopodium berlandieri: see C. buschianumB|


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|BChenopodium bonus-henricus L.B|   	400 W


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium <Blitum> bonus-henricus


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This occasionally cultivated tetraploid (2n = 36) perennial is locally escaped in northeastern regions, but virtually absent elsewhere in North America (FNA 4, PL). The only record from Ky. is a coll. in DAVI (MUR): Austin & Gentry #3495, 3 Aug 1966, waste pond bank by oil storage tank, 1.2 m W of US 431 on Marksburg Rd., ditch crossing road.


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium buschianum ("paganum", berlandieri* var. bu.)


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This has been confused with missouriense and others, through misapplication of the name C. paganum Reichenb. (probably a Eurasian form of album). It is part of the tetraploid (2n = 36) berlandieri complex, which has seeds clearly roughened with cellular reticulation (when viewed with x 10-20), versus smooth in the album complex (Cr, St, FNA 4, Y). C. buschianum may have originated in mid-western regions but was spread east to mid-Atlantic regions, widely cultivated and selected for its relatively large, edible seeds, ca. 1000-4000 years ago (King 1985). Other weed seeds were eaten, especially ca. 1000-2000 years ago, and some were apparently cultivated as well, including Polygonum erectum, Phalaris caroliniana, Hordeum pusillum, Iva annua and Helianthus annuus, with lesser amounts of Ambrosia trifida, Amaranthus sp., Portulaca sp., Galium sp., etc. Such species probably occurred along edges of trails, campsites and villages, and in some cases on fresh alluvium. Corn and beans largely replaced these species in the diet ca. 1000-1500 years ago. The coll. from CAMP (KNK) may be transitional to the more western C. zschakei, often treated as C. berlandieri Mod. var. zschakei (Murr.) Murr. Compared to buschianum, seeds of zschakei are smaller (ca. 1.1-1.5 mm long versus 1.5-2.3 mm), with thicker coats, and its leaves are generally less bright green.


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium giganteum (+ centrorubrum; album var. c.)


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Further revision is needed. C. giganteum and C. centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai are closely related Asian taxa that are provionally mapped here together. Compared to typical album (FNA 4), these taxa are relatively robust, with stems up to 2-3 m, and more densely farinose; leaves are up to 15 cm long, often distinctly 3-lobed (versus weakly lobed), and dentate to entire (versus densely dentate); seeds are reportedly smaller, on average. C. centrorubrum (or album var. centrorubrum Makino) is a densely reddish-farinose plant (Ohwi 1975) that has been rarely reported in North America, but it is represented by colls. (MM for WKY) from HARL (around Pine Mt. Settlement School) and JEFF (widely escaped from cultivation of R. Cassell). This taxon may be much more widespread, but it is frequently difficult to distinguish from giganteum (FNA 4).


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium <Blitum> glaucum (var. g.)


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In Ky., this diploid (2n = 18) species is known only from the Ohio Rv. shore in BOON (A. Cusick #24687 at NCU) and the Univ. of Ky. campus in FAYE (KY). Variation needs further study across ranges. Plants in northeastern North America can mostly be treated as var. glaucum, which apparently originated from Eurasia (FNA 4); they are rare to absent in southeastern states (PL). Var. salinum (Standl.) Boivin, which has been treated as a species by some authors, may be native in western and northern regions, but is virtually unknown in states east of the Mississippi Rv.


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium missouriense ("paganum", album var. m.)


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This is widespread across much of North America, but perhaps native only to the Great Plains and mid-west. Distinction from the closely related album and standleyanum needs further study. It differs (Cr, St., FNA 4) from album in its generally wider leaves (the lower ones with l/w up to 1.5 versus 1.5-2+); stems with purple nodes; inflorescence less compact, more delicate and flexuous; and smaller seeds (ca. 0.9-1.2 mm versus 1-1.5 mm long). It is reported to flower only during Sep-Oct (versus May to Oct). Although perhaps associated with archaeological sites of Woodland age in east-central states, identification of seeds needs more work (KIng 1985). There is no evidence of domestication, as in buschianum, which is found much more frequently in Woodland sites.


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This diploid (2n = 18) species is widely naturalized in North America, but generally uncommon or rare. Its status and habitats in Ky. are not clear.


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium pratericola (dessicatum var. leptophylloides, "leptophyllum")


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Some colls. may need to be rechecked for other species. This diploid (2n = 18) species is widespread North American species, except in southeastern states. It has narrow leaves that lack secondary veins, but larger leaves are 3-nerved from the base. Similar leaves are typical of C. pallescens Standl. of the southern Great Plains, and to C. dessicatum A. Nelson of more western states, which both may be expected in Ky. as waifs (Y). It may also be confused with the "lanceolatum" variant of album, which does have secondary veins, and no leaves 3-nerved from the base.


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|BChenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf.B|   	392


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium simplex (gigantospermum, hybridum var. s./g.)


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This tetraploid (2n = 36) species is widespread across North America, but rare to absent in most southeastern states (PL). In Ky., it is known mostly from ravine forests under limestone or sandstone cliffs; in Tenn., it is known only around the adjacent Cumberland Plateau (Ch). It has relatively large seeds (ca. 1.5-2.5 mm long), and is associated with archaeological sites of Woodland age, but does not seem to have been domesticated like buschianum (King 1985).


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium standleyanum ("boscianum")


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This diploid (2n = 18) species is widespread in eastern North America, typically in submesic to subxeric woods on fertile base-rich soils, especially where soil is disturbed. It has also been reported on bottomlands, but there has probably been confusion with other species in some cases. In Ky., standleyanum and perhaps simplex are the only members of Chenopodiaceae to exhibit significant shade tolerance.


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|BCHICKWEED: Cerastium (MOUSE-EAR), Holosteum (JAGGED), Myosoton (WATER-), StellariaB|


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|BChimaphila maculata (L.) PurshB|   	1449


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This species occurs in much of eastern North America, but it is concentrated in or near Appalachian regions. There a relatively abrupt western edge to its range in the central and lower Ohio Valley, with only local extensions and disjunctions north to the Great Lakes region (PL).


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|BChimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. var. cisatlantica BlakeB|   	1448 R


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Pyrolaceae [Ericaceae]: Chimaphila umbellata var. cisatlantica


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This northern (circumboreal) species has been reported from Ky. but not verified (Gibson 1971, Campbell et al. 1989). It is known from the Blue Ridge region, adjacent Piedmont and eastern Coastal Plain (W).


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This species is widely scattered over southeastern states, but it is most common in Atlantic states and rare to absent in the central and lower Ohio Valley.


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This species of the southern Great Plains is only adventive in eastern states.


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This largely tropical species is occasionally adventive further north.


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|BChrysogonum virginianum L. var. brevistolon NesomB|   	2237


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Chrysogonum virginianum var. brevistolon


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This Southern Appalachian variety was recently described by Nesom (2001a). It has moderately long stolons, ca. 2-6 cm; early flowering stems are leafless, ca. 2-25 cm tall; later ones are leafy, ca. 15-25 cm tall. Var. virginianum is essentially non-stoloniferous, with later leafy flowering stems often taller, and more eastern; it was mapped close to Ky. by Nesom (and within Ky. by FNA 21 but apparently not verified). The highly distinct var. australe (Alexander ex Small) Ahles is strongly stoloniferous and has short leafless flowering stems; it has a disjunct southern range.


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|BChrysopsis mariana (L.) Ell.B|   	2284


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This species occurs from Mo. and Kans. to La. and Tex. It is not clear if the Ky. colls. are disjunct in remnants of natural habitat, or just adventive along roadsides.


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|BChrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook.B|   	460


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This showy alien ("chicory") was first reported from Ky. in 1914, when Gr noted: "becoming a common weed locally in lawns and about the edges of towns... The seeds are scattered with forage seeds." It is now abundant in suitable habitat across the state.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 :: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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Ranunculaceae <?Actaeeae>: Cimicifuga [Actaea] americana


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|BCimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.B|   	172


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Ranunculaceae <?Actaeeae>: Cimicifuga [Actaea] racemosa


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Although typical of fairly deep shade in mesic woods, this somewhat toxic species can also occur in maturing old field forests or other transitions to farmland. Gr noted: "in mountainous sections this plant is often seen in partially cleared land used for pasture."


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Ranunculaceae <?Actaeeae>: Cimicifuga [Actaea] rubifolia


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|BCinna latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb.B|   	3218 R


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This northern (circumboreal) species is not confirmed in Ky. It extends south to Tenn. and N.C., but only at high elevation (W). A putative coll. from BELL (TENN) has lost its inflorescence. Colls. reported (M) from LETC may be accessed at WKU and NCU (or Duke Univ.).


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Apparent hybrids with canadensis have been reported at a few sites, and deserve further study.


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Onagraceae: Circaea canadensis (quadrisulcata, lutetiana ssp. c.*)


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Boufford (1982) provided a thorough global treatment of Circaea, adding to county records from Ky. He treated this taxon a subspecies of the Eurasian C. quadriusulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Savigny, but W and others have preferred to retain it as a species, within North American floras.


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|BCircaea lutetiana: see C. canadensisB|


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|BCirsium altissimum (L.) HillB|   	2498


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Although widespread in eastern North America, this species is curiously local in Ky., perhaps reflecting patterns of openings in the woods before settlement, especially on moderately fertile, base-rich soils. Introgression with discolor appears to be frequent in mid-western regions (FNA 19, Y), but has not been clearly documented in Ky.


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This bad weed was first reported in 1914, when Gr noted: "The Canadian thistle is more often seen in newspapers than in our fields... it occurs locally in the State... but for some reason disappears again... its seeds frequently come to Kentucky in imported forage seeds..." It was rarely recorded until after 1950 (Harvill 1941), but increased greatly after 1970. Since 1990 C. arvense has become much more widespread than colls. indicate. Ky. is near the southern edge of its range in North America. It has been expanding towards the south, especially along major highways, but has increased much less in Tenn. (Sudbrink et al. 2001). C. arvense is an unusual thistle, with perennial running roots and imperfectly dioceous flowers. Most or all plants may be var. horridum Wimmer & Grab. (see also W), but varieties are not generally recognized in North America.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :: D 5.   |BABU B| +6*.


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|BCirsium carolinianum (Walt.) Fern. & Schub.B|   	2500


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In some treatments before 1950 (e.g. B), this widespread southeastern species has been misidentified as C. virginianum (L.) Michx., which occurs just on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It appears to be a relatively conservative remnant of thin woodland and grassland, especially on sandy soils.


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|BCirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.B|   	2499


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This widespread eastern species is the most common native thistle in Ky., but it is not a significant problem for farmers. It mostly occurs in old fields and roadsides. Hybrids with other species are not documented.


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Variation within this species deserves further attention. Across its largely northern range, it generally occurs in rather base-rich wetlands. In Ky. and some other Appalachian localities (within Tenn., N.C., Va., W.Va. and perhaps further northeast based on GH), it usually occurs on relatively mesic sites with medium acid soils, especially along roads and trails on lower slopes in the Rugged Hills of the Appalachian Plateaus. In these hills, it is often more robust, with relatively large heads and less deeply pinnatifid leaves. (A somewhat parallel ecological distinction may exist within Eutrochium maculatum.) Plants with less deeply pinnatifid leaves have been treated as var. subpinnatifidum (Britt.) Fern. (or a forma in F). However, variation may be too continuous across the species range for segregates to be readily recognized.


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Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Cirsium vulgare (lanceolatum)


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This has generally been the most common thistle in farmland since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gr), but other species have now surpassed it in some areas.


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|BCitrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & NakaiB|   	1376 C


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This species (the commonly cultivated watermelon) does not seem to be persistent in the wild but occasional plants do establish from discarded (or spat) seeds.


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|BCladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr.B|   	2957


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This was recently collected by K. Feeman in the Hog Hollow area of BATH (MDKY; Clark et al. 2005). It has also been reported from Ky. by Small (1903), Gleason (1952) and others, presumably based on an old coll. (but none found at NY). It is a widespread eastern species, but mostly found in coastal and lake regions.


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|BCladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) RuddB|   	1170


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Fabaceae <Sophoreae>: Cladrastis kentukea (lutea)


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This ancient relictual species occurs in scattered disjunct localities of east-central states, mostly in the Ozark region and around the Southern Appalachians. Most Appalachian trees tend to have much larger maximum size (often 5-7 dm dbh versus only 2-4 dm elsewhere) and more stump sprouting, but there are no clear differences in flowers or fruits (M. Vincent, pers. comm.).  In Ky., there are two main clusters of records: (1) in the central Kentucky River Palisades; (2) in southeastern mountains or adjacent bluffs. Several outlying records are unverified, including some from Gr. W.S. Bryant and JC have observed a small tree at Boone County Cliffs Preserve, but it disappeared during the 1980s; other records from n. Ky. are old or uncertain (KENT, PEND). Further field work is needed in western regions. The record from TODD (Little 1971) remains unconfirmed, but Cladrastis is known from adjacent Tenn. along bluffs of the Red Rv. in Montgomery Co. (Ch). Plants in the loess bluffs of FULT (MUR) have not been relocated in recent decades, but Cladrastis does extend south along such bluffs to La. and Miss. As in most Caesalpiniaceae (except Chamaecrista) but unlike almost all other Fabaceae, Cladrastis does not appear to fix nitrogen with rhizobia (Graves & Van de Poll 1992).


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Chromosome numbers can range from 2n = 16 to 38 (FNA 4).


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Chromosome numbers have a wide range (2n = 12 to 190). No attempt yet in Ky. has been made to separate the largely southern var. acutiflora DC., which has leaves only 1-2 (4) mm wide (versus mostly 5-10 mm), and chromosome numbers based on n = 6 or 7 (versus 8 or more). That variety is known in s. Ill., and expected in Ky. (Lewis & Semple 1977, Cr).


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|BCleistes bifaria (Fern.) Catling & GreggB|   	2792


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Orchidaceae <Pogoniinae>: Cleistes bifaria (divaricata var. b.)


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This southern species, with a highly fragmented range (FNA 3), is similar to the widespread eastern virginiana, and it may have been overlooked. It differs in its pinnate to bipinnate leaves, with 5-7 distinct leaflets (versus 3), and its carpel, with 18-35 per flower (versus 40-60). The single Ky. record, from WARR is verified: K. Nicely & Gough #3069 (NCU, WKY).


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> crispa


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|BClematis glaucophylla Small ?B|   	237


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> cf. glaucophylla


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Records mapped here are based on old colls. that appear to be true glaucophylla based on determinations by Erickson (1943) and the treatment in FNA 3. However, identification may be doubted based on biogeography (D. Estes, pers. comm.). C. glaucophylla is known mostly scattered over e. and s. Ala., nw. Fla., n. and w. Ga., c. Miss. and e. Tenn. (including banks of the Obed Rv.). It is possible that the Ky. plants are unusual shaded or mesic forms of versicolor with relatively little reticulation on the lower leaf surfaces, There is a need for closer examination of more complete material and fresh flowers from Ky., as well as the disjunct plants referred to glaucophylla in n. La., s. Ark. and se. Okl. (FNA 3; see colls. at MO).


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|BClematis pitcheri Torr. & GrayB|   	236


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> pitcheri


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis terniflora (dioscoreifolia, paniculata var. d.)


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This alien has been widely planted and it may establish from seed (CW).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 7,10 D 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BClematis versicolor Small ex Rydb.B|   	238


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> versicolor


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Early reports of the more southern species, C. reticulata Walt. (Short et al. 1833, M), may have been based on misidentified versicolor. See also notes under Clematis cf. glaucophylla.


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|BClematis viorna L. {eastern/smooth variant}B|   	234


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> viorna {eastern/smooth variant; "glaucophylla"}


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These plants occur in largely non-calcareous Appalachian regions from W.Va. to Ala. and perhaps in the Ozarks of Ark. and Mo., mostly along rocky banks of larger streams and rivers. They differ, as follows, from the variant of viorna in more calcareous regions: sepals thinly hairy, especially when young, or glabrate (versus densely hairy); leaves glabrous on lower surface or nearly so, except for scattered hairs along veins (versus uniformly hairy); leaves, at least low on stem, mostly ternate or compound with 4-8 leaflets, these usually ovate to lanceolate with elongated acute-acuminate apices (versus variable but often less divided and elongated); stems more or less hairy near nodes, but thinly hairy to glabrous in general (versus uniformly hairy). Leaves are often relatively deep bluish-green, with a rather pale bluish sheen below, but not distinctly whitish-glaucous. The name C. glaucophylla Small has been applied to these plants using the treatments of Sm, F, RAB, J, W and others, but this is incorrect (FNA 3; D. Estes, pers. comm.). The name C. viorna var. viorna may be appropriate, but further research is needed. Some southern plants, with relatively broad, paler green, subreticulate leaflets, or with relatively small flowers, may resemble obscure taxa described by Sm. (beadlei and gattingeri).


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|BClematis viorna L. {widespread/hairy variant}B|   	235


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> viorna {widespread/hairy variant; incl. flaccida}


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These plants mostly have relatively hairy lower leaf surfaces and outer sepal surfaces. They usually occur on base-rich soils. However, there are transitions to the largely Appalachian variant of non-calcareous regions (see above). The name C. viorna var. flaccida (Small) Erickson may be appropriate, but types need to be reexamined. Some of the more disjunct western and southern colls. mapped here may resemble other variants found in southern foothills from S.C. to Ala. (including Viorna beadlei Small) and Ala. to e. Tex. (including V. subreticulata Harbison). These include colls. from TRIG and Montgomery Co., Tenn. (ASPU) with relatively broad, thinly hairy, more or less subreticulate leaflets. Such plants may appear intermediate between C. viorna and typical C. reticulata (Walt.) Small, which is known largely from the Coastal Plain but not confirmed in Ky. or Tenn. (Sm, Ch, W, FNA 3).


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Although widespread in eastern and central North America, this species may be relatively infrequent on more fertile base-rich soils. In Ky., it appears rare to absent in counties near the Ohio Rv. downstream of Appalachian regions. Mapped records include var. missouriensis (Rydb.) Palmer & Steyermark from HEND (KY-Agr.); that variety is not distinguished in recent treatments.


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Cleomaceae [Capparaceae*]: Cleome hassleriana ("spinosa")


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There are colls. from CAMP (KNK) and probably MARS (?EKY), both initially identified as C. ornithopodioides L. These plants were waifs in waste places, and it is not clear if the species is becoming truly naturalized.


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This is restricted to Appalachian regions. The more southern species, C. alnifolia L., has been reported but probably in error (as cited by M); in Tenn., it is known only from one southern county (Ch).


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|BClinopodium vulgare L. var. neogaea (Fern.) C.F. ReedB|   	1892


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Clinopodium [Satureja] vulgare var. neogaea


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F distinguished North American plants from Eurasian (var. vulgare) as follows: flowers lilac-pink to white (versus purple-red); leaves larger (?), glabrous or only sparsely strigose on upper surfaces (versus copiously strigose-villous); and more upright habit (?),


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|BClintonia umbellulata (Michx.) MorongB|   	2683


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|BCLOVER: Dalea (PRAIRIE), Lespedeza (BUSH), Kummerowia (JAPENESE & KOREAN), Melilotus (SWEET-), TrifoliumB|


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|BCLUB-MOSS: Lycopodiella (BOG), Lycopodium clavatum (RUNNING)B|


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This was reported by J, but details are not available; an earlier report by BA was based on a misidentification (M).


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|BCnidoscolus stimulosus (Michx.) Engelm. & GrayB|   	896 W


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This species of the southeastern Coastal Plain is known only from a coll. along a railroad track in HARD (Cranfill 1991).


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|BCoeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.) LuerB|   	2767


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Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Coeloglossum [Habenaria] viride var. virescens (bracteata)


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The coll. attributed to WHIT (KY) was made by A.R. Crandall at "Corbin" in the 1880s, but it could be from adjacent KNOX or LAUR. Dactylorhiza may become accepted as the correct generic name (W).


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|BCoincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet ssp. recurvata (All.) LeadleyB|   	658


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Brassicaceae <Brassiceae>: Coincya [Hutera] monensis ssp. recurvata (H. cheiranthos)


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Naczi & Thieret (1996) have documented the slow spread of this alien in eastern North America


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This species ("Job's Tears") is often cultivated and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from gardens, but it is not independently naturalized.


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|BCollinsia heterophylla Buist ex GrahamB|   	1701 C


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F stated that this California species is often cultivated, "tending to spread to cool situations in Ill. and Ky." Presumably F had seen a coll., but no further data are available.


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|BComandra umbellata (L.) Nutt.B|   	259


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Most colls. match C. richardsiana Fern., which is now generally combined; colls. from CART (KY) and MCRE (B) match typical umbellata. F's treatment deserves further evaluation; he indicated that richardsiana has a corymbose inflorescence (versus paniculate), with strongly ascending branches, and is perhaps typical of more calcareous soils.


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|BCOMFREY: Cynoglossum (WILD), Symphytum (GARDEN)B|


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Colls. from BELL, CARL, HARD (KY, MUR) and probably elsewhere are referable to var. ludens (Miq.) C.B. Clarke. This variety is not recognized in most recent treatments, but see Tucker (1989).


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There has been some confusion in appearance with C. communis (especially var. ludens). Also, there has been some confusion in nomenclature with C. nudiflora L. (M), which is an old synonym of Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-9,6 :: D 4?.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BCommelina erecta L. var. angustifolia (Michx.) Fern.B|   	2827


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Commelinaceae: Commelina erecta var. angustifolia


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Distinction from var. erecta needs to be rechecked in some colls., but these two taxa are generally separable in the state. Var. angustifolia is relatively southwestern in overall range, centered in Texas (Brashier 1966; FNA 22).


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|BCommelina erecta L. var. erectaB|   	2826


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Commelinaceae: Commelina erecta var. erecta (elegans)


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This highly variable species ranges south to tropical regions of Central America and West Africa. Most colls. need to be rechecked for var. angustifolia (see notes under that name).


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|BComptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.B|   	1362


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Myricaceae: Comptonia [Myrica] peregrina (M. asplenifolia)


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|BCONEFLOWER: Echinacea (PURPLE), Ratibida (GRAY-HEADED), RudbeckiaB|


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Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Conium maculatum


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First reported in 1914 (Gr), this tall alien biennial had already "spread over much or all of the best agricultural sections, and... likely to be found by roadsides and pastures anywhere in Kentucky." It was concentrated in the Bluegrass region initially but become much more widely abundant after 1980, especially along major roads. Attempted control with herbicides in May-June is often too late to prevent seeding, and may actually improve the ground for germination in the fall (especially where crown-vetch is killed).


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|BConoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC.B|   	2463


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Conoclinium [Eupatorium] coelestinum


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|BConopholis americana (L.) Wallr. f.B|   	1754


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|BConringia orientalis (L.) Dumort.B|   	657


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|BConsolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & HeywoodB|   	184


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Ranunculaceae <Delphinieae>: Consolida [Delphinium] ambigua (D. ajacis)


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This old ornamental ("garden larkspur") has become locally common in pastures and roadsides for over a century (Gr, M), especially in the Bluegrass region.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10,7 D 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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There are colls. from FAYE and MADI (EKY), but probably from persistent plantings rather than self-sown escapes. Although widely grown since early settlement, and sometimes escaping near gardens (Gr), this species has not spread significantly over the landscape.


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Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Convallaria majuscula ("montana"*, majalis var. montana)


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Cr expressed doubt that these plants are native. However, their widely scattered distribution on southern Appalachian mountains is hard to explain in terms of just 200-300 years of dispersal from cultivation. Moreover, these plants appear more closely related to the Asian C. keiskei Miquel than to the Eurpoean C. majalis L. (FNA 26, W).


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The first report of this rhizomatous vine was in 1914 by Gr, who noted: "This pest is one of the worst occurring in Kentucky... [but] Pasturage with hogs or sheep is said to destroy the weed."


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|BConvolvulus sepium: Calystegia sepium & C. fraternifloraB|


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|BConyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.B|   	2417


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Conyza [Erigeron] canadensis (var. c.)


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As with the earlier flowering Erigeron annuus, this annual weed appears to have increased greatly to become a major problem after settlement. In 1914, Gr noted: "in cultivated ground and in grass land of almost any sort... often exceedingly common... difficult to get rid of because it is so prolific..."


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Conyza [Erigeron] parva (canadensis var. pusilla*)


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This close relative of canadensis has been recognized by several authors as a species or variety in southeastern states (W), extending up the Ohio Valley on sandy soils to se. Mo. (Y), s. Ind. and s. Ohio (PL). Its distribution in Ky. is probably more widespread than colls. indicate. It is locally abundant in MCRE and PULA in fields and other openings on sandy uplands.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Conyza [Erigeron] ramosissima (E. divaricatus)


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This widespread mid-western species can be confused with canadensis, and it may have been often overlooked. C. ramosissima differs in its smaller heads, 0.7-1 mm wide (versus 1-5 mm), and its low branched spreading habit, usually less than 25 cm tall (versus over 30 cm). It is rare in the Ohio Valley; there are a few colls. from s. Ind. (D; M. Homoya, pers. comm.), s. Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.), Ky. (B; Harvill 1941, Cranfill 1991), and nw. Tenn. (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.), but most date from before 1950. It was not mapped in Ky. or Tenn. by FNA 20.


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|BCorallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf.B|   	2808


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Orchidaceae <Maxillarieae>: Corallorhiza maculata (var. m.)


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This widespread northern species was discovered by the dear, departed Mary Rogers around an old camp-fire near Pine Mt. Settlement School in HARL (EKY). It has also been found within half a mile of the Ky. state line in Scott Co., Tenn. (JC coll. at KY). BA's report from LOGA was based on a misidentified immature Hexalectris spicata (EKY). [Note: the genus has sometimes been spelled Corallorrhiza, but that is now incorect; FNA 26.]


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|BCorallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir.B|   	2807


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Orchidaceae <Maxillarieae>: Corallorhiza odontorhiza (var. o.)


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This species is widely scatted in eastern North America and Central America. Northern plants are mostly cleistogamous. Chasmagamous plants have been named var. pringlei (Greenman) Freudenstein; they occur locally in northeastern states, but are so far unknown in Ky. (FNA 26).


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This is widely scattered in North America, except for most northern states and Canada.


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|BCoreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex SweetB|   	2207


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Variation is complex, but treatment has been inconsistent (e.g. Cr, FNA 21, Y, W). The species is probably just planted or adventive in Ky. and Tenn., where most or all plants may be referable to var. harveyana (Gray) Sherff. That segregate is centered on the Ozark-Ouachita region, but with disjunctions in and near the Piedmont of n. Ga., where other segregates also occur (Smith 1976). There has been occasional confusion with lanceolata, and some colls. mapped here should be rechecked.


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This is centered in the Ozark-Ouachita region. In southeastern states and perhaps even Mo. (St), lanceolata has been "often spread by cultivation, [and] its original range [is] obscure" (W). Native status in Ky. is sometimes suggested, but the first record was by Harvill (1941). It has often been misleadingly promoted as a wildflower along roadsides or in gardens, and may persist or spread. C. lanceolata is variable and can hybridize with other species, including auriculata, grandiflora and pubescens (Smith 1976).  A few colls. from GRAV (MUR) , WARR (KY, WKY) and elsewhere appear referable to var. villosa Michx (perhaps hybridized with pubescens) but this and other variants have generally not been recognized in recent treatments (FNA 21, Y, W). Some colls. may need checking for possible confusion with grandiflora.


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Several colls. are referable to the relatively robust plants, with more glabrous or lobed leaves, known as var. stellata (Nutt.) B.L. Robins. (including forma oemleri). However, that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


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Within Ky. the disjunct western and eastern records of this species are outliers between the two main centers of its range: in the Ozark region and around the Southern Appalachians (Smith 1976). The range is somewhat more continuous in Tenn. (Ch). Some plants from WHIT (GH, MO) may be referred to the relatively glabrous var. robusta Gray ex Eames, but that southern Appalachian segregate is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


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This western species appears to be only planted and adventive in Ky. The coll. from LARU (KY) has unusually large leaves with broader segments, suggesting a hybrid.


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|BALI B| W.   |BHAB B| R-10 :: C 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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Plants vary considerably across the wide range of this species in eastern North America, but segregates have not been recognized in recent treatments. Some plants sold as "native" in Ky. have unusually narrow leaves, and might be derived from more western or southern provenances.


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This has been reported several times (M), but the only known coll. is from JEFF (KY-Agr., EKY): P.E. Allison, 22 Jun 1928, Louisville. This species is considered native only in east-coastal states from S.C. to Md., but it has been widely grown for ornamental use and has escaped elsewhere (Smith 1976; Cr, W).


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|BCorispermum americanum (Nutt.) Nutt.B|   	413


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Corispermum americanum ("hyssopifolium")


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The only records are colls. of R. Athey and E.T. Browne (for possible accession at EKY), from sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. in FULT. These plants have been erroneously reported as var. rydbergii Mosyakin or C. villosum Rydb. (BA). C. americanum is a northern and western species that appear native along the Mississippi Rv., but more eastern records may be adventive (FNA 4). The genus has previously been considered native only in Eurasia (e.g. Cr), and the name C. hyssopifolium L. was misapplied to much American material.


