# Index

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Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Villosae> parviflora (var. p., rugelii)


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Most material appears to match var. rugelii (Shuttlw.) Rosend., Butt. & Lak., which has less hairy leaves, but this was not recognized in Wells (1984) or most other recent treatments. H. parviflora is probably unknown west of the Shawnee Hills in Ky. and Ind., where it is restricted to sandstone cliffs. But see notes under H. puberula. The coll. from MERC is verified, and would be the only clear record from limestone, if label data are correct.


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|BHeuchera puberula Mackenzie & BushB|   	459


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Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Villosae> puberula (parviflora var. puberula)


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This largely Ozarkian species has been confused with the largely Appalachian H. parviflora, and further revision is needed. Variety status may be preferable. Typical puberula differs from parviflora in its longer capsules (4.2-5.5 mm versus 3-4.5 mm), longer fresh calices (2-4 mm versus 1.5-2 mm); and its petioles and flowering branches are puberulent (versus villous). H. puberula is often reported from calcareous cliffs, but parviflora is restricted to sandstone. Their ranges overlap along the sandstone cliffs of the Shawnee Hills, and some colls. appear intermediate (e.g. from GRAY at KY, NCU). While all colls. mapped here have the short glandular pubescence of typical puberula, their flowers are generally smaller. The coll. from MCRA (R. Athey; check EKY) needs to be verified.  Another taxon to check for is H. missouriensis Rosendahl, a segregate of H. parviflora known only from a few calcareous sites in se. Mo. (St, J). H. missouriensis differs from parviflora in its relatively small capsules (ca. 2.5-3 mm long), with less spreading beaks, and early flowering (Jul-Aug versus Sep-Oct). It was not recognized by Wells (1983), but more detailed study is needed.


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This large-flowered species of the Ridge-and-Valley region and nearby has been reported from Ky. by several authors (M), but not verified. Wells (1984) excluded pubescens from the state. There is an old mysterious coll. at GH that appears close to typical pubescens, with "Kentucky" written directly on the sheet (also "Heuchera reniformis Raf." and "Raf. in H. Durand"). Some reports refer to H. pubescens var. brachyandra Rosend., Butt. & Lak. (= H. alba Rydb.), with stamens included or barely exerted, which was not segregated by Wells. Some of these reports appear to be based on misidentified colls. of longiflora (e.g. at GH), another large-flowered species that can rarely hybridize with americana (B; Wells 1984). However, there also appears to be a broad, ancient zone of introgression between americana and pubescens, and Wells suggested that H. americana var. hispida (Pursh) Wells originated from such introgression. Var. hispida differs from typical plants in its large flowers, with free hypanthium 1.5-1.9 mm long (versus < 1.5 mm), its generally purplish, fimbriate petals (or perhaps paler in Pa.; see GH), and its generally glabrous leaves. Although hispida is concentrated in or near the Ridge-and-Valley region, like pubescens, there may be outlying colls. from Ohio (Scioto Co., GH), Ky. (to be researched further), and even Ark. (Montgomery Co., GH).


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Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Villosae> villosa (var. v.)


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This includes plants formerly known as var. intermedia; see also H. macrorhiza.


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|BHexalectris spicata (Walt.) Barnh.B|   	2803


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This has a widespread southern range, but generally occurs in low numbers. Most records from the state are pre-1950. Although there is a cluster of records from the southern Bluegrass and adjacent Knobs, this species is virtually unknown in that region today.


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This species is known only from the Cumberland Plateau, mostly in Tenn., and from the Blue Ridge in North Carolina. It is closely related to the larger-flowered H. shuttleworthii (Britten & Baker f.) Small, a more widespread southern Appalachian species that occurs nearby on the Plateau in Tenn. and in the Ridge & Valley of Va. H. contracta has also been confused with heterophylla, which has been misidentified as contracta in LETC (e.g. in earlier Natural Heritage databases). Some plants along Rock Creek in w. MCRE appear hybridized with H. ruthii.


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|BHexastylis heterophylla (Ashe) SmallB|   	149


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|BHexastylis ruthii (Ashe) SmallB|   	151


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Aristolochiaceae: Hexastylis [Asarum] ruthii (arifolia var. r.*)


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This Southern Appalachian taxon has often been combined with H. arifolia (Michx.) Small, which occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, not in Ky. H. ruthii has smaller calices, more gradually narrowed to the lobes, which are smaller and less spreading (F, Cr). Gaddy (1987) reported a disjunct record from CHRI, but details are unknown; there has been no confirmation and this was not mapped in FNA 3.


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|BHexastylis virginica (L.) SmallB|   	148 T


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Reports from Ky. (Gaddy 1987; FNA 3) appear to have been associated with a broader concept of the species that was somewhat confused with heterophylla and contracta (M). H. virginica in its narrow sense occurs mostly in the central Appalachians, Piedmont and eastern Coastal Plain of N.C., Va., Md. and perhaps W.Va. There are no known colls. of typical virginica from Ky., though some heterophylla may appear transitional (Abbott et al. 2004).


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Malvaceae: Hibiscus lasiocarpus (moscheutos ssp. l.*; m. var. occidentalis)


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This southwestern segregate of moscheutos is known only from colls. in HICK (KY, SIU).


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Malvaceae: Hibiscus moscheutos (ssp. m.*)


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Most records may be from persistent plantings at old home sites.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 C? 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> gronovii


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This widespread eastern species plus its close relative, longipilum, and to a lesser extent other members of Hieracium section Stenotheca, have some characters of Crepis. P.D. Sell (Cambridge Univ. Herbarium, pers. comm.) considers that these species should be transferred to Crepis or made a separate genus. But others might argue for a much broader concept combining Crepis, Hieracium and Pilosella.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> longipilum


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In Ky. this mid-western species is rare, mostly found in remnants of thin woodland or grassland on rather infertile, acid soils. It has been confused with gronovii, and hybrids may be expected (Y).


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> marianum ("traillii"; "greenii")


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There have been several reports under this name (Short & Peter 1835; and citations of M), but colls. need location and verification. H. marianum is a rather poorly understood but widely reported taxon in southeastern states, apparently derived from hybrids of venosum and gronovii (W). H. traillii Greene was mapped in Ky. by FNA 19, but the only records (M) may be some colls. of B (perhaps at US) that were initially named H. greenii Port. & Brit. (not to be confused with H. greenei Gray of western states). H. greenii has been included in traillii, which proably has hybrid origin similar to marianum but is endemic to the shale-barren region of Pa., W.Va. and Va. (FNA 19). B's colls. (presumably at US) were from "dry sandy soil in open woods, in swampy meadows (acid soils) and swampy pin oak woods" in BATH, BOON, LAUR, LETC, MCRE, MENI and WOLF.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> paniculatum


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> scabrum


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Short's (1840) report of the more northern H. kalmii L. may well have been based on scabrum (M).


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> venosum


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Varieties are not recognized in recent treatments. Most material is referable to the relatively northern var. nudicaule (Michx.) Farw., which has glabrous upper leaf surfaces. In Ky., the southern var. venosum is scattered in central and eastern regions, with little or no apparent difference in distribution or habitat. H. venosum can hybridize with paniculatum (forming X scribneri Small), gronovii (forming X marianum Willd.) and scabrum. H. X scribneri has been collected from MADI (named "H. venosum ssp. scribneri (Small) Garland ined." at GH). See also notes under marianum.


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The first records of this alien were colls. by T.H. Kearney and Gr during the 1890s (Anderson 1924). It gradually became widespread, especially on medium-acid soils, but it is not often abundant.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,8,6 C 5.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BHOLLY: Ilex {especially evergreen spp.}B|


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This western weed was first recorded in the 1930s (B).


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Poaceae <Triticeae>: Hordeum pusillum (nodosum)


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This widespread North American species was widely used for its edible seed during the Woodland era (King 1985). It may have been cultivated, but there is no clear evidence of selection. The earliest record may have been a coll. by R. Peter from Blue Lick [perhaps in ROBE], dated June 1835 (at KY before the fire; Anderson 1924).


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This species (barley) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


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|BHosta ventricosa (Salisb.) StearnB|   	2739


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A few colls. have been made in valleys of the Cliff Section in the Appalachian Plateaus. These plants were far from obvious evidence of old home sites or gardens, and in some cases colonies appeared to be spreading in the woods (Poindexter & Thompson 2008).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 6,7? D? 3.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BHoustonia canadensis Willd. ex Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	1557


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] canadensis


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Although often misidentified as longifolia or other species, careful examination shows that canadensis is relatively distinct due to its persistent basal rosettes of basal leaves, generally with marginal hairs 0.2-0.8 mm long; its stems with only 3-6 internodes (below the inflorescence); its lower cauline leaves often oblanceolate or obovate (Terrell 1996); and its early flowering, during April-May in Ky. (B). However, variation needs further study, especially possible intergration with longifolia (extensive in Indiana) and lanceolata. Although primarily found on limestone, there are records from various shales and other rocks, and some differentiation may be expected. Unusually glabrate or short-haired plants, in the basal leaves, have been found in NELS (KY), ROCK (MICH), and s. Ohio (GH). Unusually pubescent plants from sw. Va., in "The Cedars" area of Lee Co., have been named H. setiscaphia L.G. Carr (or H. canadensis var. setiscaphia (L.G. Carr) C.F. Reed); somewhat similar plants have been found in Adams Co., Ohio (GH), and should be searched for in Ky. However, such plants have not been segregated by Terrell (1996) or in other recent treatments. The range of this species is unusual, being largely restricted the eastern Interior Low Plateaus, west-central Appalachian regions, and the western Great Lakes region. Records in this Atlas from w. Ky. extend the range mapped by Terrell (1996), but these deserve further study since some suggest intergradation with lanceolata (BARR, SIMP).


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|BHoustonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britt.B|   	1556


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] lanceolata (purpurea* var. calycosa)


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This taxon differs from typical H. purpurea in its narrower leaves, with l/w 3-7 (versus 1-3.2), which usually dry to a pale hue (versus uniformly darkening). Also, its calyx lobes are (3.5) 4-7 mm long (versus 2-3.5 mm), and often broader at their base. H. lanceolata occurs typically in open woods, fields, and rocky glades, usually on base-rich soils; whereas H. purpurea typically occurs in somewhat mesic woods or at edges, on acid soils. Terrell (1996) treated lanceolata as H. purpurea var. calycosa A. Gray, noting that it "intergrades with var. purpurea in many localities, particularly at the northern part of its range (e.g. in Illinois)." However, he also noted: "Anyone observing var. calycosa in the cedar glades [of Ala. and Tenn.] is likely to be impressed with its distinctiveness there." In Ky., only about 1-5% of colls. are difficult to assign and suggest transitions to H. pupurea. Other variants may deserve further study, including some unusually hairy plants within both species. Coll. from HARL (KY, WKY) are atypical, appearing transitional to longifolia or purpurea, or perhaps a distinct variant.


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|BHoustonia longifolia Gaertn. {Ozark-Ouachita group and transitions}B|   	1559


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] longifolia* variant {Ozark-Ouachita group and transitions}


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These plants need further study. They appear more robust and stiffly erect than plants known as H. tenuifolia in Appalachian regions, and perhaps part of a somewhat distinct western taxon centered in the Ozarks. They are tentatively referred to Terrell's (1996) "Ozark-Ouachita group" of longifolia, which he described as having "stems usually puberulent, internodes 4-7, usually longer than in the other groups (20-70 mm long); inflorescence sometimes diffuse; flowering determinate with plants flowering principally in April May and early June." However, he also noted that this group often grades into plants that resemble H. tenuifolia.


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|BHoustonia longifolia Gaertn. var. compacta Terrell ?B|   	1558


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] longifolia* cf. var. compacta {"Appalachian group"}


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Several records are tentative, pending further analysis of the longifolia complex. Terrell (1996) suggested that var. compacta (his "Appalachian group") could be defined mostly in the central Appalachian plants, but he ultimately combined with it with the more northern var. longifolia; W accepted it as a variety. These plants tend to have "stems densely puberulent, especially near base, internodes (4-) 6-12 (-13), usually 15-40 mm long; inflorescences especially of northern and central Appalachian populations indeterminate and continuing to produce flowers into the autumn." Some of the scattered plants mapped here may be transitional to (or confused with) tenuifolia, canadensis, lanceolata or purpurea.


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|BHoustonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. var. nigricansB|   	1561


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Stenaria> [Hedyotis] nigricans var. n.? (angustifolia)


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This species may have been overlooked or undercollected in western regions of the state, where there are sight records from rocky glades that are not mapped here. Based on seed characters and chromosome numbers, Terrell (1996, 2001) proposed that it belongs in a new genus, as Stenaria nigricans (Raf.) Terrell. Morphological and molecular data do not provide strong support for distinction of this genus from Houstonia (Church 2003; W), but it could be a reasonable section. H. nigricans varies greatly over its broad mid-western and southern range, and it deserves further collection and analysis. Turner (1995b, 2001) treated several southwestern segregates as distinct taxa, but did not subdivide the typical widespread variety.


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|BHoustonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. var. rupestris (Raf.) new comb. ?B|   	1562


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Stenaria> [Hedyotis] nigricans* var. rupestris? {broad-leaved variant}


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Based on a review of colls. at GH, MO, NY and elsewhere, this variant of nigricans appears largely restricted to limestone cliff-tops along the Kentucky River Palisades, the Cumberland Rv. in Ky. and Tenn., and perhaps the Sequatchie Valley in Tenn. (KY,  APSU, TENN). The largest leaves in each plant (generally at mid-stem) are ca. 3-6 mm wide, and there is less reduction into the inflorescence; axillary fascicles of narrow leaves are lacking. In typical nigricans, the largest leaves are usually 1-2.5 (3) mm wide; leaves are much reduced into the inflorescence; and axillary fascicles are usually present at mid-stem. The broad-leaved variant also appears to have a more decumbent, spreading habit and less congested inflorescences, with about 5-10 flowers per square cm in pressed specimens; typical nigricans has about 10-20 flowers per square cm. More analysis is needed to determine the degree of distinction.


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] purpurea (var. p.*)


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This variable widely distributed species of southeastern states is generally distinct from the largely mid-western H. lanceolata, but several colls. in western regions seem transitional. Some colls. from southern regions are unusually hairy: from CALL, CHRI, MCRE, TODD. Smaller plants from rocky areas may also appear distinct locally, somewhat resembling H. montana Small of the Southern Blue Ridge. Further revison is needed.


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia [Hedyotis] pusilla (patens, He. crassifolia)


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These records include H. minima Beck from ALLE (WKY), HICK (MUR), FULT (MUR), ?MCRA (Terrell 1996) and WARR (WKY). F considered H. minima to be distinct, due to its larger calyx lobes; also it tends to have smaller leaves and a lower, more sprawling habit. However, Terrell indicated that this largely midwestern taxon intergrades extensively with the more widespread southern H. pusilla, and should not be segregated. In Ky., there is no clear difference in range or habitat, but perhaps it could be recognized as a variety. A more distinct, southwestern relative is H. rosea (Raf.) Terrell, with white to pink flowers; this is known from se. Mo., close to Ky. (Terrell 1996).


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia [Hedyotis] serpyllifolia (He. michauxii)


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Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] tenuifolia (longifolia var. t, He. nuttalliana)


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Terrell (1996) noted that the "tenuifolia group... is the most distinct group... It is a morphological extreme of longifolia that has long internodes (20-80 mm), linear or filiform leaves, diffuse internodes with sometimes divaricate or slightly reflexed branches and filiform pedicels to 20 mm long, short calyx lobes usually 0.5-2.0 mm long, and small capsules (1.0-) 1.5-2.5 (-3.0 mm) long." W has provided further detail, and prefers to recognize these plants as a species. Within Appalachian regions, they are relatively distinct, but in Ozarkian regions, similar plants intergrade extensively with Terrell's (1996) "Ozark-Ouachita group" of longifolia. Terrell preferred to combine all these groups within longifolia, but did detail several segregates in addition to those known in Ky. Further analysis is needed, including more examination of type material.


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|BHumulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc.B|   	1146


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This vigorous annual vine is an aggressive invader of disturbed fertile soils, especially sandy river banks. The first report was by Gunn (1969b) from JEFF. By the 1980s, japonicus had been documented in several counties along the Ohio Rv. upstream of JEFF and along the Big Sandy Rv. (M). During the 1990s to present, it has also become locally abundant along banks of the Kentucky Rv. in the Bluegrass Region (report by A. Berry to KSNPC in 2008). It is much more widespread than colls. indicate.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-1,4 D 6.   |BABU B| +5*.


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Cannabaceae [Moraceae]: Humulus lupulus (vars. lupuloides* + pubescens*)


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Varieties may intergrade and need more careful study (FNA 3, Y, W).  Most colls. are probably referable to H. lupulus var. lupuloides E. Small (= H. americanus Nutt.), which is widespread from northeastern regions to the northern Great Plains (PL). However, that taxon appears intermediate between the typical European var. lupulus and the largely mid-western var. pubescens E. Small. The coll. from CAMP (KNK) does appear to be var. pubescens. Var. lupulus has been rarely reported (M), but verified colls. from wild plants are unknown.


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|BHuperzia lucidula (Michx.) TrevisanB|   	4


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The hybrid with porophilum (X bartleyi) is occasionally found. The disjunct record from JEFF is based on a coll. with somewhat dubious incomplete data, from "Mud Creek Swamp" ca. 1950s (DHL).


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|BHuperzia porophila (Lloyd & Underwood) HolubB|   	2


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|BHYACINTH: Camassia (WILD), Muscari (GRAPE-)B|


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|BHyacinthoides nonscripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm.B|   	2726 C


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Hyacinthaceae [Liliaceae]: Hyacinthoides [Scilla] nonscripta


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There are colls. from ESTI (EKY) and perhaps HICK (check MUR), apparently from wild plants, but these may have been closely associated with old home sites and plantings.


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There are colls. from JEFF (M), LYON and TRIG (APSU), but perhaps only associated with old home sites.


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|BHybanthus concolor (T.F. Forst.) Spreng.B|   	850


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Hydrangeaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Hydrangea arborescens (var. a.)


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There have been several reports of var. deamii St. John, also known as ssp. discolor (Seringe) McClintock or even H. cinerea Small. However, colls. with these names that have been examined seem to be only somewhat hairier forms of arborescens. Such plants are scattered across southern regions of Ky. and do not seem to warrant recognition here. Virtually all colls. cited under these names from Ark., Mo., Ill., Ind, Ky. and w. Tenn. do not seem as distinct as typical cinerea, which occurs further southeast (in Ala, Ga., N.C., S.C. and Tenn.), where it is usually restricted to base-rich soils (McClintock 1957, Pilatowski 1982, Cr, W). There, cinerea has dense felty white pubescence on lower leaf surfaces, while typical arborescens is glabrous except for major veins  Its leaves are broadly ovate to orbicular; arborescens has similar shape (l/w = 0.5-1) or often more narrowly ovate (l/w = 1.5-3). Sterile (marginal, radiant) flowers may be more frequent or larger (usually ca. 1-1.3 cm across versus ca. 0.7-1 cm in arborescens). [A extraordinary cultivar from s. Ill. named "Annabelle" has profuse radiant flowers across the whole corymb; M. Homoyta, pers. comm.]  It remains possible that cinerea is transitional to H. radiata Walt, which is largely restricted to the southern Blue Ridge escarpments (Ga., N.C., S.C., Tenn.). The only record of radiata from Ky. is from Pr, and might have been based on a cinerea-like plant; no coll. has been located.


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|BHydrangea cinerea: see H. arborescensB|


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|BHydrilla verticillata (L.) RoyleB|   	2613


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This South Asian species has become a problematic invader of impoundments and sluggish riverine pools, especially in Fla. (FNA 22). There is a recent coll. from TRIG (Kentucky Lake, formerly Cumberland Rv.). It has also been reported duing recent years by R. Echols (Ky. Dept. Fish & Wildlife; pers. comm.) from FLOY (Dewey Lake), JOHN (Paintsville Lake) and KNOT (Carr Fork Lake), but colls. are not yet available. Further south, Hydrilla has become abundant since 1990 within pools of the free-flowing Obed Rv., in Morgan Co., Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 2 ~~ C 6.   |BABU B| +4*.


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|BHydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f.B|   	2001


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This species was recently discovered in GRAV (EKY) and HEND by D. White (KSNPC); see also Clark et al. (2005).


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This Asian species has become locally naturalized in lawns at scattered sites across eastern states. The first record from Ky. was in 1914 (Gr).


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|BHydrolea ovata Nutt. ex ChoisyB|   	1519


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|BHydrolea quadrivalvis Walt.B|   	1518 R


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This may be confused with H. quadrivalvis Walt., which occurs in w. Tenn. close to the Ky. border. H. quadrivalvis was reported in early KSNPC databases from GRAV or HICK, but probably in error (M); a coll. may be mislaid.


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The colls. from FAYE are correctly identified but old: "Milburn's Fence opposite Fonshee's Gate" in the 1830s (C.W. Short at PH); "May 1908, Lexington" (KY-Agr.). These and more dubious records from the Bluegrass region are intriguing: ANDE E. Carr, pers. comm.) and WOOD (Wharton & Barbour 1991). See W for notes on var. atranthum (E.J. Alexander) Constance, a potential central Appalachian segregate that has been reported from Ky. Var. atranthum differs in its deep purple to maroon flower color (versus white to pale purple), and lower stems usually glabrous to slightly retrose pubescent (versus slightly to densely retrose or spreading). It needs better circumscription in Ky. and elsewhere.


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|BHylotelephium telephioides (Michx.) H. OhbaB|   	472


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This occurs in the central Appalachians east of Ky., and on cliffs in disjunct localities of w. Ky., s. Ind and s. Ill. near the Ohio Rv. 2n = 24, rarely 48. Some reports (including from CALL and FULT) may be based on escaped waifs of S. telephium L., which is commonly cultivated (M).


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|BHylotelephium telephium (L.) H. OhbaB|   	473 W


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Crassulaceae: Hylotelephium [Sedum] telephium {sensu lato}


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This cultivated Eurasian species occasionally escapes, especially on floodplains, but it does not seem to be persistent. Woods & Fuller (1988) reported it from CALL (MUR), but the coll. cannot be found; see also Heineke (1987) for a possible record from FULT (M). Under Sedum, these plants have generally been referred to the European ssp. purpureum (L.) Schinz & R. Keller, but the Asian ssp. alboroseum (Baker) Frod. is also expected; see Y for further details. The latter reportedly has higher chromosome numbers (2n = 48 or 56 versus mostly 36) and is perhaps better treated as H. erythostrichum (Miq.) H. Ohba; but see also Cr.


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|BHymenocallis occidentalis (LeConte) KunthB|   	2706


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Amaryllidaceae <Hymenocallideae> [Liliaceae]: Hymenocallis occidentalis ("caroliniana")


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Whether the correct name should be H. caroliniana (L.) Herbert remains uncertain (FNA 26, W).


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|BHypericum adpressum Raf. ex W. Bart.B|   	771


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Suturosperma> adpressum


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In Ky., this globally rare species is known only from colls. of R. Athey in BALL (perhaps at Memphis) and MCRA (NCU) during 1968-70. H. adpressum is widely but thinly scattered from the central Atlantic Coastal Plain to the central Mississippi Valley (W). It has been overlooked in some regions, and deserves further search in the field and the herbarium (Y, W).


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Trigonobrathys> canadense


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|BHypericum crux-andreae (L.) CrantzB|   	765


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Ascyrum> crux-andreae (stans)


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|BHypericum denticulatum: see H. virgatumB|


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Suturosperma> dolabriforme


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This is largely restricted to calcareous or dolomitic sections of the Interior Low Plateaus, plus locally around the margins of the southern Cumberland Plateau. See notes under sphaerocarpon.


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|BHypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & GrayB|   	783


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Brathys> drummondii


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Centrosperma> frondosum


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|BHypericum gentianoides (L.) B.S.P.B|   	782


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Brathys> gentianoides


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|BHypericum hypericoides (L.) CrantzB|   	764


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Ascyrum> hypericoides (ssp. h.; oblongifolium)


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Centrosperma> lobocarpum (densiflorum var. l.)


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In Ky., this species of the central Mississippi Valley typically occurs in relatively species-rich old fields and meadows that may have had open woods or "barrens" before settlement, often on fragipan soils of high terraces and upland swales. H. lobocarpum has been confused with typical H. densiflorum Pursh and H. interior Small.; distributions remain somewhat uncertain (W). H. interior is typical of calcareous soils in or near the southern Ridge-and-Valley region (D. Estes, pers. comm.); it remains unkown in Ky. but occurs nearby in sw. Va (Lee Co.). Typical densiflorum occurs mostly on acid soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain; it is unlikely to occur in Ky. However, Y has suggested that plants named lobocarpum in Mo. at least result from introgression of densiflorum and prolificum (a widespread eastern species).


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Trigonobrathys> mutilum


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Suturosperma> nudiflorum


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This southern subshrubby species has reportedly been collected from BALL (R. Athey #313; BA, M), but the coll. has not been relocated (check EKY). There are also old reports from EDMO or WARR (Pr) and perhaps elsewhere (Short et al. 1833). In Tenn., nudiflorum extends north on the Cumberland Plateau to the headwaters of Big South Fork, close to the Ky. border in Fentress Co. on Darrow Ridge (E. Wofford, pers. comm.).


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Hypericum> perforatum


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 D 5.   |BABU B| +5.