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In Ky., this widespread North American species is generally restricted to mesic forests, especially in ravines with base-rich soils. It is rare to absent in w. Ky. and w. Tenn., but does occur further west and south in similar habitats.


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Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> amomum (ssp. a.*)


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Further revision is needed; see notes under obliqua.


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Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> drummondii (priceae; "asperifolia")


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This is widespread on base-rich soils from the mid-western regions to the Gulf Coastal Plain. In Ky., it is concentrated in the Bluegrass region, on some western calcareous uplands, and along some river bottoms. Variation across this range of habitats deserves further study, but may be generally continuous. Introgression can be expected with obliqua, stricta and other species (Y, W). The segregate C. priceae Small of dry sites in w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (Sm, F) has been considered to have smaller fruits (3-4 mm wide versus 5-6 mm) and flowers (petals 2.5-4 mm long versus 4.5-6 mm), more scabrous upper leaf surfaces, and more consistently reddish/maroon twigs (versus green/olive to pinkish/reddish-brown). The type of priceae is from WARR (NY), but there are has been virtually no application of this name by botanists within Ky.


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Anthracnose fungus has reduced this widespread southeastern species since the 1990s, especially where it had become abundant in successional forests, but many healthy trees remain, especially in more open areas.


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Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> obliqua (purpusi; amomum ssp. o.*/var. schuetzeana)


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There has been much confusion with typical amomum, which appears to intergrade in some regions. Some authors have preferred variety or subspecies for obliqua (e.g. J, Y). C. amomum is a largely southeastern species, which generally occurs in Ky. on more hydric soils along slowly moving streams, river pools, sloughs and ponds. C. obliqua is a largely mid-western species, which generally occurs in Ky. on rocky river banks and cobble bars, with rheophytic vegetation. However, both taxa appear to be well-dispersed by birds and can sometimes be found in atypical habitats. Occasional hybrids have also been suspected elsewhere between obliqua and drummondii or racemosa (Y), but these are not documented in Ky.


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Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> racemosa (foemina ssp. r.*)


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This northern species has been confused with obliqua and foemina, and hybrids may be expected (see also Y). Dubious records, due to confusion in nomenclature, possible non-native status or other problems, have not been mapped. The coll. from OHIO (MDKY) has been considered intermediate between racemosa and foemina. Seedlings of this species have been widely distributed by Kentucky Division of Forestry, using material propagated from Mo. The probable native records mapped here indicate that racemosa is rare in the state. Other species of Cornus should be preferred for general restoration.


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This northern species has been reported, but the only known coll. is from ROWA (MDKY) in the 1930s and has dubious data (Campbell et al. 1992).


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Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> stolonifera ("sericea")


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There has been some confusion with other species, and old unverified reports of stolonifera are dubious (e.g. Gr). In the Ohio Valley, this northern species is virtually absent south of the glacial limit, and it does not even extend south along the higher Appalachians (W). However, it is often planted in southeastern states (as "red-osier" or "red-twig dogwood") and it may rarely escape. The frequent promotion of stolonifera as a native species in Ky. is not justified. There are two older colls., but it is not certain that these were from native plants: H. Garman, 23 Aug 1910, from HENR (KY) with no locality; and M. Wharton #1453 from LINC (check MICH). A population of large plants occurs at the Avon Army Depot in FAYE (JC for KY), but this may result from an older planting. CW have provided other recent records. Distinction from amomum may be difficult, and introgression is possible. See Z.E. Murrell in W for a modern treatment; pith color (as used by Gl, Cr and others) may not be a reliable character in some cases.


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Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> stricta (foemina ssp. f.*)


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This southeastern species is close to the more northern racemosa, but colls. can be clearly distinguished in almost all cases (F, Cr). See also Z.E. Murrell & A.S. Weakley (W) for a modern treatment.


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The largely midwestern C. micrantha (Engelm.) Gray has not been reported but may be expected since disjunct populations occur in Tenn. and North Carolina (FNA 3, W). It has distinctly larger flowers, but variation in flower size, cleistogamy and seed characters can be confusing within the genus. Further study of colls. is desirable.


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Included here as oped dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and B. Although still widespread across Ky., except on the richest calcareous soils, this species is rarely abundant, and good nut crops are uncommon due to shade and squirrels. Yet, as in some mid-western regions (e.g. Y), Corylus was locally dominant in more open woodland and brushy grassland early after settlement. In the "barrens" around Green Rv. or Salt Rv., during a period with declining fire frequency, Flint (1822) noted: "Small hazel bushes from two to three feet in height abound in these; and the quantity of nuts produced exceeds any thing of the kind which I have ever seen." The only viable remnants of such vegetation today are reported from n. Ind. and n. Ill. (NatureServe website; CEGL 005072).


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Status remains uncertain. This was collected during in DAVI by E.J. Palmer (#17829 at GH) on 10 Jun 1920 from "high alluvial banks of the Ohio River just below Owensboro... However, it may have been a more recent introduction there, as it is usually found only in rocky ground and along bluffs" (Palmer 1927). Baskin & Baskin (1989) reviewed the context of this coll. and suggested that it was from a cultivated plant, but M considered their argument insufficient to reject from the flora. Elsewhere, obovatus occurs only on rocky sites of the Edwards Plateau (Texas), the Ozark region (Ark., Mo., Okl.) and the southern Highland Rim (Ala., Ga., Tenn.).


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|BCotoneaster divaricatus Rehd. ex WilsonB|   	1069 C


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There is coll. from PEND (KNK) of an apparently self-seeded plant, but this widely planted species does not seem to have become fully naturalized. This coll. was erroneously referred to C. apiculatus Rehd. & Wilson in some previous listings of the Ky. flora. P. Zika (pers. comm.) provided the correct determination.


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|BCrataegus berberifolia: see C. engelmanniiB|


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|BCrataegus biltmoreana: see C. intricataB|


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Intricatae> boyntonii (intricata var. b.)


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This is combined with intricata by some authors. It is a less lobed variant with a largely Appalachian range.


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|BCrataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik.B|   	1095


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Macracanthae> calpodendron (pubiflora, ?tomentosa)


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Several variants have been described from other states, but these need further assessment (D, F, G, St, M, Lance 2006). Also, hybrids are possible with collina, crus-gallii or related species.


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|BCrataegus chrysocarpa Ashe ?B|   	1086


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Rotundifoliae> aff. chrysocarpa (?mercerensis, ?margaretta, ?sicca)


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These colls. are difficult to identify, and may include closely related species like C. margaretta Ashe (of north-central states) and C. sicca Sarg.(mostly in Mo.). The coll. from MCRE (at least) may be referable to C. mercerensis Sarg., which has been considered an Appalachian variety of C. chrysocarpa (W). Typical chrysocarpa is a northern and western species that may not occur in the state (see also SC).


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Coccinieae> aff. coccinea (?pedicillata, ?pennsylvanica, ?putnamiana)


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All records need checking, including recent data from CW. There has been confusion or combination with pruinosa and other species. In its broad sense, coccinea is a widespread species in northern regions of eastern North America. However, this name has only been widely applied in Ky. after 2000 (e.g. Clark & Bauer 2001, Thompson & Fitzgerald 2003, Weckman et al. 2003, Abbott et al. 2004; CW). C. coccinea and its segregates are reportedly rare in N.C. and Va. (W), but more widespread in W.Va. (HFG). In Ky., the coll. from HARL (GH) is verified, but some others may be doubted. More western colls. may be referrable to C. putnamiana Sarg., which is a segregate reportedly centered in the lower Ohio Valley, including Ky. (D, F, G, M); that taxon has relatively broad-based leaves and large fruit, and may be transitional to Series Rotundifoliae. Other possible segregates are suggested or expected in Ky. (M), but need further assessment: C. pennsylvanica Sarg. (mostly in northern Appalachian regions) and C. pedicillata Sarg. (mostly in the Great Lakes region but also reported widely in W.Va. by HFG).


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|BCrataegus coccinioides AsheB|   	1093 R


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Dilatatae> coccinioides


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This mid-western species is not confirmed in Ky. There is a coll. with this name that needs further study, from BOYD (GH): T.N. McCoy, 7 Sep 1936, "Reservoir Hill". There are confirmed colls. from s. Ill. (MO), but not Ind. (D).


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Punctatae> collina (succincta, ?collicola, ?verruculosa)


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This is close to punctata, with occasional intermediates, but it has been consistently distinguished (D, F, W, Lance 2006; J.B. Phipps, in. prep.). C. collina occurs mostly in east-central states, especially in calcareous regions. Tentatively included here is var. collicola (Ashe) Palmer (?= C. disperma Ashe), which may represent introgressants with crus-gallii. Var. collicola has been reported from Ky. (F, M); but see note under C. aff. incaedua.  A closely related Ozarkian taxon, C. verruculosa Sarg., has been reported, but may be combined with collina (F, G, M). C. verruculosa differs in its larger fruit (usually 10-13 mm versus 8-12 mm wide), larger flowers (ca. 1.8-2.3 cm versus 1.5-2 cm wide), with ca. 20 stamens (versus usually 10-15), in larger clusters (?); and vegetative leaves more coarsely toothed, with 2-3 pairs of small lateral lobes (versus finely serrate, usually unlobed). The closely related C. kellermannii Sarg. (?= C. suborbiculata Sarg.) has also been identified in the state (Palmer #23681 at MO); it may represent a hybrid with pruinosa (F).


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Crus-galli> crus-galli (armata, wilkinsonii)


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Several varieties and segregates of this widespread eastern species have been described, but their treatment remains uncertain. The map includes early records of C. armata Beadle (CAMP), C. wilkinsonii Ashe (BOON), and other names that are generally considered synonyms in some recent treatments (Cr, M). Although widely recorded, this species, like several other hawthorns, may be declining due to the abandonment or conversion of rougher rocky pastures and invasion of Juniperus virginiana. Extensive colonies, as still reported in some other states (Lance 2006), are now virtually unknown in Ky.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Crus-galli> engelmannii (berberifolia var. e.)


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This may be reasonably treated as C. berberifolia Torr. & Gray var. engelmanii (Sarg.) Egglest., according to G. Yatskievitch & J.B. Phipps (pers. comm.). C. engelmannii is distributed mostly in the mid-west; typical berberifolia is southwestern and unknown in Ky. (F). Both are close to crus-gallii and further review is needed.


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|BCrataegus flabellata (Spach) Kirchn.B|   	1087 T


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Tenuifoliae> flabellata


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This name has been applied in Ky. (e.g. Clark & Bauer 2001; see also M), but no known colls. can be identified as flabellata in its original narrow sense (F, Gl). In that sense, it has a northern range, and within the southern Appalachians, it is restricted to higher elevations and seems unlikely in Ky. (HFG, W). The few records are provisionally referable to macrosperma, which has been combined with several other species into a much broader concept of flabellata by Cr and others. C. flabellata has been distinguished primarily by its "flowering corymbs more or less villous," versus glabrous in macrosperma (Gl). Further research is needed, using the full range of potential characters.


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|BCrataegus flabellata: see C. macrosperma & C. iracundaB|


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Pruinosae> gattingeri (+ var. rigida)


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This is close to pruinosa, and the distinction here is only tentative. However, J.B. Phipps has maintained gattingeri as a separate species, with smaller fruit (ca. 9-10 mm or less wide versus 12-16 mm), smaller flowers (1.2-1.7 cm wide versus 1.7-2.2 cm) and thinner leaves, with more pronouced leaf lobing, the terminal lobe usually conspicuously elongated (D, F, G, SC). It is distributed largely in the Ohio Valley (and perhaps the central Mississippi Valley), whereas typical pruinosa is more widespread in north-central regions, but there is much overlap in range.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Punctatae> aff. incaedua (?collina/puncata x calpodendron/crus-galli)


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These colls. are difficult to identify and varied, including possible hybrids (D, F). C. incaedua, with apparent colls. from HART and HOPK (KY), may be derived from collina and calpodendron. The colls. from CALL (MUR) and WHIT (GH) have been referred to C. disperma Ashe, which may be derived from collina or punctata (as one parent) and crus-galli (as the other). The coll. from KENT (PH) was initially determined as C. pratensis Sarg. (but see also C. peoriensis Sarg.). These taxa are mostly poorly understood, with scattered distributions centered in mid-western regions.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Intricatae> intricata (straminea, neobushii, ?buckleyi, ?biltmoreana)


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This variable species is widely distributed in Appalachian and northern regions. Included here are records of C. neobushii Sarg. (a potential western segregate with small fruits and pinkish anthers), C. straminea Beadle (with yellowish fruit and pinkish anthers), C. buckleyi Beadle (Cr, M), and C. biltmoreana Beadle (= C. intricata of Egglest. non Lange). The latter is a pubescent form with foliaceous bracts that may deserve variety status (W, Lance 2006); it is widely reported in more eastern states, but not yet determined in Ky. except perhaps for a recent coll. from NICH (JC for KY).


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Silvicolae> iracunda (populnea, brumalis, macrosperma var. demissa)


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Several colls. are referable to this species, but distinction from C. macrosperma remains uncertain in some cases. Based on F, G, SC, W, Lance (2006), A. Haynes (pers. comm.) and provisional examination of material (including GH, MO & NY), iracunda differs in its smaller or less succulent fruits; its leaves short-hairy to glabrate above when young (versus scabrate), more deltoid in gross outline (versus ovate), firm to "subcoriaceous" and more bluish; its leaf lobes not distinctly acuminate and outwardly bent ("reflexed") as in macrosperma; and its spines usually smaller. The circumscription of this taxon needs further work. C. iracunda (and others in Silvicolae) may be transitional between macrosperma (or its allies) and pruinosa (or its allies).  Variety status has been suggested, as C. macrosperma var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggl. However, some 33 synonyms are provisionally included at GH. C. iracunda was originally known only from southeastern states, especialy in low flat woodlands, but its definition can be reasonably extended to include more northern plants (e.g. HFG). C. brumalis Ashe is a northeastern variant with more coarsely serrated leaves and larger corymbs. Both species were recorded from Ky. by F.


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|BCrataegus kellermanii: see C. collinaB|


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Tenuifoliae> macrosperma ("flabellata")


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This is a widespread variable northeastern species, but it appears to be uncommon in Ky. See also notes under flabellata and iracunda, which have records that are not yet reliably segregated from macrosperma in Ky. Most of the uncertain records mapped here as open dots may be transferred to iracunda. Some records from BOYD and LYON (GH) are based on atypical colls. with suborbicular leaves, which also suggest collina.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Microcarpae> marshallii


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This southern species is known from only two colls., in CALL (MUR) and MCRA (JC fo KY); both were from rights-of-way. These are about the most northern records in the Mississippi Valley (Phipps 1998; PL).


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Molles> mollis (cibaria, ?cibilis)


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This widespread eastern species is locally common on fertile floodplains and calcareous uplands, but it is much less common in most Appalachian regions (see also HFG). [There is a loose association with Quercus macrocarpa and other species of browsed eutrophic woodlands.] Mapped records here tentatively include the closely related species, C. cibaria Beadle and C. cibilis Ashe (B, Cr, M). Hybrids may be expected with pruinosa, punctata, collina, margaretta and other species (D, F, St, Lance 2006). Some colls. from LYON and TRIG (APSU) are atypical, with leaves more gradually narrowed at the base (versus trunctate), less hairy on lower surfaces, and paler olive-green (versus bluish-green); they resemble the more northern segregate, C. submollis Sarg. (F), and have been misidentified locally as C. calpodendron. They may result from hybridization with of mollis with calpodendron or a similar species.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Oxyacanthae> monogyna


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There are colls. from BATH and FAYE (KY) that appear to be from self-seeded plants, but this occasionally cultivated European species does not seem to have become truly naturalized. The coll. from FAYE may be hybridized with phaenopyrum (Phipps 1990).


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|BCrataegus pedicellata: see C. aff. coccineaB|


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|BCrataegus pennsylvania: see C. aff. coccineaB|


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|BCrataegus persimilis Sarg. ?B|   	1076


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Crus-galli> aff. persimilis (?palmeri, ?regalis, ?denaria)


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These are miscellaneous records of broad-leaved variants within Series Crus-galli that are provisionally grouped here, pending further revision. Included are records of C. palmeri Sarg. (CLAR), C. regalis Beadle (ESTI, LYON, MCRA), and C. denaria Beadle (LYON, JEFF, MCRA; see also C. acutifolia Sarg. in D, perhaps transitional to C. viridis); sources include Slack (1941), Wharton (1945) and others supported by colls. (GH, MICH, MO; check Cornell). Some plants may be derived from hybridization (D, F). A coll. from MONT (GH) is named C. persimilis Sarg. (verified by J.B. Phipps), which may be a distinct mid-western segregate (including C. hannibalensis Sarg.), perhaps transitional to calpodendron (F). These taxa are mostly distributed in mid-western regions, especially Ind., Ill., Iowa, Kans., Mo. and Ark., but with eastern records from N.Y., N.C. and Ky. (D, F).


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|BCrataegus phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medik.B|   	1070


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Cordatae> phaenopyrum


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This distinctive species has been widely planted (as "Washington thorn") and it occasionally spreads by seed; only apparent wild records are mapped here. It is native from the mid-Atlantic region to the Blue Ridge, and some records further west may be from introductions (D, W; Lance 2006). However, Phipps (1998) and others (F, St) have indicated a broader native range, including the Ozark region and southern Interior Low Plateaus. Some colls. from w. Ky. suggest native status: e.g. from CALD ("rocky hillsides") and CHRI ("along small streams") at GH. Moreover, the clustering of records in this relatively undeveloped western region supports native status; much more planting has occurred in more populated regions to the northeast, where escapes have sometimes been found in recent decades (e.g. as mapped with open dot in FAYE).


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|BCrataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. KochB|   	1090


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Pruinosae> pruinosa (mackenzii, ?rugosa, ?compacta)


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The mapped records include C. mackenzii Sarg. (with broader leaf bases), C. rugosa Ashe (with even broader leaves) and C. compacta Sarg., which have not been clearly distinguished in Ky. and are generally included in recent treatments (Cr, M). C. locuples Sarg., a probable hybrid with mollis, has also been reported (F; see also C. platycarpa Sarg. in D and St). There may also be hybrids with Punctatae. C. gattingeri has also been combined in some treatments; but see notes under that name.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Punctatae> punctata


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This is close to collina, which appears more frequent in the state. The separation of records here is tentative; see also B. In its narrow sense (D, F), punctata is a northeastern taxon, with Appalachian extensions mostly at higher elevations (HFG, W). It may be distinguished by its fruit 12-22 mm wide (versus usually 8-12 mm), completely glabrous including the calyx (versus pubescent and persistently so on the calyx); leaves of flowering branches are usually 3.5-5 x 2-3 cm (versus 2-3 x 1.5-2 cm); leaves of vegetative branches are mostly obovate, deeply cut or with narrow spreading lateral lobes near apex (versus mostly elliptic, not deeply cut but sometimes slightly lobed); twigs are ashy gray (versus dark).


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|BCrataegus putnamiana: see C. aff. coccineaB|


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Intricatae> rubella (intricata var. r.)


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This is combined with intricata by some authors, but it may be a relatively distinct segregate with narrower leaf bases and fewer lobes. It is largely restricted to central and southern Appalachian regions, but also reported from the Knobs of s. Ind. (D).


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Microcarpae> spathulata


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This southern species is known only from a coll. in TRIG (APSU), which is about the most northern record in the Mississippi Valley (Phipps 1998; PL).


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|BCrataegus succulenta Schrad. ex LinkB|   	1096


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Macracanthae> succulenta (macrantha var. s.)


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There are few records of this northern species (M). Verified colls. (det. by J.B. Phipps) are known only from BATH (GH: Horsey #1781, Olympia) and OLDH (DHL: H. Woodward #2999, field on Old Zaring Rd. to the Univ. of Lousiville Farm).


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Parvifoliae> uniflora


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|BCrataegus verruculosa: see C. collinaB|


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Virides> viridis (interior)


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Possible varieties and hybrids (especially with crus-gallii or its allies) deserve further study (F, St). A coll. from BALL (KY) with more deeply serrated or lobed leaves may be referable to var. lutescens Palmer ex Gleason. (but see also var. interior (Beadle) Palmer). A coll. from MCRA (check MO) with bright yellow fruits was named forma padukensis Palmer & Pickens. Var. lanceolata (Sarg.) E.J. Palmer is known from w. Tenn. Also expected is the closely related C. nitida Sarg., with thick glossy leaves, larger flowers and fruit (St), suggesting hybridization with crus-gallii.


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|BCrepis capillaris (L.) Wallr.B|   	2537


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? E? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BCrepis: @ Hieracium? [see H. gronovii]B|


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|BCRESS: Arabidopsis (MOUSE-EAR), Arabis (ROCK), Boechera (ROCK), Barbarea (WINTER), Cardamine (BITTER), Draba (WHITLOW-), Leavenworthia (GLADE), Nasturtium (WATER-), Rorippa (YELLOW), Thlaspi (PENNY)B|


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|BCrocanthemum bicknellii (Fern.) Barnh.B|   	573


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|BCrocanthemum canadense (L.) Britt.B|   	574


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This is commonly planted in gardens, and sometimes persistent, but there are no well documented colls. of truly naturalized plants.


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This southern annual has sometimes been misidentified as C. purshii DC., which is not confirmed in the state.


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Euphorbiaceae: Croton capitatus (var. c.)


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This widespread eastern species may have been native, at least in western regions. It has now become a common weed, especially in rocky overgrazed pastures. The first record was by Rafinesque (1825; as "Heptallon capitatum"). See notes under lindheimeri, which is closely related.


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|BCroton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell.-Arg.B|   	886


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Euphorbiaceae: Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis


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|BCroton lindheimeri (Engelm. & Gray) Engelm. & Gray ex WoodB|   	884 T


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Euphorbiaceae: Croton lindheimeri (capitatus var. l.)


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This is centered around the lower Mississippi Valley, and probably occurs in Ky. See Y for a detailed key and discussion of differences from capitatus; the two taxa have been combined as varieties. There are reports of colls. from CARL (R. Athey #694 at Memphis) and CHRI (Johnston 1958), but these have not been verified.


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|BCroton willdenowii G.L. WebsterB|   	888


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Euphorbiaceae: Croton <Crotonopsis> willdenowii (Cs. elliptica)


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Some western colls. have been misidentified as the more southern species C. michauxii G.L. Webster (= Crotonopsis linearis Michx.). That species has been reported north to se. Mo, s. Ill., Ky. and Va. (F, St, M, J), but revision is needed; it has not been verified from Ky., Va. or N.C. (W). C. linearis differs in its less branched habit (branches monopodial versus dichotomous or trichotomous); the stellate hairs on upper leaf surfaces have relatively short, non-overlapping arms up to 0.3 mm long (versus overlapping, up to 1 mm); scales on fruits have a minute central axis with long, often ascending arms (versus broad central disk with short appressed arms).


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|BCROWFOOT: Ranunculus {species with small/pale flowers}B|


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|BCruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend.B|   	1586


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The first North American records of this European species were from Ky. ca. 1940 (Bartholomew 1941); it has increased steadily into grasslands since then.


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|BCryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC.B|   	2024


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Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Cryptotaenia canadensis


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|BCUCUMBER: Cucumis, Echinocystis (WILD), Melothria (CREEPING), Sicyos (BUR-)B|


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There is only one old record, by B from "along railroad tracks" in JEFF (check US). This species is considered native to western North America, and apparently became associated with native people in east-central states. It was perhaps used for ornament, rattles and other minor domestic purposes, but there is no clear evidence of cultivation or selection; see F.B. King in Ford (1985).


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|BCucurbita pepo L. var. ovifera (L.) Alef.B|   	1380


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Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera


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This species originates from Mexico and southwestern states, and is the source of the field pumpkin, several squashes and gourds, which do not generally persist after cultivation. The var. ovifera ("pear gourd") may not be truly naturalized, but several records of self-seeding plants are mapped here. It was one of the earliest domesticated plants in North America, reaching the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys ca. 4000-4500 years ago (Ford 1985). The var. melopepo (L.) Alef. is another old native american cultivar, with a record from PIKE (M). The crookneck sqaush, C. moschata (Duschesne ex Lam.) Duschesne ex Poir., and the pumpkin, C. mixta Pang., are more recent introductions, and do not persist in the wild.


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|BCunila origanoides (L.) Britt.B|   	1904


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Cunila origanoides (mariana)


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> campestris (?arvensis)


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This widespread southern species, ranging into tropical regions, is close to the more eastern pentagona and gronovii; mapping here is provisional. C. campestris may be predominant in states south of Ky. (e.g. Ch). Although combined with pentagona in some recent treatments, Costea et al. (2006a; in prep. for FNA) have confirmed its distinction. It differs in its larger flowers, more broadly triangular corolla lobes, and less imbricate calyx lobes (F); see also Y, with comparison to gronovii. Like pentagona, it occurs on a wide range of herbaceous hosts, and is often abundant in cultivated fields on uplands.


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> cephalanthi


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This 3- or 4-merous species is widespread in wetlands of northern and western regions. In Ky., it has been reported only from CALL (Funk & Fuller 1978; check MUR), ROWA (B; check US) and UNIO (Shacklett 1937; check KY-Agr.). Colls. probably exist, but have not been confirmed.


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|BCuscuta compacta Juss. ex ChoisyB|   	1972


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> compacta


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This bracteate species is widespread in lowlands of south-central states. See note under glomerata.


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> coryli


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This papillate-flowered species occurs mostly in northern and western regions. C. coryli is close to the more southern indecora, and in similar habitats, but it is much less common, and was considered globally imperiled or vulnerable (G2G3) by Costea et al. (2006c). Colls. have been from reported HARD (MM for WKY) and probably elsewhere (M; Costea et al. 2006c), but details are not yet available.


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> cuspidata


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This bracteate species occurs mostly in prairies of the mid-west and Great Plains (F). It is close to compacta and records from eastern regions should be rechecked.


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This is the only alien species of Cuscuta known from the state. All records in Ky. were during 1902-1914, when several counties were listed by Gr, but few colls. have been found. C. epithymum became epidemic in fields of clovers and alfalfa, commonly contaminating seeds collected from the crops. Intensive inspection and management appears to have eradicated the species in Ky., but it may still be widely scattered across northern states and adjacent Canada (F, Cr, PL).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 D? 6.   |BABU B| +4<.


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> glomerata


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This bracteate species is close to compacta and colls. should be rechecked. C. glomerata occurs mostly in mid-western regions, especially on tall herbs in Asteraceae (F). The only confirmed coll. is from Helianthus and Silphium, at a swale of Eastview Barrens in HARD (MM for WKY & KY). Colls. have also been reported WARR (Pr; check MO) and perhaps elsewhere (M).


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|BCuscuta gronovii Willd. ex J.A. SchultesB|   	1978


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> gronovii


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This tetraploid (2n = 60) is widespread in eastern North America, and one of the commonest species of Cuscuta in Ky. It occurs on many hosts in diverse habitats, but perhaps most typical of damper sites than pentagona. Var. latifolia Engelm. may be expected in Ky.; it differs in its relatively elongate, less overlapping calyx lobes, and shorter corollas with more elongate lobes, bearing some similarity to C. polygonorum (Costea et al. 2006b).


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> indecora


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This papillate-flowered species (Y) occurs widely in western and southern states, Mexico and West Indies, especially in damp to dry sandy open habitats (F). Some Ky. records need to be rechecked; it may be rare in Tenn. (Ch). Colls. can all be referred to var. neuropetala (Engelm.) A.S. Hitchc., but that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> pentagona


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This quasi-tetraploid  (2n = 56) is widespread in North America and the most commonly collected species of Cuscuta in Ky., on a wide variety of hosts in diverse habitats. See notes under the closely related campestris.


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> polygonorum


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This 3- or 4-merous species occurs from mid-Atlantic states to the mid-west, usually in wetlands on Polygonum spp. and associated herbs. Costea et al. (2006) considered it globally vulnerable (G3). The related 5-merous, southern species, C. obtusiflora Kunth., has been reported (Hoagland & Jones 1992), but identification is dubious.


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|BCuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. ex Engelm. & GrayB|   	1979 R


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Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> rostrata


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This southern Appalachian is close to gronovii. It has been reported from BELL, with a coll. by R. Cranfill (Univ. of California, Berkley) that needs to be checked (M). In Tenn. rostrata is known only from the Blue Ridge (Ch).


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|BCycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.B|   	389


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|BCymbalaria muralis P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.B|   	1707


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Cymbalaria [Linaria] muralis


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Although widely scattered over northern regions of North America, this ornamental weed of wall-crevices and similar places has remained rare in southeastern states. The few Ky. records mostly date from 1900-1950.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 12 || E 6.   |BABU B| +4<.


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|BCymophyllus fraserianus (Ker-Gawl.) Kartesz & GandhiB|   	2965


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Cyperaceae: Cymophyllus [Carex] fraserianus (fraseri)


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|BCynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers.B|   	1633


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Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Cynanchum (Ampelamus*) laeve (A. albidus)


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There has been continuing uncertainty about the generic assignment of this widespread weedy vine (W).


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|BCynanchum louiseae Kartesz & GandhiB|   	1634 C


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Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Cynanchum louiseae (nigrum)


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This occasionally cultivated species is known from only one coll.: from a "dry roadside thicket at Lake Louisville" in 1957 (JEFF at DHL). There is little evidence that this species is truly naturalized in the Ohio Valley or central Mississippi Valley, but records are scattered widely in northeastern regions (PL).


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This cosmopolitan species of tropical to warm temperate regions is widely grown in lawns, and has become frequently naturalized in southern regions. It behaves somewhat as a warm-season equivalent to fescue, with much utility for pastures, lawns and erosion control. It has been widespread in Ky. for a century or more (Gr). Anderson (1924) noted: "grows everywhere, especially along railroad embankments, where it is frequently planted as a soil binder. Spreads rapidly by its stolons. but rarely perfects seed."


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|BALI B| S?.   |BHAB B| F-10,9 D 5.   |BABU B| +6.


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This widely scattered noxious weed has not been reported in Ky. since the 1950s (M). The first report was by Short (1828-29): "This plant, originally exotic, has been gradually dispersed over the greater part of the Union. Common in pastures and waste grounds." In 1914, Gr noted: "most often seen growing locally along roadsides and railroads... [and] occasionally gets...a foothold in neglected pasture land..." It is toxic to livestock and may have been associated with rough sheep pasture, which landuse declined after 1940. Also, spread of Festuca arundinacea may have suppressed this weed.


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|BCyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. ex Torr.B|   	2878


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Pycreus> bipartitus (rivularis, "diandrus")


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This pantropical alien was recently reported in Ky. (Mears 1999, J). It is known from a roadside in WHIT (EKY; Mears & Libby 1995) and as a nursery weed in CAMP (J. Thieret #59758 at KNK). It is probably not well established in the state.


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> croceus ("globulosus", "echinatus", retrorsus var. robustus)


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This southern species was recently reported from the state (Mears & Libby 1995, Libby et al. 1997). It is close to C. echinatus Ell., which name has been previously misapplied to C. croceus, while true C. echinatus was known as C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr.


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A coll. of this northern species from LAWR was made by M. Medley (for WKY), and verified by G.C. Tucker. Earlier records were probably all based on colls. that should now be named C. bipartitus Torr. (= C. rivularis Kunth.). These taxa were combined in Robinson & Fernald (1908).


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This species of the Old World tropics has recently been found at scattered roadsides and other disturbed sites in Ky. (Mears & Libby 1995, Libby et al. 1997). It a bad weed of rice fields, and has begun to spread through southern and western states in recent decades (Lipscomb 1980).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| H-9? ::? C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> echinatus (ovularis)


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|BCyperus engelmannii Steud.B|   	2894 T


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This northern species has been combined with odoratus in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 23). It was recently reported from BOYD and CUMB in a critical study of the genus within Ky. (Mears & Libby 1995, Mears 1999). Further search for this taxon is needed in the field and herbarium.


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This widespread pantropical and warm temperate weed may be native; it has been common in Ky. for over a century and was recorded in early lists (Gr; Riddell 1835, Short et al. 1833). Variation needs more study: all material may be var. leptostachyus Boeckl., but colls. should be checked for var. macrostachyus Boekl., which is in southeastern states (W).


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All colls. are probably referable to var. poiformis (Pursh) Fern., but that variety is not generally recognized in recent treatments


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Pycreus> flavicomus (albomarginatus)


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> hystricinus (retrofractus var. h.)


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This southeastern species, largely distributed on the Coastal Plain, has been confused with typical retrofractus and lancastriensis in Ky. There are no confirmed records, but it might be expected in western regions. It may be known from s. Ind. (F).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| h-9,2 ::? C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BCyperus lancastriensis Porter ex GrayB|   	2882


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This has been confused with true retrofractus (dipsaciformis); several colls. need to be rechecked. An apparent hybrid with lupulinus was collected in BALL (R. Mears at EKY).


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|BCyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) MarcksB|   	2891


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> lupulinus (ssp. l.; filiculmis)


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Some colls. may need to be rechecked for macilentus. Also, there appear to be occasional hybrids with lancastriensis and perhaps other species (see also: FNA 23).


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|BCyperus macilentus (Fern.) E.P. BicknellB|   	2892


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> macilentus (lupulinus ssp. m.)


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This largely northeastern taxon is morphologically distinct from the more northwestern species, lupulinus, with only rare exceptions (FNA 23). It has also been confirmed in the state by Mears (1999). The three colls. mapped here all come from banks of the Ohio Rv. or nearby.


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This East Asian species was recently reported from BALL (Mears & Libby 1995, Mears 1999, J). It appeared in mid-Atlantic states after 1980, and has not yet spread throughout other southeastern states (W).


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Torulinium> odoratus (ferruginescens)


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Much material is referable to C. ferruginescens Boeck., which was formerly distinguished in eastern and central states by F and others. However, that species is generally not recognized in recent treatments, even as a variety (FNA 23). Typical odoratus (= C. ferax L.), in its narrow sense, was a relatively southern taxon, but also present in Ky.


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> plukenetii (retrofractus var. p.)


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Colls. were made in the 1930s (B) and the 1980s (J. Campbell at KY) from the same general locality in MCRE. The record from ROWA is tentatively based on Braun #4840 (perhaps at US), which needs to be rechecked.


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Pycreus> polystachyos (var. texensis)


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All material is referable to var. texensis (Torr.) Fern., but that taxon may not be worth recognizing (FNA 23; W). C. polystachyos is a polymorphic, globally widespread species that needs reexamination across its whole range.


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Cyperus> pseudovegetus (virens)


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|BCyperus refractus Engelm. ex Boeckl.B|   	2881


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|BCyperus retroflexus Buckl.B|   	2883 R


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This southwestern species was recently reported from Ky. (Mears 1999, J), but details of colls. are unknown. It was not treated at all by F or Cr in their northeastern floras.


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|BCyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr.B|   	2885


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> retrofractus (dipsaciformis, var. r.)


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The name retrofractus was misapplied to hystricinus in some earlier treatments, and F established the name C. dispaciformis Fern. for this species.


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There has been some confusion with lancastriensis, and some colls. should be rechecked. All plants are probably referable to var. cylindricus (Ell.) Fern. & Grisc., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


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This bad weed of tropical agriculture has tuberiferous stolons, like its temperate relative, esculentus. It has established locally in Paducah (MCRA), Louisville (JEFF) and Monticello (WAYN). Although not generally peristent in temperate regions, the population in Monticello began with a horticultural introduction in 1960/61 and was found in adjacent mowed lawns during 1995 (EKY)


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This widespread western species extends east to mid-western states, but in Ky. it is known only from a single coll. along a railroad in CAMP (KNK).


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Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Cyperus> squarrosus (inflexus, "aristatus")


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This is a very variable species, but segregates are not readily defined.


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|BCypripedium calceolus: see C. parviflorum & C. pubescensB|


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|BCypripedium candidum Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2763


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The coll. from CHRI (PH, ?KY) was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s, from "wet barrens near Hopkinsville". At a site in HARD, there is clear introgression with pubescens (MM for WKU).


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|BCypripedium kentuckiense C.F. ReedB|   	2765


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Orchidaceae <Cypripedieae>: Cypripedium kentuckiense (daultonii ined.)


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This is distinct from typical pubescens in its larger flowers (FNA 26), the lip 53-65 mm long (versus 35-54 mm), with a broader "cavernous" orifice 27-37 mm wide (versus 10-23 mm) and less forward projection as a "slipper", pale yellow or "ivory" (versus deep yellow), and usually appearing in mid- to late May (versus late April to early May). In addition to its cluster of sites along the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ky. and n. Tenn, this species occurs in or near the Ouachita Mts. (Ark., Okla.) and at scattered localities on the Coastal Plain (Tex., La., Miss., Ala., Ga., Va.). There is an inadequate coll. from the Coastal Plain in Ky., from BALL (MUR), det. as  "cf. C. kentuckiense" by J.T. Atwood. Several records of Reed (1981) have no known colls. Some populations may have been looted on occasion by horticultural collectors, e.g. along Triplett Creek in ROWA, and Negro Creek in WHIT. Its virtual absence from the Red River watershed might reflect such looting.


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Orchidaceae <Cypripedieae>: Cypripedium parviflorum (parviflorum/calceolus var. pa.)


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This largely Appalachian and Ozarkian taxon is close to pubescens, which has a widespread northern range, and to C. parviflorum var. makasin (Farw.) Sheviak of more northern fens. These taxa are often combined as a varieties, but typical C. parviflorum appears quite distinct in Ky. It differs (FNA 26) in its smaller flowers, the lip 22-34 mm long (versus 35-54 in pubescens), with sepals and petals densely, minutely spotted dark reddish brown or "madder" (versus unmarked, spotted, striped or reticulate with same color but less uniformly dark). Several records are not verifiable but historically important, such as sight records of B. This species often occurs with single plants or small groups, which should not be collected.


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Orchidaceae <Cypripedieae>: Cypripedium pubescens (parviflorum/calceolus var. pu.)


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Although widely recorded across the state, numbers at each site are often small and many records are old. It seems likely that much digging has occurred for short-term ornamental or herbal uses, as also noted by Gr.


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Orchidaceae <Cypripedieae>: Cypripedium reginae (?spectabile)


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The coll. mapped in WHIT (KY) was made by A.R. Crandall in the 1880s at "Corbin" and might be from an adjacent county. The record from EDMO is based on Hussey's (1876) listing of C. spectabile Sw., which was reported by other authors from Ky. during the 19th Century, but the synonomy is uncertain (M). Records from LEE and PULA are unverified sight records from the 1960s or 1970s. This northern species extends into southern Appalachian regions, with records in Tenn. and other states around Ky.


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|BCystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh.B|   	83


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|BCystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.B|   	87 R


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Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Cystopteris fragilis (var. f.)


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More study is needed. In recent decades, the concept of fragilis has become limited to relatively northern (circumboreal) tetraploids derived from crossing of C. reevesiana Lellinger and an unknown parent, presumed extinct; see also tenuis. A coll. from TRIM (KY) has been annotated "probably fragilis x reevesiana" by Haufler, and fragilis was mapped in Ky. by Haufler et al. in FNA 2. There is also a coll. from LAUR (EKY) that may be this species, and there are records from the mountains of Va. and N.C. (W). C. fragilis differs from protrusa and tenuis as follows (W): its leaf blades are relatively elongated (l/w ca. 3-4 versus 2-2.5), with pinnae usually perpendicular (versus ascending); its pinnules have serrulate margins (versus crenulate), and the basal ones are strictly sessile with a rounded to truncate bases (versus often short-stalked, with rounded to cuneate base); its indusia are lanceolate, up to 1 mm long (versus ovate to round, ca. 0.5 mm).


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|BCystopteris fragilis: see C. protrusa; C. tennesseensis; C. tenuisB|


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|BCystopteris protrusa (Weatherby) BlasdellB|   	85


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Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Cystopteris protrusa (fragilis var. p.)


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Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Cystopteris tennesseensis (fragilis var. t.)


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Several records remain uncertain. This taxon is a fertile tetraploid derived from crossing of bulbifera and protrusa (Haufler et al. 1990; FNA 2). Although most authorities consider treat this as a species, there is considerable variation, perhaps reflecting different original hybridizations (see also: Cranfill 1980; Cr, W). Some Ky. plants appear relatively close to protrusa, while other resemble bulbifera more. Also, tennesseensis can form occasional hybrids with its parent species and with tenuis.


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|BCystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv.B|   	86


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Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Cystopteris tenuis (fragilis var. mackayi)


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Several records of this northern species are uncertain, or may be hybrids; there has also been confusion with tennesseensis. C. tenuis is a fertile tetraploid derived from crossing of protrusa and another parent, unknown and presumed extinct (Paler & Barrington 1995). It is similar to protrusa but differs in its shorter rhizomes (up to 0.5 cm versus 1-6 cm), which lack hairs (versus covered in hairs); its dark brown petioles (versus darkened only at base); its thicker leaves (versus membranaceous), with basal pinnules just slightly stalked to cuneate (versus clearly stalked) and just slightly lobed (versus deeply).


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|BCytisus scoparius (L.) LinkB|   	1181 C


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This potentially invasive shrub from Europe has been reported, but perhaps based on cultivated material (M); it is locally naturalized on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (J).


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This was probably introduced early after settlement, as a favorite grass for pastures and hayfields.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 D 4.   |BABU B| +6.


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|BDactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.B|   	3291 R


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This weed of the Old World tropics is common in southeastern states, and occasionally adventive further north. It was reported from Ky. by RAB, but no coll. has been found.


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|BDAISY: Astranthium (GLADE), Bellis (ENGLISH), Boltonia (DOLL'S), Leucanthemum (OXEYE)B|


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|BDalea candida Michx. ex Willd.B|   	1212


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Fabaceae <Amorpheae>: Dalea <Petalostemon> candida


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Fabaceae <Amorpheae>: Dalea <Petalostemon> purpurea


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|BDANDELION: Krigia (LESSER), Pyrrhopappus (GREATER), TaraxacumB|


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|BDanthonia compressa Austin ex PeckB|   	3146


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Some material from ROWA (MDKY) is unusually glabrate.


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|BDanthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	3145


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|BDasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf.B|   	1729


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Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Dasistoma [Seymeria] macrophylla


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There are colls. from FAYE (KY), PIKE (M) and perhaps elsewhere, but these may be from rare garden escapes; this species does not seem to be becoming naturalized.


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Most or all material is var. tatula (L.) Torr., but this may not be worth recognizing. The native or alien status of this species in North America remains somewhat uncertain. It is often considered to have been introduced with the early settlements in Va. Based on early records, it appears to have became abundant in Ky. within 10-15 years after settlement during the 1770s.


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This alien has been present since the mid-1800s or earlier (Rafinesque 1840; Gr).


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|BDecodon verticillatus (L.) Ell.B|   	514


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Most material is relatively glabrous, matching var. laevigatus Torr. & Gray. Colls. from BATH and HOPK (KY) match the pubescent var. verticillatus. However, this distinction has not been generally recognized in recent treatments (e.g. Graham 1975; Cr, W).


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|BDelphinium carolinianum Walt. ssp. calciphilum WarnockB|   	181


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Ranunculaceae <Delphinieae>: Delphinium carolinianum ssp. calciphilum


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All plants of this species in Ky. are probably ssp. calciphilum, which is virtually restricted to flat limestone glades of the southern Interior Low Plateaus in Ala., Ga., Ky. and Tenn. (Warnock 1995; FNA 3). However, there has been a tortuous taxonomic trail; other segregates have been reported; and colls. should be rechecked (M). The name D. virescens Nutt. has been partly misapplied to ssp. calciphilum, but belongs with closely related plants of the Great Plains now treated as D. carolinianum ssp. virescens (Nutt.) Brooks (including ssp. penardii (Huth) Warnock). Ssp. carolinianum occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain and in Ozarkian regions, often on non-calcareous soils. [A somewhat parallel situation occurs with Viola egglestonii, V. pedatifida and  V. septemloba, respectively.]


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This globally rare species has been reported but records are obscure or incomplete (M, J). There is a coll. of C.W. Short (GH) that might be from Ky. The species is known from se. Ohio, and it may be expected in thinly wooded ravines of LEWI, draining the more open calcareous uplands.


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|BDendrolycopodium hickeyi (W.H. Wagner, Beitel & Moran) A. HainesB|   	12


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Lycopodiaceae: Dendrolycopodium [Lycopodium*] hickeyi (obscurum var. dendroideum)


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|BDendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. HainesB|   	11


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Lycopodiaceae: Dendrolycopodium [Lycopodium*] obscurum (var.o.)


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|BDennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. MooreB|   	54


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] diphylla


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Dentaria spp., especially diphylla and laciniata, have highly variable chromosome numbers; 2n ranges from ca. 80 to 250 (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Their genetics are complex, with clonal spread by rhizomes often replacing sexual reproduction. Their distinction from Cardamine, and recognition of their many local races or hybrids, remain controversial subjects. In Ky., there appears to be rare hybrids with heterophylla and perhaps laciniata; see also notes under maxima.


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] heterophylla (C. angustata)


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This appears to hybridize occasionally with several other species.


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|BDentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	695


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] laciniata (C. concatenata)


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There appear to be rare hybrids with heterophylla (e.g. a coll. from MORG at KY), perhaps diphylla and other species.


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] maxima (?anomala, ?incisa)


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This taxon has not been clearly defined or recognized in much of its reported northeastern range (F, Cr), especially in southern sections. It is often considered to result from hybrids of diphylla and laciniata (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). In Ky., some colls. mapped here may represent a stable taxon, but others may represent diphylla in a depauperate condition, or may be hybrids of diphylla and heterophylla. Similar uncertainties exist in Tenn., where there are very few records (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


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|BDentaria multifida Muhl. ex Ell.B|   	697


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] multifida (heterophylla var. m.; C. dissecta)


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This species mostly occurs in c. Ala., nw. Ga., Tenn. and sc. Ky. (Al-Shehbaz 1988). The plants in GRNP are part of disjunct clusters in se. Ind., c. Ohio and perhaps sw. W.Va. There appear to be rare hybrids with heterophylla (e.g. a coll. of B from WAYN), perhaps laciniata and other species.


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|BDeparia acrostichoides (Sw.) M. KatoB|   	78


Line:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Deparia [Athyrium] acrostichoides (A. thelypterioides)


Line:
Within the Bluegrass region, the only record is a 1955 coll. M. Wharton from "mesophytic woods" in ANDE (EKY), without locality but probably in the Eden Shale hills.


Line:
|BDeschampsia cespotosa: see D. glaucaB|


Line:
|BDeschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.B|   	3239


Line:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Deschampsia glauca (caespitosa var. g.)


Line:
This is known only from rocky limestone banks of the Kentucky Rv. in the central Palisades ravine. This taxon seems to warrant at least subspecies status due to its smaller overall dimensions (including ligule), and its frequent base-rich habitats (at least to the south). It has a broad native range in North America, except for the southeast, whereas typical caespitosa mostly occurs in western regions; see also F and W.


Line:
|BDescurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var. brachycarpa (Richards.) Fern.B|   	740


Line:
Brassicaceae <Sisymbrieae>: Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa


Line:
|BDescurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var. pinnataB|   	739


Line:
Brassicaceae <Sisymbrieae>: Descurainia pinnata var. p.


Line:
There is a recent coll. from under limestone cliffs in MERC (M; WKY) and an old coll. by R. Peter (NY, May 1834) from "Kentucky River", assumed to be in FAYE. This southern variety and the more widespread northern var. brachycarpa are typical of dry disturbed places, and appear widely scattered along trails, roads or railroads with dry base-rich soils. Both may be native or considered waifs from afar.


Line:
|BDescurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex PrantlB|   	738


Line:
|BDesmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.B|   	1160


Line:
This extends from the Rockies to the Alantic but is most common in the Great Plains and Midwest. In Ky., it is locally abundant on banks along the Ohio River and along some tributaries. It is much less common inland, but does appear to be native in some remnants of native grassland or open woodland along smaller streams and on adjacent uplands with base-rich soils. Some records along rights-of-way may be adventive. Recent local increases might have been alllowed by reduction in livestock or deer, especially in developed lowlands or suburban areas where browsing previously limited the species (Gr; R. Seymour, pers. comm.). D. illinoensis is well known to be preferred browse.


Line:
|BDesmodium canadense (L.) DC.B|   	1225


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Longibracteata> canadense


Line:
There are several reports of this northern species, but only one coll. is known, from ROWA (MDKY): E.P. Walters, 20 Aug 1938, edge of woods, Fraley's Hollow, Morehead.


Line:
|BDesmodium canescens (L.) DC.B|   	1219


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipulata> canescens


Line:
|BDesmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC.B|   	1223


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Pauciarticulata> ciliare ("obtusum")


Line:
|BDesmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex Loud.B|   	1226


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Longibracteata> cuspidatum (bracteosum)


Line:
A coll. from BOON (KY) may be var. longifolium, or perhaps hybridized with canescens.


Line:
|BDesmodium glabellum (Michx.) DC.B|   	1229


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> glabellum


Line:
This is close to perplexum, and ca. 1-10% of colls. appear somewhat intermediate (Isely 1990). There has also been confusion in nomenclature with D. humifusum (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Beck, which is unknown in the state.


Line:
|BDesmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) WoodB|   	1215


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Americana> glutinosum (acuminatum)


Line:
|BDesmodium laevigatum (Nutt.) DC.B|   	1233


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> laevigatum


Line:
There appear to be rare hybrids with glabellum, paniculatum or marilandicum; see colls. at KY, BEREA and elsewhere.


Line:
|BDesmodium marilandicum (L.) DC.B|   	1224


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Pauciarticulata> marilandicum


Line:
|BDesmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC.B|   	1214


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Americana> nudiflorum


Line:
|BDesmodium nuttallii (Schindl.) Schub.B|   	1232


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> nuttallii


Line:
Further study is needed; this southern species is close to viridiflorum, and some records may have been confused.


Line:
|BDesmodium obtusum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC.B|   	1222


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Pauciarticulata> obtusum (rigidum)


Line:
This southern species is rather poorly known in Ky., but it appears to be a conservative remnant of relatively xeric native grasslands in several regions of the state. There has been confusion with ciliare, but the two species are generally quite distinct.


Line:
|BDesmodium ochroleucum M.A. Curtis ex CanbyB|   	1217 R


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipulata> ochroleucum


Line:
This was reported for Ky. by RAB, but no voucher has been located. It is known from adjacent Montgomery Co., Tenn. (Ch) and nearby in se. Mo. (St). D. ochroleucum is a globally rare southeastern species with creamy flowers and creeping habit.


Line:
|BDesmodium paniculatum (L.) DC.B|   	1228


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> paniculatum (var. p.)


Line:
This includes var. pubens; the species is generally distinct from perplexum and glabellum, but there are occasional intermediates (Isely 1990).


Line:
|BDesmodium pauciflorum (Nutt.) DC.B|   	1216


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Americana> pauciflorum


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> perplexum ("dillenii")


Line:
This is close to glabellum, and there are frequent transitional colls. (Isely 1990).


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipulata> rotundifolium


Line:
|BDesmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & GrayB|   	1221


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Pauciarticulata> sessilifolium


Line:
|BDesmodium viridiflorum (L.) DC.B|   	1231


Line:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> viridiflorum


Line:
There appear to be occasional hybrids with glabellum or perplexum.


Line:
This has become locally naturalized at Natural Bridge State Park in POWE (KY). Other records come from CW, but details are not yet available.


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 5,7 D? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
This alien has been widespread in pastures across northeastern states since Gray's (1864) time or earlier. Although widespread, it is usually just infrequent to rare. Gr noted: "In meadows. Eaten and said to be relished by horses. Not common except locally." Several other showy species of Dianthus or the related Petrorhagia may occasionally escape from cultivation but do not appear truly naturalized.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 ::? D 5.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
This commonly cultivated species ("sweet-william") may occasionally persist or escape, but does not seem to become truly naturalized. There is a coll. of dubious status from a "vacant lot" in JEFF (DHL).


Line:
This commonly cultivated species ("garden pink") may occasionally persist or escape, but does not seem to become truly naturalized. There is an apparently wild coll. from ROWA (MDKY).


Line:
Poaceae <Diarrheneae>: Diarrhena americana (var. a.)


Line:
|BDiarrhena obovata (Gleason) BrandenburgB|   	3139


Line:
Poaceae <Diarrheneae>: Diarrhena obovata (americana var. o.)


Line:
This is generally distinct from typical americana, but some colls. need rechecking.


Line:
|BDicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp.B|   	239


Line:
This octaploid (2n = 64) species tends to grow in more fertile soil than the tetraploid (2n = 32) D. canadensis, often with more disturbance. Leaves tend to be more bluish-green and glaucous (versus somewhat yellow-green, not glaucous). The diploid (2n = 16) D. eximia (Ker Gawl.) Torr., with panicles of pink flowers and lacking bulblets, is a largely Southern Appalachian species that may occur close to Ky., but is unknown within the state (FNA 3).


Line:
|BDicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.B|   	240


Line:
|BDichanthelium aciculare (Desv. ex Poir.) Gould & C.A. ClarkB|   	3370 T


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] aciculare (ssp. a.)


Line:
Some western colls. included here under angustifolium (in CALL, HARD, MARS) have been identified as the closely related aciculare, using older treatments. However, these colls. do not seem particularly distinct, and aciculare in its narrow sense is probably restricted to the Coastal Plain well south of Ky. (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, FNA 25).


Line:
|BDichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. acuminatumB|   	3360


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] acuminatum var. a.


Line:
In its narrow sense, typical acuminatum is a largely southern taxon, on the Coastal Plain and through Central to South America. Records from Ky. need to be rechecked, but at least the coll. from LIVI (KY) seems correct. This taxon does intergrade with var. fasciculatum and others in the acuminatum group.


Line:
|BDichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.) FreckmannB|   	3361


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] acuminatum (lanuginosum) var. fasciculatum (tennesseense)


Line:
Within Ky. var. fasciculatum is clearly the most widespread taxon in the acuminatum group, but further study is needed. Included here are colls. that were previously treated as P. huachucae Ashe (the most common form) or P. tennesseense Ashe (with relatively glabrous foliage).There can also be intergradation with other variants of acuminatum, meridionale, columbianum, villosissimum, dichotomum, laxiflorum and others (FNA 25).


Line:
|BDichanthelium angustifolium (Ell.) GouldB|   	3371


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] angustifolium (aciculare ssp. a.*)


Line:
A few colls. suggest transitions to aciculare, but it may be unreasonable to segregate these records in Ky.; the two taxa are combined as subspecies in FNA 25.


Line:
|BDichanthelium ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) ?B|   	3344


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] ashei (commutatum var. a.*)


Line:
Although close to commutatum and perhaps intergrading in some cases, D. ashei is generally distinct in its narrower upper leaves (ca. 5-10 mm wide versus 10-20 mm) and slightly shorter spikelets (on average); see also Anderson (1924). Also, typical commutatum tends to have blades increasing markedly up the culms, and the culms tend to be more spreading. Moreover, ashei is consistently found in subxeric to xeric woods on acid infertile soils, while commutatum occurs in more mesic-tending woods. The combinations ssp. ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) Freckman & Lelong and var. ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) Mohlenbrock are available, but species status may be warranted.


Line:
|BDichanthelium bicknellii (Nash) ?B|   	3369


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] cf. bicknellii ("boreale")


Line:
These scattered plants, found in various rocky woods and glades, are poorly understood. They have often been referred to boreale, which is a northern relative of dichotomum that is not mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock & Chase (1950) or FNA 25. Reported southern extensions of boreale (e.g. Cr) are largely based on plants that appear derived from hybridization among dichotomum, acuminatum, linearifolium or other common species. Panicum bicknellii Nash and P. calliphyllum Ashe are older names sometimes considered synonymous with boreale, but apparently based on various putative hybrids or introgressants that are similar to these plants in Ky. (Hitchcock & Chase 1950; F; FNA 25).


Line:
|BDichanthelium boreale: see D. cf. bicknelliiB|


Line:
|BDichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. bosciiB|   	3339


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] boscii var. b.


Line:
|BDichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. molle (Vasey) MohlenbrockB|   	3340


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] boscii var. molle


Line:
This hairy variety is not recognized in most current treatments, but it seems to have a relatively southern range overall, and within Ky. it seems restricted to a few small regions.


Line:
|BDichanthelium clandestinum (L.) GouldB|   	3342


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] clandestinum


Line:
|BDichanthelium columbianum (Scribn.) FreckmannB|   	3364


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] columbianum (acuminatum ssp. c., sabulorum var. thinium)


Line:
Nomenclature, variation and distribution need further study. D. columbianum appears to intergrade with acuminatum, lindheimeri, meridionale and other close relatives. It has been recently treated as a largely northeastern subspecies in the acuminatum group (FNA 25). However, the shorter ligule hairs, and the dense hairs on sheaths and culms have suggested more distinction than the other taxa treated here within acuminatum (see also: Hitchcock & Chase 1950; Yatskievytch 1999). A few colls. have been referred to Panicum tsugetorum Nash (with longer spikelets), which is combined in recent treatments.


Line:
|BDichanthelium commonsianum (Ashe) FreckmannB|   	3354 T


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] commsonianum (ovale ssp. pseudopubescens, var. addisonii)


Line:
This may occur in the state, but it is close to villosissimum and a critical revision of colls. is needed. It appears transitional to the more southeastern D. ovale (Ell.) Gould & C.A. Clark, which has longer spikelets and less long hairs on the foliage, and occurs largely on the Coastal Plain. FNA 25 indicated that commsonianum (Ashe) Freckmann (as a subspecies of ovale) has a range similar to villosissimum, but confirmed colls. from Ky. have not been located.


Line:
|BDichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) GouldB|   	3343


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] commutatum (var. c.)


Line:
|BDichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) GouldB|   	3374


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] depauperatum


Line:
Included here are relatively glabrous plants that have been named var. psilophyllum Fern. (within Panicum), These are relatively frequent in northern states and Canada, but within Ky. they do not appear to have significant difference in distribution.