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Centrosperma> prolificum (spathulatum)


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See notes under lobocarpum, which may be confused in some western records.


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|BHypericum pseudomaculatum Bush ?B|   	776 T


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Hypericum> cf. pseudomaculatum (punctatum var. ps.)


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This is a poorly understood large-flowered southern relative of punctatum (Y). It has been rarely documented in southeastern states (W), and may be largely restricted to Ozarkian regions (D. Estes, pers. comm.). However, all Ky. records are from Appalachian regions, with a northeastern concentration. B listed pseudomaculatum as rare in open oak woods (formerly with chestnut) of BELL and HARL (check US). The name has also been applied to colls. from  GRNP and ROWA at KNK. Further revision is needed.


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Hypericum> punctatum


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This widespread eastern species varies much in leaf shape, from subclasping or sessile, to oblanceolate and tapering with a distinct petiole. The latter form has been named H. subpetiolatum Bickn., but it has not been segregated in recent treatments.


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Suturosperma> sphaerocarpum


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This occurs in somewhat disjunct calcareous or dolomitic sections of east-central states. It varies greatly in overall stature and leaf width, from drier to damper habitats, but no segregates have been recently recognized. H. sphaerocarpon has often been confused with dolabriforme, especially without flowers. Its leaves tend to be wider (ca. 3-10 mm versus 2-6 mm), the larger ones often with a clasping base, and deeper glossy-green above (versus generally glaucous); plants are often rhizomatous (versus rarely or never in dolabriforme).


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|BHypericum stragulum P. Adams & RobsonB|   	763


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Ascyrum> stragulum (hypericoides ssp. multicaule)


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Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Trigonobrathys> virgatum (denticulatum var. recognitum)


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This has also been erroneously called H. denticulatum Walter or H. harperi R. Keller, but the nomenclature has now been clarified (W). Unchecked records of H. denticulatum are suspect.


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Monotropaceae [Ericaceae]: Hypopitys [Monotropa*] monotropa (M. hypopitys)


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See Y and W for taxonomic review. This species is widely scattered across the Northern Hemisphere, but North American plants may deserve distinction as H. americanus (DC.) Small. The spelling "hypopithys" is incorrect at either genus or species level.


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|BHypoxis hirsuta (L.) CovilleB|   	2740


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|BHYSSOP: Bacopa (WATER-), Gratiola (HEDGE-), Mecardonia (MARSH-)B|


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|BIlex cornuta Lindl. & PaxtonB|   	1985 C


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This commonly cultivated species has been recently found escaped in MADI on the campus of Eastern Ky. Univ. (Clark et al. 2005) and perhaps elsewhere. However, there is no evidence that it is spreading into the countryside.


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|BIlex montana Torr. & Gray ex Gray var. montanaB|   	1987


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Aquifoliaceae: Ilex montana (monticola, ambigua var. m.*)


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This Appalachian species has been treated as a variety of the more southern I. ambigua (Michx.) Torr. by some recent authors. However, there is virtually no overlap in range or morphology, according to the recent treatment of W. Reports of typical ambigua from the Cumberland Plateau of Ky. (M, J, CW) and Tenn. (Ch) may just be based on plants of mollis with relatively small hairy leaves. These plants have often been referred to I. beadlei W.W. Ashe or to I. montana var. mollis (Gray) Britt., but those names have probably been misapplied (W). They include some of the colls. from MCRE, POWE and WOLF (KY). There are also old unverified reports of "Ilex mollis" from EDMO (Hussey 1876; Pr).


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Mapped as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and colls. that may not be from truly native plants. This southeastern species was originally concentrated on relatively acid soils, especially in Appalachian regions, but it has now become widely cultivated. Seedlings occasionally establish from plantings, and it becoming difficult to distinguish truly native plants with some recent colls.


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Several varieties of this widespread eastern species have been described by ilicimaniacs (F), but these have been combined in recent treatments (W). Most plants in Ky. have been referred to the relatively hairy var. padifolia (Willd.) Torr. & Gray ex S. Wats. A few colls. from MCRE and PULA would be referable to var. verticillata instead.


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This subtropical species from south Asia is occasionally escaped from cultivation, but not widely naturalized; there are records from PIKE, PULA (MM for WKY) and ROWA (MDKY).


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See notes under pallida. Forms with unusual flower colors have been reported in other states (e.g. F, Y), but are unknown in Ky.


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Without flowers, this can usually be distinguished from capensis by the glaucous bloom on its stems and upper leaf surfaces (see also Y). Both species are widespread in eastern North America, but capensis occurs in more open, stressed or disturbed habitats, and it extends into northwestern regions as well. I. pallida is reported to be mostly pollinated by bumble-bees, while capensis may be generally dependent on humming-birds (as reviewed by Y). Hybrids are unknown. Rare plants of pallida with creamy white flowers, named forma speciosa Jenn., have been observed by D. Dourson (pers. comm.) and JC along Indian Creek in MENI.


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This cultivated species ("elecampane") was apparently established in the past as an occasional escape from cultivation, but it has not been collected since 1940.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 D? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BIodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud.B|   	725


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|BIonactis linariifolius (L.) GreeneB|   	2404


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Ionactis [Aster] linariifolius


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It is not clear if this southern species is native as far north as the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys (Y, W). There was some early ornamental use (F, Cr). The first report from Ky. was in 1914 (Gr). I. hederifolia L. is a closely related tropical American species that has been reported erroneously from Ky. (M) and nearby states (Y).


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This southern species may have been present in southeastern states before settlement (W). The first report for Ky. was by Rafinesque (1936; as Cleiemera hirsuta). Some colls. with entire leaves from CARL (MUR), FAYE (KY-Agr.) and perhaps elsewhere are referable to the more southern var. integriuscula Gray, but this may not deserve recognition (Cr, Y, W and their citations).


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Colls. from BRAC (KNK), HARR (JC), HICK (MUR) and elsewhere have pink-purple flowers, referable to forma purpurata Fern. This form may be more frequent that typical white-flowered plants in some parts of the Bluegrass region. An obscure hybrid origin has been suggested for these plants (Y).


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|BIpomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey.B|   	1964


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This is the most widespread native species of Ipomaea in eastern and central states. In  this region, it is also the only perennial in the genus, with a large tuberous root. Colls. from FAYE (KY) and KENT (B) may be referred to var. rubescens Choisy, with reddish flowers.


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This is the commonly cultivated "morning-glory" but often also escaped and weedy; various color forms are known. The first report of wild plants was in 1914 (Gr). Plant with lobed leaves are reported elsewhere (Y), but unknown in Ky. Another cultivated species with various color forms is I. tricolor Cav., which originates from Central America and may be locally escaped in southeastern states (PL, Y). I. tricolor can be confused with purpurea, but differs in its glabrous sepals and pedicels (versus conspicuously pubescent) and its 2-lobed stigmas (versus 3-lobed); it is probably closer to pandurata (Y).


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| H-10 :: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea <Quamoclit> quamoclit (Q. vulgaris)


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There are colls. from FAYE (KY-Agr.) and MADI (BEREA) that may be from persistent plantings or locally escaped. In 1914, Gr noted: "An old ornamental, sometimes found holding its own in out-of-the-way places." Horticultural hybrids with coccinea may also be expected (Y, W).


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This was recently found on Wolf Island in HICK (EKY) by R. Jones and his class (Clark et al. 2005).


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This largely southeastern species is virtually restricted to thin woods and edges along the banks of larger streams and rivers, often growing into fresh fertile alluvium. It is generally described as a stoloniferous perennial, but there may be variation in its life-form (Y).


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Colls. from CARL (especially) and HICK are atypical and may be introgressed with brevicaulis.


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In most cases (including OLDH and ROBE), colls. are probably from persistent plantings rather than true naturalization.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 2 ~ C 5.   |BABU B| +5.


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A coll. of this species by R. Peter (PH) has been attributed to Ky., but there are no locality data, and it may have come from interstate exchange. This southern species is unlikely to occur in the state.


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|BIris prismatica Pursh ex Ker-Gawl.B|   	2741 R


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This southern Appalachian and east-coastal species has been reported from Ky. by RAB and FNA 26, but no coll. has been seen. Plants known as var. austrina Fern. occur in the oak barrens of southern Tenn.


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In some cases, it is not clear if plants were truly naturalized.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 2,1 ~ D 5.   |BABU B| +5.


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Iridaceae: Iris shrevei (virginica* var. s.)


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Although treated as a variety of virginica in most manuals (or combined in : FNA 26), shrevei has consistently larger capsules (7-11 cm long versus 4-7 cm), darker flowers, taller, more branched and persistent habit (remaining upright after flowering). It is centered largely in the central and upper Mississippi Valley, the Ohio Valley and the southern Great Lakes region (F, Cr). Typical virginica is more southern, largely on the Coastal Plain and unknown in Ky., with virtually no overlap in range.


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|BIris verna L. var. smalliana Fern. ex M.E. EdwardsB|   	2749


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This largely southern Appalachian (also disjunct in the Ouachita Mts.) occurs in or near the Cliff Section of the Appalachian Plateaus, but with its range curiously interrupted between Lee Co., Ky., and Scott Co., Tenn. Typical verna is more southern and unknown in Ky., with virtually no overlap in range.


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Two colls. have been tentatively assigned to this northern species, from BELL (KY) and POWE (MICH). I. versicolor is considered to be an allopolyploid derived from I. shrevei Small and I. hookeri Penny (FNA 26). Further investigation is needed.


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|BIsanthus brachiatus (L.) B.S.P.B|   	1812


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Lamiaceae <Ajugoideae>: Isanthus [Trichostema] brachiatus


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Some material may be transferable to the southern Appalachian species, I. valida (Engelm.) Clute (= I. engelmannii var. caroliniana A.A. Eat.). Closer examination is needed. I. valida is typical of similar habitats or perhaps more stagnant water (FNA 2).


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|BIsoetes melanopoda Gay & Durieu ex DurieuB|   	19


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Typical plants of this species mostly occur in central and western North America, usually in open grassy swales. Plants east of the Mississippi Rv. tend to be distinct (Brunton & Britton 2006): their leaves are >1.5 (1.1) mm wide at midpoint (versus <1.1 mm), usually white, pale or occasionally dull brown (versus usually shiny black); megaspores are >400 (380) micrometers (versus <380), usually with bold distinct ornamentation (versus plain obscure); and their habitat is usually wooded swamps. The most distinct eastern plants, especially from Ala. to Va., have been named ssp. silvatica Brunton & D.M. Britt. Ky. plants have not been thoroughly reexamined, but most are probably at least transitional; colls. from BULL (EKY, MM) and HARD (MM) do match silvatica.


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|BIsolepis carinata Hook. & Arn. ex Torr.B|   	2928


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Cyperaceae: Isolepis [Scirpus] carinata (S. koilolepis)


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|BIsotrema macrophylla (Lam.) C.F. ReedB|   	155


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Aristolochiaceae: Isotrema [Aristolochia*] macrophylla ("durior")


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This species is most common in or near the Blue Ridge and Cumberland Mountains, typically in forest gaps on mesic slopes, but there are scattered localities elsewhere in Appalachian regions (FNA 3). There is virtually no overlap in range with I. tomentosa, which occurs largely in or near the lower Mississippi Valley (broadly defined), typically in floodplain forests but sometimes on adjacent rocky bluffs as well. These closely related species are easily confused. Without flowers, tomentosa can generally be distinguished by its more or less tomentose stems (versus essentially glabrous); difference in leaf pubescence is often not clearcut in Ky., though often used in keys elsewhere (e.g. FNA 3). Both species are sometimes cultivated and may occasionally escape.


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|BIsotrema tomentosa (Sims) HuberB|   	154


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Several records have tentative identification, or may be escapes from cultivation; see notes under macrophylla.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Iva annua (ciliata)


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A large-seeded selection of this weed was widely cultivated in east-central states for food by native people during the Woodland period, ca. 2000-4000 years ago  (King 1985). Based on fossils, those plants were named var. megacarpa (Blake) R.C. Jackson, but they now appear to be extinct (St, M).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Cyclachaena [Iva] xanthiifolia


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This widespread western annual is occasionally adventive in east-central states. In Ky. only one coll. has appeared: by C.L. Renaker in 1919 from Dry Ridge in GRAN (KY-Agr.). The spelling xanthifolia is incorrect (Y).


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|BJeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers.B|   	162


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Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and B. This widespread northeastern tree species is now much declined due to bark disease. Documentation in herbaria is poor. Twigs can be distinguished from nigra by their longer terminal buds, ca. 12-18 mm (versus 8-10 mm), and the upper sides of bud scars straight (versus notched), with a distinct velvety fringe; pith is dark brown (versus light brown). Leaves usually have 11-17 leaflets (versus 15-19), hirsute beneath with 4-8-rayed fascicled hairs (versus single and 2-rayed hairs).


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This is widespread on eastern North America, but concentrated on fertile base-rich soils. In Ky. it is much more abundant in the Bluegrass region than elsewhere; this pattern also existed in the original woodland (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989). It was probably also concentrated locally in or near lowlands of the Pennyrhile Karst Plain, where remnants of Juglans-Aesculus woodland can still be found, similar to those in the Bluegrass.


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|BJuncus anthelatus (Wieg.) R.E. BrooksB|   	2845


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Poiophylli> anthelatus (tenuis var. a.)


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Although known previously as just a variety or form of tenuis, these plants have been recently promoted to species status by R.E. Brooks (FNA 22). They differ in having capsules borne widely spaced along the usually diffuse branches of the inflorescence (versus congested or branch internodes about as long as tepals), with length often less than 3/4 that of tepals (versus 3/4 or more); and plants are generally 7-9 dm tall (versus < 7 dm). Closer study of material filed under tenuis is desirable to check on taxonomy and distribution.


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This northern species has been found at scattered sites in or near the northern Cliff Section of the Appalachian Plateaus. In additiion to some more or less natural shorelines, its habitats include disturbed roadsides and ditches. It is easily confused with related species (especially debilis) and must often have been overlooked. Its capsules are distinctive when mature, exserted about a third longer than the perianth, and glossy chestnut- or purplish-brown.


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Graminifolii> biflorus (marginatus var. b.*)


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Although often treated as a species (e.g. W), this somewhat southern taxon may be weakly separated from the more widespread J. marginatus, and it is sometimes combined (e.g. FNA 22). Several colls. appear intermediate between biflorus and marginatus, and further analysis is required.


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This is a highly variable cosmopolitan species (nearly worldwide), but taxonomic segregates have not yet been well defined (FNA 22).


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|BJuncus canadensis J. Gay ex LaharpeB|   	2854


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Septati-a> canadensis (var. c.)


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Poiophylli> dudleyi (tenuis var. d., uniflorus)


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Early reports of J. dichotomus Ell. (tenuis var. platyphyllus), a southern Coastal Plain species, are probably referable to dudleyi (M).


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|BJuncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg.B|   	2849


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Genuini> effusus var. solutus


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A coll. from MCRA (MUR) is referable to var. compactus Hoppe, but that variety is not segregated from var. solutus in recent treatments. Typical var. effusus is largely European, and locally introduced to northern North America, but unknown in Ky.


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The single record is based on a coll. of R. Athey from BALL that was confirmed in the 1970s; this coll. may now be transferred to EKY and should be rechecked.


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Some colls. were initially misidentified as the western species, J. longistylis Torr. (M).


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This species of northeastern salt marshes has spread inland to disturbed areas at scattered sites. The coll. in KENT (KNK) was from an area treated for oil spill.


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Poiophylli> interior (tenuis var. "uniflorus")


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This close western relative of dudleyi is widespread in Mo. and Ill. but generally rare in the Ohio Valley. It has been mapped in Ky. by FNA 22, but verified colls. have not been seen. Reported colls. of R. Athey from BALL, FULT, GRAV and MCRA need to be rechecked (presumably at Memphis). A coll. from CAMP (Buddell & Thieret #115 at KNK, DHL) appears to combine features of interior and dudleyi. J. interior has been confused with dudleyi, tenuis and secundus, and further analysis of variation in this group is needed. Another closely related species to be expected in Ky. is J. dichotomus Ell. (tenuis var. platyphyllus), which occurs mostly on the eastern and southeastern Coastal Plain. J. dichotomus may appear to differ from interior only in its generally darker brown capsules, and often nearly terete (versus flat) leaf blades (FNA 22).


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Graminifolii> marginatus (var. m.)


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Some records need closer examination for separation of the generally more robust species, biflorus. Another closely related southern species may be expected: J. longii Fern. The latter differs from both marginatus and biflorus in its relatively long and slender rhizomes and stolons; it typically has intermediate stature. J. longii occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain, but also extends north close to Ky. on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch).


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Genuini> pylaei (effusus* var. p.)


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This northern taxon is close to effusus, differing (see also F) in its usually narrower culms (ca. 2-3 mm at summit versus 3-4 mm), with fewer (ca. 10-20 versus 30-60), distinctly coarser ridges, often smaller heads (usually 2-6 cm wide versus 4-10 cm), and usually longer sepals (ca. 2.5-4 mm versus 2-3 mm), which exceed (versus equal) petals and capsule. Although recognized as a variety by some (F) and a species by others (Cr), it was not distinguished at all in FNA 22, which is surprising given the fine divisions recognized in the tenuis group. It has been overlooked in Appalachian regions, where it is locally common in wooded, boggy streamhead seeps and similar places with wet acid infertile soils. It is typically absent from old fields with effusus var. solutus.


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|BJuncus secundus Beauv. ex Poir.B|   	2843


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This occurs mostly in east-central states. J. brachyphyllus Wieg. is a western relative of secundus that was treated by J for Ky., but records are unknown; the nearest verified populations are in sw. Mo and nw. Ark. (FNA 22).


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|BJuncus subcaudatus (Engelm.) Coville & BlakeB|   	2855


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Septati-a> subcaudatus (canadensis var. s.)


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This largely northeastern and montane species is close to the more widespread species, canadensis; some colls. need to be rechecked, especially if they are somewhat immature.


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Poiophylli> tenuis (var. t.)


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This widespread North American species may hybridize or intergrade with anthelatus, interior, secundus and dichotomus, but R.E. Brooks has valiently maintained these all as species (FNA 22).


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Juncaceae: Juncus <Septati-b> validus (crassifolius)


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This southern species has only recently been found in the state, on roadsides and old quarry or mine sites.


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Cupressaceae: Juniperus communis {+ var. depressa}


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In Ky., this widespread northern (circumboreal) species is known from only two localities. The taxonomy of segregates in North America remains somewhat uncertain (as reviewed by W). The plants of PULA (KY) are relatively low-growing and may be referred to var. depressa Pursh. The plants of MENI (KY) are clearly more erect in the wild and in cultivation. Plants of both provenances have been cultivated for 20 years in front of JC's residence.


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This browsing-resistant tree became widespread and locally dominant in rough pastures and old fields after settlement, when it was largely restricted to more open woods on rocky calcareous soils. Even as late as ca. 1910 (Gr, Barton 1919), it was reportedly concentrated in or near: (a) the eastern Pennyrhile Karst Plain (especially LOGA) and western Knobs; (b) the southern Cliff Section (especially PULA and WAYN); and (c) more locally along the Kentucky River Palisades. Barton's data indicate two remarkable bands from north to south across the state: (a) and (b plus c). Sabina may be a reasonable genus (W), and the name S. virginiana (L.) Antoine would then be applied to this widespread species of eastern and central North America. However, there would be much popular resistance to the change. The more columnar form with ascending branches, named var. crebra Fern. & Grisc., has been reported by Davies (1955a) and others (CW), but verified colls. are unknown. That northern segregate was recognized in the manuals of F and Cr, but not in more recent treatments (FNA 2, W).


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|BJussiaea repens: see Ludwigia peploidesB|


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|BJusticia americana (L.) VahlB|   	1784


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|BJusticia lanceolata (Chapman) SmallB|   	1783


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Acanthaceae: Justicia lanceolata (ovata* var. l.)


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This differs from typical ovata is its lax spikes with single secund flowers (versus congested with opposite pairs of flowers), its smooth seeds (versus minutely muricate), and its more elongated leaves (l/w = ca. 5 versus 3). It occurs mostly on the Gulf Coastal Plain and upstream into the central Mississippi Valley. J. ovata is restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain (W).


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Some outlying western records deserve further verification, especially in the Bluegrass region. The coll. from TRIM (KY) might be from a planting, stating just "roadside 3 miles NE of Bedford."


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This cultivated species has been recently recorded from CUMB, HARL, MADI and MENI (Abbott et al. 2004; CW), but it is not clear if this species is becoming truly naturalized.


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|BKickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.B|   	1705


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Kickxia [Linaria] elatine


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|BKickxia spuria (L.) Dumort.B|   	1706 R


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Kickxia [Linaria] spuria


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There are records from LAUR (M) and the Mississippian Embayment (J), but colls. have not yet been seen.


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|BKNOTWEED: Antenoron (WOOD), Persicaria, Reynoutria (GIANT)B|


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Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Kochia [Bassia] scoparia


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This is a widespread variable species native to Eurasia. Plants in North America are generally treated as ssp. scoparia (FNA 4). The common cultivar "summer cypress" is treated as forma trichophylla (A. Voss) Stapft ex Schinz & Thellung (apparently = var. culta Farw. but not = var. trichophylla (Stapf) Bailey). This cultivar is less hairy, have relatively long narrow leaves, and turns bright red in the fall (see also Cr). Escaped plants of this cultivar are known (M) from CAMP (KNK), MASO (sight record) and PIKE (EKY); they are not included in the map.


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|BKoeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. SchultesB|   	3233


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Koeleria macrantha (cristata)


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|BKoelreuteria paniculata Laxm.B|   	617 C


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Self-seeded plants of this commonly cultivated species (golden-rain tree) have been collected in CLIN, BOYL (CW), FAYE (TENN) and JEFF (DHL). However, there do not seem yet to be truly naturalized populations.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 8,7? D? 4?.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BKrigia biflora (Walt.) BlakeB|   	2558


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|BKrigia caespitosa (Raf.) ChambersB|   	2562


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Krigia <Serinia> caespitosa (S. oppositifolia)


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Although widespread across much of the southeastern states, this species has a curiously interrupted range. Typical habitat does not appear unusual: moderately hilly regions on average soils in slightly open woods. K. dandelion is the only native species within Lactuceae with vegetative spread: it has rhizomes that produce globose tubers (FNA 19).


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This southwestern species was discovered by R. Seymour on Indian Hill, near Brownsville in EDMO. Although confirmed by J. Campbell, there has been lingering doubt about distinction from virginica, which also occurs at this site (A. Dattilo, pers. comm.).


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|BKrigia virginica (L.) Willd.B|   	2560


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|BKuhnia eupatorioides L. var. corymbulosa Torr. & GrayB|   	2483


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Kuhnia [Brickellia*] eupatorioides var. corymbulosa


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This variety, with relatively large heads and inflorescences, may not be clearly distinct in Ky. and other areas of overlap (e.g. Y). Its range is centered in the Great Plains, while typical eupatoroides is southeastern (FNA 21). Further analysis is needed.


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|BKuhnia eupatorioides L. var. eupatorioidesB|   	2482


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Kuhnia [Brickellia*] eupatorioides var. e.


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Some records may be closer to var. corymbulosa.


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|BKummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) MakinoB|   	1254


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Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Kummerowia [Lespedeza] stipulacea


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This annual has been widely sown since the 1930s or earlier (B), and it has also become widely naturalized.


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|BKummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl.B|   	1253


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Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Kummerowia [Lespedeza] striata


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This annual has been widely sown for at least a century (Gr), and it has also become widely naturalized; known as "Japanese" clover or bush-clover. After early trials, Gr noted that colder climate in northern Ky. appeared to limit its success there, but the species had become "especially common" in some western counties (HICK, HOPK, LOGA).


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Cyperaceae: Kyllinga [Cyperus] gracillima (C. brevifolioides)


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This East Asian species is spreading through eastern sites, with widely scattered records from roadside ditches and similar disturbed sites. Mears (1999) has provided most of these records, from his excellent cyperaceous touring in the 1990s; see also Mears & Libby (1995).


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Cyperaceae: Kyllinga [Cyperus] pumila (C. tenuifolius, densicaespitosus)


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|BLactuca biennis (Moench) Fern.B|   	2553


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Lactuca biennis (spicata)


Line:
Records of forma integrifolia (Torr. & Gray) Fern. are included.


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Included here are var. integrifolia (Bigelow) Gray, var. latifolia Kuntze, var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw. and var. obovata Wieg. of older treatments (e.g. F.). These taxa are not generally recognized in current treatments.


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|BLactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn.B|   	2551


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Lactuca floridana (villosa)


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Many colls. are referable to var. villosa (Jacq.) Cronq., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments. There does not seem to be a significant difference is distribution.


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|BLactuca hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt.B|   	2549 R


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This was reported as var. sanguinea (Bigelow) Fern. from CARL (Wilson 1976), HART (D. Boone, pers. comm.) and NELS (Greenwell 1935), but no colls. have been seen (M). It was also mapped in the state by FNA 19, with no recognition of varieties. It is widely scattered in eastern states, especially to the north, with var. hirsuta "very local and little known", and the smoother var. sanguinea "locally abundant" in "dry open woods and clearings" (F). Further research is needed to document this apparently neglected species, which differs (Cr) from canadensis in its larger heads, with involucres 15-22 mm (versus 10-15 mm) and achenes 7-10 mm long including the beak (versus 4.5-6 mm).