Line:
|BDichanthelium dichotomum (L.) GouldB|   	3367


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] dichotomum (ssp. d.*)


Line:
Included here are a few colls. previously referable to Panicum barbulatum Michx., which is a robust form combined in recent treatments. Also, there are occasional transitions to microcarpon and perhaps other species.


Line:
|BDichanthelium joorii (Vasey) MohlenbrockB|   	3345


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] joorii (commutatum var. j.)


Line:
This was described by Mohlenbrock (1985) in southern Illinois, and has since been found at scattered sites in the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, and perhaps south to Mexico. Further collection is needed to document its range in Ky. Although close to commutatum, proper colls. can be reliably distinguished. It consistently occurs in subhydric to submesic woods, on terraces and shaded stream banks.


Line:
|BDichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C.A. ClarkB|   	3341


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] latifolium


Line:
This northern species occurs locally in the Southern Appalachians (W), and the only confirmed records in Ky. are from the Cumberland Mts. B collected it only on Big Black Mt. in HARL (US); see also Hitchcock & Chase's (1950). In Tenn., it is known from a few northeastern counties adjacent to Ky. and Va. (TENN). There have been many erroneous records in southeastern states; most colls. mapped here (and many in FNA 25) need to be rechecked. D. latifolium is close to boscii (spikelets 3.8-5.2 mm) and commutatum (spikelets 2.2-3.2 mm), appearing intermediate in spikelets and other characters (including sometimes slightly bearded nodes). But it has been misidentified most often as clandestinum, especially when incomplete specimens lack lower sheaths. D. latifolium lacks papillose-based hairs on lower sheaths and lower leaf margins (as found in clandestinum); blades are shorter on average (7-18 cm versus 10-28 cm); also on average, spikelets are longer (2.9-4.1 mm versus 2.4-3.6 mm) and first glumes are longer (1.5-2.2 mm versus 1.2-1.8 mm).


Line:
|BDichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) GouldB|   	3372


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] laxiflorum (xalapense)


Line:
|BDichanthelium leibergii (Vasey) FreckmannB|   	3346 R


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] leibergii


Line:
This was reported by J, but confirmed colls. have not been located. A provisional report by R. Cranfill (1989, pers. comm.) was based on a misidentified coll. of boscii from HARD (KY). D. leibergii occurs mostly in the upper Mid-west; it was mapped in s. Ill. and s. Ohio by FNA 25, close to the Ky. borders.


Line:
|BDichanthelium lindheimeri (Nash) GouldB|   	3359


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] lindheimeri (acuminatum ssp. li.*)


Line:
This taxon has been treated as a subspecies of acuminatum, but it may be relatively distinct in Ky., often concentrated on somewhat xerohydric flats. Some colls. from western regions (e.g. CALL at KY-Agr.) appear transitional to the closely related longiligulatum. FNA 25 indicated that intergradation with acuminatum var. fasciculatum and var. implicatum can also be expected.


Line:
|BDichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) GouldB|   	3373


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] linearifolium (werneri)


Line:
Included here are relatively glabrous plants that have been named var. werneri (Scribn.) Mohlenbrock. These are releatively frequent in northern states and Canada, but within Ky. they do not appear to have significant difference in distribution.


Line:
|BDichanthelium longiligulatum (Nash) FreckmannB|   	3357


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] longiligulatum (acuminatum ssp. lo.)


Line:
This southern (to tropical) taxon may intergrade with the closely related lindheimeri and spretum. The coll. from CALL (SIU) appears at least transitional to spretum. There may also be confusion (or intergradation) with more hairy members of the acuminatum group, perhaps in the form of ssp. leucothrix (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong (FNA 25).


Line:
|BDichanthelium malacophyllum (Nash) GouldB|   	3348


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] malacophyllum


Line:
This mid-western species is close to the southeastern ravenelii and the more widespread oligosanthes (or scribnerianum), with which it may intergrade (FNA 25); some colls. need to be rechecked.


Line:
|BDichanthelium meridionale (Ashe) FreckmannB|   	3363


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] meridionale (acuminatum/lanuginosum ssp./var. m./implicatum )


Line:
Mapping here is provisional; this relatively northern and Appalachian taxon does occur in Ky., but there has been confusion with other taxa. It has been treated as a variety or subspecies (FNA 25) of acuminatum, including var. implicatum (Scrib. ex Nash) Gould & Clark. The recent treatment by R. LeBlond in W indicates that this species (as well as relatives not present in Ky.) can be distinguished from acuminatum by the very short hairs on its panicle axes, peduncles and vernal culm sheaths: ca. 0.1 mm long (or occasionally plus scattered longer hairs) versus 0.2-0.5 mm (or occasionally lacking). Also, leaf blades are relatively short (3-6 cm versus 4-12 cm) and narrow (3-5 mm versus 4-12 mm), typically with sparser longer hairs. Spikelets are usually shorter (1.3-1.7 mm versus 1.5-2 mm in var. fasciculatum). This taxon is reported to grow in relatively sterile acid soils on damp sites (especially as "implicatum") or dry sites (at least "meridionale").


Line:
|BDichanthelium microcarpon (Muhl. ex Ell.) MohlenbrockB|   	3365


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] microcarpon (dichotomum ssp. m.*, nididum var. ramulosum)


Line:
This generally appears to be a distinct species in Ky., but plants transitional to dichotomum and yadkinense have been collected in several places. The name D. dichotomum var. ramulosum (Torr.) LeBlond has been preferred by W. Two other wetland taxa in the dichotomum group have been occasionally reported but not verified: D. lucidum (Ashe) LeBlond and  D. mattamuskeetense (Ashe) Mohl. (both treated as ssp. in FNA 25). These occur largely on the eastern Piedmont or Coastal Plain and may be unlikely in Ky. (W).


Line:
|BDichanthelium oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) GouldB|   	3351 T


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] oligosanthes (var. o.*)


Line:
|BDichanthelium polyanthes (J.A. Schultes) MohlenbrockB|   	3353


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] polyanthes (sphaerocarpon var. isophyllum)


Line:
Occasional hybrids with sphaerocarpon can be expected (FNA 25).


Line:
|BDichanthelium praecocius (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) ?B|   	3356 T


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] praecocius (ovale ssp. p., villosissimum* var. p.)


Line:
Plants matching the description of praecocious do occur in the state, but colls. are often difficult to distinguish from villosissimum, and records are combined in this Atlas, pending further study.


Line:
|BDichanthelium ravenelii (Scribn. & Merr.) GouldB|   	3349


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] ravenelii


Line:
|BDichanthelium scoparium (Lam.) GouldB|   	3347


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] scoparium


Line:
Although locally abundant in southern and western regions of the state, this widespread southern species is virtually unknown in northeastern regions. A disjunct site was recently reported in southeastern Ohio (Gardner et al. 2004).


Line:
|BDichanthelium scribnerianum (Nash) ?B|   	3350


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] scribnerianum (oligosanthes var. s.*; helleri)


Line:
This can be considered a southeastern variety or subspecies of the largely mid-western oligosanthes, with which it can intergrade (FNA 25). Typical oligosanthes may not be collected in Ky., but this needs to be checked. From general observations across the ranges of the species (FNA 25), scriberianum may also hybridize with malacophyllum, acuminatum and other species. Some variants have been misidentified as D. wilcoxianum (Vasey) Freckmann (= oligosanthes var. w.), which is an upper mid-western taxon that is probably unknown in Ky.


Line:
|BDichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Ell.) GouldB|   	3352


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] sphaerocarpon (var. s.)


Line:
A few colls. (e.g. from POWE) may be transitional to polyanthes. FNA 25 indicates that sphaerocarpon can also hybridize with acuminatum and laxiflorum.


Line:
|BDichanthelium spretum (J.A. Schultes) FreckmannB|   	3358 T


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] spretum (acuminatum ssp. s.)


Line:
This taxon has not been confirmed in Ky. (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, FNA 25), although it does occur to the south on the Coastal Plain and to the north around the Great Lakes. A coll. from CALL (SIU) that is referred here to longiligulatum may be at least transitional to spretum. These two taxa are both treated as subspecies of acuminatum in FNA (25).


Line:
|BDichanthelium tenue (Muhl.) Freckmann & LelongB|   	3368


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] tenue (albomarginatum)


Line:
Plants from sandstone clifftops in MCRE (KY) have been referred to the relatively glabrous Panicum albomarginatum Nash, which is now combined with D. tenue in recent treatments. However, tenue in its orginal narrow sense was applied just to hairier plants on the southern Atlantic Coastal Plain (Hitchcock & Chase 1950). A closely related species, D. ensifolium (Bald. ex Ell.) Gould, is known from boggy seeps on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn., within a few miles of the Ky. border.


Line:
|BDichanthelium villosissimum (Nash) FreckmannB|   	3355


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] villosissimum (ovale ssp. v., acuminatum var. villosum; + praecocius)


Line:
Variation needs further study. The records mapped here include colls. that can be referred to the largely mid-western species, praecocius, which has shorter spikelets, narrower blades, and narrower culms. These two taxa can intergrade, and both can be reasonably treated as subspecies of the southeastern species, ovale (which in its typical form is unknown in Ky.). They can also intergrade with acuminatum (FNA 25).


Line:
|BDichanthelium yadkinense (Ashe) MohlenbrockB|   	3366


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] yadkinense (dichotomum ssp. y.*)


Line:
To an experienced panicologist, this taxon is generally distinct in appearance and habitat, being concentrated along sandy banks of larger streams and rivers. However, it can intergrade with microcarpon and perhaps dichotomum. The coll. from CARL (MUR) has a short-hairy ligule suggesting hybridization with acuminatum or a related species. Most colls. have spikelets shorter than the 2.3-2.5 mm noted by Hitchcock & Chase (1950), and indeed FNA 25 has broadened this range to 1.9-2.6 mm.


Line:
|BDicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Spreng.B|   	1785


Line:
|BDidiplis diandra (Nutt. ex DC.) WoodB|   	519


Line:
Lythraceae: Didiplis [Lythrum (Peplis)] diandra


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Although widely scattered across southeastern states and up the Mississippi Valley to Minn., this monotypic aquatic herb is rarely recorded. In Ky., it appears to be associated with large old mature oxbow lakes and ponds, which may draw down substantially in the summer.


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|BDigitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.B|   	3394 T


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria ciliaris (sanguinalis var. c.)


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This was recently reported by Weckman et al. (2003) from POWE (EKY) and by D. Boone (pers. comm.) from BOON (for KNK), but further verification is needed. Although older manuals largely neglected ciliaris, FNA 25 indicated that it is a widespread native in warmer regions of the Western Hemisphere, common in southern states and extending north in the Ohio Valley to s. Ill. and s. Ind. Typical ciliaris appears to have been confused with sanguinalis, and may intergrade (Cr). It differs in its lower lemmas with lateral veins glabrous or scabridulous in the distal third (versus scabrous in the distal two-thirds), and its blades with papillose-based hairs generally restricted to the base of adaxial surfaces (versus usually distributed over both surfaces). Further complicating the situation is the reported presence of the southeast Asian D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara (Fig. & De Not.) R.R. Stewart, which has distinctive "glassy yellow hairs" on lower lemmas between the inner veins; the coll. from BOON does appear to be that taxon.


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|BDigitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) PilgerB|   	3398


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria <Leptoloma> cognata


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|BDigitaria filiformis (L.) Koel.B|   	3397


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria <Leptoloma> filiformis


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Although there are scattered records from central Ky., this species may only be locally frequent in far-western counties (see also Gr).


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|BDigitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.B|   	3395


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria ischaemum (?glabra)


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The earliest report of this aliens, under the old synonym D. glabra Beauv., was by Short & Peter (1835). Variation in this species may need further review. Although not recognized by FNA 25, var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fern. was previously considered to be a robust native variant in the eastern U.S.A., especially southern regions (F). Colls. from HARD (Medley et al. 19778-92 for WKY) and perhaps elsewhere fit the description of that taxn.


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|BDigitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.B|   	3393


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria sanguinalis (var. c.)


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This is a widespread weed in North America may have been present since early after settlement, but the first colls. appear to have been made by Kearney, Pr and Gr during the 1890s. In 1914 Gr noted: "one of our most troublesome grass weeds, occurring everywhere in cultivated ground, in meadows, pastures, lawns, and along roadsides." Colls. need to be rechecked for the supposedly native species, ciliaris; see under that name.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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This largely tropical or subtropical species has been considered native to both Western and Eastern Hemispheres, but FNA 25 indicates that it is only an alien within the Western.


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|BDioclea multiflora (Torr. & Gray) C. MohrB|   	1301


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Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Dioclea [Galactia] multiflora (G. mohlenbrockii)


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Several colls. have been referred to var. setigera Fern. & Grisc., including those of B from BULL, LETC, METC and WAYN; see also M. However, that relatively western taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


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|BDioscorea hirticaulis BartlettB|   	2634 T


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Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea hirticaulis (villosa var. h.)


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This poorly understood southeastern taxon has been variously interpreted (F, Cr; Al-Shehbaz & Schubert 1989; FNA 26; W). Within the Ohio Valley, plants named hirticaulis may just represent an occasional hairy form of villosa, but a distinct variety or species may be justified on the Coastal Plain. It has been reported from Ky. by BA and Rogers (1941), but no complete convincing colls. have been located. There is a coll. from CALD (EKY, KY) that may be referred here. D. hirticaulis has also been reported from s. Ind. (D).


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|BDioscorea oppositifolia: see D. polystachyaB|


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Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea polystachya (batatas, "oppositifolia")


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This Chinese species has been cultivated for its edible aerial tubers, and perhaps as an ornamental, but it is now widely naturalized. It was first reported by Wharton (1945).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-10,8,7 C 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BDioscorea quaternata J.F. Gmel.B|   	2637


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Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea quaternata (villosa* var. glabrifolia)


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This species is relatively abundant throughout Ky. and in other Appalachian states, but is much less common on the Coastal Plain, where largely replaced by villosa (W). It does occur in more northern states, but it has often been reported as villosa in floristic manuals.


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Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea villosa (var. v.)


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With incomplete colls. viilosa is not easily distinguished from quaternata, and these species have been combined in some treatments (e.g. FNA 26). More study is needed in Ky., based on recent literature. D. villosa can be distinguished (Al-Shehbaz & Schubert 1989; W) by having a mostly twining stem with alternate leaves (except rarely at the base with short internodes, appearing almost whorled). D. quaternata has lower leaves in whorls of 4-7, and only the upper stem twines with alternate leaves. Also, villosa has stems with 8-14 narrowly winged ribs (versus terete); and its rhizomes are ca. 5-10 mm thick (versus 10-15 mm), relatively straight and little-branched (versus often contorted and branched).


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|BDiospyros virginiana L. var. pubescens (Pursh) DippelB|   	1456


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Ebenaceae: Diospyros virginiana var. pubescens


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Mapping here is provisional. Var. pubescens is probably worth recognizing, being distributed mostly along the Mississippi and further west (W), and perhaps most distinct in wetlands (D. Estes, pers. comm.). However, there may be too much continuous variation (Y). The leaves of var. pubescens are persistently covered with relatively long hairs below (versus glabrous or glabrescent), subcordate (versus cuneate to rounded) and often relatively large. F included var. platycarpa Sarg. under pubescens, as "an early ripening extreme with depressed fruits up to 7.5. cm across" known from west of the Mississippi. In w. and s. Ky., relatively large fruits (ca. 3-5 cm across) are encountered more frequently, but not as large as var. platycarpa.


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|BDiospyros virginiana L. var. virginianaB|   	1455


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This is widespread in eastern states but generally uncommon to absent on fertile base-rich soils. Further study of some records is needed to distinguish var. pubescens.


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|BDiphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) HolubB|   	13


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Lycopodiaceae: Diphasiastrum [Lycopodium*] digitatum ("flabelliforme"; complanatum var. f.)


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Some colls may need rechecking for tristachyum (Cranfill 1980), and rare hybrids with tristachyum (X habereri) may be expected (FNA 2).


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|BDiphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) HolubB|   	15


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|BDiplazium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) BrounB|   	77


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Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Diplazium [Athyrium] pycnocarpon


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|BDiplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.B|   	654


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|BDipsacum sylvestris: see D. fullonumB|


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This plant is the common wild "teasel", with straight chaff. It was probably present in Ky. early after settlement (Rafinesque 1836), but Gray (1864) noted just "rather rare" in northeastern states. In 1914, Gr just noted "not so often seen in cultivated ground." It is now a locally abundant biennial weed, especially along major roads. The name D. fullonum has also been misapplied to D. sativus (L.) Honckeny, with hooked chaff, which was selected in the past for use with textiles but has not been confirmed as naturalized in east-central states (W).


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This weed has invaded northeastern states during recent decades. It was first reported in Ky. during the 1970s (M), and it is spreading, especially along major highways; see also Y.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 ::? D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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Mapped here as open dots are the data of Gr and B. This species is easily overlooked and probably more widespread in Ky. than indicated by colls. It ranges across all of eastern North America. In the "Walden Woods" of METC and similar sites, it is locally common in open understories around the upper fringes of mesic wooded ravines, where deer may browse selectively on more palatable species. Dirca spp. are small shrubs known to spread with rhizomes (Graves 2004), and they are generally toxic or repellant to generalist herbivores.


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|BDodecatheon frenchii (Vasey) Rydb.B|   	1461


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Primulaceae: Dodecatheon frenchii (meadia var. f.)


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Primulaceae: Dodecatheon meadia (var. m.)


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Inflorescences are sometimes heavily browsed by deer; an extensive but much browsed population in ANDE has failed to reproduce for many years (L. Crawfort, pers. comm.).


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|BDoellingeria infirma (Michx.) GreeneB|   	2401


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Doellingeria [Aster] infirma


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|BDoellingeria umbellata (P. Mill.) NeesB|   	2402


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Doellingeria [Aster] umbellata


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Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Draba aprica (brachycarpa var. fastigiata)


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Except for the one record in Ky., this globally rare species of siliceous outcrops and gravelly roadsides is known only from the Ozark region (Ark., Mo., Okl.) and the Piedmont or adjacent mountains of Ga. and S.C. (Y, W). D. aprica is closely related to the more widespread southeastern species, brachycarpa. It usually flowers a month later (April versus March), and is more restricted to rocky sites (Y). The coll. by Woods (1983) from a sandstone outcrop near a road in CALL (GH) has been verified, but plants cannot be relocated at the site.


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|BDraba brachycarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & GrayB|   	676


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|BDraba cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & GrayB|   	675


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This perennial is known only in the Ridge and Valley region from W.Va. and Md. to Tenn. and N.C., and along the Kentucky River Palisades. Inexplicable unvouched records of Nye (1961) from additional northern counties of Ky. are rejected. Ky. may all be referred to var. glabrifolia E.L. Braun, which has leaves and stems glabrous or nearly so (F). Although that variety is not recognized in most recent treatments (see also: Al-Shehbaz 1987), the potential genetic distinction of this disjunct population deserves attention.


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Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Draba reptans (caroliniana)


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This was reported from WARR by Pr, and there may be other old records; colls. need to be searched for at MO and elsewhere.


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Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Draba <Erophila> verna


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The cosmopolitan winter annual weed has been common in Ky. for more than a century (Gray 1864; Gr), but was not recorded before the Civil War; see Short's note under Cardamine hirsita. Rather like C. hirsuta, D. verna is rare or absent in colder and drier regions of North America, but it does spread more into the northern interior (PL). Although many self-pollinating races with different chromosome numbers (2n = 14 to 64) have been described in Europe since Linnaeus, there has been little attempt to distinguish any of these in North America (Al-Shehbaz 1987; but see St).


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The single known population was discovered in the 1970s by W. Meijer and students. Although the site has been acquired by The Nature Conservancy, D. brevifolia and several other rare species are now threatened with lack of appropriate disturbance at the site.


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This species was discovered in RUSS during 2001 by Martina Hines of KSNPC (Clark et al. 2005). There are also 19th Century colls. from BATH/ROWA (PH; Campbell et al. 1992) and EDMO/WARR (KY; Pr, handwritten addenda). Based on historical clues, probable localities for these old records have been indicated in various technical reports (KSNPC).


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This circumboreal species was reported by Short et al. (1933), but no coll. has been located. It does occur in the southern Appalachians, and it may be expected in the Cumberland Mts. of Ky.


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|BDryopteris austriaca: see D. carthusiana & D. intermediaB|


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|BDryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. FuchsB|   	92


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Dryopteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Dryopteris carthusiana (spinulosa/austriaca var. s.)


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This widespread northern speciers is a fertile allotetraploid derived from hybridization of intermedia and semicristata, a hypothetical species that may now be extinct (Cranfill 1980, FNA 2). Back crosses with intermedia are occasionally found; colls. from HENR (KY) and perhaps elsewhere (MCRE, MORG, WOLF) may be referrable to this hybrid rather than the pure species. D. campyloptera Clarkson is a similar species of cool northeastern regions and high Appalachian summits that has been reported from Ky. (RAB) but not verified; its occurrence is dubious (FNA 2).


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|BDryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) GrayB|   	97


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|BDryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) GrayB|   	94


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Dryopteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Dryopteris intermedia (austriaca/spinulosa var. i.)


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Although widely mapped across Ky. and Tenn. by FNA 2, this northeastern species is largely restricted here to mesic sites in regions with sandy acid soils. The hybrid with marginalis is occasionally found, with colls. from CALD, EDMO, HARD and HART (Cranfill 1980). See also notes under carthusiana.


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|BDryopteris ludoviciana (Kunze) SmallB|   	98


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This southern species is typical of swamps on the Coastal Plain. The coll. from WARR (MO) was made in the 1880s or 1890s by S. Price, labelled just "Bowling Green, Ky." The related taxa, D. celsa (W. Palmer) Small and D. cristata (L.) Gray, have been reported from Ky. or nearby (RAB, FNA 2, Ch), but these are not verified and at least some reports are based on misidentifications (Cranfill 1980, M). D. celsa is an allopolyploid derived from ludoviciana and the more northern goldiana; it has been reported from all states around Ky. D. cristata is apparently an allopolyploid derived from ludoviciana and the extinct "semicristata"; it is largely northern but with scattered sites south to Ala. and N.C. (W).


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|BDryopteris marginalis (L.) GrayB|   	96


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|BDryopteris spinulosa: see D. carthusiana & D. intermediaB|


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|BDuchesnea indica (Andr.) FockeB|   	940


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Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Duschesnea [Potentilla] indica


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This was first recorded by Linney (1882); it was "common locally about Lexington in lawns" in 1914 (Gr). On damp fertile soils, Duschesnea has also become locally problematic within woodlands, especially along trails where Trifolium stoloniferum might be recovered.


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|BDulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt.B|   	2902


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|BDysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & ClemantsB|   	403


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Dysphania [Chenopodium*] ambrosioides


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This is probably native to warmer regions, but now widespread across North America. It varies much in chromosome number (2n = 16 to 64) and several varieties have been proposed, but virtually all plants in Ky. have been referred to typical ambrosioides. Separation of var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray, with less bracteate spikes, may deserve further study (Y), but there is only one old report from Ky. (Short et al. 1833).


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|BDysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & ClemantsB|   	402


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Dysphania [Chenopodium*] botrys


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This cosmopolitan weed is widely scattered in North America but rare to absent in southeastern states.


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|BDysphania pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin & ClemantsB|   	401


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Dysphania [Chenopodium*] pumilio


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This Australian weed is widely scattered in North America, especially southeastern and Pacific region (PL).


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|BDyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	2190


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Most records of this southwestern species date from 1900-1950; see especially Harvill (1941) and colls. at KY (Agr.). It may have been associated with sheep farming, which declined greatly after 1950.


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|BEchinacea purpurea (L.) MoenchB|   	2180


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Echinacea (Brauneria) purpurea


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|BEchinacea simulata R.L. McGregorB|   	2181


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Echinacea (Brauneria) simulata (pallida var. s.*)


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This occurs only in calcareous glades of the Interior Low Plateaus and Ozark Region or nearby (FNA 21, Y). It was formerly included within E. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., which has a more western and southern range, often on deeper soils. E. pallida is tetraploid (2n = 44 versus 22 in simulata); its pollen is larger and white (versus yellow when fresh), and there are other subtle differences.


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|BEchinochloa colona (L.) LinkB|   	3416


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| h-2? :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BEchinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.B|   	3421


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa crus-galli (var. c.)


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This weed has probably been present since early after settlement. Anderson (1924) reported that there was an old coll. at KY before the fire of 1948: R. Peter, 1833, Lexington.


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|BEchinochloa frumentacea LinkB|   	3422 C


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa frumentacea (crus-galli var. f.)


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This was probably derived from domestication of crus-galli in Southeast Asia (FNA 25). It is often used in bird-seed, and colls. may represent occasional waifs resulting from such use, rather than truly naturalized populations.


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|BEchinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. microstachya Wieg.B|   	3418


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (wiegandii)


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This western variant usually has shorter spikelets (2.5-3.8 mm versus 3.5-5 mm), and shorter awns on lower lemmas (0-10 mm versus 6-16 mm). Some plants formerly refered to var. wiegandii Fassett or E. occidentalis (Wieg.) Rydb. are provisionally included here (FNA 25). They may be distinguished by spikelets with relatively short hairs, often not clearly pustular-based (F), and have been confused with crus-galli; it seems possible that some intergradation occurs.


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|BEchinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricataB|   	3417


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa muricata var. mu. (pungens)


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This native species has often been misidentified as the Eurasian crus-gallii, which has a higher chromosome number (2n = 56 versus 36). In muricata, the stout papillose-based hairs of spikelets (and the firm tips of fertile lemmas) have usually been considered diagnostic, but a more reliable difference (FNA 25) may be the acute to acuminate apices of upper lemmas, which pass directly into the tip (versus rounded to broadly acute apices with a more distinct, hairier tip). Hybrids have not been demonstrated; but see note under muricata var. microstachya.


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|BEchinochloa walteri (Pursh) HellerB|   	3420


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa walteri (muricata var. w.)


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The few records deserve more confirmation: Kearney (1893) from BELL or HARL; Gunn (1968) from BULL; A. Cusick (pers. comm.) from GALL. E. walteri is largely concentrated in coastal regions of southeastern states and near the Great Lakes (FNA 25). Occasional inland records probably result from dispersal by migrating waterfowl.


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|BEchinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & GrayB|   	1385


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This widespread northern and western species is rare to absent in southeastern states (PL, W). There are several old records from Ky. The most recent record may be a coll. of P. Dalton Haragan from MARS (KY-Agr.) on a river bottom in 1985. A KSNPC coll.  from MCLE ca. 1980 was initially misidentified as Cayaponia quinquefolia (M). E. lobata has often been cultivated "for arbors and freely escapes" (F, Cr), but this practice has probably dwindled in modern horticulture.


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|BEchinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) FassettB|   	2606


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|BEchinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.B|   	2605


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Alismataceae: Echinodorus parvulus (tenellus var. p.*)


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As a broadly defined species, tenellus has a widespread tropical and temperate American range, but in North America known localities are generally few and far-between (FNA 22, W), and it seems imperiled in most states. It typically occurs along seasonal drawdown zones in various types of marginal or periodic wetlands. The more northern plants have been named E. parvulus, and although recent treatments have combined these taxa, more definitive study of variation is needed. The name E. tenellus (Martius) Buchenau var. parvulus (Engelm.) Fassett may be a reasonable compromise.


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Colls. from GARR (KY) and elsewhere appear transitional to var. pustulatum (Sibthorp & Sm.) Coincy, which is treated as a species by some authors. However, no colls. are clearly referable to that taxon (M).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Eclipta [Verbesina] prostrata (alba)


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This is a cosmopolitan weedy annual typical of shorelines and damp disturbed habitats. The name E. alba (L.) Hassk. has been applied to plants in the Western Hemisphere, but these may not be clearly distinct (FNA 21, Y and citations).


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The coll. from TODD (MUR) is a confusing mixture of aquatic species. E. densa is a South American species that has been widely used in aquaria, and it sometimes escapes.


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| 2 ~~ C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BEichhornia crassipes (Mart.) SolmsB|   	2811


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This tropical aquatic weed has spread to the north, but it probably cannot persist in most of the state.


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| 2,1 ~~ D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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This species ("Russian olive") has been planted across North America for several decades, and is now locally invasive in western states. However, it does not appear to have been widely naturalized in eastern states (see also Y). The few Ky. records date from after 1970. A related species, E. commutata Bernh., is native in northwestern North America; its report from Ky. by BA was probably erroneous (M).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-10,8 D? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BElaeagnus multiflora Thunb.B|   	1118 W


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This East Asian species ("cherry silverberry") is closely related to umbellata but differs in its larger fruit, longer pedicels, shorter hypanthium, and perhaps larger leaves. It has occasionally been planted in Ky. after 1970 for so-called reclamation or "wildlife" (with even human use of its fruits), especially in Appalachian regions, but there is no certain record of self-sown plants (M). Naturalized populations have been reported from scattered sites in Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.) and other eastern states (PL).