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|BLactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) RiddellB|   	2550 W


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This was reported by FNA 19, BA and Mohlenbrock et al. (1966), who cited a coll. from CARL (O'Dell & Windler #990 at SIU). A coll. from CALL (MUR) was redetermined as canadensis. L. ludoviciana is a western species that occurs in eastern states only as a rare waif. It is similar to hirsuta (Cr), but differs in its more prickly-toothed leaves, and its larger heads, with 20-56 flowers (versus 13-25).


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First reported in 1914, when Gr noted: "A small patch of this weed has recently been noted at the edge of Lexington." It is now widely scattered on the best soils, but generally rare in the hills.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Lactuca sativa (scariola var. integrata, integrifolia)


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This abundantly cultivated species (lettuce) does not seem to become truly established in the wild. There are a few rather obscure or dubious records of escapes (M).


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|BLactuca scariola: see L. serriola & L. sativaB|


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Lactuca serriola ("scariola")


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This has probably been present since the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864); it was "common everywhere" in 1914 (Gr).


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|BLagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.B|   	1377 W


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This species--the bottle gourd--may have originated in Africa, but has been cultivated widely by mankind and dispersed across oceans. It was one of the earliest domesticates in North America (Ford 1985); see also citations for Ky. by M. However, it is largely tropical to subtropical, and does not persist after cultivation in Ky. There are records of waifs from MEAD, NELS (DHL) and TRIG (APSU).


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This weed may have been present early after settlement; Gray (1864) noted it was "rather common" in northeastern states. But the first Ky. record appears to have been in 1914 (Gr).


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Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Lamium dissectum (hybridum*; purpureum var. incisum)


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This taxon is reported to be an allopolyploid derived from purpureum and probably amplexicaule (Mennema 1989).


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This commonly cultivated species is established in a few patches at Cherokee Park in JEFF, but does not seem to be spreading widely yet (P. Haragan, pers. comm.; Olmstead Parks Herbarium).


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Gray (1864) listed just New England and Penn. for its range at that time. Like amplexicaule, this weed was not definitely recorded in Ky. until 1914, when Gr noted that is was "less common the preceding."


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|BLandoltia punctata (G.F.W. Mey.) D.H. Les & D.J. CrawfordB|   	2580


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Lemnaceae [Araceae]: Landoltia [Spirodela] punctata


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| 2 ~~ C? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BLaportea canadensis (L.) WeddellB|   	1147


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|BLappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.B|   	1535


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This alien weed is common across much of North America, but virtully absent in  southeastern states, beyond the lower Misissippi Rv. and lower Ohio Rv. (PL).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? D? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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This European species is widespread to the north; it is not clear if the few Ky. records were from established populations or single waifs.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10,8 :: D 4.   |BABU B| +6.


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This is a widespread northern species that extends south in eastern states to Ohio, Ind. and Ill. There is an old fruiting coll. from DAVI (KY-Agr.): J.C. McClure, 7 Jun 1932, Owensboro. This coll. clearly has the distinctive semicordate stipules of L. ochroleuca (versus semisagittate in venosus and palustris).


Line:
All material matches the smooth slender var. myrtifolius (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray, which is not recognized in current treatments but deserves further attention.


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This was tried for forage a century ago at the Univ. of Ky., but it did not produce well or even produce flowers (Gr).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10,8 :: D 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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This has been recently reported and data need to be checked (Abbott et al. 2001). It is typical of cooler climates and, in Ky., it is probably just a rare waif (Cr).


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|BLathyrus venosus Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	1266


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Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Lathyrus venosus (var. intonsus)


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All material matches the hairy var. intonsus Butters & St. John, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


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|BLAUREL: Kalmia (MOUNTAIN-), Rhododendron maximum (GIANT)B|


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|BLeavenworthia exigua Rollins var. laciniata RollinsB|   	698


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata


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The globally imperiled species is collected only from BULL and JEFF; there are also reports from NELS and SPEN (Ky. State Nature Preserves Commission). Var. exigua occurs in c. Tenn. and nw. Ga.


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Most records of this species are from c. Tenn.; in addition to the few from Ky. there is one from Ala. (Al-Shehbaz 1988b).


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|BLeavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britt.B|   	700


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This is the most widespread species in the genus, ranging south to Ala., north to s. Ind. and s. Ohio, and disjunct to the west in Ark. and Mo. (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). It appears to benefit occasionally from intensive disturbance by ungulates in rocky pastures, perhaps more so than the other species.


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This is distributed mostly on the Coastal Plain and around the Great Lakes. Although absent from most of the southern Appalachians (W), it does occurs locally on the Cumberland Plateau (see also Ch) and in the Cumberland Mountains (but not found by B), on sandy soils in open pine woods or their disturbed remnants. It has probably been confused occasionally with racemulosa and colls. under that name should be rechecked.


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This is widely scattered in eastern states but its range is curiously fragmented. It is generally absent in Appalachacian regions, except for occasional disjunct records (PL). In Ky. the only Appalachian record is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) but the label data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992).


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This is largely Appalachian but disjunct to the west as far as La., Mo. and Iowa (Y, PL). Disjunct records in w. Ky. are all confirmed. See also note about possible confusion under minor.


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Like villosa, this species is widespread in eastern states, but generally absent from Appalachian regions (PL). In Appalachian Ky, there is only a sight-record from ROWA (B), but tenuifolia is also known nearby in se. Ohio..


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Several colls. are referable to var. ovata (Poir.) Fern., especially in western regions (CALL, CARL, FULT, HARD, HICK, LYON). That variety is distinguished by its more robust habit and bristly-cilitate lemma keels, suggesting a transition to oryzoides. However, it is not recognized in most recent treatments.


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|BLeiophyllum buxifolium (Berg.) Ell.B|   	1424 R


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Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Leiophyllum [Kalmia] buxifolium


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The only record of this southern Appalachian species is an old coll. from WHIT (KY): B.B. McInteer, 14 Oct 1939, Cumberland Falls, within Park by left of road going west about 100-200 yds from park entrance; "a single individual of this species was discovered... growing on a dry sandy bank" (McInteer 1940). It is possible that this plant was introduced along with establishment of the park in 1931. See also notes under Rhododendron minus, which still grows nearby along the road.


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|BLemna obscura (Austin) DaubsB|   	2587


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This distinctive mat-forming species was reported by Short et al. (1833), and M provided an unverified sight record from a woodland pond in LOGA. The species is widespread globally, and to be expected in Ky.


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The colls. from MADI and MASO (KY) appear somewhat transitional to cardiaca.


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|BLepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f.B|   	664


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This weed was not recorded until the 1930s (B). It is now the most abundant species of Lepidium in Ky., at least in crop fields.


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This is easily confused with virginicum; both are tetraploids (2n = 32) but hybrids are not documented (Y). Most colls. of both species need rechecking. L. densiflorum differs in its petals lacking or rudimentary (versus at least as long as sepals); silicles ca. 2.5 mm long (versus 2.5-4 mm); the arrangment of its cotyledons (F); and its more condensed inflorescence. It appears to have a more western range originally. It has spread into eastern states to become about as common as virginicum in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and elsewhere.


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Brassicaceae <Lepidieae>: Lepidium (Coronopus*) didymus


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This pantropical weed is common throughout the southeastern Coastal Plain, but does not seem to be well-established in the Ohio Valley. There is a recent report from Ky., but a coll. has not yet been seen (J; R. Jones, pers. comm.). The species has been treated in Coronpus, but that genus now appears to be unnatural and didymus is relatively close to virginicum (as reviewed in Y).


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This is known only from a coll. of J.T. Thieret in CAMP (KNK). Although widely scattered across northern and western regions of North America, L. perfoliatum is generally rare or absent in southeastern states (PL), but may have been overlooked. Differences from campestre are detailed in Y; both species are diploids (2n = 16).


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This close relative of densiflorum has been recently reported from Ky. (NatureServe website), but details are not yet available. It is widely scattered in Mo. (Y), Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and probably other states adjacent to Ky.


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This is perhaps the most widespread native species of Brassicaceae in open uplands; see also Cardamine parviflora and Sibara virginica. Gr noted: "Tho a very common and familiar weed everywhere, this plant has not acquired a bad reputation in Kentucky... Caged birds like the seeds and probably poultry feed on the capsules at times."


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Leptochloa brachiata (filiformis, panicea ssp. b.*)


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|BLeptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) GrayB|   	3297


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Leptochloa <Diplachne> fascicularis (fusca ssp. fa.*)


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The closely related species (or subspecies), L. uninervia (J. Presl.) N. Snow, is also expected. Both taxa are widespread weeds in warmer regions of the Americas, and extend north through much of the U.S.A, especially in central states.


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|BLeptochloa fusca: see L. fascicularisB|


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|BLeptochloa mucronata (Michx.) KunthB|   	3300 T


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Leptochloa mucronata (attenuata, panicea ssp. m.)


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There may be colls. from BALL (R. Athey; check EKY) and WARR (Pr; check MO), but these records have not been confirmed. L. mucronata has a southwestern range within North America, while L. brachiata is distributed from southern states to South America. Both been combined as subspecies of the cosmopolitan weed, L. panicea (Retz.) Ohwi, in some treatments (FNA 25).


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|BLeptochloa panicea: see L. brachiataB|


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|BLeptochloa panicoides (J. Presl) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3298


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Leptochloa <Diplachne> panicoides (halei)


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| h-2,9 ::? D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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Some colls. may be from plantings; this species is close to thunbergii, and there may some confusion in the records.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 C 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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In the vegetative condition, this species may be confused with stuevei. Hybrids with hirta are known in other states, but not yet in Ky.


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|BLespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. DonB|   	1252


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Some colls. may be from the widespread plantings of this species for so-called reclamation, but it is also frequently naturalized through seed dispersal. It was first recorded in the 1930s (B).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| F-10,1 C 5.   |BABU B| +6*.


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|BLespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem.B|   	1250


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Although widespread in hilly regions, this species, like others in the genus, has probably been much reduced by browsing of livestock (Gr). There appear to be occasional hybrids with procumbens and intermedia. Also, hybrids with capitata are known from some adjacent states (GH).


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|BLespedeza intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt. var. hahnii BlakeB|   	1243


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Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Lespedeza intermedia var. hahnii (?nuttallii)


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The status of this distinctly pubescent taxon needs further study. F treated it as a form. Isely (1998) indicated that these plants could have resulted from introgression of hirta into intermedia (perhaps including plants known as  X nuttallii Darl.). Plants that appear to be simple F1 hybrids (including X simulata MacKenzie & Bush) are more like hirta, and are reported from LEWI, MCRE, PULA and elsewhere (B, M).


Line:
|BLespedeza intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt. var. intermediaB|   	1242


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Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Lespedeza intermedia var. i. ("frutescens", ?violacea)


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There appear to be occasional hybrids with virginica, hirta, procumbens, repens and perhaps others. See note on nomenclature under violacea.


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There appear to be occasional hybrids with intermedia, virginica and others.


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|BLespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart.B|   	1238


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There appear to be occasional hybrids with intermedia and others.


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This appears to be a distinct species, with a highly congested inflorescence, but in Ky., at the edge of its southern range, it has sometimes been confused with L. capitata or hairy forms of intermedia. Also, hybrids with virginica can be expected; see colls. from adjacent states at GH. Moreover, some colls. of stuevei may resemble hybrids of capitata with virginica or with intermedia. Further study is desirable.


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|BLespedeza thunbergii (DC.) NakaiB|   	1237


Line:
Some records may be from plantings; see also bicolor.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 B? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BLespedeza violacea (L.) Pers.B|   	1240


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Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Lespedeza violacea (frutescens)


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Although F, Cr, J, Isely (1998) and others appeared to deal with earlier confusion in nomenclature, Reveal & Barrie (1991) showed that L. frutescens (L.) Hornem should be the correct name for this species, and the name L. violacea should be applied to what has been called L. intermedia. This change is already adopted by K and W, but it breaks a long tradition and cause much confusion. If there really is a problem with the rules of nomenclature, a reasonable exception should be proposed to conserve the names. This is the kind of thing that gives botanists a bad name!


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|BLespedeza virginica (L.) Britt.B|   	1241


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There are occasional hybrids with procumbens, intermedia, and probably other species.


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Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Leucanthemum [Chrysanthemum*] vulgare (C. leucanthemum)


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This ornamental but rhizomatous weed has probably been present early after settlement (Rafinesque 1824). In 1914, Gr noted: "very common and troublesome... Superintentents of parks and cemeteries are often very much afraid of it, and sometimes forbid visitors bringing the flowers..." Most colls. are referable to var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke, but that taxon has not been generally recognized in recent treatments.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 :: D 5.   |BABU B| +6.


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Amaryllidaceae <Narcisseae> [Liliaceae]: Leucojum aestivum


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This cultivated species ("snowflake") can persist for decades at abandoned sites. It is not clear if there is true naturalization in Ky., with new establishment from seed, though in northeastern states such spread is reported (F). There are records from FULT (MUR), LYON (APSU), OLDH (DHL), TRIG (APSU) and probably elsewhere. It is a large relative of Galanthus nivalis L. ("snowdrop"), which is not known to persist significicantly or to spread in Ky.


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|BLeucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt.B|   	1680


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Leucospora (Conobea) multifida


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|BLeucothoe fontanesiana (Steud.) SleumerB|   	1428 R


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Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Leucothoe fontanesiana (editorum, axillaris var. e.)


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This was recently discovered in HARL and MADI (Abbott et al. 2001; BEREA). However, it is possible that plants were persistent from old plantings, at least in MADI (CW; D. Taylor, pers. comm.). The native range of this species is centered on the southern Blue Ridge, but it does extend west to the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mts. in Tenn., and east to the Piedmont (Ch, PL, W).


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This variable species can hybridize with several others; six are named in FNA 21. Relatively glabrous plants have been named var. intermedia (Lunell) Gaiser, especially in older treatments, but are generally mixed with the typical variety and have no clear difference in distribution within the state. Hairy plants (var. aspera) have a more western range in North America, but there is often too much overlap and intergradation for clear distinction (FNA 21). There has been confusion with squarrulosa; local introgression has been suspected in Ky. (especially in more western regions) and in Mo. (Y), but this was not reported in FNA 21. The only consistent observable difference between the species is that the middle phyllaries of squarrulosa are glabrous to hirtellous, with margins usually firm to somewhat coriaceous, and green to whitish. In aspera, middle phyllaries are glabrous, the margin hyaline and erose to irregularly lacerate, often purplish (see also: Cr). See also notes under X spheroidea.


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris cylindracea (squarrosa var. intermedia)


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This western species is generally glabrous, but some Ky. plants are hairy, suggesting introgression with squarrosa (Cusick 1989; FNA 21).


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris hirsuta (squarrosa var. h.)


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This largely mid-western species (W), or variety of squarrosa, is disjunct further east from Miss. to Ga. It may occur in Ky. (F) and Tenn., at least in western regions, but colls. that have been called var. hirsuta (Rydb.) Gaiser in Ky. do not appear distinct using recent treatments (Cr, FNA 21, Y, W). Involucral bracts of hirsuta mostly have abruptly contracted apices (versus usually more tapering); outer ones are relatively short and spreading-reflexed for less than 2 mm (versus similar to inner ones). Hairs on leaves and stems of hirsuta are relatively straight and spreading; those on typical squarrosa are "bent or curled, appressed to loosely matted" (Y). Hairy plants in Ky. are scattered with typical plants, with no clear difference in distribution, and they are combined here pending further analysis.


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|BLiatris microcephala (Small) K. Schum.B|   	2476


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris microcephala ("graminifolia")


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Within Ky. this southern Appalachian species is known only from sandstone outcrops in the southern Cliff Section. Records from MENI and WARR are unverified and dubious (M). The name L. graminifolia Willd. has been misapplied to these plants in older literature. Also, reports of graminifolia (or its segregates) from FLEM (MO) and ROWA (MDKY) were apparently based on misidentified  spicata or erroneous label data (Campbell et al. 1992). The graminifolia group is restricted to the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont.


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|BLiatris pycnostachya Michx.B|   	2478 R


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This western species has been attributed to Ky. by Cr and other authors, apparently based on the old coll. of C.W. Short (NY) labeled  "barrens of Ky." (det. by L.O. Gaiser). This record might reasonably be mapped in CHRI or nearby. There is also a coll. of R. Athey from CALL (check EKY) that may be this species or more likely a transition to spicata (M). Both colls. need to be reexamined.


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Hybrid with several species can be expected (FNA 21, Y); some colls. from MCRA and ROWA appear to be hybrids with aspera (see notes under that species).


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|BLiatris squarrosa (L.) Michx.B|   	2480


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris squarrosa (var. s.)


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This is the most widespread species of Liatris in Ky., but still generally uncommon to rare. It appears to be a somewhat conservative remnant of open woodland or grassland. See notes under cylindracea and hirsuta.


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Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris squarrulosa (earliei, scabra; scariosa var. sq.)


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This is a variable species that may introgress with other species (Cr, Y), especially L. aspera (see notes under that species) and locally L. scariosa (L). Willd. However, no simple hybrids appear to have been named (FNA 21). There has been confusion with typical scariosa, which appears somewhat transitional from squarrulosa to aspera, and occurs further east in Appalachian regions (especially around the shale-barrens of Pa., Md., W.Va. and Va.). Relatively hairy plants, formerly known as L. scabra (Greene) K. Schum., are included here.


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|BLigusticum canadense (L.) Britt. var. canadenseB|   	2038


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ligusticum canadense var. c.


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|BLigusticum canadense (L.) Britt. var. nov.B|   	2039


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ligusticum canadense var. nov. {southern Appalachian variant}


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These plants are known only from the southern Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn. and Ala., and from in or near the southern Blue Ridge of Va., Tenn., N.C. and S.C. (GH, KY, NCU, TENN. They are generally restricted to naturally open habitats, especially on seasonally xeric rocky soils. In Ky. they are known only from the open boulder-cobble bars along the Cumberland River and its major tributaries. This variant differs from typical canadense in its narrower leaf-segments: the largest of lower leaves are ca. 1-2.5 (3) cm wide (versus (2.5) 3-6.5 (7) cm); the largest of upper regular leaves are ca. (0.4) 0.7-1.5 (2.2) cm wide (versus (1) 2-3 (4) cm), and usually less serrated than lower leaves to almost entire (versus equally serrated or nearly so). Also, leaves are usually plain green (versus rather deep bluish-green); and stems usually do not darken much with age (versus dark blackish/purplish brown).


Line:
This species from northern China is closely related to obtusifolium and may have been confused; CW did not locate any colls. from Ky. Colls. have been reported from BARR (WKY), CART (MDKY), WARR (WKY) and WAYN (MM for WKY).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8 C? 3?.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BLigustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc.B|   	1650


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This Japanese species was first recorded by Woodward (1967). Most records come from the recent work of CW. It may often have been overlooked due to similarity with other privet species. There has been some confusion with the closely related L. amurense Carr. and L. japonica Thunb., which may be be verified in the state.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8 E? 3?.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BLigustrum ovalifolium Hassk.B|   	1649 T


Line:
There may be colls. of this Japanese species from FAYE (KY), FRAN (EKY), LAWR (EKY) and MADI (BEREA); see also Gr and CW. However, distinction from other species needs further study, as well as the extent to which it is truly naturalized. Although often called "California privet" the species is native to Japan.


Line:
This Chinese species was first reported by Browne (1967), much later than vulgare, but it has now become at least as common in some regions, especially to the south. It has rapidly become the most abundant species in this genus across southeastern states (Ch, W). Most records in Ky. from the recent work of CW.


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8,7 D? 3.   |BABU B| +5*.


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This shrub from southern Europe was first planted for ornamental hedges a century ago or more (Gr), and it became the most common species in the genus. Some colls. should be rechecked for related species that have been more recently introduced.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-8,7 D? 3.   |BABU B| +5*.


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Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from michiganense. The relatively southern or western canadense var. editorum Fern. has been reported from BULL (Gunn 1968) but not confirmed, and this variety is not recognized in most recent treatments. Var. editorum is distinguished (F) by its red flower color (versus yellow to orange), with relatively narrow tube and petals (8-13 mm wide versus 12-20 mm), and leaves elliptic to ovate, scarcely attenuate (versus broadly lanceolate, attenuate).


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| H-10 D 4.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
Liliaceae: Lilium michiganense (canadense ssp. m.)


Line:
There has been some confusion with other species, and some colls. should be rechecked, especially those lacking flowers or capsules. There may be some integradation with superbum.


Line:
Liliaceae: Lilium philadelphicum (var. p.)


Line:
Reports from the Mammoth Cave area (EDMO) are based on misidentified michiganense (at the park herbarium). All known Ky. colls. are probably the typical variety, which has a largely Appalachian and northeastern range. The more western var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker-Gawl. is less robust, with narrower leaves and fewer whorls, but it may have relatively long capsules. That variety may be expected in northeastern counties, since it is known in se. Ohio and it was reported from Ky. by F. However, the basis for distinguishing it needs clarification; capsule length cannot be relied on as a key character (FNA 26).


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|BLilium philippinense BakerB|   	2678 C


Line:
This is reported from Ky. (Cr) in MCRE (BA), and perhaps PULA (Medley coll. catalog, under L. lancifolium Thunb. but with white flowers). It is not clear if these colls. were from persistent plantings or truly spontaneous.


Line:
Liliaceae: Lilium superbum (canadense ssp. s.)


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There has been some confusion between this largely Appalachian species and and closely related mid-western michiganense. There may be intermediates in western regions of Ky. The coll. from HARD (KY) was initially determined as michiganense (Cranfill 1991), but it has large anthers amd smooth leaves that suggest superbum. In addition to Black Mt. in the east and some swampy lowlands in the west, intervening localities for this species have recently been found along banks of the Big South Fork in Ky. (MCRE at EKY) and Tenn., and on uplands on the Cumberland Plateau (LAUR at EKY; Libby et al. 1997).


Line:
|BLILY, SPIDER-: Hymenocallis, Lycoris (RED)B|


Line:
|BLILY: Clintonia (BEAD-), Erythronium (TROUT-), LiliumB|


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|BLILY: Nuphar (POND-), Nymphaea (WATER-)B|


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|BLimnobium spongia (Bosc) L.C. Rich. ex Steud.B|   	2609


Line:
This attractive weed was established early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). In 1914, Gr noted: "most frequently observed on waste ground and commons around towns." It is now widely scattered across farmed regions.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? C 6.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
Plants with more hairy leaves and twigs have been called var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyermark) Rehd., and may form a reasonable southern segregate (W). No significant differences in range or habitat has been found in Ky., but further analysis may be warranted. The southeastern species, L. mellissifolia (Walt.) Blume, was reported by Linney (1880, 1882), but this was undoubtedly erroneous; that species is more hairy than var. pubescens and there are other differences (FNA 3, W).


Line:
|BLindera benzoin (L.) Blume var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyermark) Rehd.B|   	142 T


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Lauraceae: Lindera benzoin var. pubescens


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This variety may be somewhat distinct, and is perhaps predominant in some regions south of Ky. However, there has not been enough comparative study to separate it from typical plants within the state.


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|BLindernia anagallidea (Michx.) PennellB|   	1801


Line:
Linderniaceae (Scrophulariaceae*): Lindernia anagallidea (dubia var. a.*)


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Although this often occurs with typical dubia, with little geographic segregation, it appears generally distinct and may generally occur in less weedy situations (and perhaps deeper pools). A coll. from KENT (KNK) may be transitional to typical dubia.


Line:
|BLindernia dubia (L.) PennellB|   	1800


Line:
Linderniaceae (Scrophulariaceae*): Lindernia dubia (var. d.*)


Line:
Several colls. have been referred to var. major, which is not recognized in recent treatments. Colls. from BRAC (KNK) and perhaps elsewhere may be transitional to anagallidea.


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|BLinum floridanum (Planch.) Trel.B|   	795 R


Line:
This southern species was reported from the Coastal Plain of Ky. by BA, but colls. have not been found. This species and the closely related L. intercursum are concentrated on the Costal Plain to the south and east, respectively. However, disjunct occurences do occur to the north in both cases.


Line:
It is not clear if this is truly naturalized or an rare escape from cultivation; there are records from CAMP and MADI (KNK).


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|BLinum medium (Planch.) Britt. var. texanum (Planch.) Fern.B|   	796


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A. Cusick's disjunct coll. (# 28309) from BATH should be rechecked; it comes from Sand Road (Ky. 1269) west of Hedrick Church, together with Orbexilum onobrychis.


Line:
It is not clear if this European species--the cultivated flax--is truly naturalized, but there are records from FULT (R. Athey), MADI (KNK) and PULA (BEREA). Although rarely cultivated in Ky. currently, it has been widely grown in southeastern states. L. lewisii Pursh is a related species in western states that also has attractive blue flowers, and is often distributed as a "wildflower" in eastern states. Further checking on identifications is advisable.


Line:
|BLiparis liliifolia (L.) L.C. Rich. ex Ker-Gawl.B|   	2802


Line:
D. Goldman (pers. comm.) has pointed out that this species has declined greatly in some northeastern states (especially N.Y. to Va.), apparently due to browsing by dense deer populations. Such decline has not yet been noted in Ky.


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|BLiparis loeselii (L.) L.C. Rich.B|   	2801


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|BLipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. TuckerB|   	2950


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This southeastern tree is virtually absent in glaciated land north of the Ohio River. And although widespread in Ky., Liquidambar is rare to absent on base-rich soils, especially in the Bluegrass Region where it is confined to more acid river terraces. See W and Angiosperm Phylogeny website for references to family placement.


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Although probably native in all counties, this species is much less frequent on the most fertile base-rich soils. It was virtually absent in the original woods on uplands of the central Bluegrass (Campbell 1989; see also, Barton 1919).


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The coll. attributed to HARL (MM for WKY) was made close to, and possibly within, the BELL county line.


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|BLithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm.B|   	1530


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This is widespread in mid-western and eastern region, but in Ky. it is generally restricted to remnants of native grassland on rocky calcareous sites with infertile soils.


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|BLithospermum croceum Fern.B|   	1529 R


Line:
Boraginaceae: Lithospermum croceum (caroliniense var. c.)


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This is not verified. Most or all reports have been based on misidentified colls. of canescens from ADAI (at Field) or perhaps tuberosum (M). However, croceum may be expected in Ky. since it is widespread in the mid-west and Great Lakes region, including se. MO. (Y), much of Ill. and w. Ind. (PL). The closely related southeastern species, L. caroliniense (Walter ex J.F. Gmel.) MacMill., appears to intergrade with croceum in the central Mississippi Valley (Y).


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This is widespread in east-central states and the Great Lakes Region, but relatively uncommon. In Ky. it is largely restricted to subxeric woods on rocky calcareous slopes, especially along ledges or leads.


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|BLithospermum officinale L.B|   	1527 R


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This was reported by McFarland (1942) and others, but no coll. is known and there has been some confusion with latifolium. Nevertheless, this Eurasian weed is likely to occur in Ky.


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|BLithospermum tuberosum Rugel ex DC.B|   	1528


Line:
This southeastern species is typical of woodlands on mesic to subxeric calcareous soils, especially along animal trails. Reports from ROBE and PIKE are dubious, pending location of colls. (M).


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|BLobelia appendiculata: see L. gattingeriB|


Line:
This favorite flower of humming-birds is widespread in North America (except the northwest), Central and South America, but named subspecies and varieties are not generally distinct (as reviewed by Y). The white-flowered form has been recorded in MCRE (Rogers 1941). Sterile hybrids with siphilitica have been rarely found in other states (Y).


Line:
Campanulaceae: Lobelia gattingeri (appendiculata var. g.)


Line:
|BLobelia nuttallii J.A. SchultesB|   	2129


Line:
This widespread species of southeastern states is "highly variable, and represented by a number of forms" (B), but these may not be worth recognizing (Y). Virtually all colls. of this species in Ky. are referable to var. simulans Fern. Colls. from HICK and perhaps CARL (MUR) are referable to var. mineolana F. Wimmer. Typical var. puberula occurs on the eastern Coastal Plain and Piedmont, and is unknown in Ky.


Line:
This widespread species of eastern and central North America has been divided eastern (typical) and western varieties The latter (var. ludoviciana DC.) is indistinct in Mo. (Y), but it might be looked for in w. Ky. The white-flowered form has been found in FAYE (C. Chandler, pers. comm.) and WOOD (E. Carr, pers. comm.).


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|BLobelia spicata Lam. var. leptostachys (A. DC.) Mackenzie & BushB|   	2126


Line:
Campanulaceae: Lobelia spicata var. leptostachys


Line:
This is known mostly from calcareous regions of east-central states (PL), and is reported to be typical of drier sites than var. spicata (F, Cr). However, no clearcut differences in distribution or habitat have been noted yet in Ky., Mo. (Y) and further east (W).


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|BLobelia spicata Lam. var. spicataB|   	2125


Line:
Campanulaceae: Lobelia spicata var. spicata (originalis, ?campanulata)


Line:
This species occurs across much of eastern and central North America, and several varieties have been described. Distinction of the widespread eastern var. spicata from var. leptostachys does not seem clearcut in some colls., and further study is needed; see D.J. Bogler (in Y) for a detailed key. A coll. from POWE (DHL) may be referable to the northern var. campanulata McVaugh, and B reported var. originalis McVaugh from several counties, but Bogler has included these taxa within var. spicata. F also reported the southeastern var. scaposa McVaugh from Ky., but colls. have not been located.


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Lolium multiflorum (perenne var. aristatum*)


Line:
This grass was first introduced for trials a century ago (Gr), but did not become widely used until the 1930s or later (Anderson 1924; B). Some records may be from plantings.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 D 5.   |BABU B| +6.


Line:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Lolium perenne (var. p.)


Line:
This grass did not become widely used until the 1930s or later (B). Some records may be from plantings.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 D 5.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
There are only three colls. of this species, dating from 1916-43. This Mediterranean weed is widely scattered in North America, but it does not seem to have increased in Ky.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 D 5.   |BABU B| +4<.


Line:
|BLonicera dioica L. var. dioicaB|   	2093


Line:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> dioica var. d.


Line:
This species occurs in diverse habitats across its broad northern range, including wetlands (F, Cr, W). In Ky., it is largely restricted to mesic-subxeric calcareous woods along the central Kentucky River Palisades or nearby, and more locally along the upper Cumberland Rv. Reported colls. from BUTL (CW) and WARR (Duncan 1967) have not yet been located and verified; see also notes under  flava. Some colls. at Ky. have been mislaid since the 1990s, but most were referable to var. dioica, which is relatively glabrous and has a largely northeastern range.


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|BLonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) ButtersB|   	2094


Line:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> dioica var. glaucescens (orientalis, dasygyna)


Line:
Varieties of dioica may not be clearcut (as reviewed by Y), but they do occur in diverse habitats and their ranges are somewhat segregated or fragmented in southeastern states (Gl, Cr, W). Var. orientalis Gleason is an eastern taxon, with the type from CART in Ky. (NY). Var. dasygyna (Rehd.) Gleason may be known only from Ind. and Ohio, plus a recent report from CART in Ky. (CW). Both are poorly known and are provisionally combined here with the largely northwestern var. glaucescens. All three have pubescent leaves; var. orientalis is distinguished by its glandular hypanthium; in var. dasygyna, the hypanthium is glandular plus densely long-hirsute. [A somewhat parallel situation exists with Viburnum rafinesquianum.]


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Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> flava (flavida)


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This Ozarkian and southern Appalachian species has been reported by Pr (from WARR), Linney (1882) and other authors (M), but no colls. have been found. It may have been confused with dioica, which Duncan (1967) mapped in WARR, Hybrids with dioica are suspected (Cr), especially among plants known as L. flava var. flavescens Gleason (Sm, Gl) or L. flavida Cockerell (F), to which some Ky. records refer. There has also been confusion with the yellow-flowered form of sempervirens. L. flava has been reported from s. Ill. and s. Ohio in counties adjacent to Ky. (PL).


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|BLonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & PaxtonB|   	2081 C


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This species has been collected from self-seeded plants in FAYE (CW) and JEFF (MM for WKY), but it does not appear to be spreading significantly over the landscape.


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|BLonicera japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (P.W. Wats.) BakerB|   	2089


Line:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Chamaecerasus> japonica var. chinensis


Line:
This relatively smooth, purplish variety may be somewhat distinct, but the taxomony and distribution need to be checked.


Line:
|BLonicera japonica Thunb. var. japonicaB|   	2088


Line:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Chamaecerasus> japonica var. j.


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This was introduced to eastern states as a fragrant ornamental during the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864). In 1914, Gr noted: "common about old premises in Kentucky where it has at times been observed to assume the character of a weed." It is now one of the most abundant shrubby vines across the state. Unfortunately, most of the colls. at KY were mislaid in the 1990s.


Line:
|BLonicera maackii (Rupr.) HerderB|   	2087


Line:
This highly invasive shrub appears to have been first planted in Ky. during the 1950s, and it began to spread widely after 1970. L. maackii is now much more widespread than colls. indicate. It was initially attractive to the nursery industry, and was also promoted by the USDA from the 1960s into the 1980s (Luken & Thieret 1996).


Line:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Chamaecerasus> morrowii-tatarica-xylosteum group (with hybrids)


Line:
L. morrowii Gray (from East Asia), L. tartarica L. (from Central Asia), and L. xylosteum L. (from Europe) are closely related species that have been widely cultivated and interbred. These shrubs have become widely naturalized across North America, especially tatarica in northern regions. In Ky, they have been reported as individual species or various hybrids or introgressants, especially morrowii x tatarica (= X bella Zabel). However, distinction of these entities is often difficult, and colls. from Ky. deserve more study to justify separate mapping; see also Y. The earliest records of this group in Ky. date from the 1960s. Most colls. may be referable to morrowii x tatarica or morrowii; only a few accessed colls. have been named tatarica (e.g. FAYE and WOOD at KY). In addition, Clark et al. (2005; CW) have recently reported xylosteum from LAUR (EKY), LYON and OLDH (CW); tatarica x xylosteum (= X xylosteoides Tausch) from JEFF (CW); and the complex hybrid X minutiflora Zabel (involving all three species) from ROCK (CW) and WOOD (EKY).


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8? D? 3.   |BABU B| +4.


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Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> reticulata (prolifera)


Line:
In Ky. this mid-western species is known only from limestone cliffs on or near the lower Kentucky Rv., and from a few calcareous sites in the southern Knobs. Colls. to support the records from HARD (Cranfill 1991) and JEFF (Duncan 1967) have not yet been located. In Ky., there is almost no distributional overlap with the closely related dioica, and reticulata is restricted to more xeric sites (especially on narrow leads or points). Further west there is more overlap (e.g. Y).


Line:
Although often cultivated, this species does not seem to escape in general. It is known mostly from regions with acid soils and an ancient history of woodland disturbance. Most colls. at KY were mislaid in the 1990s.


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|BLonicera sempervirens L. [yellow flowered form]B|   	2091


Line:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> sempervirens {yellow form}


Line:
The flowers of these plants differ from typical sempervirens in their orange-yellow, and perhaps slightly irregular shape, with one lobe longer pointed. They have been confused initially with flava.


Line:
This has become locally abundant along the Palisades of the Kentucky River, where it may have been planted a few decades ago by one or more landowners. The earliest record was a coll. of E. Guharhja in 1961 from BOUR. In addition to its curious pairs of fused fruits and other differences in regular colls., a distinguishing character of vegetative material is the long bristly hairs on young shoots. This species seems to spread vegetatively by layering or underground shoots, making control more difficult. There are few reports of this species naturalizing elsewhere in North America. W.H. Duncan's unpublished work includes a full description (Univ. of Ga., Athens). An artificial hybrid with  fragrantissima (= X purpusi Rehd.) has been found escaped in Mo. (Y).


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-11,5 E 3.   |BABU B| +4*.


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|BLOOSESTRIFE, PURPLE: Decodon (SHRUBBY), LythrumB|


Line:
Fabaceae <Loteae>: Lotus corniculatus (var. c.)


Line:
This has been much used in recent decades for showy roadside plantings, and it has spread locally into mowed areas. There is also a coll. of L. tenuis Waldst. & Kit ex Willd. (= L. corniculatus var. tenuifolius) from a stripmine in BREA (DHL), perhaps established from sown seed. Curiously, Lotus spp. were not used in early forage trials at the Univ. of Ky. (Gr). The related Anthyllis vulneraria L. was tried and recommended but has not become naturalized.


Line:
|BLudwigia hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) Zardini, Gu & RavenB|   	525


Line:
Onagraceae: Ludwigia (Jussiaea) hexapetala (uruguayensis; grandiflora ssp. h.)


Line:
This was reported from HICK by Grubbs (1989) but no coll. can be found at MUR.


Line:
|BALI B| S.   |BHAB B| 2 ~ D? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
|BLudwigia leptocarpa (Nutt.) HaraB|   	527


Line:
All material may be referred to var. americana (DC.) Fern. & Grisc. Typical plants are European (F). However, this distinction is not followed in recent treatments.


Line:
|BLudwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven var. glabrescens (Kuntze) ShinnersB|   	524


Line:
Onagraceae: Ludwigia (Jussiaea) peploides var. glabrescens (J. repens var. g.; diffusa)


Line:
|BALI B| s.   |BHAB B| 2 ~~ D 6.   |BABU B| g10 s8 +1?.


Line:
|BLudwigia polycarpa Short & PeterB|   	532


Line:
|BLudwigia uruguayensis: L. hespecies apetalaB|


Line:
This widely grown ornamental ("honesty") occasionally escapes, and it has been observed spreading away from gardens in CAMP and BRAC (KNK). However, it does not appear to have become truly naturalized in eastern North America (Al-Shehbaz 1987).


Line:
This northern species has been found as a waif within a roadside planting in ROCK (BEREA). Some European species of Lupinus (albus, hirsutus, luteus) were tried for forage a century ago at the Univ. of Ky., with varied success, but none became widely used or naturalized (Gr).


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|BLuzula acuminata Raf. var. carolinae (S. Wats.) Fern.B|   	2866


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Juncaceae: Luzula acuminata var. carolinae


Line:
This southern variety is generally distinct from the more northern var. acuminata (= L. saltuensis Fern.) and may merit species status (W). Although there are reports of var. acuminata from Ky. (Ebinger 1962, Cr, M, J), no verified colls. are known. Braun (1937) reported L. saltuensis from MCRE (check US), but later apparently combined this with all other records of acuminata (B).


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|BLuzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & SmythB|   	2868


Line:
Juncaceae: Luzula bulbosa (campestris var. b.)


Line:
This species is close to echinata, with a similar south-central range (FNA 22). It may be typical of more open habitats, in general (F, W). It has distinctive basal "bulblets" within small dense tufts of whitish, swollen leaf bases. Inflorescence branches are mostly ascending (versus divergent up to 90 degrees); spikes are ovoid to cylindric (versus subglobose to broadly ovoid or conic); perianths are generally shorter (ca. 2-3 mm versus 2.8-4 mm), with more distinct shining chestnut-brown centers (versus greenish to pale or dark brown); anther lengths are only 1-2x filament lengths (versus at least 2x); seeds tend to be shorter (0.9-1.3 mm versus 1.2-1.6 mm) and ellipsoid (versus globose). In Ky., flowering stems are generally (0.5) 1-2 (2.5) dm tall while those of echinata are generally (1) 1.5-3 (4) dm tall.


Line:
|BLuzula campestris: see L. bulbosa, L, echinata & L. multifloraB|


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|BLuzula echinata (Small) F.J. Herm.B|   	2867


Line:
Juncaceae: Luzula echinata (campestris var. e.)


Line:
Most colls. are referable to var. mesochorea F.J. Herm., but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments. Distinction from L. multiflora is difficult in some cases.


Line:
|BLuzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej.B|   	2869


Line:
Juncaceae: Luzula multiflora (campestris var. m.)


Line:
Mapping here is tentative; few records are confirmed. Distinction of this variable northern (circumboreal) species from the southern diploids (2n = 12), echinata and bulbosa, is difficult in some cases. Typical multiflora in eastern states is tetraploid (2n = 24) and some northern segregates are hexaploids. These three species may appear to intergrade in Ky. (see also B), but closer examination may prove otherwise. L. multiflora is similar to bulbosa in its inflorescences and perianths (though generally larger), but differs (FNA 22) in its generally longer seeds (1.1-1.7 mm versus 0.9-1.3), with a shorter appended caruncle (averaging 0.3-0.5 mm versus 0.5-0.7 mm). Like echinata, it lacks bulblets and distinctly whitish leaf bases; but typical plants (F) may form relatively dense tussocks and tall flowering stems (ca. 1.5-6.7 dm or more versus 1-4.5 dm or less in the other two species).


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Lychnis coronaria (Silene c.)


Line:
The first record of this alien was a coll. in 1942 from LIVI (KY-Agr. Sch.), and the species is known only from two adjacent counties (R. Athey colls., probably at Memphis). See R.K. Rabeler in Y for notes on generic treatment.


Line:
Although cultivated for over a century (Pr) and somewhat persistent, this ornamental ("matrimony vine") has not become well-established. Gr noted: "frequently observed about old premises. Sometimes escaping and growing in out-of-the-way places."


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? D? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
There has probably been some confusion with L. halimifolium P. Mill, as reflected in nomenclatural history, and J combines these two species. Records should be rechecked.


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|BLycopodiella appressa (Chapman) CranfillB|   	6


Line:
Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella [Lycopodium] appressa (selago/inundata var. a.)


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|BLycopodiella inundata (L.) HolubB|   	5


Line:
Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella [Lycopodium] inundata (var. i.)


Line:
The only record of this northern (circumboreal) species is from an old sandstone quarry floor on Pine Mt in HARL, first discovered by Ben Begley (Pine Mt. Settlement School). Colls. have been made by M. Evans (KSNPC) and JC (for KY).


Line:
Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella [Lycopodium] prostratum x appressum (X brucei)


Line:
Pure prostratum is unknown in Ky. See note under X copelandii (Eig.) Cranfill.


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|BLycopodiella X copelandii (Eig.) CranfillB|   	7


Line:
Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella [Lycopodium] alopecurioides x appressum (X copelandii)


Line:
Pure alopecurioides is unknown in Ky. This hybrid is known only from old gravel pits in CALL (KY), together with appressum and appressum x prostratum. These discoveries were made in the 1960s and 1970s, but the pits have become grown up in recent years, and the Lycopodiellas may have disappeared.


Line:
|BLycopodium complanatum: see Diphasiastrum digitatumB|


Line:
|BLycopodium flabelliforme: see Diphasiastrum digitatumB|


Line:
|BLycopodium obscurum: see Dendrolycopodium obscurum & D. hickeyiB|


Line:
|BLycopodium selago: see Lycopodiella appressaB|


Line:
|BLycopodium: > Dendrolycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Huperzia, LycopodiellaB|


Line:
|BLycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Bart.B|   	1909


Line:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Lycopus uniflorus (virginicus var. pauciflorus)


Line:
This northern species may be confused with typical virginicus, and extensive hybridization is known in other states (Cr). B's coll. from ROWA (US) is probably correct, but other records are somewhat suspect.


Line:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Lycopus virginicus (var. v.)


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|BLycoris radiata (L'Hér.) HerbertB|   	2711 C


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Amaryllidaceae <Lycorideae> [Liliaceae]: Lycoris radiata


Line:
This cultivated East Asian species ("red spider-lily") may rarely escape (J), but no established populations have been documented.


Line:
Amaryllidaceae <Lycorideae> [Liliaceae]: Lycoris squamigera


Line:
This commonly cultivated East Asian species ("resurrection lily") may persist in woodlands, but there are no definite records of naturalized plants. There is a coll. from "forested slopes" near a public resort in CLIN (EKY).


Line:
|BLygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw.B|   	42


Line:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Lyonia <Xolisma> ligustrina


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Some relatively glabrous plants (see B, M and citations) have been referrable to var. foliosiflora (Michx.) Fern., including the synonyms var. capreifolia (Wats.) DC. and var. salicifolia (Wats.) DC. However, that taxon of the Coastal Plain may not occur in Ky. (W). Further study is needed using updated treatments.


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) ciliata


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Palladia) clethroides


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This species is known only from an old field in MCRA (R. Athey #1929, WKY, EKY). It is a Japanese species that is sometimes cutivated but rarely naturalized in eastern North America.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| F-10? C? 5?.   |BABU B| +4.


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The only records from Ky. are colls. of R. Athey from CALL and MARS (WKY, EKY) made during the 1970s. This globally rare species is known only from the southern Blue Ridge or nearby, plus disjunct localities in s. Ill., w. Ky. and nw. Tenn. (Stewart Co., near the Ky. line). W noted that populations of young or suppressed plants can develop in woodlands, but they need canopy gaps to flower, then growing up to 2 m tall with a robust terminal panicle.


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) hybrida (lanceolata var. h.)


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This occurs mostly in wetlands of upper mid-western and northeastern coastal regions, but with widely scattered disjunct populations across North America. It has sometimes been hard to distinguish from typical lanceolata, which is restricted to eastern states. Variety or subspecies status may be preferred (Ray 1956, Coffey & Jones 1980). For Ky., there are some old colls. from FAYE (C.W. Short at GH/KY from "moist meadows/ground near/around Lexington"), MERC (Univ. of Illinois) and perhaps MCRE (B). The only convincing more recent coll. is from TRIG (APSU): E.W. Chester-91-120, 5 Oct 1985, swampy thickets by Tennessee Rv. at Fenton Landing, plentiful. Chester has also collected relatively narrow-leaved plants in LYON (APSU) that may represent introgressants between hybrida and terrestris. All potential colls. in this complex deserves further revision.


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) lanceolata (var. l.)


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This species varies much in leaf wiidth; see also notes under L. hybrida.


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) quadriflora


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This largely mid-western species of wet meadows, fens and streambanks is very rare in southeastern states (Ray 1956, W). The few Ky. records are mostly old and obscure, from BATH (or perhaps ROWA, based on M's interpretation of a Short & Peter coll. from "Licking River" area), JEFF (C.W. Short, PH, from "slate bluff below Louisville"), and MCRE (Rogers 1941). See also notes under L. hybrida, which differs in its broader leaves and distinctly veined sepals.


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) radicans


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|BLysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S.P.B|   	1471


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This northern wetland species is known only from a few colls. along the Ohio Rv. Cr listed the hybrid with L. quadrifolia (X producta) for Ky. See also notes under L. hybrida.


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|BLysimachia tonsa (Wood) Wood ex Pax & R. KnuthB|   	1474


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) tonsa (S. intermedium)


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This is a largely southern Appalachian species, closely related to the much more widespread species, L. ciliata. An outlying coll. (MO) reported from HEND (Ray 1956) is presumably ciliata, and should be rechecked; see also Ch.


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|BLythrum alatum Pursh var. alatumB|   	521


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|BLythrum alatum Pursh var. lanceolatum (Ell.) Torr. & Gray ex RothrockB|   	520


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Lythraceae: Lythrum lanceolatum (alatum var. l.*)


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Species status for this relatively southern segregate of L. alatum has been revived in some recent treatments (W). There is little overlap of ranges, except perhaps in Ky. and Tenn., but lanceolatum becomes quite rare towards the north within these two states (Graham 1975; PL).


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Colls. from CAMP, GALL and GRNP (KNK) are referable to var. tomentosa (P. Mill) DC., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 9,2 D 5.   |BABU B| +5*.


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|BMaclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.B|   	1138


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All plants in Ky. may be derived from introduction after Virginian settlement, although it is sometimes speculated that native people could have planted this species locally for its useful wood. At the time of the European conquest of North America, this species was documented only in Ark, Okla.. Tex. and perhaps La. (FNA 3, W). However, there is paleobotanical evidence that this species occurred as far north as southern Canada during a previous interglacial period (Terasmae 1960). The large fruits of this species are relished by horses and occasionally dispersed by deer (pers. obs. of JC, Lee Crawfort and others). It seems likely that extinct equine species or other megafauna formerly dispersed Maclura around North America. The species is dioecious and males tend to have a more upright habit, without branches weighted down by the fruit crops.


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Further documentation is needed for some of the outlying western populations. The coll. from SHEL (DHL) appears reliable but should be rechecked for potential cultivated status; see also Linney (1880). Although largely Appalachian, this species has several disjunct western populations, especially in the Shawnee Hills (s. Ind., w. Ky.), in the loess bluffs of the Mississippi Rv. (from s. Ill. downstream), and in the Ozark Mts. (n. Ark, s. Mo.). In the original forests of Ky., it may have been most common in the Cumberland Mts. and nearby, but relatively infrequent in the "Low Hills Belt" between the mountains and the Cliff Section (Barton 1919, Braun 1950).


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In Ky., this southern Appalachian species mostly occurs on the Cumberland Mts., but there are scattered records further west from the adjacent "rugged hills" and from ravines along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv.


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Occasional seedlings establish from nearby plantings, but this species does not seem be spreading across the landscape. There are colls. from MADI and MCRA (EKY; Clark et al. 2005).


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This is most common on the west side of the southern Appalachians and on the Cumberland Plateau, but it also occurs in disjunct populations across southeastern states (FNA 3, PL). In Ky., records from EDMO are verified but those from GRAY and WARR remain uncertain (M).


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Magnoliaceae: Magnolia pyramidata (fraseri var. p.)


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The remarkable coll. from banks of the Mississippi Rv. in FULT (KY) is verified, but plants have not been relocated in recent decades. This southeastern species is largely restricted to the Gulf Coastal Plain, and is unknown in Mo. or Tenn.


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This species occurs mostly in Appalachian regions, but with disjunctions west to the Ozark-Ouachita region (FNA 3, PL). Within Ky. several outlying western records need further verification (Pr, Gr, M).


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|BMALLOW: Anoda (BLUE), Callirhoe (POPPY-), Hibiscus (ROSE-), Malva, Malvastrum (GLADE-), Napaea (LOWLAND), Sida (PRICKLY), Sidasodes (RIVER)B|


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|BMalus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. var. angustifoliaB|   	1062


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] angustifolia var. a.


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This southeastern species is often difficult to distinguish from coronaria, and several records may be intermediates.


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|BMalus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. var. puberula Rehd.B|   	1063


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] angustifolia var. puberula (?spinosa)


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Records are mostly tentative; some may be transitional to ioensis.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] baccata


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Several cultivars of this central Asian species (the Siberian crab-apple) have become extensively planted in recent decades. Self-sown escapes are widely scattered across the state, much more so than indicated by colls. mapped here. Their horticultural taxonomy is probably complex (CW).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8,7 D? 4.   |BABU B| +5*.