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This species has been planted at several sites, but there is only one record of a self-sown plant, from JEFF in 1987 (MM for WKY; M).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-10,8 C? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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This species ("autumn olive") has been widely planted, and is now a locally problematic invasive alien. In Ky. all records date from after 1970. Most or all plants may be referrable to var. parvifolia (Royle) Schneid., but we need further taxonomic study of this genus in North America.


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Elatinaceae: Elatine triandra {sensu lato; with americana, brachysperma}


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There are no verified records, but this is expected in Ky. (BT, M). In a broad sense, the species is widely scattered over the Northern Hemisphere, but several segregates have been recognized as varieties or species in North America. The southeastern E. americana (Pursh) Arn. was reported from Ky. by Linney (1882) but no colls. are known. The largely southwestern E. brachysperma Gray is known from c. Ill. and c. Ohio (PL) and may be expected in Ky.


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|BEleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	2919


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Several uncertain colls. have immature spikelets, but vegetative characters suggest acicularis. This species typically occurs on somewhat stagnant shores with much fine clay and rather low fertility, but with a pH ranging from 3 to 7 (Rothrock & Wagner 1975). The superficially similar tenuis (and its relatives) is somewhat less slender in its culms and rhizomes, and is more confined to acid sites, often with sand.


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|BEleocharis bifida S.G. SmithB|   	2909


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Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> bifida (compressa p.p.)


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This recently described segregate of compressa is known only from limestone outcrops in Ala., Ga., Ky. and Tenn. (C.G. Smith et al. in FNA 23). It can be distinguished from compressa by its pistillate scales, which are all bifid (versus at least the lower ones entire); also, its rhizomes are 3-5 mm thick (versus 2-3 mm), producing relatively tight clumps of culms that are highly compressed, with width of 4-10 times thickness (versus 2-5 times). It is possible that a few colls. are intermediates, as found in Tenn. (TENN), but most plants previously known as compressa in Ky. appear now to be bifida. A mixed population apparently occurs along the rocky banks of the Little South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in MCRE and WAYN (dets. of G. Smith at KY). See also notes on "acuminata" under elliptica.


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Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> compressa (elliptica var. c.)


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This is a widespread, largely midwestern species that is highly variable; it may intergrade locally with bifida, elliptica and erythropoda (FNA 23). Several records from Ky. remain uncertain; see also notes under bifida. At least one coll. from LEWI (KNK, R.F.C. Naczi #3811) may be transitional to typical elliptica; it was det. by G. Smith as "compressa x elliptica probably."


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|BEleocharis elliptica KunthB|   	2910 T


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Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> elliptica (tenuis var. borealis; ?acuminata)


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A few colls. may be transitional from elliptica to compressa (LEWI at KNK, R.F.C. Naczi #3811), or to tenuis (ROWA at MDKY & KNK, L. Meade #564), but are clearly not typical elliptica. However, BT mapped the ROWA coll. as elliptica. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees is a synonym of elliptica, but it was probably applied in some cases to plants now known as E. bifida (M).


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Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleogenus> engelmannii (ovata* var. e./detonsa)


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This has a widespread North American range like obtusa. These have generally been considered distinct taxa, at least as varieties. E. engelmanii typically occurs around larger. more stable, less eutrophic bodies of water; it is much less common than obtusa around small artificial farm ponds.


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Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> erythropoda (calva)


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|BEleocharis flavescens: see E. olivaceaB|


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|BEleocharis intermedia J.A. SchultesB|   	2914 R


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This northern species was reported from Ky. by Muenscher (1944) and Kellerman (1957), but no verifiable colls. have been located. There is a coll. of G.D. Kellerman & Kahn (#171) from BULL (DHL) that has been named "intermedia" but it has lost its spikes; closer study may be warranted.


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|BEleocharis obtusa (Willd.) J.A. SchultesB|   	2917


Line:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleogenus> obtusa (ovata* var. obtusa)


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Distinction from engelmannii and ovata may need further revision; see notes under those names. Some colls. from GARR, LAUR and POWE (EKY) are referable to the depauperate form previously known as var. jejuna Fern.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleogenus> olivacea (flavescens* var. o.)


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This was reported from the confluence of Big and Little Caney Creeks in ELLI by Cusick (1989), but the coll. needs to be rechecked (NY, NCU). E. olivacea is a widely scattered eastern species, mostly in coastal or lacustrine regions, but FNA 23 did not include Ky. in the range. It has been confused with E. intermedia in Ohio, where both species do occur. Distinction from typical E. flavescens (Poiret) Urban may be difficult in zones of overlap, but these taxa should be recognized at least as varieties (FNA 23) if not species (W). E. flavescens is a more southern (largely subtropical) plant with a higher chromosome number; 2n = 30 versus 20.


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|BEleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	2918 T


Line:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleogenus> ovata (var. ovata)


Line:
This northern species has been confused with obtusa, and there may be some intergradation (FNA 23, Y). E. ovata differs from obtusa and engelmannii in its relatively narrow tubercles (1/2 to 3/4 as wide as achenes), and its stamens only 2 (versus 3). There have been several reports from Ky. (M, FNA 23), but it remains unclear if there are verified colls. from Ky. or elsewhere in the Ohio Valley (PL). No colls. at KY were det. as typical ovata by S.G. Smith for FNA 23.


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|BEleocharis palustris: see E. smalliiB|


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|BEleocharis pseudoptera Weatherby ex Sven.B|   	2913 T


Line:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> pseudoptera (tenuis var. p.*)


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This northeastern taxon is close to verrucosa and tenuis, but can be distinguished by its more robust stems and several other characters (FNA 23); also, 2n is reportedly 38 or 39. It was reported (as a variety) from Ky. in FNA 23, but details need to be documented. A coll. from the Murphy's Pond area in HICK (KY) has been annotated "var. ?pseudoptera" by S.G. Smith, and there are also records from adjacent w. Tenn. (Ch). Further analysis is needed to circumscribe this taxon better within the Ohio Valley..


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|BEleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	2904


Line:
Some colls. (e.g. BELL & TRIG), or perhaps all, are referable to var. crassior Fern., but that variety has not been distinguished from the more southeastern var. quadrangulata in recent treatments.


Line:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> smallii (palustris var. ?australis)


Line:
Some colls. (especially from HARD) may be referred to the more western E. macrostachya Britt., but this distinction is not clearcut, and both taxa have been combined in some treatments with the European species, E. palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes. Further analysis of this circumboreal complex is needed (FNA 23). There also been some confusion with erythropoda (apparently misidentified as palustris from BULL and SHEL in BT).


Line:
|BEleocharis tenuis (Willd.) J.A. SchultesB|   	2911


Line:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> tenuis (var. t.*)


Line:
|BEleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	2907


Line:
This eastern and southern, largely coastal species was recently collected from swampy woods in CLIN by Naczi et al. (2002).


Line:
|BEleocharis verrucosa (Svens.) L. HarmsB|   	2912


Line:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> verrucosa (tenuis var. v.*)


Line:
This occurs mostly in the Mississippi drainage, but also east to central Atlantic states (FNA 23, PL). Closer examination is needed to clarify distinction from typical tenuis, which occurs mostly from Appalachian regions to the Atlantic; 2n may be usually 20 in both taxa. Without its distinctly depressed, coarsely rugose achenes, verrucosa can often be distinguished by its relatively thick rhizomes with fibrous scales (FNA 23).


Line:
|BEleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.B|   	3293


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This weed has probably been present since early after settlement; a coll. of P. Peter from Lexington in 1833 was lost in the 1948 fire at KY (Anderson 1924). In 1914 Gr noted: "a grass of dooryards where it thrives about ash heaps and along little use walks... Animals eat it freely... among our best grasses in the matter of nutritive constituents."


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 :: E 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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|BEleutherococcus pentaphyllus (Sieb. & Zucc.) NakaiB|   	1991 C


Line:
Araliaceae: Eleutherococcus [Acanthopanax] pentaphyllus (A. sieboldianus)


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This Asian shrub does not seem to have spread far from cultivation. There are colls. from GRAN (KNK), JEFF (KNK) and WHIT (EKY) that appear to be true escapes (M; Clark et al. 2005), but no reproducing populations are documented yet in the wild. The coll. from LYON (APSU) was a plant persistent after cultivation.


Line:
This species is centered in the mid-west (often in thin woods with Floerkea nearby). It has widely scattered occurrences elsewhere, perhaps adventive in some cases. There is a coll. by G.F. Buddell from CAMP (KNK): "yardweed growing along sides of house and garage", 320 Fairview Drive, Dayton. There is also an old report from BOON (Nelson 1919).


Line:
The coll. from FAYE (MICH) was by made by R. Peter in 1834, from "lagoon, banks of Kentucky River below Raven Creek."


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|BElodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. JohnB|   	2610


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In addition to a few recent colls. from streams or ponds in MADI (EKY, NY), there is a 1830s collecton of R. Peter (MICH, NY) from "Kentucky River", probably in MADI or FAYE. This species is widespread in calcareous rivers and lakes across north-central regions of North America, but it seems rare in the lower Ohio River watershed.


Line:
This western and northern species has been often confused with glabriflorus, riparius, virginicus (especially var. intermedius) and others. The four known colls. are from banks of the Ohio Rv. or Mississippi Rv., or within a few miles. All except the one from HICK (JC) are were made before 1950. E. canadensis is sometimes planted with prairie seed-mixes from further west, and records from probable plantings are excluded. It is highly variable and segregates are not well-defined. Most of these colls. from Ky. are referable to the mid-western var. robustus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Mackenzie & Bush, which may result from introgression with virginicus or glabriflorus (FNA 24). But the coll. from JEFF (DHL), along a railroad, may be the more southwestern var. brachystachys (Scribn. & Ball) Farw.


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus curvatus (virginicus var. submuticus)


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This taxon is at least a good subspecies, with a more western range than others in the virginicus group. In Ky., it may occur only as occasional waifs. The name E. curvatus has priority over E. submuticus (Hook.) Smyth & Smyth, which was mistakenly used by Campbell (2002b) and others.


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|BElymus elymoides (Raf.) SwezeyB|   	3275 W


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Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Sitanion> elymoides (S. hystrix)


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This widespread western species occurs only as a rare waif in eastern states. In Ky. the only record is a coll. from a roadside in HARL (KY).


Line:
|BElymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball var. australis (Scribn. & Ball) J.J.N. Campb.B|   	3262


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus glabriflorus* var. australis (virginicus var. a.)


Line:
This relatively pubescent variety is often distinct, and tends to occur in more hilly regions, but the differences are not pronounced (FNA 24). There appear to be occasional hybrids with hystrix and perhaps other species.


Line:
|BElymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball var. glabriflorusB|   	3261


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus glabriflorus var. g. (virginicus var. g.)


Line:
This specific epithet was misprinted as "glabrifloris" in J. There appear to be occasional hybrids with virginicus and other species. Some colls. from MCLE and WEBS (EKY) may be hybrids with villosus.


Line:
|BElymus hystrix L. var. bigelovianus (Fern.) BowdenB|   	3274


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Hystrix> hystrix* var. bigelovianus


Line:
This occasional variety appears to be concentrated in some central and western localities, but it may not be worth recognizing.


Line:
|BElymus hystrix L. var. hystrixB|   	3273


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Hystrix> hystrix var. h. (H. patula)


Line:
This appears to form occasional hybrids with virginicus and several other species, with locally extensive introgression.


Line:
|BElymus interruptus: see E. svensoniiB|


Line:
|BElymus macgregorii R. Brooks & J.J.N. Campb.B|   	3260


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus macgregorii (interior ined., virginicus var. minor)


Line:
This species was recently described but R. Brooks and others have been aware of its distinctiveness for several decades (Campbell 2000). The correct name is in honor of the singular Clan MacGregor, not plural as in "macgregoriorum" (J). (E. "interior" was an early provisional unpublished name). Some colls. from CAMP, FAYE and elsewhere have distinctly pubescent spikes, sheaths or other plant parts, but these do not seem common enough to deserve recognition as a variety. E. macgregorii may form occasional hybrids with virginicus, but rarely if ever with the later flowering glabriflorus, which it most resembles.


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Elytrigia> repens (Agropyron r.*)


Line:
This was not recorded in Ky. until about 1900. In 1914 Gr noted: "not as common in Kentucky as it is farther north and west. It has been noted at Lexington, and has been sent me once or twice from Western Kentucky." Anderson (1924) also stated "scarce" but it has gradually become widespread and locally abundant, especially in some old pastures where it may have been promoted. The appropriate treatment for repens remains uncertain (FNA 24). Most plants are hexaploid (2n = 42), whereas all other Elymus spp. in Ky. are tetraploids (2n = 28). Segregates have not been generally recognized in North America, but F and others have suggested that plants along the north Atlantic coast, and perhaps adventive inland, may be treated as a native taxon: A. repens (L.) Beauv. var. subulatum (Schreb.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes (but see "A. pungens" of FNA 24). The coll. from MCRA (MUR) may be referred to var. subulatum forma setiferum Fern.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,8,6 E 5.   |BABU B| +6.


Line:
There are occasional apparent hybrids with virginicus or other species.


Line:
|BElymus subsecundus (Link) A. Love & D. LoveB|   	3276 W


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Goulardia> subsecundus (trachycaulus ssp. s., Agropyron s.*)


Line:
This widespread western species occurs only as a rare waif in most eastern states. In Ky., the only known coll. is from near a parking lot in LETC (EKY).


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus <Hystrix> svensonii ("interruptus")


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This species appears to hybridize extensively with hystrix in some localities, and occasionally with virginicus. However, it forms distinct populations on dry limestone clifftops in thin woods along the Palisades of the Kentucky Rv., especially in the downstream section near Frankfort (FRAN). Its morphology and distribution suggest origin from hybridization between hystrix and canadensis, perhaps during a cooler or drier period when the western species canadensis extended into the Interior Low Plateaus (Campbell 2002a). The outlying coll. in ESTI (KY) appears hybridized with virginicus. The name E. interruptus Buckl. was formerly applied to plants that later became described as E. svensonii; see FNA 24 for notes on these and taxa in the hystrix group.


Line:
|BElymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) J.J.N. Campb.B|   	3268


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus villosus* var. arkansanas


Line:
This occasional variety may be generally distinct, but in Ky. there does not seem to be a clear difference in distribution. It tends to be more frequent in southern and western parts of the species' range.


Line:
|BElymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. villosusB|   	3267


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus villosus var. v. (striatus)


Line:
|BElymus virginicus L. var. intermedius (Vasey) BushB|   	3263


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus virginicus* var. intermedius (E. hirsutiglumis)


Line:
This variety is generally distinct, and concentated on river banks or nearby sites in relatively open areas, especially near limestone (FNA 25).


Line:
|BElymus virginicus L. var. jejunus (Ramaley) BushB|   	3264


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus virginicus* var. jejunus


Line:
This variety is usually distinct but often intergrades with var. virginicus. It is largely mid-western and also widely scattered or adventive in northeastern states (FNA 24). It is  Most Ky. records could be from adventive situations. The only Appalachian coll. is from a low meadow near a railroad in LAUR (KY), and it could be a waif dispersed from afar.


Line:
|BElymus virginicus L. var. virginicusB|   	3265


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus virginicus var. v.


Line:
A few colls. (e.g. from EDMO, by MM for WKY) may be transitional to var. jejunus.


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus wiegandii (canadensis var. w.)


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This northern species was recently found on Manchester Islands in the Ohio River (LEWI) by R. Geiss & R. Thompson (BEREA). The coll. differs from typical wiegandii in having awns with little or no curvature and the leaf surface glabrous (-scabrid). It may be hybridized with riparius.


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|BEndodeca hastata (Nutt.) new comb. ?B|   	153


Line:
Aristolochiaceae: Endodeca [Aristolochia*] hastata (serpentaria* var. h.)


Line:
These plants, traditionally known as A. serpentaria var. hastata (Nutt.) Ducharte, appear distinct from typical serpentatia in their linear to lance-deltoid shape (versus ovate to ovate-oblong), with divergent basal lobes (versus just cordate), ca. 1-2 cm wide (versus 2-5 cm). E. hastata is a southern species (mostly on the Coastal Plain), typically in subhydric bottomland forests; typical serpentaria has a more widespread south-central range, typically in mesic to subxeric upland forests. Narrow leaves may be an adaptation to reduce egg-laying by the eastern pipe-vine swallowtail butterfly, which uses leaf shape as a search image (FNA 3).


Line:
|BEndodeca serpentaria (L.) Raf.B|   	152


Line:
Aristolochiaceae: Endodeca [Aristolochia*] serpentaria (var. s.)


Line:
Ranunculaceae <Helleboreae>: Enemion [Isopyrum] biternatum


Line:
|BEpifagus virginiana (L.) W. Bart.B|   	1755


Line:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but largely restricted to acid infertile soils. Gr's report from CAMP seems dubious; but see also Oxydrendrum arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum and Quercus coccinea.


Line:
|BEpilobium brachycarpum K. PreslB|   	536 W


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This has been recently documented by Kartesz et al. (1997) from railroad tracks in KENT (KNK). It is a western species that is rarely adventive in eastern North America. The only other records east of the Mississippi are from Wisconsin and Minnesota.


Line:
Onagraceae: Epilobium ciliatum (ssp. c.; adenocaulon, glandulosum var. a.)


Line:
This northern and western species has been documented with two known colls. Its more northern, circumboreal relative, E. glandulosum Lehm. (ciliatum var.g.), has been reported from BELL, but no coll. has been seen and it may well have been confused with ciliatum. E. ciliatum may also hybridize with coloratum (Cr).


Line:
|BEpilobium glandulosum: see E. ciliatumB|


Line:
|BEpilobium leptophyllum Raf.B|   	535 R


Line:
There are some reports (see M), but no coll. has been seen yet. This is a widespread northern and western species that could well occur in the state.


Line:
|BEpipactis helleborine (L.) CrantzB|   	2799


Line:
A hybrid with hyemale has been reported (M), but the cited coll. from JEFF (DHL) is only vegetative and not clearly distinct. E. sylvaticum L. and E. pratense Ehrh. are related northern, circumboreal species that have also been reported, but probably in error (M).


Line:
|BEquisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eat.B|   	36


Line:
Equisetaceae: Equisetum <Hippochaete> hyemale var. affine (robustum)


Line:
|BEquisetum kansanum: see E. species  ferrissiiB|


Line:
|BEquisetum X ferrissii Clute (pro sp.)B|   	35


Line:
Equisetaceae: Equisetum <Hippochaete> X ferrissii (hyemale x laevigatum, hyemale var. intermedium)


Line:
See M and Abbott et al. (2001) for further notes. E. laevigatum A. Braun (= E. kansanum J.H. Schaffn.) has been reported from Ky., but no colls. are confirmed (M). The hybrid with hyemale ( X ferrissii) is more widespread than pure laevigatum in North America, and probably confused in many cases (FNA 2). The related northern, circumboreal species, E. variegatum Schleich. (or its hybrid with E. laevigatum), has also been reported, but probably in error (M).


Line:
|BEragrostis capillaris (L.) NeesB|   	3308


Line:
|BEragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex JanchenB|   	3303


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Eragrostis cilianensis (megastachya; poaeoides var. m.)


Line:
This weed has probably been present since early after settlement; it was reported as Briza eragrostis L. in M'Murtire (1819). In 1914 Gr noted: "likely to be found in any cultivated field, along paths, etc."


Line:
|BEragrostis curvula (Schrad.) NeesB|   	3311


Line:
Most or all of the colls. may be from plantings, rather than truly naturalized situations. This species has become persisent at many sites after been extensively sown for soil stabilization on roadsides and other disturbed sites in southeastern states. In Ky., it is locally abundant along several major highways built after 1970, especially in south-central regions. It much more widespread than colls. indicate.


Line:
|BALI B| AF.   |BHAB B| F-10 C 5.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
|BEragrostis frankii C.A. Mey. ex Steud.B|   	3307


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|BEragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) NeesB|   	3309


Line:
In Ky. most records of this widespread southern species come from sandy banks of larger rivers or nearby disturbed areas. However, it has also been found in rocky parts of an eroded cherty old field (METC at WKY). Colls. from HICK (MUR) and LIVI (R. Athey) may be referable to var. laevivaginata Fern., but that relatively eastern variety is not recognized in recent treatments. The related western species, E. trichodes (Nutt.) Wood, is expected in w. Ky., since it occurs in adjacent s. Ill. (FNA 25).


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|BEragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P.B|   	3301


Line:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Eragrostis minor (poaeoides)


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|BEragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees ex Steud.B|   	3305


Line:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Eragrostis pectinacea (purshii)


Line:
This may have been largely restricted to the banks of larger streams and rivers before settlement. It is now abundant in narrow strips along paved roads and similar disturbed ground.


Line:
|BEragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv.B|   	3306


Line:
This has often been confused with pectinacea, and some colls. still need rechecking. It is a weed of warmer regions that may originate from Eurasia, at least var. pilosa (FNA 25).


Line:
|BEragrostis reptans (Michx.) NeesB|   	3302


Line:
|BEragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud.B|   	3310


Line:
Colls. from BARR and LIVI (MUR) may be referable to var. sparsihirsuta Farw., but that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


Line:
|BEranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb.B|   	187


Line:
This species ("winter-aconite") is widely cultivated due to its showy yellow flowers in early spring. It has slowly become naturalized at some wooded sites within east-central states, especially in suburban areas and associated parks (FNA 3). It has become abundant at a site in JEFF (M. Medley #19934-94 for WKY).


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 5,7 D? 1.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
|BErechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC.B|   	2277


Line:
Some colls. can be referred to var. intermedia Fern., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments. These include an unusual coll. from BULL (DHL) with small broad leaves.


Line:
|BErianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell.B|   	3445


Line:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Erianthus [Saccharum*] alopecuroides (divaricatus)


Line:
A coll. from BELL (T.H. Kearney #385 at US; formerly at KY) was initially misidentified as E. contortus Ell. (see also: Anderson 1924), which remains unknown in the state. Generic assignment of the three species here treated in Erianthus has been controversial; they may become included in Miscanthidium Stapf. (W).


Line:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Erianthus [Saccharum*] contortus (S. brevibarbe var. c.)


Line:
There are a few reports of this southeastern species, but verified colls. have not been located or confirmed; see notes under giganteus and alopecuroides.


Line:
|BErianthus giganteus (Walt.) Beauv.B|   	3446


Line:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Erianthus [Saccharum*] giganteus


Line:
The coll. from PULA (KY) may be atypical in its narrow spike, dark shiny seeds, and rather short basal hairs in the spikelets. This coll. has been called E. contortus Ell. (S. brevibarbe var. c.), but E. giganteus remains the better identification.


Line:
|BErigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt.B|   	2012


Line:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Erigenia bulbosa


Line:
Although this annual weed may have been widespread before settlement, it increased during the 1800s to become a major problem in hay-meadows and over-grazed pastures. It is not clear if there are records in Ky. earlier than 1914, when Gr considered it "introduced." Typical annuus is mostly triploid (2n = 27) and apomictic (FNA 19, Y). There is considerable variation and possible intergradation with E. strigosus, but varieties have not been widely recognized.


Line:
|BErigeron pulchellus Michx. var. brauniae Fern.B|   	2413


Line:
This can hybridiize with other species; see notes under virginiana.


Line:
|BTradescantia subaspera Ker-Gawl. var. montana (Shuttlw. ex Britt.) E.S. Anderson & Woods.B|   	2819


Line:
Commelinaceae: Tradescantia subaspera var. montanum


Line:
This largely Appalachian taxon is somewhat distinct, and deserves further study (F).


Line:
|BTradescantia subaspera Ker-Gawl. var. subasperaB|   	2818


Line:
Commelinaceae: Tradescantia subaspera var. s.


Line:
Some colls. from FAYE, HARD, MUHL and elsewhere are relatively hairy. These may not warrant separate status, but there may be phylogenetic interest in comparisons with similar western or southern species (W), especially the rather poorly defined southern species, T. hirsuticaulis Small. Cultivated plants or garden escapes are excluded here; these may often be hybrids with ohiensis, which are sometimes named "andersoniana" (Tucker 1989; FNA 22).


Line:
In Ky. and elsewhere this widespread southwestern species has been confused with T. urticifolia Michx., which is more southeastern. They are clearly distinguished by Correll & Johnson (1970). All colls. named urticifolia from Tenn. have been redetermined as betonicifolia (D. Estes, pers. comm.); see also St (Errata, p. 1727). In Ky., this species is known only from two sites on open limestone clifftops: in PULA (KY) along the South Fork Cumberland Rv. and in EDMO along the Green Rv. (R. Seymour, pers. comm.).


Line:
Although widely scattered in western and central Ky., this relatively inconspicuous species is rarely noted, and almost never seen in large numbers.


Line:
|BTragia urticifolia: see T. betonicifoliaB|


Line:
|BTragiola pilosa (Michx.) Small & PennellB|   	1679


Line:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Tragiola [Gratiola*] pilosa


Line:
This species does not belong in Gratiola. A better name may be Sophronanthe pilosa (Michx.) Small according to D. Estes (pers. comm.).


Line:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Tragopogon dubius (major)


Line:
This attractive weed was first recorded in the 1950s (Davies 1955, Beckett 1956).


Line:
This cultivated root-vegetable ("salsify") may not be truly naturalized. There have been a few reports, but only one record may be verifiable: the coll. from FLEM by B (probably at US). Hybrids with dubius and pratensis may be expected (FNA 19).


Line:
This alien was first reported by Greenwell (1935). See Y for notes on variation and nomenclature, which remains uncertain.


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|BTrautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) VailB|   	219


Line:
|BTREFOIL: Desmodium (TICK-), Lotus (BIRD'S FOOT)B|


Line:
|BTrepocarpus aethusae Nutt. ex DC.B|   	2035


Line:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Trepocarpus aethusae


Line:
This species of southern lowlands is easily overlooked, and is probably much more widespread than colls. indicate (see also Y). Reported colls are mostly accessed in Tenn. (by E.W. Chester at APSU and R. Athey at Memphis). It is a winter annual but matures seed relatively late, in Aug-Sep (C.C. Baskin et al. 2003).


Line:
|BTriadenum tubulosum (Walt.) GleasonB|   	787


Line:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Triadenum [Hypericum] tubulosum


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|BTriadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.B|   	786 R


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Triadenum [Hypericum] virginicum


Line:
This species has been reported by BT, J and others (M). Colls. from ADAI (for Field) and CLIN (for EKY) may exist, but these have not been located and verified. It is known mostly on the Coastal Plain and in the Great Lakes region, but there are occasional records further inland, such as on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch).


Line:
|BTriadenum walteri (J.G. Gmel.) GleasonB|   	785


Line:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Triadenum [Hypericum] walteri


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Records of Cranfill (1980) and Farrar (1992) are mapped here but need better documentation. This species is known only from its filamentous gametophytes, but appears widely scattered in eastern states; see W for discussion. A thallose gametophyte expected in Ky. is Hymenophyllum tayloriae Farrar & Raine, which is a southern Appalachian species that occurs on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. close to Ky. (Ch,  W).


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|BTrichophorum planifolium (Spreng.) PallaB|   	2927


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Cyperaceae: Trichophorum [Scirpus] planifolium (S. verecundus)


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This species is distributed widely in northern, central Appalachian and Ozarkian regions and has probably been much overlooked in Ky. It is locally common in se. Ohio, e.g. Shawnee State Forest (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


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Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Trichostema dichotomum (var. d.)


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Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Trichostema setaceum (dichotomum var. lineare)


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This southern species is generally distinct from typical dichotomum, but some colls. need checking; there may be some intergradation.


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|BTridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3312


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Tridens (Triodia) flavus


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This native grass prospers in hay meadows and other areas cut once during May to July. It may have increased in farmland managed with machines rather than people. In 1914 Gr noted: "often seen in lawns and along railroads. It has little value at any stage for forage, and should be got rid of by keeping it from seeding, and grubbing it out in late summer."


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|BTridens strictus (Nutt.) NashB|   	3313


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Tridens (Triodia) strictus


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This clover ("rabbit-foot") did not become widely used for forage. Most records date from 1893 (Pr) to 1943 (B). In 1914, Gr noted it was "common on rather poor soils" in western regions, but it has apparently declined in recent decades.


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Fabaceae <Trifolieae>: Trifolium aureum ("agrarium")


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This large showy relative of campestre was reported as early as 1893 (Pr), but it has remained much less frequent. In 1914, Gr did not list it.


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Fabaceae <Trifolieae>: Trifolium campestre (agreste, "procumbens")


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This annual ("low hop-clover") has been common in pastures for over a century (Gray 1864; Gr).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :: D 5.   |BABU B| +6.


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This small relative of campestre is probably more widespread than colls. indicate. There has been some confusuion with campestre (and even Medicago lupulina).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 :: D 5.   |BABU B| +5.


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Although tried for forage production ca. 1894-1914, this species ("alsike clover") did not prove useful (Gr). However, since then it has spread widely into farmland and roadsides around the state.


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This showy productive forage species ("crimson clover") has been widely grown since trials at the Univ. of Ky. in 1900 (Gr). It is somewhat persistent and may be naturalized in some areas. Some colls. may be from plantings.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :::: C 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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This forage plant ("red clover") has probably been present since early after settlement (Gray 1864), and it became a favorite of farmers well before 1900 (Gr). The closely related T. medium L. ("mammoth clover") has been reported, at least from forage plantings (Linney 1880; Gr), but does not appear to have become established.