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|BMalus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. var. coronariaB|   	1059


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] coronaria var. c.


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Although widely scattered in eastern states, at least on less fertile non-calcareous soils, this species is generally not abundant. Yet in Ky. some historical clues suggest it was locally dominant, e.g. the place name "Crab Orchard" in LINC, along the old Wilderness Trail from Va.


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|BMalus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. var. dasycalyx Rehd.B|   	1060


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] coronaria var. dasycalyx (lancifolia)


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Some identifications are tentative; this taxon may be transitional to angustifolia or ioensis and not worth recognizing.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] ioensis


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This species of the central states may intergrade with angustifolia or coronaria in Ky., which is in zones of overlap between all three taxa.


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] pumila (sylvestris ssp. mitis, P. malus)


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Although widely reported as escaped in North America, this is less frequent in warmer or drier regions, including s. Ky. and further south or west (PL). There has been some confusion in nomenclature between this species (the common cultivated apple) and M. sylvestris P. Mill. (the wild European crab apple), which is not verified in the state. Also, pumila may rarely hybridize with coronaria (Sargent 1926).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-8,7 D? 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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This perennial with large flowers is sometimes cultivated (as "musk-mallow") and may escape, especially in northern regions (Cr, PL).


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This annual or biennial weed became established early after settlement. Short (1928-29) noted: "An exotic originally, now so thoroughly naturalized as to be met with every where in cultivated grounds and neglected wastes." The related Eurasian species, M. rotundifolia L. and M. parviflora L., may be expected, especially in western or southern regions. The latter was reported by BA but no coll. has been found.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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This biennial may just be a rare escape from cultivation (as "high mallow"), with colls. from JEFF (MM for WKY) and PIKE (NCU). The former has been referred to var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss., which is not recognized in recent treatments.


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|BMalvastrum hispidum (Pursh) Hochr.B|   	587


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Malvaceae: Malvastrum <Sidopsis> [Sphaeralcea] hispidum (Sph. angusta)


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This mostly occurs in Mo. and Kans., plus parts of adjacent states. There are disjunct eastern clusters of records from the Nashville Basin of c. Tenn., the liimestone barrens of w. Ky. and rocky pastures in the Inner Bluegrass of nc. Ky. (Hill 1982; PL). In Ky., most records are pre-1970 and the species seems to have been generally reduced due to succession or various artificial developments. Although usually found on rocky sites in Ky., it is known from alluvial sites further west. Malvastrum is a widespread, rather weedy genus of wet tropical regions, and hispidum is anomalous in several characters; it may deserve treatment as the monotypic genus, Sidopsis (Hill 1982; p. 169).


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|BManfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex RoseB|   	2735


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Agavaceae [Liliaceae]: Manfreda [Agave] virginica


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Colls. from FLEM (KY-Agr.), LEWI (B), ROBE (B) and perhaps HARD (KY) are referable to var. tigrina Engelm. (as named within Agave), with purple-maculate leaves. That taxon was considered a species by Sm but is not recognized in recent treatments.


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|BMARIGOLD: Bidens {with showy flowers} (BUR-), Dyssodia (STINKING-)B|


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? E 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BMarshallia grandiflora Beadle & F.E. Boynt.B|   	2214


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 2 ~~ D? 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BMatelea carolinensis (Jacq.) Woods.B|   	1637


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Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Matelea carolinensis (Gonolobus c.)


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This southeastern species is rare in Ky. In addition to the three certain mapped records, there are some old reports in the literature and some recent tentative reports based on vegetative material. M. caroliniana is close to decipiens (with intermediates reported further south), but its corolla lobes are shorter (usually 7-12 mm versus 11-15 mm), broader (40-50% as long versus 25-33%), and rotate (versus ascending); buds are bluntly ovoid (versus oblong-conical). In both species, corolla lobes are widest at or above the middle (versus tapering from the base to an acute apex in obliqua), and the crown is thin, with alternate lobes prolonged into acute or acuminate tips (versus fleshy, with lobes all truncate or emarginate in obliqua).


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|BMatelea decipiens (Alexander) Woods.B|   	1636 R


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Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Matelea decipiens (Gonolobus d.)


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This species of the mid-south (S.C. to Okla.) has been reported from Ky. (in CARL, HEND and WARR; M), but not yet verified. Identification has been difficult due to inadequate colls. and varied treatments, with obliqua often confused; figures of flowers appear switched in Gl but not corrected in Holmgren et al. (1998). Based on more reliable treatments (perhaps F and Y), the corolla lobes of M. decipiens are usually brownish-purple to almost black, (7) 10-18 mm long, 3-6 mm broad, widest at or above the middle (versus more linear); l/w is ca. 2-4 (versus 4-6 in obliqua). See notes under obliqua.


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|BMatelea obliqua (Jacq.) Woods.B|   	1635


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Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Matelea obliqua (Gonolobus shortii)


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There are rather few good colls. of Matela and Gonolobus in Ky., and they have often been damaged by insects in herbaria. M. obliqua is a fairly widespread species of east-central states that has been combined with the Appalachian Gonolobus shortii (Gray) Gray, but further study is needed. G. shortii has been recorded from JESS (Gr), LEWI (MDKY). ROWA (B) and elsewhere. It was distinguished (F) by its longer (13-15 mm versus 6-12 mm), broader (2-2.5 mm versus 1.5-2) corolla lobes, which are dark "chocolate-purple" (versus greenish-fuscous outside, purple inside); also, the crown is reportedly thinner (Gray 1888). It suggests a transition to decipiens.


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Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Matricaria chamomilla (recutita)


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This is the cultivated "chamomile"; it may rarely escape, but does not seem to be truly naturalized. There are colls. from HEND (KY), LAUR (KY) and JEFF (DHL). See FNA 19 for notes on the correct name.


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Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Matricaria discoidea (matricarioides)


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This northwestern species has become a widespread weed in temperate regions of the world; see notes on its status in FNA 19. Its spread in Ky. has occurred mostly after 1970; it was not recorded by Anderson (1947), B or earlier botanists.


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|BMazus pumilus (Burm. f.) SteenisB|   	1804


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Phrymaceae (Scrophulariaceae*): Mazus pumilus (japonicus)


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This East Asian species is a common weed of rice fields and other disturbed damp areas in warmer regions, and it may only be occasionally adventive in Ky.


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|BMecardonia acuminata (Walt.) SmallB|   	1673


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Mecardonia [Bacopa] acuminata


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|BMedicago arabica (L.) Huds.B|   	1201 R


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This was reported from Ky. by RAB but no voucher has been located. F indicated a wide distribution in North America, but Cr did not include the species.


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This weed ("black medic") has been common since before 1914, when Gr noted: "used extensively for the adulteration of red clover seed, which may account for the frequent appearance of plants in cultivated ground."


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This valuable crop (the common "alfalfa") has been much grown for forage for a century or more (Gr). In many cases it is likely colls. are from persistent plantings in old fields, rather than from secondary establishment. The few reports of ssp. falcata (L.) Archang. ("yellow alfalfa") are all from cultivated plants.


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|BMeehania cordata (Nutt.) Britt.B|   	1858


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The only known site west of Appalachian regions is in JESS (KY), on terraces with beech trees on relatively acid, cherty alluvial soils of Jessamine Gorge. Reports from Mammoth Cave National Park were based on misidentified Synandra hispidula (Lix's coll. at US).


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|BMelampyrum lineare Desr. var. latifolium Bart.B|   	1726


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Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Melampyrum lineare var. latifolium


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|BMelampyrum lineare Desr. var. pectinatum (Pennell) Fern.B|   	1725


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Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Melampyrum lineare var. pectinatum


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The label data for the coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may be doubted, but not ruled out (Campbell et al. 1992).


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This species occurs on the Gulf Coastal Plain; it is also widespread in Carribbean regions, and in northern South America. It occurs in various types of woodland on fertile soils, often along trails and edges.


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Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Melanthium (Veratrum) virginicum


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|BMELIC GRASS: Melica, Schizachne (PURPLE)B|


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|BMelica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. ex PiperB|   	3166


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This biennial (or occasionally annual) has been common in Ky. for a century or more, especially along roadsides and in rocky old fields. Though not generally cultivated, Gr noted: "I believe it is sometimes planted for bee pasture." M. albus is close to M. officinalis, but differs (Isely 1998, W) in its white flowers (versus yellow), ca. 3.5-5 mm long (versus 5-7 mm), the wing petals about as long as the keel (versus generally longer). The spelling "alba" is incorrect for the epithet.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 :: D? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BMelilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.B|   	1196


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This has been frequent for at least a century, especially along roadsides; there is no record of cultivation (Gr).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 :: D 5.   |BABU B| +6*.


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This southern species is widely scattered across southern regions of the state, usually in weedy roadsides and old fields. It may have spread north after agricultural expansion during recent centuries (or perhaps millenia).


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This species of east-central states is replaced by the confamilial Cocculus carolinus in warmer, drier regions, but there is some overlap in Ky. and Tenn. (Duncan 1967; PL).


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha canadensis (arvensis var. c.*, villosa)


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Most or all colls. are referable to var. glabrata Benth., but that taxon is not generally recognized. Records of typical arvensis, a European species, should probably be reassigned to canadensis, of North America and East Asia. M. canadensis is considered to be a "relict amphidiploid [2n=96] of the mixed mesophytic flora of the Lower Tertiary" that probably originated from hybridization of arvensis [2n=72] and longifolia [2n=24] (Tucker & Chambers 2002).


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|BMentha longifolia auct. non (L.) Huds.B|   	1913 T


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha "longifolia" {spicata x longifolia or pubescent spicata}


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There are only old or obscure records of this "horse mint" from FAYE, JESS, KENT and MEAD during ca. 1930-1950 (M), and these all need to be checked. True longifolia (2n = 24) is close to the tetraploid species, spicata (2n = 48) but can be distinguished (Tucker & Naczi, in prep.) by its hairs all uniseriate (versus occasionally dendroid on abaxial leaf surface), its leaves widest near the middle (versus near base), and its fertile anthers 0.28-0.38 mm long (versus 0.38-0.52 mm). Although the name longifolia has been applied to many plants in North America, almost all are now considered by Tucker & Naczi (in prep.) to be a pubescent variant of spicata or the hybrid between spicata and longifolia (= X villoso-nervata Opiz, sometimes called "American Spearmint"). There may also be confusion with the hybrid of lanceolata and suaveolens (= X rotundifolia).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-9? ::? E? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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The commonly cultivated plant is a sterile clone (2n = 48).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-9 ::? E 5.   |BABU B| +6.


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha suaveolens ("rotundifolia")


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There has been confusion with the diploid (2n = 24) hybrid between suaveolens and longifolia (= X rotundifolia); see also notes under longifolia.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-9? ::? C? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BMentha X citrata Ehrh. (pro. sp.)B|   	1919 C


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha X citrata (aquatica var. c., X piperita var. c.)


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There are records of this cultivated plant from FLEM (B) and perhaps BOYL (S. Studlar, pers. comm.), but not clearly naturalized. Although citrata is often considered of hybrid origin from aquatica and spicata, its proper treatment remains somewhat controversial. Kartesz (1999) and others have included X citrata under aquatica, and A.O. Tucker & R.F.C. Naczi (in prep.) treat it as a variety of M. aquatica, but Stace (1997) and W prefer to make this a variety of X piperita. Most plants appear to be male sterile forms of aquatica, and may be named var. citrata (Ehrh.) Fresen., but these can cross with some forms of X piperita.


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha X gracilis (arvensis x spicata; cardiaca, "gentilis")


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This sterile clone has spread locally from cultivation. It is a hybrid of M. arvensis (2n = 72) and M. spicata (2n = 48) with intermediate chromosome number (2n = 60), but other hybrids of these species have different chromosome numbers (from 54 to 120). See Tucker & Fairbrothers (1990) for analysis of its hybrid origin. The epithet "gentilis" has been applied to these plants, but M. gentilis L. is a synonym of the northern and eastern European M. arvensis ssp. parietariaefolia (Becker) Briq. (Tucker & Nazci, in prep.).


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|BMentha X piperita L. (pro sp.)B|   	1918


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha X piperita (aquatica x spicata)


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This is the most widely naturalized mint. Menthol content is higher in this hybrid (2n = 72, 84, 108) than in either of its parent species, aquatica (2n = 96) and spicata (2n = 48).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-9,1 ::? D 5.   |BABU B| +6.


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|BMentha X rotundifolia (L.) Huds. (pro sp.)B|   	1914


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha X rotundifolia (longifolia x suaveolens)


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This occasionally escaped diploid (?) cultivar is confirmed from FAYE and LINC. It can be confused with the triploid (2n = 36) hybrid of spicata with suaveolens (= X villosa), which is not known to be naturalized in the state.


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|BMertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex LinkB|   	1548


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|BMicanthes virginiensis (Michx.) SmallB|   	443


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W cites recent research in support of this generic assignment.


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|BMicranthes michauxii (Raf.) Brouillet & GornallB|   	439


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Saxifragaceae: Micranthes [Saxifraga*] petiolaris (S. michauxii, leucanthemifolia)


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Records from MCRE and PULA are tentatively based on inadequate colls., but detailed in reports to Daniel Boone National Forest (Campbell et al. 1994).


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|BMicranthes micranthidifolia (Haw.) SmallB|   	441


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The only verified records are from Black Mt. or nearby (HARL, LETC). For JACK, there is only a sight record of L. Pounds (pers. comm.) ca. 1980, from a "spring fed creek along War Fk near Turkey Foot Campground." There have also been erroneous reports of the closely related S. caroliniana Gray (M), which is restricted to the Blue Ridge.


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|BMicranthes pensylvanica (L.) HaworthB|   	440


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This northern species of bogs and seeps was collected by C.W. Short (PH): "muddy thicket, Henderson Co., Ky., near Mr. William Greers, fl. 10th May. The only place I have seen it."


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|BMicrostegium vimineum (Trin.) A. CamusB|   	3452


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Microstegium [Eulalia] viminea


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This seriously invasive alien annual in our woodlands was first recorded during the 1930s (B). By the 1980s it had become widespread across most of the state. It is especially abundant in woods on damp medium-acid soils that have been exposed along floodplains or trails. It is generally avoided by herbivores, and often associated with cattle or high deer populations.


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|BMicrothlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. MeyB|   	666


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Brassicaceae <Lepidieae>: Microthlaspi [Thlaspi*] perfoliatum


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This annual was first recorded in the 1930s (B), and has now become a widespread weed, especially along dry roadsides.


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|BMikania scandens (L.) Willd.B|   	2468


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|BMILLET: Pennisetum (PEARL), Setaria italica (FOXTAIL)B|


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Mimosaceae [Fabaceae*]: Mimosa (Schrankia) microphylla (quadrivalvis* var. angustata; "S. uncinata")


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This southeastern "sensitive brier" has often been treated as a variety of M. quadrivalvis L., along with several other taxa across North America. M. microphylla is closely related to M. nuttallii (DC. ex Britton & Rose) B.L. Turner, which is disjunct in central states (PL). Typical quadrivalvis occurs in Texas. M. microphylla is largely restricted to rights-of-way today, but it may have spread more into woodlands on sandy uplands when burned and browsed along trails before settlement. This plant has a curious combination of high palatibility, before prickles develop, and sensitive folding leaflets. Crossing the Cumberland Plateau in 1867, John Muir (1916) noted: "...I found that Schrankia vines growing along foot-paths leading to a backwoods schoolhouse were much less sensitive than those in the adjacent unfrequented woods, having learned to pay but slight attention to the tingling strokes they get from teasing scholars."


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|BMIMOSA: Albizia (TREE-), Desmanthus (PRAIRIE-), MimosaB|


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A coll. from MARS (MUR) was referred to "var. nervosa", and one from HICK (MUR) to forma albiflorus House. However, these taxa are not recognized in recent treatments.


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|BMINT: Blephilia (WOOD-), Mentha, Mosla (JAPANESE), Perilla (COW-), Pycnanthemum (MEADOW-)B|


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|BMinuartia cumberlandensis (B.E. Wofford & Kral) McNeillB|   	361


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Plants discovered by M. Medley and J. Thieret during 1984 along Rock Cr. in sw. MCRE (KNK) have not been refound, despite several attempts. However, A. Risk discovered a good stable population during 1994 close to the Big South Fork in n. MCRE (MDKY). This globally threatened species is known only from under sandstone cliffs of the Cumberland Plateau in n. Tenn. and se. Ky.


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|BMinuartia glabra (Michx.) Mattf.B|   	362


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|BMinuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw.B|   	365


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Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia [Arenaria] michauxii ("A. stricta")


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There is an old coll. of C.W. Short (PH) from "wet rocky places", presumed by M to come from near Hopkinsville (CHRI). There is also a sight record from POWE (M). This is a widespread, variable species, typical of base-rich outcrops in northern regions, extending south to Ark., Mo., Ohio, Va. and perhaps S.C. (F). While somewhat tenuous, its occurrence in Ky. was also accepted by F and FNA 5.


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|BMinuartia muscorum (Fassett) RabelerB|   	364 T


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Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia [Arenaria] muscorum (patula var. robusta)


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This has generally been treated as M. patula var. robusta (Steyermark) Maguire. It is known mostly from the Ozark region, where it is typical of "sandy openings of mesic upland forests; also open, disturbed areas" (Y). Disjunct eastern populations have been reported in Ga., Ala., Tenn. and Ky. (as reviewed by M and FNA 5). Typical muscorum differs from typical patula in its 3-veined sepals (versus 3-5); leaves mostly 1.5-3.2 mm wide (versus 0.5-1.5 mm); seeds black and muriculate-papillate (versus reddish-brown to black and tuberculate). R.K. Raebeler et al. (in FNA 5) indicated that occasional plants "from Ga., Ky. and Va. have glabrous sepals with only three strong veins, resembling those of muscorum; in other features, including the seeds, they are clearly referable to patula. The status of the plants with three-veined sepals remains ambiguous..." At least in Ky., such plants have no clear difference in distribution or life history (Baskin & Baskin 1982), and they are not mapped separately here (but see PL).


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|BMinuartia patula (Michx.) Mattf.B|   	363


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Caryophyllaceae: Minuartia [Arenaria] patula (var. p.)


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This occurs mostly on calcareous outcrops and roadsides in the Ozark region, Interior Low Plateaus and other calcareous regions in mid-western and southeastern states. See notes under muscorum.


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|BMirabilis albida (Walt.) HeimerlB|   	317


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This appears to be native along sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. in BALL (DHL).


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|BMirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.B|   	318


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|BMiscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Laut.B|   	3451 T


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See notes under sinensis, which has probably been confused..


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This invasive alien was first recorded in the 1930s by B. It is now abundant in some Appalachian regions, and locally elsewhere, especially in brushy old fields and roadsides. Some colls. (e.g. from JOHN at MDKY) may be transferred to the closely related floridulus, which has wider blades, longer rachises, and smaller spikelets (FNA 25). M. floridulus has not been widely reported as naturalized in North America, but all colls. should be rechecked. St found that it was overlooked in Mo.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-10,8 C 5.   |BABU B| +5*.


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|BMisopates orontium (L.) Raf.B|   	1681 R


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Misopates [Antirrhinum] orontium


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This was reported by Pennell (1935), but no coll. has been located. It is an ornamental that has rarely become naturalized in North America, except locally in the Pacific northwest (PL).


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|BMIST-FLOWER: Conoclinium (BLUE), Fleischmannia (PINK)B|


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|BModiola caroliniana (L.) G. DonB|   	588


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JC was lucky to be present during this coll. from MCRE (KNK), perhaps the last new species for Ky. discovered by our beloved, lately deceased John Thieret; at the first stop on a grand tour, he spotted it 10 feet from the car behind the Stearns restaurant.


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This alien creeping annual has become locally abundant on damp rich bare soil, especially in cropland and along riverbanks. The first records were about a century ago (Gr).


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda bradburiana ("russeliana")


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F and Cr indicated that M. russeliana Nutt. is the correct name for this species, but there has been some dissent. M. russeliana may be properly restricted to some relatively western plants within the Ozark region, which have been confused with M. virgata Raf. and may warrant some distinction. This question needs to be resolved.


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|BMonarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.B|   	1872


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda <Cheilyctis> citriodora


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This southwestern species is rarely adventive in eastern states.


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|BALI B| W.   |BHAB B| f-10? E? 5.   |BABU B| +4?.


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda clinopodia (fistulosa var. c.)


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Variation needs further study. Some populations in regions west of the Appalachians tend to have unspotted, pure white, relatively large corollas (versus greenish-white with spots), calyx teeth with more large stipitate glands, narrower leaves or shorter petioles, based on local observations and R. Simmers (pers. comm.). G noted a "stouter and more branched" form of clinopodia, with "a few large, stout, stipitate glands" on calyx lobes (versus just minutely stipitate glandular in Appalachian clinopodia). However, possible correlations among these characters have not been fully analyzed. Colls. (EKY, KY) from BELL, BUTL, GARR and HARL have exceptionally narrow leaves. There has probably been introgression with other species, especially fistulosa (and see "intermediate" records). Some other colls. may be hybrids with bradburiana (EDMO at GH), M. media (BELL & HARL at GH) or sp. nov. ("cf. russeliana" in MADI at GH, KY), but further study is needed. There has been considerable confusion in identifications.


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Most or all colls. may be from formerly cultivated plants or escapes. This species is native to cooler regions east and northeast of Ky., especially at higher elevation. Plants in Ky. appear to be the broad-leaved form that probably originates from northeastern regions (Scora 1967).


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|BMonarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosaB|   	1877


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda fistulosa var. f.


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Further examination of colls. is desirable for more reliable separation of varieties. This thinly pubescent to glabrate variety (with mostly spreading hairs) may be concentrated in Appalachian regions or nearby, whereas the much more densely pubescent var. mollis (with short appressed hairs) is widespread and generally more abundant (see also W).


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|BMonarda fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth.B|   	1878


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda fistulosa var. mollis


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Variation in fistulosa needs further research. Most colls. are clearly referrable to var. mollis. There appear to be occasional hybrids with clinopodia, and perhaps other species. Introgression may have resulted in distinct populations. However, there has been considerable confusion due to difficulties in using or understanding some published keys. The "beard" of hairs on the upper petal (lip) is often misinterpreted. In fistulosa this is always distinct at the summit, at least in bud. Other species can have a thin indistinct beard that is not much longer than other hairs on the lip.


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda cf. media {didyma x fistulosa/other species}


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This poorly understood taxon of scattered northern and Appalachian localities is considered to have originated from hybrids between (a) didyma and (b) fistulosa or clinopodia. It has also been confused with the apparent fistulosa-clinopodia intermediates (see below). Introgression of fistulosa into didyma can occur within a few decades of road-building through forests (Egler 1973). The few Ky. colls. of media are clustered in the Red River Gorge area (MENI, POWE, WOLF at KY, EKY), and could have horticultural origins, perhaps from didyma planted at old home sites then hybridizing with local fistulosa. Some anomalous colls. may be M. sp. nov. (cf. russeliana) x media (MADI at GH, MENI at NY) or clinopodia x media (BELL & HARL at GH). F combined media (with 3 colls. at GH) with fistulosa var. rubra Gray (with only 1 coll. at GH), which has been reported from Ky. by McClintock & Epling (1942), but with no known coll. However, var. rubra may be native only in the Southern Appalachians (Scora 1967, W); it has relatively narrow leaves and more hairy flowers, compared to media, and may have resulted from introgression with didyma.


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda <Cheilyctis> punctata


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There is only one known coll. of this species from the state, from sandy fields near the mouth of the Tennessee River, by R. Athey #1445 (EKY). McClintock & Epling (1942) also reported ssp. villicaulis Pennell, but no coll. has been located.


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|BMonarda russeliana: see M. bradburiana & Monarda sp.B|


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|BMonarda sp. nov. (aff. russeliana Nutt.)B|   	1879


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda sp. nov. ("russeliana"*, "virgata")


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This species may be known only from the Knobs region of Ky. (and perhaps nearby), where it appears to have diverged from clinopodia into relatively xeric woods. The names M. russeliana Nutt. or M. virgata Raf. have been applied to it by some authors, but they should probably be restricted to distinct plants in Ozarkian regions with purple-spotted corollas and leaves tapering from relatively broad, abruptly truncate bases (resembling bradburiana but usually narrower and more petiolate). A few colls. appear to be introgressed with clinopodia, including some provisionally named M. clinopodia ssp. praecox R.T. Simmers (ined.) from MADI and Brown Co., Ind. (GH); see also M. media.