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Western outliers in FAYE and JESS are based on verified colls (KY)..


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Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> sagittata (var. s.*)


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Some plants from BULL appear transitional to fimbriatula (see notes there), which, like emarginata, may be considered a variety or subspecies of sagittata. There also appears be fairly frequent introgression with hirsutula, palmata, affinis and other species.


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|BViola septemloba: see V. egglestoniiB|


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Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> sororia (var. s.)


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See notes under the closely related, somewhat intergrading papilionacea and affinis. Leaf pubescence may be the most obvious difference, with sororia being persistently pubescent on both leaf surfaces (versus generally glabrous or glabrate except sometimes for petioles or basal parts of blades); leaves are often relatively dark green and generally lack purplish hues.There also appear to be occasional hybrids with hirsutula, palmata (= triloba) and other species.


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|BViola stoneana House ? {or close}B|   	806


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Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> cf. stoneana {palmata var. s., suggested comb.}


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The correct name for these somewhat miscellaneous plants remains uncertain; further study is needed. They are close to palmata (= "triloba" of F), but with largely glabrous, glabrate or minutely pubescent leaves (F). They could reasonably be treated as a variety of palmata, but may have hybrid origins (Gil-ad 1997, 1998). Some colls. with less lobing appear introgressed with affinis, papilionacea or hirsutula. Similar species have been described in the central Appalachians (stoneana House), Coastal Plain (chalcosperma Brainerd, esculenta Ell., lovelliana Brainerd), and mid-west (viarum Pollard). Some of these names may represent plants with different hybrid origins (Gil-ad 1997). Within Ky., the name stoneana has been applied to more deeply lobed plants of this group (resembling trloba var. dilatata and with several hybrids according to F), including colls. of B (US) and her contemporaries from Ky. (LETC, LEWI, WHIT). The names esculenta or lovelliana have been applied to colls. from MCRA (Russell 1965) and further east (M. Wharton at DHL, MICH, EKY & NY), but are generally included with palmata (or "triloba") in recent treatments (Gil-ad 1997, McKinney & Russell 2002).


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Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> subsinuata ("palmata")


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This has been erroneously named V. palmata in the past, according to McKinney (1992); see notes under that species. V. subsinuata is typical of relatively mesic calcareous woods, while true palmata (formerly known as V. triloba) generally occurs on moderately dry or acid soils. However, these species do appear to intergrade, and there is still some associated uncertainty about nomenclature (Gil-ad 1997, 1998).


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Violaceae: Viola <Melanium> tricolor {+ hybrids}


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This species ("Johnny-jump-up") has been widely cultivated. It may not be truly naturalized, but there are colls from possibly escaped plants in BOON, BULL, FAYE, JEFF, MADI and PIKE. Its large-flowered horticultural hybrids ("pansies") with other species (X wittrockiana Gams) are now extensively used for annual flower beds, but there is no evidence of escapes.


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|BViola tripartita Ell. var. glaberrima (DC.) HarperB|   	823


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Violaceae: Viola <Chamaemelanium> tripartita* var. glaberrima


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This unlobed form of tripartita is much more frequent than the lobed form in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch). It is perhaps most common on the Cumberland Plateau, but also common throughout the Southern Appalachians and with some disjunct localities on the Interior Low Plateaus. The lobed form known as var. tripartita may be more concentrated in the Southern Appalachians, with fewer outlying localities, but ranges remain somewhat uncertain. There has probably been confusion with pensylvanica in the past (e.g. in B).


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|BViola tripartita Ell. var. tripartitaB|   	824


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Violaceae: Viola <Chamaemelanium> tripartita var. t.


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The only record from Ky. is a coll. of B (#3945 at NY & US) from CART.


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Western records are based on colls. which remain unaccessed or have disappeared, from EDMO (MM for WKY, from a cemetery near Mammoth Cave) and HARD (formerly at KY, from Eastview Barrens).


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|BVIRGINIA-CREEPER: Parthenocissus quinquefolia (or WOODBINE)B|


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This is the widely cultivated "Chaste Tree" that was much used by medieval monks. There is no clear evidence of escaped plants, though a roadside coll. from HENR (DHL) has been cited (M).


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The only potentially wild coll. of this occasionally cultivated Asian species is from a corn field in JEFF (DHL).


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|BVitis aestivalis Michx. var. aestivalisB|   	483


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Distinction from var. bicolor, with relatively glabrous and glaucous leaves, may not be clear in some cases. This is a highly variable species, and it appears to intergrade with related species (Duncan 1967, Moore 1991).


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|BVitis aestivalis Michx. var. bicolor DeamB|   	484


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Vitaceae: Vitis aestivalis* var. bicolor (argentifolia)


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This somewhat northern variety may not be worth distinguishing from var. aestivalis; both are widespread in Ky. [A similar situation occurs in Smilax glauca.] Var. bicolor may differ (Moore 1991) in its smaller mature berries (ca. 8-9 mm versus 10-12 mm), as well as its glabrous or glabrate lower leaf surfaces, exposing the glaucous surface (versus arachnoid pubescent); nodes are usually glaucous, with narrower diaphragms (<2 mm diameter).


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Vitaceae: Vitis baileyana (cinerea var. b.*)


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This largely Appalachian-Ozarkian species has been neglected in Ky. and needs further study. Although sometimes treated as a variety of cinerea (Moore 1991, J), it often appears closer to vulpina (F), and is difficult to separate in some cases. Hybrid origin is suggested. It differs from vulpina in its leaves permanently pilose and sometimes slightly arachnoid (versus glabrous or glabrate), usually more rounded and with shorter teeth; its branchlets are angled (versus terete), usually with reddish nodes (versus green); pedicels are usually <3 mm long (versus ca. 5 mm). N. Hill (pers. comm.) found that the seed-bank in old growth forest of LETC contains frequent baileyana, but virtually no vulpina.


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|BVitis cinerea (Engelm.) MillardB|   	485


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This species of south-central states occurs mostly in the lower Mississippi watershed. Peripheral or disjunct records need checking in several cases, and variation needs further study. Colls. from BOYD (KY), LAUR (JC) and perhaps elsewhere may be referable to var. floridana Munson, which has been distinguished (F, Cr) based largely on its reddish hairs, suggesting a transition to V. labrusca. However, Moore (1991) considered var. floridana a more southern taxon (absent in Ky. & Tenn.) that lacks hirtellous hairs. Colls. from ANDE and FRAN (KY) appear transitional to vulpina. There has also been confusion or combination with baileyana in some treatments (Duncan 1967; CW).


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Further review of colls. is needed. This largely northeastern species is a parent of the Concord grape and various other cultivated hybrids, often known collectively as V. X labruscana L.H. Bailey. There have been several dubious records, but true labrusca does seem to be locally native (as mapped with solid dots), especially on damp acid soils in eastern hills or near the Ohio Rv. Some colls. also need closer examination for distinction from cinerea.


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The disjunct record from HENR (Duncan 1967) needs further verification.


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Vitaceae: Vitis riparia (vulpina ssp. r.)


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Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from typical vulpina, and need to be rechecked. This widespread northern species extends south to c. La. along the Mississippi Rv., but its southeastern limits remain uncertain (Duncan 1967; Moore 1991; W). It is scattered along the Ohio Rv. and Kentucky Rv., but seems virtually absent along the Green Rv. and Cumberland Rv., except near Nashville (Ch).


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This southern species is locally abundant in woods on dry acid soils in two regions of the state, with almost none in between: on gravel hills along the lower Tennessee and Cumberland River, and on ridges in the southern Appalachian Plateaus.


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This occurs mostly along medium-sized rivers of south-central states in the central and lower Mississippi Rv. drainage; there are also disjunct plants in Atlantic states from Va. to Pa. (PL). In Ky. and Tenn. some records need further verification, and more field work is needed to document the range. It is locally common along the Rockcastle Rv., and perhaps scattered elsewhere along the lower Cumberland Rv. and lower Tennessee Rv.


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Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from riparia, baileyana or aestivalis, and need to be rechecked.


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|BVittaria appalachiana Farrar & MickelB|   	45


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Pteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Vittaria appalachiana [gametophyte]


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This species states was known informally as the "Appalachian Gametophye" until described by Farrar & Mickel (1991). It is known only from its thalloid gametophytes; see W for discussion and references. The only known plants west of the Appalachian region are along sandstone cliffs of the Shawnee Hills in Ky.


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|BVulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. GrayB|   	3183


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] bromoides (F. dertonensis)


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: B 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BVulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmel.B|   	3184


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] myuros


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BVulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern.B|   	3185


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] octoflora var. glauca (tenella)


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Erigeron pulchellus var. brauniae


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This is generally distinct in appearance and habitat, being largely restricted to the wooded edges of sandy riverbanks along the Appalachian Cliff Section of Ohio, Ky. and Tenn.


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|BErigeron pulchellus Michx. var. pulchellusB|   	2412


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Erigeron pulchellus var. p.


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|BErigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2415


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Erigeron strigosus (ramosus; annuus ssp. s.)


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Variation is complex and needs further study; there is a polyploid series (2n = 18 to 54) and most plants are apomictic (F, FNA 19, Y). Most material is referable to the widespread var. strigosus. A few colls. from western counties (CALL at OKL, HICK at MUR, OHIO at KY) are referable to the more southern var. beyrichii (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Torr. & Gray ex Gray. Several Appalachian colls. (from CART, ELLI, JOHN, MCRE, WHIT) at least tend towards to var. discoidea Robbins. Also to be expected is var. calcicola J. Allison, a slender perennial that has been recently described from limestone glades in n. Ala., nw. Ga. and c. Tenn., where it is locally abundant  (Allison & Stephens 2001; W; D. Estes, pers. comm.). There are also several uncertain records that are difficult to distinguish from E. annuus, and might be transitional; some of these may be referable to var. septentrionalis (Fern.) & Wieg.) Fern.


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|BEriochloa acuminata (J. Presl) KunthB|   	3392


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Eriochloa acuminata (lemmonii var. gracilis)


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|BEriogonum longifolium Nutt. var. harperi (Goodman) RevealB|   	261


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Polygonaceae <Eriogonoideae>: Eriogonum longifolium var. harperi


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M collected this in CHRI (for WKY), but the coll. may be mislaid, and plants cannot be relocated at that locality. Var. harperi is a distinct segregate of this southern species that is known only from outcrops and rocky woods of various types in disjunct localities of Ala. and Tenn.


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This was recently discovered at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (HARL) by A. Risk; near Laurel Lake (LAUR) by JC and Abbott et al. (2004); and at the Hog Hollow seeps (BATH) by A. Risk. There are also old reports from Ky. by Rafinesque (M'Murtrie 1819), Riddell (1835) and Gleason (1952).


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|BErodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait.B|   	507


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Variation deserves further study. The coll. from GALL (M. Medley #15061-86 at KNK & WKY) is referable to ssp. bipinnatum Tour., which has not been reported widely in North America (if at all).


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|BErucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. SchulzB|   	653


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There has been confusion with E. aquaticum L., which was reported from near Murphys Pond (HICK), but probably in error (M).


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|BEryngium prostratum Nutt. ex DC.B|   	2011


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In Ky., this widespread species in eastern states (except northeastern regions) is generally restricted to remnants of native grassland on medium acid soils with rather low fertility.


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|BErysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) GreeneB|   	727 W


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Brassicaceae <Hesperideae>: Erysimum capitatum (var. c.; "asperum")


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This western species (a "western wallflower") is occasionally cultivated, escaped or adventive in eastern states. In Ky., there have been no records before the recent discovery in an old field of MADI, where it may have been introduced with "wildflower" sowings (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; G. Dandeneau, pers. comm.). E. asperum (Nutt.) DC. is a related species that has been reported from Ky. and some adjacent states, but probably in error (M, Y).


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This cosmopolitan weed (possibly native in western North America) is known only from a coll. in JEFF (DHL), originally identified as E. inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill.: C.R. Gunn #J20, 11 Apr 1954; one colony between River Rd. and railroad, open low grass in parking area no. 2. E. cheiranthoides is rare or absent in southeastern states, except in or near the Blue Ridge and Piedmont (PL).


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This was reported recently by Abbott et al. (2001) from a railroad in LAUR (BEREA).


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This weed was first recorded in the 1930s (B), and it has become widely scattered but not as abundant as Sisymbrium officinale, which is sometimes confused. Some colls. from FAYE and JEFF have strigose fruits.


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|BErythronium rostratum W. WolfB|   	2681


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This species occurs mostly in the Ozark region, southern Interior Low Plateaus and southern Cumberland Plateau. However, there are remarkable disjunctions in se. Ohio (Scioto Co.), discovered by E.L. Braun in 1964, and in ne. Ky. (Cusick 1989).


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|BErythronium umbilicatum Parks & HardinB|   	2682 R


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This largely southern Appalachian species has been reported from Ky. by Parks & Hardin (1963), FNA 26 and others; see also W for detailed key. However, there appear to have been some misidentifications based on rather inadequate colls. of albidum (CALL & MARS at MUR) and americanum (MENI in M; POWE at NCU). Parks & Hardin cited a coll. from CHRI (Hardin #383 at US), which still needs to be checked; but they did not map it. L. Pounds reported this species from the Cumberland Gap area (check TENN). There are also disjunct western records from nc. Tenn. (Ch).


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|BEubotrys racemosa (L.) Nutt.B|   	1427 R


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Eubotrys [Leucothoe*] racemosa


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This southeastern species (largely on the Coastal Plain) was reported by M'Murtrie (1819), and is known from adjacent counties in e. Tenn., but there are no verified records from Ky.


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|BEubotrys recurva (Buckl.) Britt.B|   	1426


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Eubotrys [Leucothoe*] recurva


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This is known only from the Bad Branch area on Pine Mt. in LETC (EKY, MDKY), and from nearby in HARL (KSNPC database).


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|BEuonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb.B|   	747


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This alien species is abundantly planted and has become naturalized much more widely than the mapped records suggest; it is becoming a serious long-term problem, and should be banned. Some plants that lack pronounced wings may be referable to var. aptera Regel, which has been treated as a species (K), but their taxonomic status is not unclear.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 8,7,4 E 3.   |BABU B| +6*.


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Celastraceae: Euonymus americanus (var. a.)


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This is widespread in southeastern states, but usually restricted to medium acid soils and rare or absent in some calcareous regions. Like other Euonymus spp. it is much browsed by deer and other herbivores. But americanus has evolved an unusual ability to escape and spread vegetatively with extensive stoloniferous branches. In forest gaps and thickets, these branches can rapidly grow up to forms shrubs 2 m tall or more. The closely related obovatus on base-rich soils remains more hidden on the ground.


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This is widespread in eastern and central North America, but generally rare to absent on infertile acid soils, and often browsed back by deer or other herbivores. The alien euonymus scale insect often infests plants, especially in more sunny locations.


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This alien shrub of calcareous soils does not seem to be increasing significantly on the landscape. The few records date from ca. 1930-1970, and colls. need to be verified. It is not clear if all of these were from truly wild plants, but B noted "locally established as an escape." The species has become locally established in several northeastern states (PL).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 8,7,4? E 3.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BEuonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Maz.B|   	749


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This ecologically noxious--yet horticulturally addictive--woody vine from China and Japan is much more widespread than the mapped coll. With ignorant promotion and virtually no restriction, it has spread rapidly through the Ohio Valley since the 1970s, especially in the Bluegrass region, where it has become one of the most serious alien threats to native woodlands and residential landscapes. It appears to benefit from calcareous soils, being rare or absent in Appalachian regions and further east (W). Plants in North America may be referable to var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder. The obscure name E. hederaceus Champ. ex Benth. had priority over fortunei (Y), but there has been a proposal to conserve fortunei (Cao & Ma 2006). See also J.S. Ma (in Y) and W for further review of nomenclature and spelling in Celastraceae.


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This Chinese species is probably much more widespread than records suggest, having been widely planted in recent decades and often escaping. It has been combined with fortunei in some treatments (e.g. J.S. Ma in Y), but its shrubby non-climbing habit is quite distinct and petioles are usually shorter (4-7 mm versus 11-17 mm). E. japonicus Thunb. is a closely related Japanese species with denser inflorescences, more evergreen leaves, longer petioles (on average, intermediate), and taller habit (to 6 m versus 3 m). It has been planted locally in southeastern states, but may only escape in warmer coastal regions (W, PL).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 8,7 D? 3.   |BABU B| +5*.


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Celastraceae: Euonymus obovatus (americanus var. prostratus)


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This curious prostrate, spreading or trailing subshrub ascends to only about 1 (or rarely 3) dm above the ground, including flowers and fruits (F, Cr, Y). Yet it appears closely related to americanus, with little consistent clearcut difference other than its low habit and perhaps leaf shape (usually obovate versus elliptic). It is scattered across east-central states, but most frequent in s. Mo., Ill., Ind., Ohio, s. Mich. and w. Penn. (PL). In Ky., there is a pronounced cluster of records from the Kentucky River Palisades, but it is found occasionally on steep base-rich wooded slopes near other rivers across the state.


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> album


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Ky. plants probably all match var. glandulosum (Michx.) DC. but this may not be worth recognizing (see also W). The more southern var. album (sometimes misnamed "E. petaloideum Britt."), with less glandular involucre, has been reported but does not appear to occur in Ky. (M).  A few colls. may be hybridized with hyssopifolium var. laciniatum (HART at TENN; MCRE at KY), sessilifolium or other species; see also notes under album var. vaseyi.


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|BEupatorium album L. var. vaseyi (Porter) Cronq.B|   	2445 T


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> album var. vaseyi (monardifolium)


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Tentatively included here is a coll. of R. Athey from CALL (Florida State Univ., TENN) det. by R.K. Godfrey; also Cranfill's (1990) record from HARD, and B's records of var. monardifolium Fern. from EDMO and GRAY. The name var. vaseyi has been applied to apomictic polyploids (2n = 30) with probable origin from hybrids of typical album (2n = 20) with either sessilifolium (2n = 20, 30) or other species (FNA 21). However, there has been confusion with godfreyanum (?= pubescens x sessilifolium); see notes under that name.


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> altissimum


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Hybrids with serotinum and hyssopifolium can be expected (FNA 21, Y). Although altissimum is most abundant on calcareous soils, it does occur locally on non-calcareous soils or highly leached calcareous soils.


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|BEupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) SmallB|   	2441


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Traganthes> capillifolium


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This is an abundant weed in southeastern states, but just an uncommon waif in Ky.


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> hyssopifolium (including var. calcaratum)


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This southeastern species, as treated here, includes var. calcaratum Fern. & Schub. ("linearifolium"), which seems to be just the narrow-leaved extreme of variation from torreyanum to hyssopifolium (FNA 21). Colls. referred to var. hyssopifolium in its strict sense (F) appear to be intermediate (BARR, LAUR, MCRE, PULA). A thorough analysis of colls. is needed, partly to see if narrow-leaved plants have been spreading north in recent decades, as in Mo. (Y). In Ky., the first reports referable to var. calcaratum were in the 1940s (M).


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> perfoliatum


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Occasional hybrids with serotinum (X truncatum Muhl. ex Willd.) have been found in MARI, NELS and ROWA (M), and are scattered widely across east-central states (Tucker & Dill 1989). These hybrids include plants named E. perfoliatum var. cuneatum Engelm. & Gray, or, erroneously, E. resinosum Torr. var. kentuckiense Fern.


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> pilosum (verbenaefolium, rotundifolium var. saundersii)


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This southeastern species (extending up the Atlantic Coast) includes a polyploid series (2n = 20, 30, 40), and may be derived from hybridization of rotundifolium and album. However, it appears distinct in Ky. and elsewhere in southeastern states (W), with concentration on relatively wet sites.


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|BEupatorium pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2449


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> pubescens (rotundifolium var. ovatum*)


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This largely northeastern and Appalachian species is generally distinct from the more southern rotundifolium, but it has often been treated as a variety. E. pubescens appears to be an apomictic allopolyploid (2n = 30 mostly), derived from rotundifolium and perhaps sessilifolium (FNA 21). There may be some intergradation with rotundifolium across their ranges (F, Cr), and some Ky. colls. appear transitional (e.g. B).


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|BEupatorium rotundifolium L.B|   	2448 T


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> rotundifolium (var. r.)


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Some colls. of pubescens (as also noted by B) suggest transitions to typical rotundifolium, especially in the southeast (MCRE, WAYN, WHIT). But although typical rotundifolium has been reported from Ky. (M; see also, FNA 21), no verified colls. have been located. E. rotundifolium has been redefined as a southern species with apomictic polyploids (2n = 30) that extend north at least to Ark., Tenn. and Va., but its sexual diploids (2n = 20) appear restricted to Ga. and Fla. (FNA 21). Further analysis is needed to determine the degree of distinction in appearance and distribution of taxa within the rotundifolia group.


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> semiserratum (cuneifolium var. s.)


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> serotinum


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See also perfoliatum for note on hybrids.


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> sessilifolium


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There may be occasional hybridization with album and pubescens. See also comments under godfreyanum regarding possible recognition of sessilifolium var. brittonianum.


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|BEupatorium torreyanum Short & PeterB|   	2457


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> torreyanum (hyssopifolium var. laciniatum*)


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These plants are probably derived from hybrids of hyssopifolium with another species (Cr, FNA 21, W; perhaps E. semiserratum). They are reportedly all polyploids (2n = 40 mostly), whereas hyssopifolium includes just triiploids (2n = 30) and diploids (2n = 20). Species status is justified (W).


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|BEupatorium X godfreyanum Cronq.B|   	2447 T


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> X godfreyanum ("vaseyi")


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This name has been applied to a series of apomictic polyploids (2n = 30, 40) derived from hybridization of pubescens and sessilifolium (FNA 21). However, colls. from Ky. with this name might be better treated as the relatively northern E. sessilifolium var. brittonianum Porter. The name E. godfreyanum should perhaps be restricted to more eastern plants, especially in Va. (W). The Ky. colls. are from FLEM (B), LEWI (B) and ROWA (R.K. Godfrey #70017 at TENN); the latter was determined not to produce pollen. This cluster of records in the northeastern Knobs region, though small, does suggests that a distinct taxonomic entity might occur here. The colls. were initially named E. vaseyi Porter in error; see notes under album var. vaseyi.


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|BEupatorium: > Ageratina, Conoclinium, Eutrochium, FleischmanniaB|


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Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Agaloma> corollata (var. c.)


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See notes under pubentissima. Plants known previously as E. corollata var. mollis Millsp., based on their hairiness, are frequent but may not be worth recognizing. The epithet mollis may have been misapplied anyway; it has been listed as a synonym of pubentissima (K, W).


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Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Poinsettia> cyathophora (heterophylla var. graminifolia)


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Almost all records of E. heterophylla L. from eastern North America probably belong here (Cr, W).


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Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Poinsettia> davidii (dentata var. gracillima)


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This is closely related to dentata, but tetraploid (2n = 56 versus 28) and not  readily forming hybrids (Y; summarizing the unpublished Ph.D. of M.H. Mayfield). It has recently been resurrected as a species, but previously most manuals have not recognized it, even as a variety of dentata: var. gracillima Millsp. It reportedly has a more northern range, but with much overlap. Data mapped here for Ky. are from PL, citing Mayfield; see Y for a detailed key.


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Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Poinsettia> dentata (var. d.)


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This is a widespread southern species; see notes under the closely related  davidii.


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|BEuphorbia heterophylla: see E. cyathophoraB|


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This tall annual alien from the west has had widespread ornamental use for over a century (Pr), but there has not been much naturalization far from residences. In 1914, Gr noted: "Some years ago large tracts of it were observed by me along the Ohio River at Hawesville" [HANC].


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This is known mostly from relatively base-rich soils in or near the southern Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn., Ga. and Ala. Plants in the Piedmont of N.C. and Va. are disjunct or adventive (W). In Ky., plants are generally found on low wooded slopes, especially along trails or roads.


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This species has been found in thin woods on fertile bottomlands and adjacent uplands across southeast-central states, but it appears to have declined greatly and is generally rare (W; NatureServe website). Currently, it is virtually unknown to botanists in Ky. Some recent treatments and listings (e.g. K) have combined E. obtusata with E. spathulata Lam., a widespread western species that has smaller seeds (1.5-1.8 mm long versus 2-2.5 mm) with a distinctly alveolate surface (versus smooth or obscurely reticulate). E. spathulata is unknown in Ky. but may be expected across eastern states, at least as an adventive; see also the European relative, E. helioscopia L. (Cr, W).


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|BEuphorbia pubentissima Michx.B|   	905 R


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Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Agaloma> pubentissima (corollata var. zinniiflora)


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We need further study of variation in corollata and its relatives, with potential separation of E. pubentissima Michx. (= E. corollata var. zinniifolia (Small) Ahles). E. pubentissima is a southern taxon that probably occurs in Ky. (F), but colls. have not been confirmed. It differs from typical corollata in its generally less robust and less branched habit; its usually reflexed leaves (versus ascending); and its earlier flowering (Mar-Jul versus Jun-Sep); see W for details and references. There were reports of "var. zinniifolia" from rocky banks of the Cumberland Rv. in a 1980 inventory (M), and true pubentissima is known from banks of the Obed Rv. in ne. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


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|BEuphorbia zinnifolia: see E. corollataB|


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|BEurybia divaricata (L.) NesomB|   	2350


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] divaricata


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|BEurybia hemispherica (Alexander) NesomB|   	2351


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] hemispherica (A. paludosus ssp. h.)


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In Ky. this largely southwestern species is known only from outlying plants on roadsides in CALL (MUR) and WARR (recently discovered by T. Barnes along Petros-Browning Road). These sites are probably remnants of original open woodland or grassland.


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|BEurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. var. ianthina (Burgess) new comb. ?B|   	2347


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] macrophylla var. ianthina


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This taxon may be poorly defined, and needs further study. In some cases, distinction from smoother forms of var. macrophylla is difficult. Colls. often have paler lilac or white flowers, and with their less developed glands, they appear intermediate between macrophylla and schreberi.


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|BEurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. var. macrophyllaB|   	2346


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] macrophylla var. m. (pinguifolia, velutina)


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This species is relatively under collected, because plants often do not flower in shady undisturbed forest (see also: Y). Variation deserves further study; although several segregates were recognized by F and others, these have been combined in recent treatments (e.g. Cr, FNA 20). Included here are the relatively smooth var. pinguifolia Burgess (with several colls.) and the relatively hairy var. velutina Burgess (the coll. from NELS), both named within Aster. All these plants generally have glandular inflorescences with bluish flowers.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] radula


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|BEurybia saxicastelli (J.J.N. Campb. & M. Medley) NesomB|   	2354


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] saxicastelli


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This species is an endemic hexaploid (2n = 54), perhaps derived from the northeastern diploid (2n = 18) E. radula. It was discovered during the 1980s in LAUR and PULA along the Rockcastle River (Campbell & Medley 1989), and then along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in Ky. (MCRE) and Tenn. (Scott Co.). More robust plants tend to have narrower leaves, denser heads, and paler flower color (usually white versus blue); these may be associated with more open sites. Despite some initial signs, no significant differences in plants have been found between the two rivers.


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|BEurybia schreberi (Nees) NeesB|   	2349


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] schreberi


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This is close to macrophylla but generally distinct. Like macrophylla, plants often spread clonally in the shade, with little or no flowering. Cr noted that schreberi (2n = 54) may have originated through hybridization between macrophylla (2n = 72) and divaricatus (2n = 18).


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|BEurybia surculosa (Michx.) NesomB|   	2352


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] surculosa


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|BEuthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.B|   	2343


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Euthamia [Solidago] graminifolia (nuttallii)


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Further study of variation may be warranted. Virtually all material of the species in Ky. is referable to the relatively robust, hairy var. nuttallii (Greene) Fern., but that taxon is not recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20; Y, W). The coll. from BULL (KY) would match the more northern var. graminifolia. Plants named var. media (Greene) S.K. Harris in Mo. proved to be conspecific with gymnospermoides (Y).


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|BEuthamia leptocephala (Torr. & Gray) GreeneB|   	2341


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Euthamia [Solidago] leptocephala


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Records of this southern lowland species are mostly from colls. of R. Athey that need to be verified further (probably at Memphis). Also, the reported coll. from HICK (Grubbs & Fuller 1991) has not yet been located at MUR. There has been some confusion with E. gymnospermoides Greene, which occurs widely in the mid-west (Ontario to Texas) but perhaps not in southeastern states (W). BA's report of gymnospermoides was apparently based on misidentification of leptocephala.


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|BEuthamia tenuifolia (Pursh) Nutt.B|   	2340 W


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Euthamia [Solidago] tenuifolia


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A coll. from stripmine spoil in KNOX was made by H. Bryan (M), and made become processed at EKY or WKY. This is an eastern Coastal Plain species that might rarely occur as a waif further west.