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|BMonarda sp. nov. (clinopodia-fistulosa intermediates)B|   	1876


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda sp. nov. {clinopodia-fistulosa intermediates}


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These plants have been provisionally named M. serotina by R.T. Simmers (pers. comm). Based on initial revision (especially at GH, NCU & NY), they occur largely west of the Appalachians (Ala., Ky., Ill., Ind., Mo., Ohio, Tenn.), but are also scattered in the east (D.C., Del., Md., N.C., Pa., W.Va.). They appear intermediate between fistulosa and clinopodia, with probable hybrid origin and further introgression. In contrast to fistulosa, most colls. are from relatively mesic woods and edges on lowlands. Mid-cauline blades are usually (2) 2.5-4.5 (5.5) cm in breadth (versus 1-2 cm), widest about a third from the base (versus a quarter), relatively deep green, and on longer petioles (usually 2-3 cm versus 0.5-2 cm). Lower surfaces have scattered spreading hairs, longer (generally 1-2 mm versus <0.5 mm) and not as dense, compared to fistulosa var. mollis. Corollas are less uniformly, paler pink at tips to almost all white (versus more uniformly deep pink-purple), and usually less hairy; the apical beard of hairs on the upper petal (lip) is usually indistinct or absent; and the calyx orifice is usually less hairy. Flowering in Ky. and Tenn. occurs from early to mid-Jul; fistulosa has more varied dates, from late Jun to Aug, but with a peak in late Jul. D and St noted this broad-leaved form of fistulosa in more deeply wooded areas, but considered that it intergraded with the species. Compared to clinopodia, these plants are usually more robust and branched; leaves are generally hairier below and less bluish-green; calices tend to have less slender-stalked glands; corollas are usually pinkish, unspotted, glandular, and with relatively dense pubescence (versus white, often dark-spotted, largely glandless and glabrous).


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|BMonarda virgata: see Monarda sp. (aff. russeliana)B|


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|BMonolepis nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) GreeneB|   	414


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During recent decades, this western species of subalkaline clays has spread to disturbed areas as far east as Ind., Ohio and Ky. (FNA 4; NatureServe website; A. Cusick, pers. comm.). This species flowers and fruits relatively early for a chenopod, in Apr-May, and it has often been found on compacted soils in fairgrounds and similar sites, before mowing for the annual summer events. The only Ky. record so far is a coll. from a muddy horse show ring at the fairgrounds of OLDH: A. Cusick #36043, 2002 Apr16 (Miami University).


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This is widespread in moist temperate or montane regions across the Northern Hemisphere, except in Europe. An initial molecular investigation has indicated that segregates may well be warranted (Neyland & Hennigan 2004).


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|BMonotropsis odorata Schwein. ex Ell.B|   	1454


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In Ky., this largely Southern Appalachian species is known only from a few sites on dry sandstone ridges and slopes in pine-oak woods. It has occasionally been located due to its powerful sweet aroma, from flowering as early as late January (D. Dourson and A. Risk, pers. comm.).


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This northern Chinese species (traditionally cultivated for silkworms) is sometimes confused with rubra, but it can be distinguished based on leaves alone (FNA 3). In alba, lower leaf surfaces have hairs confined to the midvein, major laterals and axils between them (versus widely scattered in rubra); upper surfaces are glossy and glabrous or sparsely hairy (versus dull and appressed-hairy or scabrous). Leaf blades are usually smaller (ca. 8-10 x 3-6 cm versus 10-18 x 8-12 cm). Fresh female catkins are shorter (ca. 5-8 mm versus 8-12 mm). Fruits are usually ca. 1.5-2 cm long, dark or pale reddish or whitish, and somewhat insipid (versus 2.5-4 cm, deep purple-black, and more deeply flavored).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-7,4 D 3.   |BABU B| +6*.


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This Southwest Asian species has been cultivated for its fruit since antiquity, in various polyploid races. In Ky. it occurs at scattered sites, usually in old gardens, but it does not seem to be truly naturalized. There is a coll. from LEWI (NCU) that may come from a self-seeded tree. M. nigra differs from alba and rubra (Whittemore 2006) in its styles, which are relatively long (ca. 3-5 mm versus 1-2 mm) and densely covered with white hairs (versus glabrous or nearly so); fruits are purple-black to black (versus purple, red, pink or white), short-cylindric, 1.4-2.2 cm long (versus cylindric to subspherical, 0.6-1.9 cm); leaves are reniform-triangular to suborbicular (versus ovate to triangular-ovate), usually cordate (versus round-based to slightly cordate), usually unlobed (versus lobed at least on young shoots). Its leaf pubescence is generally intermediate between alba and rubra: lower surfaces have hairs along midveins, laterals and often minor veins; upper surfaces are deep green and often more or less scabrous.


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This is widespread in central and eastern North America but, remarkably, it is rarely abundant. Gr noted: "moderately common in Kentucky, but generally occurs singly or a few in a place, never constituting any large proportion of the woody growth." Although it often grows into subcanopies of old field thickets and woodland pastures, browsing appears to limit it, and trees usually die at relatively small size due to diseased bark; see also Burns & Honkala (1990). In Ontario, and perhaps other areas where rubra is rare, there has been some hybridization with M. alba, with locally invasive introgression (Burgess & Husband 2006; R. Naczi, pers. comm.). M. alba and hybrids with alba mothers were consistently more vigorous in experimental studies, in sun and shade, compared to hybrids with rubra mothers and to M. rubra.


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|BMosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim.B|   	1924


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mosla [Orthodon] dianthera


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The first records of this East Asian species in North America were from southeastern Ky. in the 1940s. It has now spread through several sections of the southern Appalachian regions and adjacent hills, especially on or near the Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn. and nw. Ga.


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|BMuhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) ParodiB|   	3338 W


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia <Podosemum+> asperifolia


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This western species was been collected in the 1990s from BOON (MICH, KNK) in the median of Interstate-75 (A.A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). It has now disappeared due to construction (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia bushii (brachyphylla)


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There has been some confusion with plants named commutata. The only colls. that clearly match typical bushii may be from BALL (MUR).


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|BMuhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin.B|   	3335


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia <Podosemum+> capillaris (var. c.)


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This southeastern species is widely scattered but rare in Ky., and seems restricted to better remnants of native grassland on relatively dry, infertile soils (though sometimes perched on cherty substrates above limestone outcrops). Before B rediscovered it in the 1930s, capillaris was known only from a coll. of C.W. Short in 1835 from the "barrens" (at KY before fire; see Anderson 1924).


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|BMuhlenbergia commutata (Scribn.) BushB|   	3330


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia commutata (frondosa f. commutata)


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This taxon appears intermediate between frondosa and bushii, suggesting potential origin from hybrids.


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|BMuhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr. ex Hook.) Rydb.B|   	3334


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This upper mid-western species has disjunct eastern populations on limestone clifftops in s. Ohio, c. Ky., c. Tenn., and w. Va. (FNA 25). The record from Panther Rock in ANDE (Bryant 1973) needs to be verified.


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|BMuhlenbergia expansa (Poir.) Trin.B|   	3336 R


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia <Podosemum+> expansa (capillaris var. trichopodes)


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There is a coll. of C.W. Short (PH) from "summit of acid knob in barrens near Mammoth Cave" ca. 1840 that was initially labeled Agrostis trichopodes Ell., then annotated M. capillaris. FNA 25 seems to have mapped this coll. as M. expansa in EDMO, but the record remains dubious. M. expansa is virtually unknown outside of the Coastal Plain from se. Texas to e. N.C. Moreover, capillaris does occasionally lack well-developed awns on lemmas, then resembling expansa; these species can easily be confused, especially in immature specimens. [But see also Gymnopogon brevifolius (versus G. ambiguus), for a confirmed disjunction of similar nature.]


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|BMuhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern.B|   	3329


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia frondosa ("mexicana")


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This rather uncommon species is centered in the central Mississippi Valley, typically on heavy clay soils in somewhat hydric flatwoods or associated openings. There are disjunct sites in e. Tenn., se. Ohio (Gardner et al. 2004), and elsewhere. It can be confused with frondosa, and some records should be rechecked. According to FNA 25, the specific epithet should be "glabrifloris", but this spelling may be considered an orthographic variant, and "glabriflora" is used by F, Cr, J, W and others.


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|BMuhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.B|   	3324 R


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This northern species probably occurs in Ky., but documentation is inadequate, and there has been confusion in nomenclature with M. frondosa. FNA 25 maps it close to the northern borders of the state. There is a coll. of C.W. Short (KY) with two labels; (1) "alluvium of the Ohio", Ky. 1840; (2) "rocky woods... map" (initially determined as Agrostis lateriflorus). Also, plants that may be this species have been recently found along wooded streamheads in LAUR (JC for KY), but flowering has not yet been observed.


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|BMuhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P.B|   	3333 R


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This was mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock (1935) but not Hitchcock & Chase (1950) or FNA 25. A vegetative coll. from a cliff near a railroad in LEE (JC for KY) is tentatively identified as racemosa. It is a widespread species to the north and west of Ky., and is occasionally adventive in northeastern states.


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|BMuhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel.B|   	3332


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This widespread eastern species is most common on moist fertile soils in partial shade, generally with regular disturbance such as along trails. After settlement, schreberi has prospered locally in woodland pastures and lawns. The local mid-western plant known as M. X curtisetosa (Scribn.) Bush is also expected in Ky., since it is known from s. Ill. and s. Ohio (FNA 25). It may be derived from hybrids of schreberi and frondosa.


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|BMuhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin.B|   	3327


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This species of east-central states (especially common in Mo.) is sometimes confused with tenuiflora; see notes under that name.


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|BMuhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. ex GrayB|   	3325


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This is widespread in most eastern regions (except the se. Coastal Plain), but it a rather conservative associate of mesic and riparian woods on medium-acid soils.


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|BMuhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P.B|   	3326


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This species of east-central states (especially frequent in Appalachian regions) can be confused in name with M. tenuifolia (Kunth) Trin., which is a western species; note the erroneous map (switched from tenuifolia) in FNA 25. M. tenuiflora is most similar to sobolifera, and there may be intermediates (e.g. the coll. from HEND at EKY).  In general, tenuifolia is restricted to acid sandy soils; sobolifera is most abundant on calcareous soils but also occurs on moderately base-rich inclusions within non-calcareous landscapes. Some possible intermediates in southern Appalachian regions have been named var. variabilis (Scribn.) R.W. Pohl; these have sheaths and stems virtually glabrous, and lemmas awns only 0-4 mm long (Cr, J).


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|BMuhlenbergia torreyana (J.A. Schultes) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3337 R


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Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia <Podosemum+> torreyana


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This was reported from Ky. by Hitchcock (1950) but no coll. has been found. It is a globally endangered species known only from scattered localities on the central Atlantic coastal plain (New York to North Carolina), plus single records in Georgia, Tenn. and perhaps Ky. It should be looked for in damp grassy woodland remnants on the Cumberland Plateau or nearby.


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|BMurdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-Maz.B|   	2831


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|BMuscari botryoides (L.) P. Mill.B|   	2729


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Some records may come from persistent plantings rather than truly naturalized populations. However, this species seems to be the most widespread of the cultivated hyacinths that are found in the wild.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| r-10 D 3.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BMuscari comosum (L.) P. Mill.B|   	2731 C


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There is a coll. from TRIG (APSU), but it is not clear if this was persistent from an old planting or not.


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|BMuscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.B|   	2730 C


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Hyacinthaceae [Liliaceae]: Muscari neglectum (racemosum)


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There are colls. from JEFF, LINC, LYON and PULA, but most or all localities were close to residential areas or old home sites.


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|BMUSTARD: Alliaria (GARLIC), Brassica, Conringia (HARE'S EAR), Descurainia (TANSY-), Erucastrum (DOG-), Erysimum (TREACLE-), Sisymbrium (HEDGE-)B|


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Boraginaceae: Myosotis arvensis (scorpiodes var. a.)


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This alien is widespread across northern regions of North America, but in Ky. there only a few records. Several unverified reports are not mapped (M); there has been confusion witht the native macrosperma.


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This is a widespread northern (circumboreal) species that extends south along the higher Appalachian Mts. In Ky. the only record is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY): S. Ison 89, 10 Oct 1973, Triplett Creek bed sandbar, sunny wet, probably rich soil.


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Boraginaceae: Myosotis macrosperma (verna var. m.)


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This widespread eastern species is sometimes confused with verna, but it differs in several characters and its woodland habitat. There is no evidence of intergradation (Y).


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Boraginaceae: Myosotis scorpioides (var. s.)


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This perennial "forget-me-not" is sometimes cultivated, and occasionally persists or escapes.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 9,1 ::? C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BMyosotis stricta Link ex Roemer & J.A. SchultesB|   	1542


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Within North America, this weedy alien occurs mostly in northern regions.


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This weedy native is widespread across North America.


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|BMyosoton aquaticum (L.) MoenchB|   	346


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 9,2 E? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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This small somewhat weedy species is widely distributed across most temperate regions of the planet, but probably originated in western North America, where the genus is most diverse. It is possible that M. minimus has spread west after settlement (W). However, C.W. Short made collections from CHRI in 1818, which became named M. shortii Raf. in 1819 (M; Short et al. 1833).


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|BMyriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.B|   	475 C


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This subtropical species is much used in aquaria and occasionally escapes, with only female plants known in North America. It has been collected from the wild in CASE (EKY), RUSS and TRIG (KNK), but is probably not truly naturalized.


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This can be confused with Proserpinaca pectinata.


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|BMyriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) B.S.P.B|   	474


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There are only two or three records of this southeastern aquatic species (F,M), but it may be easily overlooked; localities need to be checked.


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Haloragaceae: Myriophyllum spicatum (var, s.)


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This European species has been widely established on purpose and has often escaped, becoming a locally abundant weed. There has been nomenclatural confusion with the closely related M. sibiricum Komarov. (= M. exalbescens Fern.), which is native across northern and western North America, but unknown in Ky. and most southeastern states (Cr, W).


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|BNajas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & SchmidtB|   	2616 R


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This northern species has been reported by Gunn (1968), Kellerman (1959) and others, but its presence is not confirmed. Colls. of guadalupensis at DHL were misidentified as flexilis by E. Beal.


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|BNajas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelm.) MagnusB|   	2614


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Some records may need rechecking for minor, which has been confused.


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|BNajas guadalupensis (Spreng.) MagnusB|   	2615


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A coll. from ROWA (KNK) was initially reported as N. marina L. (Cranfill & Thieret 1981).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 2 ~~ D 6.   |BABU B| +5*.


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This was reported from "a single station on the bank of Gun Powder Creek" in BOON by Nelson (1919). Although no coll. has been located, this record is reasonably reliable considering that thismid-western species is known nearby at several sites in sw. Ohio.


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Amaryllidaceae <Narcisseae> [Liliaceae]: Narcissus poeticus


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In some cases, it is not possible to infer whether colls. are from truly naturalized plants. The colls. mapped as open dots in HENR (KY) and MASO (BEREA) are the hybrid with N. tazetta L. (= X medioluteus P. Mill., N. biflorus M.A. Curtis); they are probably from cultivated plants. The hybrid with pseudonarcissus (= X incomparibilis P. Mill.) has also been reported to persist in JEFF (M; FNA 26).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 D 3.   |BABU B| +5.


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Amaryllidaceae <Narcisseae> [Liliaceae]: Narcissus pseudonarcissus


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In some cases it is not clear if colls. are from truly naturalized plants, as opposed to persistent plantings. Although this species can increase locally, there is no evidence of long-distance dispersal.


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|BNasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex Reichenbach.B|   	714 R


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Nasturtium (Rorippa) microphyllum (officinale var. m.)


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This is a distinct allotetraploid (2n = 64) species, closely related to typical officinale, but sometimes treated as a variety (e.g. F). It has been reported from Ky. by Rollins (1993), but colls. have not been located. It is scattered in cooler regions of eastern states (F, Cr, W; Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Compared to officinale (2n = 32), microphylla has narrower siliques (1-1.5 mm versus 1.8-3 mm), with seeds in one row (versus two); seeds have more polygonal depressions on each side (ca. 75-175 versus 25-60); flowers are slightly larger (petals ca. 6 mm versus 4 mm).


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Nasturtium (Rorippa) officinale (R. nasturtium-aquaticum)


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Although this species has often been treated in Rorippa, it is much closer to Cardamine (as reviewed in Y). N. officinale is a highly nutritious survival-food ("watercress") that was probably introduced by pioneers. Short (1837) provided the first clear record. It has prospered in calcareous springs, and is avoided somewhat by livestock. Plants are much more widespread in calcareous regions than records suggest. As a hungry student, JC collected it for food much more than for the herbarium. Its perennial decumbent rooting stems should initially be called stolons (Rollins 1993), but they tend to become covered with sediment, then perhaps rhizomatous with age (Y).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| g-9,1 ~ E 5.   |BABU B| +6.


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The plants in JEFF, JESS and perhaps elsewhere may result from artificial introductions. N. nucifera Gaertn. (the "sacred Indian lotus") is also cultivated occasionally, and might persist or escape in ponds (J).


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|BNemophila aphylla (L.) BrummittB|   	1517


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Hydrophyllaceae: Nemophila aphylla (microcalyx, triloba)


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This southeastern species of damp fertile lowland woods is easily overlooked and may be more widespread in small remnants of habitat than records suggest. It is scattered across much of c. Tenn. (Ch).


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|BNeobeckia lacustris (Gray) GreeneB|   	716


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Neobeckia [Rorippa; Armoracia*] aquatica (A. lacustris)


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The generic placement remains controversial (Y). Rhizomes are lacking but stems often become decumbent, buried and rooted. Also, this heterophyllous subaquatic species "is remarkable for its capacity to regenerate plants from tiny fragments of leaves, stems, and roots... [submersed] dissected leaves are usually detached in nature during late summer and fall" (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Although widely scattered across eastern North America, it concentrated in the mid-west (Ark., Mo., Ill., Ind., Ohio, Mich., N.Y.), and even there it is listed as rare or imperiled by Heritage Programs (NatureServe website). Plants in BOON (Nelson 1919) and KENT (PH; see also B) cannot be relocated.


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This popular feline herb ("catnip") was not reported until 1893 by Pr, and it was omitted by Gr in 1914. It has become widely associated with base-rich dusty ground under eaves and under cliffs, or similar habitats.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| h-8,10 :: E 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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This was discovered in WAYN (EKY) by G. Libby & T. Bloom in 1995 (Libby & Bloom 1998): above Beaver Creek upslope from outcrop at S end of spine of Cooper Point (Parnell Quad.)


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|BNETTLE: Boehmeria (FALSE-), Laportea (WOOD-), Urtica (STINGING)B|


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|BNEW YORK FERN: Thelypteris noveboracensisB|


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|BNicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.B|   	1925


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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This common "tobacco" has been occasionally collected for herbaria, but it is not truly naturalized. It became widely cultivated after settlement. N. rustica L. ("Aztec Tobacco") was reported by Webb & Funkhauser (1936) from excavations of native american sites in MENI; that species originated in Peru.


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|BNothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt.B|   	2724


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Nymphaeaceae: Nuphar <Astylus> advena (luteum ssp. macrophyllum)


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N. variegatum Dur. (also known as a var. or ssp. of advena or luteum) has been reported but apparently in error (M). That species has a much more northern range, overlapping little with advena, but there may be introgression in mid-Atlantic states (FNA 3; Padgett 2007). N. advena can have occasional reddish coloration of flower and fruit parts (especially in western populations), but variegatum has distinct dark red or purplish fruits.


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|BNuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. SuttonB|   	1704 R


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Nuttallanthus [Linaria] canadensis (var. c.)


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There are no confirmed colls. of typical canadensis, but there are reports from PIKE (F. Levy, pers. comm.; check NCU), and MADI (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; check BEREA); see also BA. N. canadensis differs from the more southern texanus in its smaller flowers: 8-13 mm long (versus 14-22 mm), from tip of spur to tip of upper lip, with the spur 5-9 mm long (versus 2-6 mm). Also, seeds are longitudinallly ridged (versus densely tuberculate).


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|BNuttallanthus texanus (Scheele) D.A. SuttonB|   	1703


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Nuttallanthus [Linaria] texanus (canadensis var. t.)


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There is also a record of the hybrid with mexicana (X thiona) from GRAN (KNK).


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|BNymphoides peltata (Gmel.) KuntzeB|   	2130


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This alien is known from only one coll., in the lake at Bernheim Forest (BULL; MM for WKY). It has also been collected in Montgomery and Stewart Cos., Tenn., close to TRIG. It is sold for water gardens, and may be increasing in southeastern states (W).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 2 ~~ C? 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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Nyssaceae [Cornaceae]: Nyssa aquatica (uniflora)


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This southeastern species is known only from sloughs near larger rivers in or near the Mississippian Embayment. Gr's reports from the Mississippian Plateau in TODD and WARR are dubious; however, the species is known from disjunct in south-central Tenn. (Ch).


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Nyssaceae [Cornaceae]: Nyssa biflora (sylvatica var. b.)


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This southeastern tree is sometimes treated as a variety of sylvatica. It is verified in adjacent w. Tenn. (Ch) and se. Mo. (Y), but there are only a few scattered records from Ky. (M; Clark et al. 2005), mostly with uncertain identification. A fruiting coll. from ROCK (KY; see also Wharton 1945) may be typical biflora, but even this has been doubted (Burckhalter 1992). It is possible there is intergradation with typical sylvatica. N. biflora differs (F, Cr, W) in its fruiting peduncles usually 1-3 cm long (versus 3-5 cm), with 2 flowers (versus 3-5). Leaves are relatively thick and stiff, usually oblanceolate (versus obovate), with obtuse apex (versus acuminate), usually entire (versus often with a few distal teeth). The trunk is swollen or buttressed at base (not in sylvatica); and older bark has vertical furrows (versus vertical and horizontal). Identification is often difficult or impossible with leaves alone.


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Nyssaceae [Cornaceae]: Nyssa sylvatica (var. s.)


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Although this tree may have been native in all counties, it is much less frequent on the most fertile base-rich soils. It was virtually absent in the original woods of the central Bluegrass region (Campbell 1989). Variation needs further study. Some narrow-leaved colls. from CALL may be referred to var. caroliniana (Poir) Fern., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments. See also notes under biflora.


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|BOAT GRASS: Arrhenatherum (TALL), DanthoniaB|


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|BOclemena acuminata (Michx.) GreeneB|   	2403


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Oclemena [Aster] acuminata


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> biennis (var. b., pycnocarpa)


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This widespread tall native annual weed appears to have originated from hybrids of villosa and nutans (Dietrich et al. 1997). There are two cytological types, with reversal of maternal and paternal origins, but attempts to distinguish these phenotypically (e.g. as ssp. centralis Munz and ssp. caeciarum Munz) have not been successful.


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|BOenothera clelandii W. Dietr., Raven & W.L. WagnerB|   	549


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Raimannia> clelandii ("rhombipetala")


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The few colls. of this northern species need to be rechecked (Davies 1955, Dietrich & Wagner 1988, Campbell et al. 1992). It occurs in prairies and fields on sandy soil, mostly in the upper mid-west, with disjunct occurrences east to New Jersey and eastern New York.


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> fraseri (fruticosa ssp. glauca*; vars,/ssp. in tetragona)


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This is a largely Appalachian taxon that appears to deserve species status. There has been much confusion with typical tetragona and fruticosa, partly due to complex nomenclature and conflicting treatments; see notes under those species. O. fraseri and allies in the tetragona group may all be tetraploids (2n = 28), while the fruticosa group is often hexaploid or octoploid (Cr).


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> fruticosa (ssp. f.*, ?tetragona var. brevistipata)


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There has been much confusion with plants known as tetragona, partly due to complex nomenclature that remains somewhat unresolved; see also fraseri. Typically the "fruticosa group" differs from the "tetragona group" (including fraseri) in their capsules, dense with mostly nonglandular hairs (versus sparse glandular hairs); also, leaves are densely pubescent (versus glabrous or sparsely pubescent). Capsules are typically clavate, widest above the middle, with a ca. 3-10 mm stipe (versus oblong, widest near the middle, with stipe less than 3 mm). However, there are various intermediate conditions and mixtures of characters (as in perennis). Plants known as O. tetragona var. brevistipata (Pennell) Munz may be transitional from fruticosa to tetragona, with capsules that have a mixture of glandular and non-glandular hairs, and shorter stipes. These have been reported from Ky. (Munz 1965, W), but colls. are unknown.


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|BOenothera grandiflora L'Hér. ex Ait.B|   	540 C


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> grandiflora (biennis var. g.)


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There is a collection of C.W. Short (PH) labeled "Lexington", and there are reports from northern and western Ky. (Linney 1882, Pr; check MO). These records were probably not from native plants in Ky., and may have been cultivated. O. grandiflora is native to southeastern states (mostly Miss., Ala., Fl., S.C. & N.C.), but became cultivated in Europe and then more widely dispersed. It may be the progenitor of nutans (Dietrich et al. 1997).


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Although widely scattered, this weedy annual may be concentrated on sandy soils, including some river bottoms (e.g. Gr). It is generally absent on rich calcareous soils.


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This is a distinct diploid of seasonally dry sandy soils in southeastern states. It is generally uncommon east of the Mississippi, where adventive status is suspected in some areas (W). In Ky. the species appear to be relative conservative and associated with remnants of xeric or xerohydric grassy openings.


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|BOenothera nutans Atkinson & BartlettB|   	541


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> nutans (biennis* var. austromontana)


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This large-flowered, relatively glabrous species is widespread in northeastern regions and the southern Appalachians above 800 m; also scattered west to Ky., Ind. and Mo. (Dietrich et al. 1997, W). Colls. have been reported from HARL (Univ. of Colorado), MADI (Univ. of Kansas), MENI (B, check US), and perhaps CALL (Dietrich et al. 1997). Further study of colls. filed under biennis and parviflora is needed.


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> parviflora (var. p., laevigata)


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This weedy northern species extends south to N.C. in the Blue Ridge, and there are scattered records from the Ohio Valley, especially Ind. It is likely that parviflora originated from hybridization of nutans with another species. O. oakesiana (Gray) J.W. Robbins ex S. Wats. & Coult. is a less widespread northern species probably derived from hybridization of parviflora with biennis (Dietrich et al. 1997). There are colls. from ADAI (EKY), FAYE (Univ. of Ind.), HICK (Montreal Bot. Gard.) and perhaps elsewhere. B's coll. of oakesiana from HARL (US) is tentatively included here, since Munz (1937) redetermined it as O. laevigata Bartlett, a synonym of parviflora.


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> perennis (pumila)


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This is a relatively northern species that appears close to the more southern O. fruticosa, but differs in its persistent overwintering basal rosettes; its greatly reduced upper leaves; its stipitate-glandular inflorescence (versus appressed-pubescent), which is often nodding; and its usually smaller flowers with petals ca. 5-10 mm long (versus 15-20 mm). Compared to fruticosa, perennis is much less common in Ky., being restricted to distinctly damper sites, including hydroxeric soils that dry out in summer. However, the mapping here is provisional; a few colls. should perhaps be transferred to tetragona, including those from Appalachian riverbanks. Plants in western regions generally match perennis but some (e.g. from MARS) have relatively erect (not nodding) inflorescences with larger flowers, suggesting a transition to tetragona. Although the species is reportedly just diploid (2n = 14), it is a "complex heterozygote" (Cr).


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> pilosella (fruticosa var. hirsuta)


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This midwestern species may be somewhat adventive in southeastern states; it is an octoploid segregate of the fruticosa group.


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|BOenothera rhombipetala: see O. clelandiiB|


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This western species may not be native, but it is often cultivated as an attractive wildflower. Some records may come from plantings, but it has become locally naturalized. The earliest record is from Gr in 1914: "sometimes seen growing abundantly in pastures. Local and not common, taking the State as a whole. Native."


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|BOenothera tetragona Roth var. sharpii MunzB|   	553 T


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> tetragona var. sharpii


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This taxon was described from Ky., Tenn. and Alabama. It may be somewhat intermediate between tetragona and fruticosa, with a mixture of glandular and non-glandular hairs on the capsule; but flowers are relatively small, and leaves are less elongated, and distinctly velutinous (W). It was reported from EDMO, FLEM and HARD by Munz (1965), but colls. have not yet been located and reviewed.


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|BOenothera tetragona Roth var. tetragonaB|   	552 T


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> tetragona var. t. (ambigua, ?longistipata)


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Deeper revision is needed (W). Typical tetragona is a taxon of dry or damp woods and edges in northeastern states. It is close to O. fraseri but with flowers usually smaller (petals 12-25 mm long, versus 20-35 mm), and leaves narrower (ca. 5-10 mm wide, versus 10-30 mm). There is probably some intergradation between tetragona and fraseri, but in Ky. most or all material that has been named tetragona appears closer to fraseri. B's (1943) records of tetragona are provisionally grouped here with fraseri; those of Munz (1937, 1965) need also to be reexamined. Plants known as var. longistipata (Pennell) Munz may appear transitional to fruticosa (F), and are combined in some recent treatments (K); some plants from Appalachian riverbanks can key to this taxon. There is an obscure 1836 coll. of what seems to be tetragona by C.W. Short (GH), apparently sent from Ky., with a note: "Oenothera fraseri/fruticosa? I am most perplexed by this genus. Have you any well-determined species in Florida?"


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Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> villosa (canovirens, biennis* var. canescens)


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This largely mid-western species is often confused with the largely eastern O. biennis, and further analysis is needed. Colls. from CALL, DAVI, GRAV and HICK (MUR, SIU) have been referred to O. strigosa (Rydb.) MacKenzie & Bush, which has been treated as a more western subspecies of villosa, but these determinations appear to be erroneous (Dietrich et al. 1997).


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|BOldenlandia boscii (DC.) ChapmanB|   	1550


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|BOligoneuron album (Nutt.) NesomB|   	2339 R


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Oligoneuron [Solidago] album (S. ptarmicoides)


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This was reported by Meijer (1972b) and Bryant (1972) but with no known vouchers. It is a northern prairie species with a few disjunct southeastern records.


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|BOligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. glabratum (E.L. Braun) NesomB|   	2338


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Oligoneuron [Solidago] rigidum var. glabratum (S. jacksonii)


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This appears to be more common in Ky. than the more northern var. rigidum, but distributions overlap considerably. The taxon has been treated as relatively distinct by some authers, even as a subspecies (FNA 20) or a species (F).


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|BOligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. rigidumB|   	2337


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Oligoneuron [Solidago] rigidum var. r.


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Distinction from the less hairy var. glabratum needs checking in some cases; there are probably some intermediates (FNA 20). Var. rigidum may be less restricted to rocky glades (Y).


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This infamous weed (the "Scotch thistle") is a widespread problem in more northern regions, but it does not extend south of the central Ohio Valley and central Appalachian regions (FNA 19, W). In Ky. it was first reported in 1914, when Gr noted: "at the edges of cities this striking thistle has become established in dense patches on waste ground and along railroads." However, it has remained generally uncommon and largely restricted to northern counties.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 E 6?.   |BABU B| +4<.


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Boraginaceae: Onosmodium hispidissimum (molle ssp. h.)


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This largely mid-western species has become rare in Ky. and elsewhere (Y) within the past few decades, surviving in rocky calcareous old fields and rough pastures with little fescue or other improvement. Most records date from before 1970 and come from the Bluegrass Region. Some suggest association with large trails or licks used by bison or other large herbivores before settlement. Most colls. are referable to var. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cronquist; 2n = 24. A few colls. from LOGA, TODD (WKY) and perhaps elsewhere are more or less transitional to typical O. molle; see notes under that name. Further research across North America is also needed to distinguish records of the western species, O. occidentale (see below), and the southeastern species, O. virginianum (L.) DC. (? = O. carolinianum DC. of Pr). The latter has been reported from the state but probably in error (M).


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|BOnosmodium hispidissimum: see O. molleB|


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Boraginaceae: Onosmodium molle (ssp. m.)


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See notes under hispidissimum, which seems to intergrade with molle in LOGA and perhaps elsewhere. The status and distribution of true molle (as a var., ssp. or species) remains uncertain, given the varied treatments and identifcations (e.g. Baskin et al. 1983, Turner 1995a). Typical molle may be virtually restricted to c. Tenn., where is it locally common in the cedar glades and nearby farmland. The only other verified records may be from one locality in s. Ill. and one in n. Ala.


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Boraginaceae: Onosmodium occidentale (molle ssp. o.)


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This member of the molle complex may be relatively distinct, based on morphology and chromosome number (2n = 28); see Y and his citations. It is centered in the Great Plains.


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Ophioglossaceae: Ophioglossum pusillum (vulgatum var. pseudopodum)


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This northern species is known from Ind., Ohio and Va., but it is not verified in Ky. (FNA 2, W). There is a coll. from FLEM (KY) that has been determined by H. Wagner, but its distinction from pycnostichum is not clear. In pusillum, sterile blades are elliptic (versus ovate, broadest below middle), pale dull green (versus dark shiny green, with firmer texture); basal frond sheaths are membranaceous and ephemeral (versus leathery and tending to persist); spores are 50-60 microns wide (versus 35-45 microns).


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|BOphioglossum pycnostichum (Fern.) A.& D. LöveB|   	32


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Ophioglossaceae: Ophioglossum pycnostichum (vulgatum* var. p.)


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|BOpuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. ?B|   	328


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Cactaceae [Portulacaceae]: Opuntia cf. humifusa (compressa)


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Revision by L. Majure (Univ. of Florida) and others is pending (D. Estes, pers. comm.). The common plants of calcareous soils in eastern states appear to need a new name. Typical humifusa occurs mostly on sandy soils, especially in coastal states, and there are several other relatives or segregates in southern states (Sm, W, FNA 4). The plants of calcareous soils differ in their reddish flower centers (versus all yellow), and the rusty-brown (versus tawny-brown) color of the small bristles on pads (known as glochids). Typical humifusa is known from w. Tenn. and may also be expected in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). O. tortispina Engelm. & Bigelow was reported by F, but probably in error; no coll. has been located. O. tortispina is a variable western species with probable hybrid origin, and it has been confused with the more widespread western species, O. macrorhiza Engelm. (Cr), or otherwise misinterpreted (FNA 4).


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|BOrbexilum onobrychis (Nutt.) Rydb.B|   	1205


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Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Orbexilum [Psoralea] onobrychis


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|BOrbexilum pedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. var. pedunculatumB|   	1207


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Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Orbexilum [Psoralea] pedunculatum var. p. (P. psoralioides var. eglandulosa)


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|BOrbexilum pedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. var. psoralioides (Walt.) IselyB|   	1208


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Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Orbexilum [Psoralea] pedunculatum var. psoralioides


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This southeastern variety is somewhat distinct, with a more glandular inflorescence. Further search is needed in the field and herbarium. It is known only from sandy river banks and uplands of MCRE (KY) and WHIT (MM/JC).


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|BOrbexilum stipulatum (Torr. & Gray) Rydb.B|   	1206


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Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Orbexilum [Psoralea] stipulatum


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This species is considered globally extinct. It was known only from Rock Island at the Falls of the Ohio (Baskin & Isely & Baskin 1986). Rock Island was largely destroyed in the early 20th Century, in connection with lock-and-dam construction and other changes to the environment. However, further searching is warranted along banks of the river and nearby tributaries with native grassland, e.g., up the Salt River to the Cedar Grove area in BULL.


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In 1914 Gr noted: "Common in old lawns about dwellings...It seems to have been much planted in former times as an ornamental and still clings to old premises when not wanted."


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|BOrobanche ludoviciana: see O. ripariaB|


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In North America, this Eurasian parasite was first reported during 1840-1890 from Ky. (Gr). The only other records are from California and Texas (Musselman 1985). It became most problematic on hemp, but also occurs on tobacco and occasionally other plants (especially Brassicaceae and Solanaceae). It has apparently declined in Ky. since the end of the hemp industry, but survives locally on tobacco grown for seed, e.g., on the farm of J. Van Shipp in WOOD.


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|BOrobanche riparia [L.T. Collins, in prep.]B|   	1751


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Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae]: Orobanche riparia ("ludoviciana")


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Although initially identified as the more western O. ludoviciana Nutt., this species was distinguished by L.T. Collins (1973, Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin; FNA treatment in prep.). It has distinctly acute calyx lobes, and is found on lowlands along the lower Ohio River, usually growing on roots of Ambrosia trifida. An old coll. from DAVI (Ky.-Agr.) appears to be this species: Geo. M. Taylor, 1 Oct 1902, [at] Maceo, [growing] on tobacco.. B's report of ludoviciana from PEND must also belong here; her coll. needs to be checked (probably at US).


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Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae]: Orobanche <Thalesia> uniflora


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Although widespread in eastern North America, within Ky. this species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions.


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|BOrthilla secunda (L.) HouseB|   	1450 R


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Pyrolaceae [Ericaceae]: Orthilla [Pyrola] secunda


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There is a coll. named thi from LAWR (NY): J.H. Christ #9782, 8 Sep 1938, Blaine, on Trail Creek divide, east of Ketchum, under spruces. This curious record needs to be checked; the note "under spruces" suggests a labelling error or cultivated status. O. secunda is a northern circumboreal species that is known south to N.J., Md. and Ind.


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|BOsmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. ClarkeB|   	2017


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Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Osmorhiza claytonii


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|BOsmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.B|   	2018


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Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Osmorhiza longistylis


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|BOsmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) GrayB|   	37


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Osmundaceae: Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis


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|BOsmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C. PreslB|   	39


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Recent research has supported this generic assignment (as reviewed by W)..


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|BOstrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. KochB|   	1351


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Compared to Carpinus, leaves differ in their downy lower surfaces (versus glabrous); and they are usually more coarsely serrate, with less distinction between large and small teeth (as in the clearly double-serrate Carpinus). Var. lasia Fern., with densely villous branchlets, has been distinguished on the Coastal Plain, but is not recognized in recent treatments (F).


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Oxalidaceae: Oxalis corniculata (ssp. c.)


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This alien was recorded early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). In 1914 Gr noted: "A common weed of no great consequence..." Although widespread in the state, it is largely restricted to horticultural or residential settings, and there are rather few collections.


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Oxalidaceae: Oxalis dillenii (ssp. d., florida, "stricta")


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There has been much confusion between this supposedly Eurasian species and the supposedly native stricta; some colls. still deserve closer study.


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Oxalidaceae: Oxalis filipes (dillenii ssp. f., prostrata)


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This southern taxon may have been overlooked in Ky. (M). Further search through material filed under dillenii is desirable.


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Some western records need to be rechecked for possible transitions to illinoensis, which is mixed with grandis in s. Ind. (Heikens 2003) and c. Ky. (e.g. the colls. from BREC at KY).


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This recently described species is known only from s. Ill., s. Ind., w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (Schwegman 1982; Heikens 2003; D. Estes & G. Nesom, pers. comm.). In Ky. only a few colls. have been referred to this species, but there has not yet been a thorough revison of Oxalis colls. There may be a little intergradation with grandis, but illinoensis usually differs in its single, terminal, fleshy fusiform tubers connected by relatively slender rhizomes (versus more continuous rhizomes). Its leaflets are usually rather pale yellowish-green and lack purplish margins (versus usually deeper green and purple-margined), more or less straight-edged above the base (versus clearly concave), and with relatively shallow, less acute terminal notches. Its peduncles are mostly shorter, with flowers usually among the leaves (versus clearly extending above). There has also been some initial confusion with priceae, but that species now appears clearly distinct in Ky.


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Oxalidaceae: Oxalis montana (acetosella* ssp. m.)


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Oxalidaceae: Oxalis priceae ("macrantha"*, recurva var. m.)


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This is typical of rocky calcareous woods and glade margins on the southern Interior Low Plateaus, especially c. Tenn. and n. Ala. There has been uncertainty over the correct name for these plants.They may be conspecific with more southern plants that have been called O. recurva Ell., O. macrantha (Trel.) Small, or O. priceae ssp. colorea (Small) Eiten. Like O. priceae, these plants all have cymose to umbelliform flowers, villous stems, and lealets lacking purple margins. However, the leaves of typical priceae are distinctly larger.


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Oxalidaceae: Oxalis stricta (europaea, fontana var. bushii)


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There has been much confusion with dillenii, which is often hard to distinguish. The native origins and spread of this species remain somewhat obscure (G. Nesom, pers. comm.), perhaps bound up with early human history.


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|BOxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.B|   	1431


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There are no verified records from the Bluegrass: colls. from JEFF and OLDH (DHL) come from acid shales fringing this region; Gr's report from CAMP seems dubious.


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Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Oxypolis rigidior


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This unusual conservative species of mesic woods is concentrated in parts of the southern Interior Low Plateaus and Cumberland Plateau, but with curious extensions and disjunctions in some adjacent regions (PL). Though close to old dwellings, the few disjunct populations along the Kentucky River Palisades appear to be native; Short (1828-29) noted Pachysandra in FAYE. Further discoveries may be expected to in n. Ky., since it is known from a few sites in s. Ind. (Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources database). However, the one site in e. Mo. may have been introduced (Y).


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|BPackera anonyma (Wood) W.A. Weber & A. LöveB|   	2273


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Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] anonyma (S. smallii)


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|BPackera aurea (L.) A.& D. LöveB|   	2271


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Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] aurea


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|BPackera glabella (Poir) C. JeffreyB|   	2270


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Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] glabella


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This weedy southeastern annual may have been present in Ky. at the time of settlement. It was reported under the synonym Senecio lobatus Pers. by Short (1837), but neither Gr nor B listed it. After 1940, glabella seems to have increased much and spread towards the east, especially in or near areas cleared and drained corn and soybean fields. It is now a lobally abundant weed in many lowlands.


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|BPackera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A. Weber & A. LöveB|   	2272


Line:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] obovata (aurea var. o.)


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Some material (e.g. CLAR at KY, GH) is referable to the relatively southern var. rotundus Britt. (in Senecio), which differs in its basal leaves suborbicular to round-obovate (versus obovate), with petiole ca.1-3 x blade length (versus 0.5-1.5), the dilated summit ca. 3-15 mm (versus 10-30 mm). That variety appears transitional to aurea in a few cases, but obovata is almost always distinguishable by its heads with more abruptly acuminate phyllaries, ca. 3-6 mm long (versus narrowly linear, ca. 6-8 mm), and less deeply yellow flowers; its basal leaves with non-cordate bases (versus cordate); and its rosettes formed on elongate stolons as well as rhizomes (versus just rhizomes). P. obovata includes polyploids (2n = 44, 88, 90) and is not known to form hybrids; P. aurea is a diploid (2n = 44) that appears to form hybrids with several species (FNA 20).


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|BPackera paupercula (Michx.) A.& D. Löve var. pauperculaB|   	2274


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Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] paupercula var. paupercula


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In Ky. this northern taxon may only be known from sandstone cobble bars along the Cumberland Rv. (mouth of Bunches Cr. in WHIT) and its Big South Fk. (at Big Shoals in MCRE). However, further revision is desirable using the recent treatment by Mahoney & Kowal (2008).


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|BPackera paupercula (Michx.) A.& D. Löve var. pseudotomentosa (Mackenzie & Bush) R.R. KowalB|   	2275


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Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] pauperculus var. pseudotomentosa


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These midwestern plants were recently described by Mahoney & Kowal (2008). They were previously referred to the largely western P. plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve, which has been confused with the largely northern P. paupercula var. paupercula. Both species have been considered widespread and intergradient (Cr, Y). Three Ky. colls. are tentatively mapped here: (1) from the Blue Licks in ROBE (probably a coll. of C.W. Short at CINC; B); (2) from the prairies of LEWI (M. Medley #19401-91 for WKY, and J. Campbell s.n. for KY); and (3) "plattensis" from "dry limestone slopes" in PULA (B, recheck at US). P. plattensis was also reported from CASE by Murphy (1970) but the coll. has not been found at KY: "south side of Green River, old roadbed 3-4 miles south of Liberty."


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Previous spelling as "quinquefolium" was incorrect (Y). Although this potent herb is still widely scattered over Ky., intense regular harvesting has greatly reduced its density. Even in the best habitats, a day of general botanical survey rarely reveals more than 5-10 plants. Yet Ky. reportedly leads the nation in its annual harvest, estimated to be about 30,000 lbs (dried); see Y and International Herald-Tribune (2007).


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|BPANIC GRASS: Dichanthelium (EARLY), Panicum (LATE)B|


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|BPanicum acuminatum: Dichanthelium acuminatum etc.B|


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|BPanicum albomarginatum: see Dichanthelium tenueB|


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> anceps (var. a.)


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Along with Tridens flavus and Andropogon virginicus, this is one of the most common native grasses in pastures and old fields on average soils.


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|BPanicum anceps Michx. var. rhizomatum (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Fern.B|   	3384 R


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> anceps var. rhizomatum


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This southern taxon (largely on the Coastal Plain) has been reported from Ky. by RAB, Bryan (1977) and others, but no coll. has been located. It is verified in Tenn., and should be looked for in w. Ky.


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|BPanicum boreale: see Dichanthelium bicknelliiB|


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> capillare (var. c.)


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This is close to gattingeri and philadelphicum, and it is reported to hybridize, especially in southeastern states (FNA 25). Depauperate colls. from dry rocky sites should be rechecked for possible reassignment.


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> dichotomiflorum


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A coll. from BALL (MUR) is referable to var. geniculata (Wood) Fern., which is not recognized in recent treatments. A coll. from JACK (EKY) has been referred to var. puritanorum Svens., which is considered a somewhat distinct subspecies in FNA 25, typical of receding shorelines in northeastern regions but unknown in Ky.; this identification needs to be checked.


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|BPanicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn.B|   	3377


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> flexile


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> gattingeri (philadelphicum ssp. g., capillare var. campestre)


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This is close to capillare and intergradation is likely to occur (FNA 25).


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|BPanicum implicatum: see Dichanthelium acuminatumB|


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|BPanicum lanuginosum: see D. acuminatumB|


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> longifolium (rigidulum var. pubescens)


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|BPanicum meridionale: see Dichanthelium acuminatum & D. columbianumB|


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> miliaceum


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The exact identity and status of these varied plants need further investigation. P. miliaceum (a "millet") originates from Asia, and several cultivars exist as well as wild types; chromosome numbers range from 2n = 36 to 72 (FNA 25). FNA 25 indicates that more robust plants with disarticulating florets can be distinguished as ssp. ruderale (Kitagawa) Tzvelev, and that this is naturalized in much of North America. In Ky. it has been grown for at least a century (Gr). Currently much seed is fed to birds or spilled, and some colls. probably come from resultant waifs.
Some of the colls. mapped here have much smaller spikelets than reported in FNA and other manuals: ca. 2.5-3 mm versus 4.5-6 mm.


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|BPanicum nitidum: see Dichanthelium microcarponB|


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|BPanicum oligosanthes: see Dichanthelium scribnerianumB|


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|BPanicum ovale: see Dichanthelium villosissimum etc.B|


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|BPanicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin.B|   	3380


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Paniceae> philadelphicum (ssp. p., capillare var. sylvaticum)


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This is close to gattingeri, with a similar range in east-central states, but perhaps associated more with drier non-calcareous soils, including sands but avoiding damp clays.


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|BPanicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. elongatum (Pursh) LelongB|   	3387


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> rigidulum var. elongatum (P. stipitatum)


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Distinction of these large-seeded plants from typical rigidulum needs further study. They are reported to have a more eastern range, but there is much overlap and no clear difference in habitat (FNA 25, W).


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|BPanicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. rigidulumB|   	3386


Line:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> rigidulum var. r. (agrostoides)


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Some colls. need to be rechcked for possible assignment to var. elongatum; see also P. longifolium.


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|BPanicum sabulorum: see Dichanthelium columbianumB|


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|BPanicum stipitatum: see P. rigidulumB|


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|BPanicum tenue: see Dichanthelium tenueB|


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|BPanicum tespecies anum: Urochloa texanaB|


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Verrucoseae> verrucosum


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Repentia> virgatum


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As a native species, this widespread North American species is now largely restricted to river banks or nearby lowlands. Some records suggest that before settlement it may have occurred more widely in seasonally damp grasslands of western regions. However, it is becoming widely sown for wildlife habitat, and a few outlying colls. may result from such activity. Records from probable sowings or escapes are excluded here, but it is becoming increasing difficult to distinguish these.


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|BParietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	1157


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In addition to rocky woods, especially below limestone cliffs, typical habitats include dusty ground below eaves and similar bared soils. A few depauperate plants (M) have been misidentified as P. praetermissia Hinton or the often confused P. floridana Nutt., which occur further south on the Coastal Plain.


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|BParonychia argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt.B|   	330


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|BParonychia canadensis (L.) WoodB|   	334


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|BParonychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. var. fastigiataB|   	331


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Caryophyllaceae: Paronychia fastigiata var. f.


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|BParonychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. var. paleacea Fern.B|   	332


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Caryophyllaceae: Paronychia fastigiata var. paleacea


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Distinction of this variety from typical fastigiata may need further study. It was not recognized in FNA 5.


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|BPARSLEY: Aethusa (FOOL'S), Polytaenia (PRAIRIE)B|


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|BPARSNIP: Heracleum (COW-), Pastinaca, Sium (WATER-), Thaspium (WOOD-), Torilis (HEDGE-)B|


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This is a widespread eastern species, but in Ky. it is largely restricted to regions where open woodland or grassland was maintained by fire before settlement. It has a remarkably clearcut northern limit in Appalachian regions. Despite much field work, Parthenium remains unknown in PULA, ROCK, LAUR, KNOX and BELL. This limit may reflect the northern extent of more open fire-maintained woodland before settlement (Campbell et al. 1991). Several variants of the species have been described, especially by C.S. Rafinesque, but these have not been recognized in most recent treatments (M, FNA 21). The relatively hairy and rhizomatous var. hispidum (Raf.) Mears should be investigated further (Mears 1975; Y). It is largely mid-western, but known also in Ill. and Tenn.


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|BParthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.B|   	497


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Colls. from KENT and WEBS (KNK) have been referred to P. vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc. (erroneously known as P. inserta (Kerner) Fritsch), but they are not clearly distinct. P. vitacea is a more northern species that is unknown in Ky.


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|BParthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch.B|   	496 C


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Colls. from FAYE (KY), JEFF (MM for WKY) and perhaps elsewhere suggest that this widely cultivated species can become locally naturalized in urban areas, but it does not seem to be spreading through the landscape.


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|BPascopyrum smithii Barkworth & D.R. DeweyB|   	3278


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Poaceae <Triticeae>: Pascopyrum [Elymus] smithii (Elytrigia s.*; Agropyron s.)


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This widespread western species occurs as waif in eastern states, or perhaps locally adventive along railroads and similar sites. It is an octoploid (2n = 56), probably derived from hybridization of Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould with Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilg., and its generic placement has been uncertain (FNA 24).


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This widespread species of warm temperate to tropical regions extends up the Mississippi Valley to a somewhat disjunct cluster of records in w. Ky. and adjacent Stewart Co., Tenn. (Cr, Ch, FNA 25). There is also a disjunct cluster of largely pre-1950 records in the Tennessee Valley around Knoxville (Ch; E. Wofford, pers. comm.). Although sometimes occurring in farmland, its more natural habitats include sandbars along larger medium-sized streams. P. boscianum is easily overlooked; differences from similar species (especially pubiflorum) include its annual habit (versus perennial), and its dark brown fertile lemmas at maturity (versus stramineous or pale brown), with obovate to orbicular shape (versus variously shaped).