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|BEutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. LamontB|   	2439


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eutrochium [Eupatorium*] fistulosum


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|BEutrochium maculatum (L.) E.E. LamontB|   	2440


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eutrochium [Eupatorium*] maculatum (variety unknown)


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This is a variable, widespread, northern species (FNA 21). In Ky., the only records were before 1950 (M). Colls. from "bank of the Ohio River" in CAMP (check PH) and "swamps near Louisville" in JEFF (Univ. of Cincinnati) are verified, but colls. have not been located to support the other records. W has suggested that plants of Southern Appalachian mountains, in forests on mesic acid soils (which might include any plants from HARL), may be distinct from more northern plants in base-rich wetlands. Similar shifts of habitat may occur in Heracleum maximum, Cirsium muticum and Cypripedium parviflorum.


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|BEutrochium purpureum (L.) E.E. LamontB|   	2437


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eutrochium [Eupatorium*] purpureum


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|BEutrochium steelei (E. Lamont) E.E. LamontB|   	2438


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eutrochium [Eupatorium*] steelei


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This glandular-hairy species of southern Appalachian mountains was described by Lamont (1990) as a segregate of purpureum. However, the degree of distinction remains unclear in Ky. Colls. from BELL and PIKE (DHL) appear somewhat intermediate.


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|BFagus grandifolia Ehrh. var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fern. & Rehd.B|   	1319


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Fagaceae: Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana


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Most or all material matches the common eastern variant known as var. caroliniana, but this integrades with the more montane and northern var. grandifolia, and is not recognized in most recent treatments.


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|BFallopia aubertii (Henry) HolubB|   	274 C


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This Asian vine is cultivated and may occasionally escape. There is a coll. from CALD (KY-Agr.) that needs rechecking for identify and provenance. F. aubertii may just be a form of F. baldschuanica (Regel) Holub (FNA 5).


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|BFallopia cilinodis (Michx.) HolubB|   	278


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This northern native was collected in Ky. by Abbott et al. (2001) on Manchester Island, in the Ohio River (LEWI at BEREA). There have been other reports, but without details (Horton 1972; FNA 5). F. cilinodis may be confused with the weedy alien, convolvulus, and further discoveries are expected. However, its occurrences in the southern Appalachians are only at high elevation (W).


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|BFallopia convolvulus (L.) A. LöveB|   	277


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This is a widely scattered Eurasian annual weed, especially in or near urban areas, but it does not appear to be as generally successful across the landscape as the native perennial, scandens. There has been much confusion with scandens, especially var. cristata. In addition to its annual habit, convolvulus differs (F) in its granular-puberulent calices (versus mostly smooth); its minutely roughened achenes (versus all lustrous); its flowers up to 3.5-5 (8) mm in fruit (versus up to 4-10 mm), on relatively short pedicels; the usually undeveloped keels on its calices (occasionally up to 0.4-1 mm versus usually 0.5-3 mm); and the more acute sagittate lobes of its typically narrower leaves. Plants known as var. subulatum Lej. & Court resemble scandens var. cristatum in their relatively large winged calices (F).


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|BFallopia scandens (L.) Holub var. cristata (Engelm. & Gray) new comb. ?B|   	276


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Polygonaceae: Fallopia [Polygonum*] scandens var. cristata ( "dumetorum")


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These plants should probably be treated as a small-seeded variety of scandens that tends to occur in drier habitats (F, FNA 5, W). Horton (1972) showed that the variation may be continuous, but further study is needed in the field, garden and herbarium. It is notable that these plants often occur in acid subxeric woods with chestnut oak, while typical scandens occurs in fertile lowland woods. F. dumetorum (L.) Holub, in its strict sense, is an alien from Europe that has often been confused with var. cristata and reported from Ky. (B, M, FNA 5), but no verified colls. have been seen. See also notes under convolvulus.


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|BFallopia scandens (L.) Holub var. scandensB|   	275


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Polygonaceae: Fallopia [Polygonum*] scandens var. s.


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|BFatoua villosa (Thunb.) NakaiB|   	1137


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The first North American record for this species was in 1950, and it has now become a local weed of greenhouses and flower beds across much of the eastern U.S.A. (Vincent 2004). Occasionally it may become established in the wild, including open woods, edges and along streams. In Ky., it is locally frequent in urban areas of JEFF and perhaps elsewhere.


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|BFESCUE: Festuca, Schedonorus, Vulpia (ANNUAL)B|


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca <Schedonorus> arundinacea (pratensis ssp. a.; elatior, phoenix)


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This "tall fescue" was used for initial trials by the Univ. of Ky. in the 1890s, under the names F. elatior L. and "English blue-grass" (Gr). Gr noted: "In the quality of durability we have nothing that surpasses it... It is frequently grown in this part of the State, but is perhaps not made use of as much as it should be... It is both nutritious and palatable." During the 1930s, the Univ. of Ky. selected the cultivar known as "Kentucky 31" that became widely sown in the 1940s and 1950s, but its limitations for livestock eventually became apparent (Hoveland 2007). It is frequently impossible to distinguish planted from naturalized records. The taxonomy of arundinacea and pratensis has been uncertain during recent decades (F, FNA 24, W). The two species have been confused in older literature, but are now considered generally distinct. Alternative generic assignments include Schedonorus (a narrow concept) and Lolium (in a broad concept); hybrids between the pratensis group and Lolium spp. are well documented in Europe. S. phoenix (Scop.) Holub has recently been adopted by PL, but F. arundinacea is retained here, partly in protest; more proposals for conservation of widely used names should be developed.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 D 5.   |BABU B| +6*.


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This name has generally been applied to trachyphylla, and it possible than virtually no true ovina occurs wild in Ky. or elsewhere in southeastern states. F. ovina has been introduced for turf in North America, but it no longer used in the seed trade (FNA 24). The closely related F. glauca Vill. ("blue fescue") is widely grown as an ornamental, but is not known to have escaped in North America; see FNA 24 for notes on this and other potentially introduced species.


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca paradoxa (nutans, shortii)


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Original status and habitats are uncertain, and distinction from subverticillata is tentative. Although often hard to separate, these two species have been considered distinct in recent treatments (e.g. FNA 24). F. paradoxa is well known and locally abundant in some mid-western regions (from Minn. to Texas), and in Atlantic states (Pa. to Ga.), at least locally on base-rich soils (Y, W). However, in the Ohio Valley, it appears to be less extensive and perhaps less distinct from verticillata.  Most "paradoxa" mapped here may just be robust, open-grown subverticillata, or perhaps intermediate. [A similar situation occurs in Sphenopholis obtusata versus S. intermedia.]


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca <Schedonorus> pratensis (ssp. p.; "elatior")


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The first report was by Short et al. (1833). Although seed was widely sold for agricultural use a century ago or more, this species proved much less desirable than F. arundinacea, Poa pratensis or other grasses. Gr noted: "in our plot, never spread from the lines in which seed was sown"; and its seed was much less highly priced than arundinacea (13 cents per pound versus 22-25 cents).  In most cases, separation of colls. from arundinacea is provisional, but these taxa are generally distinct. T. Phillips (Univ. of Ky., Dept. of Agronomy) has detailed knowledge, with various living accessions of both species. See F. arundinacea regarding nomenclature.


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca rubra (ssp. r.)


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The alien or native status of this widespread northern (circumboreal) species in Ky. is somewhat unclear. Also, there has been confusion with trachyphylla (or ovina). F. rubra is distinguished by its rhizomatous habit; its sheaths are closed for at least 3/4 of their length (versus less than 2/3), usually retrose-hairy (versus glabrous), and older ones shred into fibers (versus persistent for several years without much shredding). Also, its spikelet dimensions are generally greater (FNA 24). In Ky., rubra has been widely sown for forage and turf since before 1900, when Gr noted that its seed was as almost as highly priced (at 20 cents per pound) as arundinacea. Colls. from BULL, MCRE (KY) and elsewhere may be from plantings. However, colls. from CUMB and FRAN (KY) in clifftop woods appear to be native or thoroughly naturalized. There may also be a ca. 1830 coll. of C.W. Short from "Ky Rv cliffs, hanging over rocky precipice" (originally filed under F. duriuscula at PH). F and Cr stated that this species appears native in more northern and coastal regions; see also ssp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper in FNA 24.


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|BFestuca subverticillata (Pers.) AlexeevB|   	3177


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca subverticillata (obtusa, "nutans")


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|BFestuca trachyphylla (Hack.) KrajinaB|   	3180


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca trachyphylla ("duriuscula"; "ovina")


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This alien has often been sold under the names "sheep's fescue" or "hard fescue" as a durable turf grass and soil stabilizer (FNA 24). Mapped colls. may come from truly naturalized plants, but persistence from plantings cannot be ruled out. There has been much confusion with ovina and rubra, and further checking of identifcations may be needed. F. trachyphylla differs from ovina in its more distinctly ribbed blades and its generally larger spikelets; see FNA 24 for details.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,12 D 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BFilaginella uliginosa (L.) OpizB|   	2426


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Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Filaginella [Gnaphalium] uliginosa


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This was assumed by B to be native, but is now considered to be a European weed.


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|BFilipendula rubra (Hill) B.L. Robins.B|   	951 R


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This northern species was reported by Rafinesque and others (F, Cr), but no coll. has been definitely attributed to Ky. (M). There is a coll. by C.W. Short (NY), but the label is insufficient. This species does occur in s. Ohio, and before settlement in Ky. there may have been suitable habitat in the northern Bluegrass region.


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|BFilipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.B|   	952 C


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This European species is sometimes cultivated and may escape locally. The only record is a mapping in south-central Ky. by Hulten & Freis (1986); see also K.


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|BFimbristylis annua (All.) Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	2921


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The coll. from LIVI was made by M. Medley (#15533-86 for WKY) at Mantle Rock. It needs checking. There may also be old colls. of C.W. Short (e.g. at Copenhagen) without locality (M). This is a widespread tropical to warm-temperate species that also extends north to Mo.


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|BFimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	2926


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Colls. from BULL (KY), JEFF (DHL) and elsewhere are referable to var. mucronulata (Michx.) Fern., but that widespread southern (to tropical) variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


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This is a widespread weed of ricefields in warmer regions of the world, known for 200 years as F. miliacea (L.) Vahl. Unfortunately, that name has been officially rejected (cited and followed by W).


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|BFimbristylis perpusilla Harper ex Small & Britt.B|   	2924


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This globally rare species of dried shores occurs mostly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. D. Boone (for APSU) has recently discovered it on mudflats of Honker Lake in TRIG, extending its known range 150 miles west from the Cumberland Plateau of Tenn. (Wofford & Jones 1988).


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|BFimbristylis puberula (Michx.) VahlB|   	2922


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Cyperaceae: Fimbristylis puberula (var. p., drummondii)


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This species and its close relatives may need further revision across all ranges.The habitat in Ky. is xeric (or perhaps xerohydric) calcareous glades, whereas typical plants further south occur on more hydric sites in pine savannas and similar places (W). There has also been some confusion with F. caroliniana (Fam.) Fern.


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|BFimbristylis vahlii (Lam.) LinkB|   	2923


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|BFLAG, CORN-: Gladiolus communis (FALSE)B|


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|BFleischmannia incarnata (Walt.) King & H.E. Robins.B|   	2462


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Fleischmannia [Eupatorium] incarnata


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In Ky. this curious winter-annual of northern woodlands is locally common in the northern Bluegrass. There are colls. made during the 1830s by C.W. Short, R. Peter and others in FAYE, within woods near Lexington (PH, KY-Agr.).


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|BFoeniculum vulgare P. Mill.B|   	2036 C


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Foeniculum vulgare


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There are colls. of this culinary herb (fennel) from MCLE (KY) and PIKE (EKY), but probably just waifs from nearby cultivation.


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|BForestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir.B|   	1655


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|BForestiera ligustrina (Michx.) Poir.B|   	1654


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|BForsythia suspensa (Thunb.) VahlB|   	1656 C


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This commonly cultivated species sometimes persists at old home sites, but it generally does not seem to spread ino the wild. There are colls. of this species or the closely related F. viridissima Lindl. from persistent or escaped plants in BALL, DAVI, JEFF, LYON, MCRE and TRIG (M, CW; APSU).


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|BFOXGLOVE: Agalinis (LESSER), Aureolaria (YELLOW), Dasistoma (MULLEIN), Tomanthera (EAR-LEAF)B|


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|BFOXTAIL: Alopecurus (EARLY), Setaria (LATE)B|


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|BFragaria virginiana Duchesne var. illinoensis GrayB|   	937


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Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Fragaria virginiana var. illinoensis


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This is clearly the predominant variety, but we need more detailed analysis and review of potential nomenclature.


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|BFragaria virginiana Duchesne var. virginianaB|   	936


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Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Fragaria virginiana var. v.


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Distinction from var. illinoensis needs more study. F indicated that this typical variety is more northern and tends to have shorter terminal leaflets (ca. 1.5-10 cm long versus 5-10 cm) with fewer teeth (4-8 pairs versus 8-15), and slightly shorter calyx lobes (4-8 mm long versus 5-10 mm).


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Rhamnaceae: Frangula [Rhamnus*] alnus (R. frangula)


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There are colls. from JEFF (KNK), LAUR (BEREA) and MADI (CW), but the contexts are unclear. They need checking to see if truly naturalized, as opposed to planted. F. alnus is widely naturalized in more northern states and adjacent Canada, but remains virtually unknown as an escape in southeastern states (PL).


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|BFrangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray var. carolinianaB|   	1109


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Rhamnaceae: Frangula [Rhamnus*] caroliniana var. c. (R. caroliniana)


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|BFrangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray var. mollis (Fern.) new comb. ?B|   	1110


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Rhamnaceae: Frangula [Rhamnus*] caroliniana var. mollis (R. carolininiana var. m.))


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|BFraspecies inus tomentosa: F. profundaB|


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|BFraxinus americana L. var. americanaB|   	1641


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This widespread eastern species is highly variable, and polyploids have been reported; 2n = 46, 92, 138. Hybrids are suspected with pennsylvanica (2n = 46) and profunda (2n = 138); see Cr, Black-Schaefer & Beckman (1989) and their cited literature. However, there has been little definitive study of this variation across the range.


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|BFraxinus americana L. var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J. Wright ex Fern.B|   	1642


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Oleaceae: Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana


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Mapping is provisional, pending further study of variation in the species. These hairy plants tend to occur more frequently on relatively dry sites, but it is not clear if they warrant treatment as a variety.


Line:
There were several reports of this northern species by Short (1828), Gray (1888) and others during 1770-1860 (M; Campbell 1989). However, only one coll. has been located, and it is not clear if this was from a wild or cultivated tree: J.S. Terrill, 7 Sep 1893, from "Lexington" in FAYE (KY). F. nigra is known from s. Ohio, where D. Boone (pers. comm.) recently discovered it in a seep at the base of Indian Hill, Hamilton Co., within 5 miles of the Ky. border. It also occurs close to Ky. in the Ridge-and-Valley of w. Va (HW+).


Line:
|BFraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. pennsylvanicaB|   	1643


Line:
Oleaceae: Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. p.


Line:
Distinction of these hairy plants from the more common var. subintegerrima needs further attention; they may be concentrated on sites with more drying in the summer. Open dots indicate colls. of the species but with uncertain assignment to variety.


Line:
|BFraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.B|   	1644


Line:
Oleaceae: Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (lanceolata)


Line:
These trees with smooth leaves and twigs are much more common than hairy ones in Ky., but more critical study of variation is needed. Open dots mapped here indicate colls. of the species, but with uncertain assignment to variety.


Line:
|BFraxinus profunda (Bush) BushB|   	1645


Line:
This is widely distributed over eastern states, but with a fragmented range (PL). In addition to being locally frequent in swamps of the lower Ohio Valley, there are scattered populations on base-rich soils further upstream. It is difficult to distinguish from americana without fruit, and there appears to be introgression in some areas.


Line:
Amaranthaceae: Froelichia campestris (floridana* var. c.)


Line:
This mid-western species has sometimes (e.g. FNA 4) been combined with the southeastern F. floridana (Nutt.) Moq., but should be recognized at least as a variety (Cr, W). There has also been some confusion with gracilis, and hybrids are possible (FNA 4); further checking is advisable.


Line:
|BFroelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq.B|   	432


Line:
This western species apparently spread east largely along railroads (FNA 4).


Line:
|BFuirena simplex Vahl var. aristulata (Torr.) KralB|   	2948


Line:
Cyperaceae: Fuirena simplex* var. aristulata


Line:
The only records of this southern (largely subtropical) species are colls. during 1984 from FULT in the "lower sandy drainage pattern of Fish Lake" (R. Athey # 4937 & 4974 at EKY). Var. aristulata is distinct from var. simplex, but within the U.S.A. both taxa are centered in south-central states (FNA 23).


Line:
This southern species (largely on the Coastal Plain) has been reported from Ky. by F and others, but no colls. have been located. It is known from w. Tenn., and may be expected on the Coastal Plain in Ky.


Line:
|BGalactia volubilis (L.) Britt.B|   	1299


Line:
The traditional usage of volubilis and regularis is followed here, but, based on type specimens, Duncan (1981) and W have indicated that these names should be switched. It is not clear if a proposal to conserve the traditional usage will be made. Included here are several records of var. mississippienis Vail, which is not recognized in recent treatments. G. regularis (L.) B.S.P., which occurs only on the southeastern Coastal Plain, has been reported from Ky. in error (M).


Line:
|BGalax urceolata (Poir.) BrummittB|   	1413


Line:
All plants in Ky. are probably diploids (2n = 12), whereas tetraploids occur in the Blue Ridge and further east (Nesom 1983). The latter have distinctly larger overall plant size and stomatal guard cell size, and they probably do not hybridize to a significant degree, but taxonomic recongition is not generally supported (W).


Line:
|BGalearis spectabilis (L.) Raf.B|   	2766


Line:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Galearis [Orchis] spectabilis


Line:
This was mapped in Ky. by Reed (1961), but no colls. have been located (M); check Reed's references and sources.


Line:
This cosmopolitan weed originates from southwestern U.S.A. to South America (Cr; FNA 21). It has been reported from MCRA (R. Athey catalog) and NELS (Greenwell 1935), but no confirmed colls. have been seen (M). There has been some confusion with quadriradiata.


Line:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Galinsoga quadriradiata (ciliata)


Line:
This cosmopolitan weed originates from Central and South America. Colls. have been carefully checked for the closely related parviflora.


Line:
There may be historical evidence and archaeological evidence (e.g. Henderson 1998) that this species is native in eastern states. Gray (1864; see also F) noted: "Shaded ground, throughout the continent; probably as an introduced plant eastward." In Ky., it was first recorded early after settlement by Rafinesque and others (M'Murtrie 1819), but it has generally been considered alien (Gr). Cr noted potentially significant variation in chromosome number, with potential segregation of relatively depauperate plants as var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Farw. However, there does not appear to have been a comprhensive study of variation within this annoying species.


Line:
This circumboreal species was listed for Ky. by Short et al. (1833), Cr and others, but no colls. have been located.


Line:
This northern, circumboreal species was reported from Ky. by Gl as var. intermedium DC., and by Cr without separation of varieties. However, no colls. have been found. It is similar to latifolium, but has smaller fruit (ca. 2 mm versus 3-4 mm), flowers white (versus purple) in rather showy cymose panicles (versus groups of 1-4 at upper 1-3 nodes), leaves lance-linear (versus lanceolate to lance-ovate) with rounded apices (versus acute to acuminate), and frequent axillary fascicles of small leaves.


Line:
There are records from ADAI, OWEN, WAYN and perhaps elsewhere that may be referred to the relatively northern var. hypomaculatum Fern. However, it is not clear if this variety is worth recognizing.


Line:
|BGalium concinnum Torr. & GrayB|   	1584


Line:
The coll. from FLOY (KY) appears transitional to circaezans.


Line:
This is locally abundant in low fields and stream corridors within northern counties bordering the Ohio Rv., but it has not yet been found elsewhere.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? C? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
Most material is referable to var. ramosum, though colls. from ADAI, LETC, JEFF (EKY) and WARR (WKY) would be var. obtusum. However, this taxonomic separation is probably not clear enough to recognize.


Line:
Reported colls. from POWE (MICH) by Wharton (1945), and from HENR (not at KY) by Gentry (1963), are believable but need to be verified. There are also unverified, somewhat dubious reports from WOLF and WOOD (M).


Line:
Colls. from BELL (B), LIVI (R. Athey #253) and perhaps elsewhere may be referred to the relatively southern var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & Gray. Further study is needed to decide whether that variety is worth recognizing.


Line:
Rubiaceae: Galium tinctorium (trifidum var. t.)


Line:
Old reports of G. trifidum L. are referable to tinctorium (M); these species were combined in earlier treatments.


Line:
Colls. should be rechecked against verified G. wirtgenii F.W. Schultz (verum ssp. wirtgenii), which may be difficult to distinguish in dried material (Cr, W). G. wirtgenii differs in its odorless, lemon-yellow flowers (versus fragrant, golden-yellow), and its more interrupted inflorescence.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? D? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
|BGamochaeta purpurea (L.) CabreraB|   	2425


Line:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Gamochaeta [Gnaphalium] purpurea


Line:
Disjunct western records deserve further verification. There is a coll. from ANDE (EKY): M. Wharton #9612, 13 Oct 1955, "mesophytic woods" [but with no other data]. There is a report from EDMO (L. McKinney et al., pers. comm.; see also CW). There may be a coll. from MUHL (MM for WKY) or adjacent counties with native Pinus strobus.


Line:
Onagraceae: Gaura [Oenothera] biennis (var. b.)


Line:
Typical habitat is lowland woodland-meadow transitions, often at upper edges of floodplains. Superficially distinct plants occur in the xeric dolomitic glades of se. CLAR (JC for KY) and Adams Co., Ohio (e.g. colls. of A. Cusick at Ohio State Univ.), and perhaps in dry sites elsewhere. These tend to have smaller flower parts and narrower leaves (no more than ca. 8-10 mm), compared to typical plants in the literature. Further investigation is needed.


Line:
All plants are probably referable to var. major Torr. & Gray This relatively northern segregate, with larger calyx segments (8-10 mm long versus 5-7 mm) and petals (ca. 6 mm long versus 4-5 mm), is not recognized in recent treatments, but it deserves further attention (F). In Ky., filipes occurs in calcareous glades or nearby, whereas the habitat of typical plants further south is "sandy pine-barrens" (F) or "sandy fields, disturbed areas and clearings" (W). Reports of the southern species, G. angustifolia Michx. (endemic to the Coastal Plain), and the widespread western species, G. coccinea Pursh, appear to be based on misidentified filipes (M).


Line:
Onagraceae: Gaura [Oenothera] longiflora (filiformis, biennis var. pitcheri)


Line:
This taxon has a southwestern range (to Neb, and Tex.), and is known in Ky. only from one or two colls. in CALL on or near roadsides. It is close to the more northern biennis, and could be treated at a subspecific level. It differs in the shorter pubescence on its stems and leaves, and in the lack of glands in its inflorescence. There is little or no overlap in range.


Line:
|BGaura parviflora Dougl. ex Lehm.B|   	563 W


Line:
Onagraceae: Gaura [Oenothera] parviflora (mollis)


Line:
This is a widespread western species that may only be an occasional adventive waif in eastern states. There is only one record, a coll. from JEFF (DHL):  P,A. Davies #491, 4 Aug 1943, moist woods, Bear Grass Creek.


Line:
|BGaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. KochB|   	1434


Line:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Gaylussacia <Decamerium> baccata


Line:
There are old reports of two related species, G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. and G. ursina (M.A. Curtis) T. & G. ex Gray. These were probably based on G. baccata; see M and Gr for details.


Line:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Gaylussacia <Vitis-idaea> brachycera


Line:
This species is locally abundant on the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. & Tenn., with hundreds of sites. Elsewhere, it is known in the central Appalachians from Pa., W.Va. (SC) & Va., the Piedmont of N.C., and the Coastal Plain of Md. & Del., with a total of only 100-200 sites (State Natural Heritage Systems). This species should perhaps be treated in a new monotypic genus; the name Buxella was used by Sm but it is an invalid homonym (W).


Line:
|BGaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G.B|   	1435 R


Line:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Gaylussacia <Gaylussacia> dumosa


Line:
This was reported from WARR by Pr, but no coll. has been located. G. dumosa is mostly on the Atlantic and southeastern Coastal Plain, but it also occurs in s. Tenn. and s. W.Va. (Ch, PL, W).


Line:
|BGENTIAN: Gentiana, Gentianella, Sabatia (ROSE-)B|


Line:
|BGentiana alba Muhl. ex Nutt.B|   	1599


Line:
There has been controversy about the nomenclatural validity of alba as the epithet, which needs to be resolved (Wilbur 1988).


Line:
This species has been recently collected by R. Naczi from CAMP (KNK), in wet woods along the Ohio Rv. (Naczi et al. 2002). Older records (M) are based on misidentified saponaria (ADAI & TAYL at Field) or remain doubtful. A coll. of G. andrewsii by C.W. Short (GH) is mounted on the same sheet as a coll. of G. saponaria, which is labelled "banks of the Ohio River, Ky., Oct 1842". However, there is no indication that both colls. came from the same location. G. andrewsii is a largely mid-western species that may intergrade with the largely southeastern saponaria to a limited extent (see dets. of J.S. Pringle at Field Museum and elsewhere).


Line:
|BGentiana cherokeensis (W.P. Lemmon) Fern.B|   	1596 T


Line:
E.L. Braun wrote this name in her catalog at US for coll. #4885 from MCRE, but this coll. cannot be found at US. This unusually narrow-leaved taxon has often been combined with saponaria, but it may be distinct, with a southern Appalachian distribution (W).


Line:
|BGentiana puberulenta J. PringleB|   	1597


Line:
Most records are old; despite much searching, the only population currently known is in HARD (KY).


Line:
|BGentiana quinquefolia: see Gentianella occidentalisB|


Line:
|BGentianella occidentalis (Gray) SmallB|   	1592


Line:
Gentianaceae: Gentianella [Gentiana] occidentalis (quinquefolia ssp. o.*)


Line:
Most or all material of Gentianella seems to be occidentalis, but further analysis is needed. Typical quinquefolia is a more eastern species. The three clusters of records in Ky. are intriguing.


Line:
|BGeranium carolinianum L. var. carolinianumB|   	504


Line:
Geraniaceae: Geranium carolinianum var. carolinianum


Line:
This appears to be the predominant variety but further checking is needed. G. carolinianum is one of the few native species that have become locally problematic annual or biennial weeds in horticultural settings.


Line:
|BGeranium carolinianum L. var. confertiflorum Fern.B|   	505


Line:
Geraniaceae: Geranium carolinianum var. confertifolium


Line:
The separation of varieties mapped here is highly provisional; although generally recognized in current treatments, differences in pubescence and inflorescence are not clear, and there may be little difference in distribution within Ky.


Line:
This is an occasional weed of nurseries and greenhouses, and also occurs along roadsides. It can be hard to distinguish from the native carolinianum, and further checking is needed in herbaria. It has upper leaves with more linear, acute segments; flowers deep red-violet/maroon (versus pink); carpel bodies short-hispid with spreading hairs (versus long-villous with ascending hairs); carpel beaks densely glandular (versus with few or no glands).


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
A few plants have been initially identified as G. rotundifolium L., but are probably G. molle.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
Geraniaceae: Geranium <Robertiella> robertianum (var. r.)


Line:
This is not verified. It was reported by Hussey (1876) from EDMO or nearby; a coll. should be searched for at Purdue Univ. G. robertianum is a widespread northern (circumboreal) species, but perhaps only naturalized in most eastern states. It is known from at a few scattered sites in the Ohio Valley, including nc. Tenn. (Ch).


Line:
|BGerardia: = Agalinis; > Aureolaria, TomantheraB|


Line:
Variation needs further study. Most material is probably the typical variety; var. grimesii Fern. & Weatherby is recorded from LETC (B); var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & Weatherby is recorded from CALL (MUR); forma glandulosum Fern. is recorded from FULT (KY).


Line:
Most material appears to be var. trichocarpum Fern. The somewhat more northern var. laciniatum, with glabrous achenes, has been collected in BRAC and LEWI (NCU),  but it is not clear if these taxa are worth separating.


Line:
|BGeum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & GrayB|   	955


Line:
|BGillenia stipulata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt.B|   	932


Line:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Gillenia (Porteranthus*) stipulata


Line:
|BGillenia trifoliata (L.) MoenchB|   	933


Line:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Gillenia (Porteranthus*) trifoliata


Line:
Although widely planted, seedlings are almost never found. A self-sown tree 20 ft tall was found along a fence row in JEFF (MM for WKY).


Line:
|BGladiolus byzantinus: see G. communisB|


Line:
There are a few records of persistent plants after cultivation, but this species does not appear to have become truly natualized. A coll. from GRAV (R. Athey #2310; check EKY) is identified as G. byzantinus P. Mill., which has been combined with communis or treated as a subspecies. Cultivars may be derived from hybrids involving several different taxa.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 D? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
|BGladiolus italicus P. Mill.B|   	2753 C


Line:
There are records from persistent plantings, but perhaps not truly naturalized. A coll. from EDMO (M. Medley #18975-88 for WKY) has been been identified as G. italicus P. Mill., and a coll. from GRAV (R. Athey #2181; check EKY) as G. segetum Ker-Gawl. These taxa have been combined in recent treatments (FNA 26).


Line:
|BGlandularia ×hybrida (Grönland & Rümpler) Nesom & PruskiB|   	1797 C


Line:
Verbenaceae: Glandularia [Verbena*] X hybrida


Line:
This is an ornamental cultivated hybrid that occasionally escapes; canadensis is one of the parents, but the other remains uncertain (Cr, W). There are colls. of apparent garden escapes in LYON and TRIG (APSU).


Line:
|BGlandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt.B|   	1795


Line:
This is southwestern species that appears to be rarely adventive in southeastern states.


Line:
|BGlandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt.B|   	1796


Line:
The earliest record was the listing by M'Murtrie (1819), under the old synonym Verbena caroliniana L. (Britton & Brown 1896). In 1914, Gr noted: "brought from farther south. Native?" G. canadensis is a widespread native in southern and midwestern states, but appears adventive or escaped from cultivation in more northeastern states. It is a common native in c. Tenn., together with a more robust variant also expected in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). In Ky., some western records are from more or less native grassy open vegetation, but most northern records are from weedy roadsides, adandoned lots or similar places. See also G. X hybrida (Grönland & Rümpler) Nesom & Pruski.


Line:
|BGlandularia pulchella (Sweet) TroncosoB|   	1794 C


Line:
Verbenaceae: Glandularia [Verbena*] pulchella (tenuisecta)


Line:
The only record is a coll. from RUSS (at Field Museum): E. Roy #20, Aug 1961, "Escape! Roadside... ca. 5 miles w. of Russell Springs." This South American weed has become common in the southern U.S.A., and is often cultivated in flower gardens, but it does not seem to be spreading significantly in Ky.


Line:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Glechoma [Nepeta] hederacea


Line:
This has been a common weed since early after settlement. Short (1828-29) noted: "abundant on the alluvion bottoms of our creeks and rivers, and in the fence-rows of rich, cultivated fields." Most or all colls. are referable to var. micrantha Moric., which is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


Line:
This is largely restricted to swamps on the southeastern Coastal Plain, extending upstream to bottomlands of the central Mississippi, lower Ohio and lower Wabash rivers (PL). In Ky. there are several old or uncertain records that need verification, including those of Gr as far as TRIM. Without fruit, aquatica can be hard to distinguish from triacanthos, which occasionally occurs along the margins of swamps. Hybrids appear to occur in several areas across the range (Y), including Ky.


Line:
Unverified historical data of Gr are included as open dots; his data from Appalachian regions may be doubted, but the species does occur at low density in major valleys throughout most Appalachian regions (PL). It extends across most of temperate North America, except the northwest. However, it is particularly common on base-rich fertile soils, as in the Bluegrass Region of Ky., and generally rare to absent in more hilly non-calcareous regions. The fruits are consumed more or less whole by larger herbivores, including deer (but see Y). See also notes under aquatica.


Line:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Glyceria arkansanas (septentrionalis var. a.)


Line:
Distinction from septentrionalis is tentative in some cases; this taxon may be better treated as a variety.


Line:
|BGlyceria melicaria (Michx.) F.T. HubbardB|   	3163


Line:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Glyceria melicaria (torreyana)


Line:
|BGlyceria septentrionalis A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3160


Line:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Glyceria septentrionalis (var. s.)


Line:
Colls. need more careful analysis to distinguish arkansanas, perhaps as a variety.


Line:
|BGlyceria striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3164


Line:
Poaceae <Meliceae>: Glyceria striata (nervata)


Line:
This abundant crop ("soybean") leaves occasional waifs or relics in old fields, but it is not known to naturalize.


Line:
|BGnaphalium helleri: see Pseudognaphalium micradenumB|


Line:
|BGnaphalium: > Filaginella, Gamochaeta, PseudognaphaliumB|


Line:
|BGOLDENROD: Euthamia & Oligoneuron (FLAT-TOPPED), SolidagoB|


Line:
|BGonolobus gonocarpos (Walt.) PerryB|   	1638


Line:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Gonolobus [Matelea*] gonocarpos (suberosus var. ?)


Line:
See Y and W for recent taxonomic review and key characters at genus and species level. G. gonocarpus is a generally distinct southeastern taxon that has been submerged within the more western G. suberosus (L.) Ait. in most recent treatments. Based on recent analysis (Krings & Xiang 2005), it should be recognized at least as suberosus var. granulatus (Scheele) Krings & Q.Y. Xiang.


Line:
|BGoodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.B|   	2789


Line:
|BGoodyera repens (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.B|   	2790


Line:
J. Kiser recently discovered this widespread northern (circumboreal) species in MCRE (EKY) near Yahoo Falls. The plant is referrable var. ophioides Fern. but this eastern segregate was not recognized in FNA 26. Other records seem to have been based on misidentified pubescens, including a previous coll. from near Yahoo Falls by E.M. & E.T. Browne (EKY).


Line:
|BGRAPE [VINE]: Ampelopsis (RACOON-), VitisB|


Line:
|BGratiola quartermaniae D. EstesB|   	1675


Line:
This recently described species is largely restricted to flat puddling areas of limestone glades or adjacent pastures in n. Ala. and c. Tenn., but with disjunctions as far as c. Texas, n. Ill. and s. Ontario (Estes 2007). It has been confused with neglecta. The only Ky. record is a coll. from SIMP (WKY): M.E. Medley-78-012, 9 May 1978, wet spot in pasture, E side of road across from the Simpson County Glade, 1/8 mi S from the Warren Co. line on US 31W.


Line:
This is a generally uncommon to rare species typical of marshy shores around old sloughs and ponds, mostly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont but scattered west to Mo. Also expected is its southern relative, G. brevifolia Raf., which occurs in Tenn. close to Ky. in Montgomery Co. (1 mile ESE of Guthrie) and Morgan Co. (banks of Obed Rv.). Early colls. of C.W. Short from Ky. (Kew, PH) were named brevifolia by G. Bentham (in DeCandolle's 1846 Prodromus) or G. shortii by E. Durand, but viscidula was not described until 1919, and ssp. shortii not until 1935 (Pennell 1935). Short's colls. were probably from the wetlands of BATH or ROWA (Campbell et al. 1992). All colls. from Ky. are referable to var. shortii (Dur. ex Pennell) Gleason, with relatively large flowers and leaves; this taxon may be a meaningful western variant.


Line:
This largely southwestern species is considered native at scattered sites in the Interior Low Plateaus. Ky. records are mostly from weedy situations but in or near former glades and barrens.


Line:
|BGrindelia squarrosa (Pursh) DunalB|   	2289


Line:
This western species appears to be only adventive in eastern states.


Line:
|BGROMWELL: Buglossoides (CORN-), Lithospermum, Onosmodium (PRAIRIE)B|


Line:
|BGymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. KochB|   	1162


Line:
Some uncertain records (open dots) may come from planted trees, including those from within Appalachian regions (Gr, CW). This species is widely scattered across eastern North America, but generally restricted to highly fertile soils on mesic to submesic sites. Although such landscapes are mostly converted to farmland, Gymnocladus survives well along woodland edges and fencerows, sometimes colonizing old fields. The fruits are relished by cattle, who often consume them during the winter and spring after they fall to the ground; see also Gr (1902). Deposits of seeds can sometimes be found in old barns (L. Crawfort, pers. comm.). Occasional dispersal by other larger mammals is also suspected. In addition to being generally dioecious, this tree is unusual in its lateral root suckering, up to 10 m or more from original stems (especially in males). Whether the correct spelling should be dioica remains unresolved (Y).


Line:
|BGymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P.B|   	3294


Line:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on acid infertile soils in good diverse remants of open woodland or grassland. There are also disjunct populations in s. Ill., s. Ind. and s. Ohio (FNA 25).


Line:
This species occurs mostly in open woodland and grassland on the southeastern Coastal Plain. There are several disjunct populations in Miss., Ala., Ga. and s. Tenn. (FNA 25). The plants in PULA grow in a highly diverse unique remnant of native vegetation on acid xerohydric soils; see also Drosera brevifolia.


Line:
|BHabenaria blepharioglottis: see Platanthera integrilabiaB|


Line:
|BHackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. JohnstonB|   	1547


Line:
Boraginaceae: Hackelia virginiana (Lappula v.)


Line:
Presumed colls. from HARL (B: Big Black Mt., "mesophytic north face woods, rare") and MCRE (Little 1971) have not been relocated (Chester 1991). Var. monticola (Rehd.) Reveal & Seldin occurs at higher elevation in the southern Appalachians (W), and it might be expected in Ky. Reports of H. carolina L. are based on confusion in nomenclature.


Line:
|BHARLEQUIN: Adlumia (CLIMBING), Capnoides (ROCK), CorydalisB|


Line:
|BHasteola suaveolens (L.) Pojark.B|   	2278


Line:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Hasteola [Cacalia] suaveolens


Line:
There are few records from Ky., Ind. or Ill. after 1950-1970 (Anderson 1994). This lowland species has been widely distributed in east-central states, but declines seem to have occurred across large eastern sectons of its range (FNA 20, W). Its increasingly imperiled status is presumably due to woodland clearance and associated farming. Hasteola appears to be generally more palatable to large herbivores than Arnoglossum (Anderson 1994).


Line:
This widely scattered North American species appears to be native in some rocky or sandy glades and barrens of western regions, but in Appalachian regions it may just be adventive.


Line:
|BHedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.B|   	1885


Line:
This widely cultivated species (usually known as "English ivy") can become locally abundant due to vegetative spread, but there is no evidence of establishment from seed. Flowering is uncommon and occurs during the fall or mild winters, but often fails due to cold. Most plants in North America are diploids (2n = 48), but tetraploids (known as "Irish" or "Atlantic" ivy) are also cultivated and may be expected to escape (Y).


Line:
|BHedyotis nuttalliana: see Houstonia tenuifoliaB|


Line:
|BHedyotis: = Houstonia; > OldenlandiaB|


Line:
|BHelenium amarum (Raf.) H. RockB|   	2189


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helenium amarum (var. a.; tenuifolium)


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After settlement, this weedy annual spread north and east from its original range in La. and Texas (Y, W and their citations). The first records in Ky. were during the 1930s (Harvill 1941, B).


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|BHelenium autumnale L. var. autumnaleB|   	2186


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helenium autumnale var. a.


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This variable species is widespread in North America; 2n = 32, 34, 36. Sterile hybrids with flexuosum (which has 2n = 28) have been reported (Y), and may be confused with the closely related H. virginicum S.F. Blake (which also has 2n = 28). H. virginicum is known only from Va. and Mo. and should be searched for elsewhere (FNA 20, Y, W). It differs from autumnale in its oblanceolate basal blades, usually persistent to flowering (versus oblanceolate, obovate or spathulate, withering by flowering); its mid-stem leaves usually entire (versus usually dentate) and its upper leaves entire (versus entire or dentate); and the pappus of disc flowers at least half as long as the tube, keel-less and abruptly long-awned (versus less than half, keeled and attenuate).


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|BHelenium autumnale L. var. parviflorum (Nutt.) Fern.B|   	2187


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helenium autumnale var. parviflorum


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This relatively narrow-leaved, small-headed variety is often indistinct from var. autumnale, and most recent treatments do not recognize it (e.g. FNA 20). It may be more closely associated with major river valleys in the state, especially to the west; F indicated that it occurs in more hydric habitats.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helenium flexuosum (nudiflorum)


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|BHelenium nudiflorum: H. flespecies uosumB|


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Angustifolii> angustifolius


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This relatively uniform diploid (2n = 34) species is widespread across southeastern states in open habitats. In Ky. it may be loosely associated with diverse remants of thin woodland or grassland in southern regions, but it also seems to be spreading along rights-of-way. It was not recorded before the 1930s (B), and it may be increasing in the state.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Annui> annuus


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This common annual sunflower is widely cultivated, but it also escapes and appears naturalized along disturbed rights-of-way and similar sites. Though probably originating in the southern Great Plains, H. annuus became domesticated for oil and other uses by native people in eastern states; see papers by C.B. Heiser and others in Ford (1985). Selection has increased seed size and head size, especially during the past century or so, but within a few generations of naturalization cultivars revert to wilder types. Varieties have not been recognized in recent treatments; all plants are diploid (2n = 34). See notes on hybrids under petiolaris and tuberosus.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Atrorubentes> atrorubens (var. a.)


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> decapetalus


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This largely Appalachian and northern species has often been confused with trachelifolius, tuberosus and other species, and there may be some hybridization with trachelifolius (J. Campbell, in prep.). H. decapetalus is unknown in western regions (including Mo.), where trachelifolius can occupy similar habitats, and in Ky. there seems to be little overlap of ranges. Most plants in Ky. are probably tetraploids (2n = 68). However, D.M. Smith tentatively identified some colls. from Appalachian regions as diploids (2n = 34): these were mapped in BELL, MART and MCRE by Smith (1960) and Heiser et al. (1969). Diploids are reportedly restricted to Appalachian regions and further east. They tend to be less robust; leaves are smaller, more closely serrated, and with shorter guard-cells; but they may not be reliably distinguished (Heiser et al. 1969).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> divaricatus


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This is a relatively uniform, usually diploid (2n = 34) species that is widespread in moderately shady to open habitats across eastern North America. However, there appear to be occasional hybrids in Ky. with microcephalus and hirsutus, and other variants or hybrids may occur further west (e.g. see Y).


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|BHelianthus dowellianus M.A. CurtisB|   	2140 T


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> dowellianus (occidentalis* var. d.)


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Three colls. from PULA were initially referred to this taxon in 1940-1960: (1) E.L. Braun (see B but not located at US), "very distinct in appearance and habit of growth, and in habitat; dry soil, open grassy slopes"; (2) F.T. McFarland (F, MO, etc.), probably in the same general locality as B, a roadside near Somerset; and (3) D.M. Smith-K-121 (KY), 11 Sep 1958, roadside 2.5 miles southeast of Science Hill. These identifications remain uncertain, along with the status of dowellianus in general. Cr treated it as H. occidentalis var. dowellianus (M.A. Curtis) Torr. & Gray, with a largely Appalachian range. It differs from typical occidentalis in its more branched and leafy stems; leaves are broader, sometimes more serrated, usually withering soon at the base, less reduced up the stems, and less pubescent (scabrous/strigose versus hirsute on upper leaf surfaces). H. dowellianus is somewhat similar to atrorubens, and hybrid origin has been suggested (Heiser et al. 1969), but F suggested a broader concept, with similarity also to H. laetiflorus Pers. (sensu lato).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> eggertii {or suggested: strumosus var. e.}


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This hexaploid (2n = 102) is close to strumosus, and might be justified as a variety or subspecies with more western range, largely restricted to the Interior Low Plateaus in Ala., Tenn. and Ky. (FNA 21). A few colls. from the Cumberland Plateau in Ky. and Tenn. (MO, TENN) and elsewhere might be tentatively included, at least as transitions. H. eggertii is a variable taxon that still needs proper circumscription, based on a thorough search for herbarium material. There are eggertii-like colls. from Ark. to S.C., but some may just be narrow-leaved extremes of strumosus (e.g. at GH, MO, NCU).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Gigantei> giganteus


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This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 34) typical of damp thickets and edges. In Ky. there may be rare hybrids with mollis (= X doronicoides Lam.), and others may be expected (FNA 21).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Gigantei> grosseserratus (instabilis)


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This largely mid-western, diploid (2n = 34) species is probably native in grassland remnants of Ky., and has persisted or spread along roadsides. There has been some confusion with maximiliani., and hybridization with that species or others is possible (FNA 21).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> hirsutus


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This tetraploid species (2n = 68) is widespread in open habitats of eastern and southeastern states. It varies much in pubescence, leaf size and shape. Some robust plants resemble tuberosus, and may result from hybridization (Heiser et al. 1969; FNA 21). Several colls. with less hairy stems are referable to var. trachyphyllus Torr. & Gray, a largely western form that deserves further attention (F). Such smoother plants can resemble divaricatus, which may introgress locally with hirsutus.


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|BHelianthus laetiflorus: see H. pauciflorusB|


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Gigantei> maximilianii


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This diploid (2n = 34) species of the Great Plains does not appear to be native in eastern states, except for a few possibly adventive records in northern region (Cr, Y, W). In Ky. there were no records before Beckett (1956), but one or more cultivars have been widely promoted in recent decades for supposed wildflower meadows and wildlife benefits. Persistent plantings and escapes are widely scattered, sometimes misinterpreted as native.


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|BALI B| W.   |BHAB B| F-10 D 5.   |BABU B| +5*.


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|BHelianthus microcephalus Torr. & GrayB|   	2145


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Microcephali> microcephalus


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This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 34), widespread in thin woods and edges across eastern and southeastern states. There may be occasional hybrids with hirsutus and other species.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> mollis


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This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 34) typical of native grasslands, especially in mid-western regions, and occasionally adventive to the east. There may be rare hybrids with occidentalis (= X cinereus Torr. & Gray) and perhaps giganteus (?= X doronicoides Lam.); see M for records of these hybrids from Ky.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> occidentalis (var. o.)


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This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 34), but variation needs further study. Some colls. (KY, WKY) appear to be hybridized with hirsutus (MEAD), mollis (HARD) or perhaps silphioides (CALL). See also dowellianus for notes on the disjunct eastern colls. from PULA.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> pauciflorus (rigidus, ?laetiflorus)


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Records need to be checked and variation studied. Colls. from EDMO (Harvill 1941), HARD (Okla. State Univ.) and JEFF (DHL) appear to represent true var. pauciflorus (= H. rigidus (Cass.) Desf.), as a native plant. Most other colls. have been referred to H. laetiflorus Pers., which is often cultivated and considered by some authors to be derived from hybridization between pauciflorus (perhaps as var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Cronq.) and tuberosus (Cr); both putative parents are hexaploids (2n = 102). Some colls. may be closer to tuberosus, especially the one from CALL (MUR). It remains unclear if records of laetiflorus are from truly native plants, cultivars or adventive from the west.


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|BHelianthus petiolaris Nutt.B|   	2154 T


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Annui> petiolaris


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Reports from Ky. have probably been erroneous (M). Colls. of R. Athey (EKY, Memphis) under this name appear somewhat distinct in their finely serrated leaf margins, but are closer to annuus. However, petiolaris is known from se. Mo., where hybrids with annuus, or perhaps introgressants, can be difficult to distinguish from the parents (Y).


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|BHelianthus rigidus: see H. pauciflorusB|


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Atrorubentes> silphioides (atrorubens var. pubescens)


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There has been confusion with typical atrorubens, and some colls. need to be rechecked. Both are diploids (2n = 34) typical of woodland trails, thickets and unkempt rights-of-way in regions with a significant history of burning before settlement. The range of silphioides is centered in the Ozark Region and nearby, whereas atrorubens is centered on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, southern Appalachian regions and nearby. They overlap mostly in Tenn. and there may be some intergradation. Some colls. from CALL (WKY) may be hybrids with occidentalis.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> strumosus (var. s.)


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This largely Appalachian and northern taxon consists of hexaploids (2n = 102) that appear to have been often confused with the tetraploids referred here to trachelifolius, or with other species (F; Heiser et al. 1969). Further analysis is needed.


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|BHelianthus trachelifolius P. Mill. ?B|   	2133


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> cf. trachelifolius {or suggested: strumosus var. t.}


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This was recognized as a species by F and others, but has been largely ignored for 50 years; the correct name still needs to be determined. Heiser et al. (1969) indicated that it is probably the tetraploid form of strumosus (2n = 68), and suggested treatment as a variety or subspecies. H. trachelifolius appears generally distinct within its largely western range, but there is some intergradation in regions of overlap. There has also been much confusion, and perhaps some introgression, with decapetalus, hirsutus and other tetraploids (especially hirsutus in western regions of Ky.). It differs from typical strumosus in its leaves, which are usually subtruncate (versus more gradually tapering), with the non-winged portion of petiole ca. (0.5) 1-2 (3) cm long (versus (0.3) 0.5-1 (1.5) cm); lower surfaces are deep or pale green (versus grayish, whitish or glaucous), pubescent on veins and often throughout (versus often glabrous except on main veins); margins are serrated with teeth ca. 1 mm high (versus weakly serrated to subentire); plants, especially stems, often dry to a blackish hue (versus not so, but sometimes with purplish stems).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> tuberosus


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This variable hexaploid (2n = 102) is widespread in east-central states, and sometimes confused with decepetalus, trachelifolius, hirsutus or other species (FNA 21). Occasional hybridization is suspected, especially with hirsutus. Pubescence varies considerably; some plants have stems that are virtually glabrous, causing confusion with other species. In some eastern states, tuberosus is considered introduced from further west, but in Ky. and Ind. at least it appears generally native on fertile floodplains and locally on uplands. In the Bluegrass region tuberosus is especially frequent, sometimes growing in relatively dry upland woodland edges and old fields. It was cultivated by some native people in Atlantic states, selecting for larger tubers. These plants were developed further in Europe to become widely grown for food, then returned to North America (C.B. Heiser in Ford 1985; Heiser et al. 1969); the "sunchoke" is an artificial hybrid with annuus. Cultivars with large tubers are often densely pubescent, and may be named var. subcanescens Gray (F). However, wild plants in Ky. do not generally have enlarged tubers; neither do plants in Ind. (D).


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|BHeliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. helianthoidesB|   	2160


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Heliopsis helianthoides var. h.


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Some records appear transitional to var. scabra.


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|BHeliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fern.B|   	2161


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Heliopsis helianthoides var. scabra


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There is much intergradation with var. helianthoides, but colls. from CHRI (B), GRAY (R. Seymour), HART (P. Measle), LOGA (WKY) and perhaps elsewhere are distinctly scabrous.


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This is a pantropical weed said to be introduced from Brazil or elsewehere in South America, but there are some early reports from North America, e.g., Rafinesque (1819). Reports of H. europaeum L. are probably all based on indicum (M).


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|BHeliotropium tenellum (Nutt.) Torr.B|   	1538


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This commonly cultivated "day-lily" was first recorded as an escape in the 1930s (B). It is often impossible to distinguish persistent plantings of this popular species from spontaneously established plants. Included here are records from GALL and  MARS (KY) of the double-flowered var. kwanso Regel. Also, the yellow H. lilioasphodelus L. is collected from OLDH (DHL), but perhaps only persistent after cultivation. Various cultivars and hybrids involving these taxa are commonly grown, often persistent, and perhaps spontaneously dispersed.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-10,8,7 D 4.   |BABU B| +6.


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|BHEMLOCK (herb): Cicuta (WATER-), Conium (POISON-)B|


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Hepatica [Anemone] acutiloba (nobilis var. acuta)


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See W for notes on taxonomic choices and habitats for the two Hepatica species.


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|BHepatica americana (DC.) Ker-Gawl.B|   	229


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Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Hepatica [Anemone] americana (nobilis var. obtusa)


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Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Heracleum maximum (lanatum*, sphondylium ssp. montanum)


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This northern species is known from scattered disjunct regions. There are recent colls. from bottomlands along the Ohio River: by R. Gelis from Manchester Islands in LEWI (BEREA; Abbott et al. 2004); and by E. Hartowicz (pers. comm.) from GRNP. There are older records from mesic-subxeric woods on Black Mountain (including Benham Spur), which still need to be verified (M). There are also uncertain western records attributed to CHRI (C.W.Short coll. at PH) and the Cumberland River bottom in TRIG (W.L. Thomas 1968: Univ. of Louisville M.Sc. thesis cited in M). It is known from adjacent Stewart Co. in w. Tenn. (Ch).


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This is a popular cultivated ornamental that has locally escaped from gardens and roadsides into woodlands on rich soils. It is more widespread than records indicate and may gradually become an invasive problem across the state.


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|BHeteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM.B|   	2813


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|BHeteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd.B|   	2815


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|BHeteranthera reniformis Ruiz & PavónB|   	2814


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|BHeteranthera rotundifolia (Kunth) Griseb.B|   	2816


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This species is close to limosa, with similar habitat and range, from the Mississippi drainage to the west and south. Some colls. identified as limosa should be rechecked. The only verified record currently is a coll. from "Hodgenville" in LARU (NY) by F.T. McFarland (#43); see also FNA 22.


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|BHeterotheca camporum (Greene) Shinners var. glandulissimum SempleB|   	2286


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Heterotheca [Chrysopsis] camporum* var. glandulissimum


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Varieties may need checking in some cases. Before 1930, var. glandulissimum was largely restricted to rocky bluffs and streambanks in the Nashville Basin of c. Tenn., but it began spreading across east-central states, especially along interstate highways (Semple 1983; FNA 21; W). The earliest record in Ky. was a coll. of B from MONR. Var. camporum is a much less weedy plant of rocky glades and prairies in n. Ark., e. Mo., Ill. and w. Ind. It is unknown in Ky., although the holotype is a coll. of C.W. Short (Univ. of Notre Dame) without clear provenance (M), and there may be a coll. from MCRA (MUR). There has also been confusion with H. villosa (Pursh) Shinners, with some authors using the combination H. villosa var. camporum (Greene) Wunderlin; typical villosa is a distinct western taxon that is unknown in Ky. (FNA 20).


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|BALI B| s.   |BHAB B| R-10 C 5.   |BABU B| +5*.


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Heterotheca [Chrysopsis] latifolia (subaxillaris ssp. l.)


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Although often recognized in floras, at least as a subspecies (e.g. FNA 20), some studies indicate that this widespread southwestern taxon is not clearly distinct from typical H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby of the southeastern Coastal Plain (especially ocean dunes); see citations of Y and W. In Ky., most records are from dune-like sandy areas along the lower Ohio Rv. and the Mississippi Rv., or nearby. The coll. from JEFF (KY) is from a waif found in the parking lot by the herbarium in 1996.


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|BHeuchera americana L. var. americanaB|   	453


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Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Americanae> americana var. a.


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Most material may be referable to var. brevipetala Rosend., Butt. & Lak., but this is not generally recognized in recent treatments. B noted apparent hybrids with H. longiflora from LETC (check US).


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|BHeuchera americana L. var. hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rosendahl, Butters & LakelaB|   	454


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Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Americanae> americana var. hirsuticaulis (interior)


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This mid-western taxon is considered by some authors (e.g. Wells 1984, Cr) to have resulted from introgression with the more western species, H. richardsonii R. Br. It was not recorded from Ky. by Wells, but the identification of colls. mapped here is confirmed. However, the coll. from MADI (BEREA) may be misleading; it comes from cultivation of buried seed, "with forced flowering" (R. Thompson & Wade #87-2033), and its origin is unclear.


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|BHeuchera americana L. var. nov. {glabrate-leaved variant}B|   	452


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Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Americanae> americana var. nov. {glabrate-leaved variant}


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These Appalachian plants differ from typical H. americana in having almost completely glabrous leaves, except for their ciliate margins and minutely glandular-puberulent petioles; there may also be subtle differences in texture and color. In contrast, var. americana generally has hairs on both leaf surfaces (strigose above), although either surface can be thinly hairy or glabrate in some cases. The plants mapped here deserve further study for potential description as a new variety. At GH, there are colls. of similar plants from DC. Ga., N.C., S.C., Tenn. and Va. The name "Heuchera glauca Raf." is written on a few of the older colls., and should be researched further; the type is unknown (Wells 1984). H. americana var. hispida (Pursh) Wells also has generally glabrous leaves, but its larger flowers with purple petals are distinct; for more notes, see H. pubescens.


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This species occurs mostly on sedimentary rocks in the central-southern Appalachian Plateaus (Ala., Tenn., Ky., Ohio, W.Va., Va.) and in some adjacent regions. In Ky., it is confined to acid soils on sandstones and shales. The disjunct western colls. from EDMO and WARR (WKY) are somewhat distinct in having strigose upper leaf surfaces (versus thinly strigose to completely glabrous), and pubescent veins below (versus thinly hispid to glabrous). These plants might deserve variety status, but a broader revision of this species across its range is needed. The disjunct population around Hot Springs in N.C. also includes relatively hairy plants (MO), and occurs mostly on base-rich soils (W).


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Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Villosae> macrorhiza (villosa* var. m.)


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This deserve recognition as a species, although often combined with the largely Appalachian H. villosa. H. macrorhiza is largely restricted to calcareous cliffs in the Interior Low Plateaus. It differs (Small 1898, F) in its relatively short, broad bractlets, which are densely long-ciliate (versus narrowly lanceolate to subulate, glabrous to thinly ciliate); bracts are oblong to spathulate, and at least the lower ones toothed (versus linear, mostly entire); its stems are "shaggily" villous (versus loosely); leaves are hirsute below, with long soft hairs along veins (versus glabrous to thinly hairy, with appressed stiff hairs along veins); leaf lobes are all shallow, much broader than long (versus deep and sharp, especially the terminal); rhizomes are ca. 1-2 cm thick (versus 5-9 mm). F stated that var. intermedia Rosend., Butt. & Lak. "is possibly recognizable", as an intermediate. However, in Ky. virtually all colls. of H. macrorhiza are distinct from typical H. villosa. The coll. from CALL (MUR) was initially misidentified as H. missouriensis Rosendahl (see notes under H. puberula).