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|BPaspalum ciliatifolium: see P. setaceumB|


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This South American species has been widely sown for forage.


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The coll. from JEFF (KY) was made by C.W. Short in 1840 at Louisville.


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum distichum (paspaloides, "vaginatum")


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|BPaspalum floridanum Michx. var. floridanumB|   	3413


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum floridanum var. f.


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This southern species is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the more widespread pubiflorum. P. floridanum has a higher chromosome number (2n = 120-170 versus 60-64). It differs in it rhizomatous habit with erect culms, 8-21 dm tall (versus non-rhizomatous, usually decumbent with rooting nodes, 3-13 dm tall); its spikelets are strictly glabrous (versus often hairy), usually larger (2.9-4.3 x 1.9-3.1 mm versus 2.5-3.6 x 1.3-2.4 mm), more or less suborbicular (versus elliptic to obovate), with upper florets often golden-brown (versus just pale to tan). Var. floridanum itself is a relatively hairy variety with a more southern range (F), and it appears to be rare in Ky.


Line:
|BALI B| s.   |BHAB B| R-9 D 5.   |BABU B| g9 s3? -3?.


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|BPaspalum floridanum Michx. var. glabratum Engelm. ex VaseyB|   	3414


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum floridanum var. glabratum


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This relatively robust, glabrous, glaucous variety extends further north into the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, compared to the typical variety (F). Although P. floridanum is generally associated with medium-acid soils (including pinewoods further south), there seems to be a disjunct cluster of records in the Bluegrass region (FNA 25; see also the linked "Grass Manual" on the web).


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|BPaspalum laeve Michx. var. circulare (Nash) StoneB|   	3412


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum laeve var. circulare


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This variety is not recognized in recent treatments, but its relatively large orbicular spikelets seem distinct, and it has a somwhat more northern range that typical var. laeve.


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|BPaspalum laeve Michx. var. laeveB|   	3411


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum laeve var. l.


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Some colls. may be transitional to var. pilosum or var. circulare; closer inspection is needed in these cases.


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|BPaspalum laeve Michx. var. pilosum Scribn.B|   	3410


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum laeve var. pilosum (P. longipilum)


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This variety is not recognized in recent treatments, but in Ky. it appears more frequent to the south. It has a somewhat more southern overall range (Hitchcock & Chase 1950).


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|BPaspalum longepedunculatum Le ConteB|   	3403


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum longepedunculatum (setaceum* var. l.)


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Mapping is provisional. This has been treated as a variety or subspecies within setaceum (FNA 25), but it more distinct than most other included taxa. It has relatively short spikelets, and leaves that are conspicuously basal, recurved, typically narrower, and usually glabrous. In Ky., longepedunculatum and typical setaceum seem to be associated with dry sandy soils in southeastern counties. Both have relatively southern ranges, concentrated on the Coastal Plain. The coll. from JEFF (MM for WKY) may represent a waif, found near railroad tracks.


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|BPaspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex Fourn.B|   	3402


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum pubiflorum (laeviglume; + var. glabrum)


Line:
All colls. are referable to var. glabrum Vasey ex Scribn., but this is not considered a distinct taxon in recent treatments (FNA 25). Typical var. pubiflorum, less robust and more hairy, is a more southern form.


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum repens (fluitans, mucronatum)


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This widespread species ranges throughout tropical America. Based on their less robust, annual habit, more northern plants have been segregated as P. repens var. fluitans (Ell.) J. Wipff & S.D. Jones, or even as a distinct species (Cr, W). However, recent treatments have tended to merge these taxa (e.g. FNA 25; Y).


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|BPaspalum setaceum Michx. var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) VaseyB|   	3407


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum setaceum var. ciliatifolium


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This relatively smooth variety may be more frequent to the south within Ky. (often on sandy soils), and its global range is slightly more southern than var. muhlenbergii. However, the degree of biological and ecological distinction seems rather small.


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|BPaspalum setaceum Michx. var. muehlenbergii (Nash) D. BanksB|   	3406


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum setaceum var. muhlenbergii (P. pubescens)


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This hairy variety appears to be relatively frequent in the state. It extends more frequently to northern regions, compared to other varieties, but with no clear difference in habitat.


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|BPaspalum setaceum Michx. var. setaceumB|   	3404 T


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum setaceum var. se.


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Closer inspection of the two reported colls. for reliable identification: from BELL and LETC (B; see US). Due to its short spikelets (only 1.5-1.7 (1.9) mm long), var. setaceum has been considered close to longepedunculatum in older treatments. Both taxa have relatively southern ranges, and are most common on the Coastal Plain. Var. setaceum is also close to var. stramineum, with the key difference being its relatively narrow, more hairy, and more grayish-green leaves (versus yellowish- tor dark green in var. stramineum).


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|BPaspalum setaceum Michx. var. stramineum (Nash) D. BanksB|   	3405


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum setaceum var. stramineum


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This variety is reported to have a relatively western range, but the few records in Ky. are from only central counties. FNA 25 indicates that it is close to var. muhlenbergii, but its spikelets are generally shorter, paler and more hairy. F and Hitchcock & Chase (1950) state that its blades are minutely puberulent, but this character is omitted in FNA 25; further revision or explanation is needed.


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There is only one known coll., from a railroad yard in JEFF (KY). This species is native to South America and has spread into southeastern states, but in the Mississippi Valley north of the Memphis area it only occurs as a rare waif.


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This widespread southern species generally occurs at field edges and along rights of way, and it is not clear what its original habitats were. It may have spread north after settlement. Ga's report in 1914 may be the earliest record, but he noted: "common plant in Kentucky, growing by waysides and along fences, wherever a strip is left without cultivation."


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|BPassiflora lutea L. var. glabriflora Fern.B|   	852


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Passifloraceae: Passiflora lutea var. glabriflora


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This glabrous variety is distributed largely in the Ohio and lower Mississippi Valleys. The typical variety has a more eastern and southeastern range; reports from Ky. are not verified (M).


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Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Pastinaca sativa


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This alien biennial has probably been common since the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864; Gr), at least in farmland on the best soils.


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|BPaulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud.B|   	1664


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Some of the colls. may be from planted trees, but this species is clearly self-seeded at many sites. Assignment to family remains controversial (W, Angiosperm Phylogeny website).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| r-8,7 C 4.   |BABU B| +5*.


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This globally imperiled species of limestone clifftops has an unusual distribution pattern, occurring in the Ridge-and-Valley region from Pa. to N.C., plus the disjunct western margins of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ohio and Ky. Similar patterns occur in Phlox subulata var. australis and Solidago harrisii (Campbell et al. 1993). The distribution of Paxistima is probably relictual from previous ages, when climatic conditions were more suitable for its dispersal and growth (Braun 1955). Its isolated populations generally seemed stable until recent years, when the alien euonymus scale insect has been observed infesting several patches. Declines are probably under way (T. Littlefield, pers. comm.), and the only hope for survival may be horticultural. The wild patches may be largely clonal, and fruiting has never been observed in Ky., but cross-pollination may be successful when clones are artificially grown together (W. Stoutamire, pers. comm.).


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|BPaysonia lescurii (Gray) O'Kane & Al-ShehbazB|   	680


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Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Paysonia [Lesquerella*] lescurii


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This globally rare species is known mostly from bare soils on riverbottoms and calcareous glades in c. Tenn. Records from Ky. and Ala. have been considered adventive (Al-Shehbaz 1987), but their status deserves further investigation. See O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz (2002) for support of generic realignments.


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|BPEA: Centrosema (BUTTERFLY), Chamaecrista (PARTRIDGE-), Clitoria (BUTTERFLY), Galactia (MILK-), Lathyrus (SWEET-), Orbexilum (SCURF-), Psoralidium (SCURF-), Vigna (BLACK-EYED or COW-)B|


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|BPEA-VINE: Amphicarpaea (COMMON), Dioclea (WOODY)B|


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This northern species of base-rich wet grasslands and shores is known from sw. Ohio, nw. Tenn. and parts of other states close to the Ky. borders, but it has been unknown within the state for at least 50 years. The confirmed coll. of C.W. Short (KY) was from "wet barrens of Ky." and probably came from the vicinity of Hopkinsville in CHRI (M). A coll. of Pr from WARR or EDMO has not been located (check MO). A coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may have dubious label data (Campbell et al. 1992).


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|BPellaea atropurpurea (L.) LinkB|   	48


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|BPellaea glabella Mett. ex KuhnB|   	49


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|BPeltandra virginica (L.) SchottB|   	2578


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|BPennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.B|   	3430 W


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Poaceae <Paniceae>: Pennisetum glaucum (americanum)


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This is cultivated for grain, birdseed and forage, but it is probably not truly naturalized in North America except in the deep south (FNA 25). There is a coll. associated with plantings in MCRA (R. Athey-2631 at EKY). Another species, the Mediterranean P. setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov., is cultivated widely as an ornamental; it is naturalized in the desert southwest but not in eastern states.


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon alluviorum (digitalis* var. a.)


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This species occurs mostly in the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys. It is close to digitalis (see notes there), but with flowers smaller; inflorescence less glandular; leaves usually narrower and more pubescent; stems less lustrous and more pubescent.


Line:
Colls. are reported in herbarium databases from EDMO (NY) and ROCK (NCU), but these need to be rechecked. This species, with distinctive reddish-purple flowers, mostly occurs on the Coastal Plain, but does extend north to w. and c. Tenn., including Stewart Co., adjacent to Ky. (APSU; Ch).


Line:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon brevisepalus {canescens* var. b. suggested comb.}


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This has been combined with canescens in some treatments (e.g. J) or with pallidus in others (e.g. K), and it appears intermediate in some characters; see notes under those species.


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Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon calycosus (laevigatus* var. c.)


Line:
This is widespread in mid-western to east-central states on base-rich soils. Although generally a distinct species, some colls. may be transitional to digitalis or alluviorum. Also, the colls. from CALL and MCRA (MUR) appear transitional to laevigatus due to their narrow leaves.


Line:
|BPenstemon canescens (Britt.) Britt.B|   	1694


Line:
Distinction from brevisepalus (which appears more common in Ky.) and perhaos pallidus (a western relative) may not be clearcut. P. canescens may just be a large-flowered variant in this group (possibly introgressed with digitalis or calycosus). Compared to brevisepalus (F), its corollas are 2-3.5 cm long (versus 1.5-2.6 cm), the tube 8-10 mm and abruptly enlarged into the throat (versus 5-8 mm, gradually tapering); and its sepals after anthesis equal or exceed the capsule (versus equal). Both species have similar, largely Appalachian ranges.The related Southern Appalachian species, P. smallii Heller, was reported from Ky. by BA, but no coll. has been located.


Line:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon deamii {digitalis* var. deamii suggested comb.}


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This was reported from HARD by Cranfill (1989), but the coll. may be lost or still unprocessed (check at Univ. of California, Berkeley). P. deamii occurs in the flatwoods of s. Ind. and s. Ill. It is close to alluviorum, differing in its sepals only 2-4 mm long (versus 5-9 mm) and scarious margined (versus not or scarcely); also, its lower leaves are rounded at the apex and entire or slightly denticulate (versus acuminate and rather sharply serrate).


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|BPenstemon digitalis Nutt. ex SimsB|   	1688


Line:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon digitalis (var. d.)


Line:
Variation in this widespread eastern white-flowered species needs further study. It may intergrade with alluviorum, which has been combined by some authors.. Atypical colls. from LAWR, LEWI (KNK) and elsewhere have short-pubescent stems, suggesting transitions to calycosus (which is distinguished by its pale violet-purple flowers). Species recognized here in the digitalis-calycosus group appear to be somewhat confluent, but they are usually quite distinct from the canescens-pallidus group in their inflated corolla-throats, glabrous lower leaf surfaces, and lack of longer hairs on stems or leaves; see F, Cr and W for details.


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|BPenstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd.B|   	1698


Line:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon laevigatus (var. l.)


Line:
This largely Appalachian species has often been confused with calycosus, which was combined by Cr. Some reports of typical laevigatus are dubious (M), but the colls. mapped here are confirmed. The records from LYON, TODD, TRIG (APSU) are part of a disjunct western section of its range in sandy or cherty hills northwest of the Nashville Basin (Ch).


Line:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon pallidus (arkansanus var. pubescens)


Line:
In Ky., there has been much confusion with brevisepalus (in eastern regions) and tenuiflorus (in western regions); see F, Cr and W for alternative keys. P. pallidus is largely mid-western but Pennell (1935) also mapped disjunct plants in Appalachian regions east of Ky., where they may often be adventive. This species (along with the Ozarkian P. arkansanas Pennell) differs from brevisepalus and canescens in its leaves, which are firm to subcoriaceous (versus "herbaceous and membranaceous"), the cauline ones lanceolate to oblong/linear and ca. 0.5-2 cm wide (versus ovate to oblong/lanceolate and ca. 1.5-4.5 cm wide), usually entire or remotely denticulate (versus sharply dentate to entire). Hairs on stems and leaves are usually rather dense and short (ca. 0.1-0.5 mm versus often up to 0.5-1 mm). Flowers are whitish outside (versus purple- or violet-tinged), with relatively short sepals (2-5 mm versus 5-10 mm) and corollas (1.5-2.2 cm versus 1.5-3.5 cm).


Line:
Distinction from hisutus can be difficult (Pennell 1935, Clements et al. 1998). P. tenuiflorus differs in its pubescent leaves (versus essentially glabrous), remotely serrate to entire (versus usually with numerous teeth), relatively firm and gray-green (versus thin and bright green); flower buds are yellow (versus yellow-purple), the corolla creamy white at anthesis (versus violet-purple with white lobes); sepals are 2-5 mm long (versus 3-8 mm). P. tenuiflorus is restricted to calcareous glades and prairie remnants in the southern Interior Low Plateaus and Black Belt. P. hirsutus occurs mostly in mid-western to northeastern regions, and generally occurs on limestone clifftops. Both species are differ from others in the genus in their relatively closed corolla throats, without darker lines (often present in others); also, their stems usually have dense, long-curling, mostly glandular hairs (versus mostly glabrous to canescent, with non-glandular hairs except in inflorescences).


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|BPenstemon tubiflorus Nutt.B|   	1687 R


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This widespread species of the Mississippi Valley may be confused with alluviorum (especially) or digitalis and easily overlooked; further study of colls. filed under these species is needed. P. tubiflorus differs (F) in its corollas minutely glandular-puberulent within (versus glandless), leaves entire or nearly so (versus entire to sharply serrate), and stems glabrous (versus glabrous or hairy, at least in lines). It has been reported from Ky. (M), but no colls. have been located; the report of Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) from GRAV (SIU) was based on misidentified digitalis.


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|BPerideridia americana (Nutt. ex DC.) Reichenb.B|   	2032


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Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Perideridia americana


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|BPerilla frutescens (L.) Britt.B|   	1922


Line:
Most colls. appear to be the typical variety, but there is an unconfirmed record of var. crispa (Benth.) Deane by Davies (1955).


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|BPersicaria amphibia (L.) S.F. Gray var. stipulacea (Coleman) HaraB|   	300


Line:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] amphibia var. stipulacea (Pe. hartwrightii, Po. natans)


Line:
In some recent treatments, this northern taxon is combined with typical Eurasian amphibia and the more southern segregate, coccinea (FNA 5; W). It is more aquatic than coccinea. The only known coll. is from WHIT (BEREA); see also, Abbott et al. (2001) and McFarland (1942).


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Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] bicornis (longistyla)


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The close relative of pensylvanicum occurs in the Great Plains, east to c. Mo. and s. Ill. Horton (1972) did report it from Ky. but details are unknown. It differs from pensylvanicum (FNA 5) in its consistently pink and heterostylous flowers (versus white to roseate and homostylous); its achenes with "an obscure or prominent hump in the center of one face"; and its frequently narrower leaves (ca. 1-2.3 cm versus 1-4.8 cm).


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|BPersicaria careyi (Olney) GreeneB|   	292


Line:
Further verification is desirable. This northern species is close to pensylvanicum and differs in its stems, which are hirsute towards the base (versus glabrous); its ocreae, which have 2-7 mm bristles (versus none or <1 mm); and its leaf blades, which are more or less hirsute, especially on veins (versus glabrous or appressed-pubescent).


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|BPersicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) GreeneB|   	301


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Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] coccinea (amphibia var. emersa)


Line:
In some recent treatments, this widespread North American species has been combined with the Eurasian species, amphibia (FNA 5), but it should probably be recognized (W) at least as P. amphibia var. emersa (Michx.) Hickman.. Morphological and genetic differences may be small and gradual, but deeper analysis is needed.


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|BPersicaria densiflora (Meisn.) MoldenkeB|   	302


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Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] densiflora ("glabra")


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This native of the Coastal Plain and further south is close to P. glabra (Willd.) M. Gomez of Asian and Pacific regions, and was combined in FNA 5. There is only one confirmed Ky. record, from MADI (BEREA) in an artificial reservoir. Other colls. may exist but have not been located (BT, M).


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|BPersicaria hydropiper (L.) OpizB|   	296


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In Ky., this highly acrid alien is recorded mostly from the northern Bluegrass, but it may be much more widespread. It is reported from much of Tenn. (Ch). It is easily confused with P. punctata (F; FNA 5), but differs in its seeds, which are minutely roughened and dull (versus smooth, lustrous). Also, its calices are mostly greenish or pink-purplish (versus whitish). Its inflorescences are generally more condensed, with axillary branches sometimes enclosed in ocreae (versus never) and subtended by regular leaves.


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|BPersicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) SmallB|   	303


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Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] hydropiperoides (var. h.)


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This species has often been confused with the alien longisetum, which some older treatments did not clearly distinguish. Typical hydropiperoides has largely whitish calices in Ky. (not roseate or purplish as stated in F). P. setaceum also needs further study for reliable separation; see notes under that name. Another southern segregate to be expected is P. opelousanum Riddell, but this intergrades with typical plants (FNA 5). It differs (F) in its calices dull purple to green (versus white to roseate), rhomboid to subglobose at maturity (versus elongate), the achenes slightly exserted (versus included); leaves up to 1.5 cm wide (versus 2.5 cm). Records of var. buschianum Stanford are included here (F). The appropriate treatment for these segregates remains uncertain.


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|BPersicaria lapathifolia (L.) S.F. GrayB|   	288


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This is a cosmopolitan weed; efforts to distinguish segregates in the Western and Eastern Hemispheres have not been successful (FNA 5).


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|BPersicaria longiseta (de Bruyn) MoldenkeB|   	295


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Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] longiseta (cespitosa var. l.*)


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This was first reported in North America ca. 1910, in northeastern regions, but has now spread through most eastern regions (FNA 5). It has been confused with another East Asian species, P. posumbu (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) H. Gross (= P. cespitosa (Blume) Nakai), which is unknown in North America. The correct author citation has been unclear (K, W).


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|BPersicaria maculata (Raf.) S.F. GrayB|   	293


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Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] maculata (Pe. maculosa, Po. persicaria)


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This Eurasian weed is an allotetraploid (2n = 44) that probably orginated partly from lapathifolia (2n = 22); see Cr and FNA 5.


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|BPersicaria orientalis (L.) SpachB|   	287


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This South Asian species has been grown ornamentally for over a century, and sometimes escapes (Gr). Some colls. may not be from truly naturalized plants.


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|BPersicaria pensylvanica (L.) G. MazaB|   	289


Line:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] pensylvanica {+ var. laevigata}


Line:
This variable allopolyploid (2n = 88) is probably derived in part from the diploid lapathifolia (2n = 22). Possible distinction of the northern var. laevigatum Fern. (as described within Polygonum), deserves further attention (F), but varieties within this species are not readily recognized (FNA 5). See also notes under bicornis and careyi.


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|BPersicaria punctata (Ell.) SmallB|   	297


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Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] punctata {+ vars. confertifolia, leptostachya}


Line:
Although several varieties have been proposed, some recent treatments have not considered these distinct enough to recognize (FNA 5). Most colls. from Ky. have been referred to var. confertifolium (Meis.) Fassett, within Polygonum, but further study is needed. The typical variety has been reported from CALL, HICK and MERC (M); it may be distinguished (Cr) by its rhizomatous habit (versus mostly annual), inflorescences less interrupted and terminating branches (versus often interrupted and branching from lower nodes), and achenes mostly trigonous (versus lenticular).


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|BPersicaria robustior (Small) Bickn.B|   	299


Line:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] robustius (punctata var. majus)


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Further records may be expected from closer study of material filed under P. punctata. P. robustior is widely scattered in eastern North America but concentrated on "peaty shores" in coastal regions (FNA 5). It differs in its inflorescences, which are uninterrupted (versus interrupted); its ocreolae are overlapping (versus mostly not), their margins with hairs lacking or sometimes up to 1 mm long (versus mostly with hairs up to 2 mm). Its leaves are 2-4.5 cm wide (versus 0.6-2.4 cm).


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|BPersicaria setacea (Baldw.) SmallB|   	304


Line:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] setacea (hydropiperoides var. s.)


Line:
Further study of colls. is needed. This segregate of hydropiperoides occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain of southeastern states, but it has probably been overlooked inland. Although variety status has often been preferred (B, Cr), there is little or no intergradation (F, FNA 5, J,W). P. setacea differs in its whiter calyx (versus usually pink or roseate towards the base); ocreae long-strigose, the fringing bristles ca. 5-15 mm (versus short-strigose, 1-7 mm); larger leaves 12-35 mm wide, usually strigose (versus 5-25 mm, glabrous or scabrous); stems erect, 2.5-6 mm thick at base, strigose, often branching  near middle, from rhizomes (versus ascending, 1-4 mm thick, usually glabrous, mostly simple, decumbent at base). It occurs in less hydric thickets and woods. Mapped records include var. interjecta Fern (to which most material is referrable) and var. tonsa Fern., which are not generally recognized in recent treatments.


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|BPetrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & HeywoodB|   	388 C


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This only wild record of this cultivated species ("childing pink") is a coll. of B from roadsides in ROBE. It does not appear to have become truly naturalized in Ky., but it can become a weed further north.


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Solanaceae: Petunia X hybrida ("violacea")


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There are colls. are from HOPK, PIKE and ROWA, but probably from near old home sites and not truly naturalized. These plants are considered a variable hybrid taxon, derived from P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thellung and P. axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P.


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|BPhacelia gilioides Brand ?B|   	1508 T


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Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia <Cosmanthus> cf. gilioides


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Plants from Mantle Rock in LIVI (JC for KY) appear to be this Ozarkian species. Sandstone outcrops in EDMO (with sight record) and elsewhere in the Shawnee Hills need to be revisited to make further collections. There should be a general review of western colls. filed under purshii, which is closely related. P. gilioides differs in its corolla lobes conspicuously hairy outside (versus glabrous or glabrate), denticulate to fimbriate (versus conspicuously fimbriate); ovules mostly 8 (versus 4), seeds 6-8 (versus 2-4), 1.5-2 mm long (versus 1.5-3 mm).


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Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia <Cosmanthus> cf. hirsuta


Line:
A plant resembling hirsuta was recently collected in MCRE (EKY), at the end of Harley-Coffee Road by Doug Stephens (R. Jones, pers. comm.). This is a largely Ozarkian species considered a "casual adventive" in eastern states (F), but it has been confused with the southern Appalachian P. maculata Wood (W). More likely as a native in se. or sc. Ky. is the closely related P. dubia (L.) Trel. or its var. interior Fern., which occur in close or adjacent counties of Tenn. (Ch).


Line:
In "barren soil" of c. Tenn. (Sm), plants with relatively small flowers & capsules, short pedicels, and style branches longer than united portion have been segregated as P. bicknellii Small and may deserve recognition (W). The closely related P. fimbriata Michx. is largely restricted to cooler zones in the Blue Ridge, but also reported from the southern Appalachian Plateaus in Ala. (Small 1933).


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|BPhacelia ranunculacea (Nutt.) ConstanceB|   	1511


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In its strict sense, this species is restricted to the central Mississippi Valley. Sewell & Vincent (2006) have resurrected P. covillei Wats., a segregate with highly fragmented range: from Mo., Ill. and Ind. (Wabash Rv.); to Ohio (including Lawrence Co. adjacent to Ky.) and W.Va.; to Md., Va. and N.C. It is expected in Ky., and differs from ranunculacea as follows: hairs at mid-stem sparse, mostly appressed/strigose, rarely spreading (versus dense, mostly spreading/pilose, some retrorse), plus a few glands <2 mm tall (versus dense and mostly >2 mm); and terminal leaflets subtending inflorescence with acute-cuneate or nearly attenuate bases (versus obtuse-rounded or truncate). Chromosome number is higher; 2n = 28 versus 12. Habitats are similar, typically on fertile soils in subhydric to mesic, floodplain terrace or toe-slope forests.


Line:
The status of this widespread, circumboreal species needs clarification. It is considered native in northern and western regions of North America, but European cultivars have been introduced for forage and soil stabilization (Merigliano & Lesica 1998). P. arundinacea is often an invasive plant in wetlands (whether native or alien); but is this behavior partly due to reduction of large herbivores in such habitats? In Ky. it was first reported by Riddell (1835; as "americana Ell."), but it was omitted by Anderson (1924) and rarely collected before the 1970s. It often appears native, being locally abundant along marshy margins of large or small streams, and in remnants of natural wetlands. But it also occurs in mined areas, roadside ditches or similar disturbed sites with no obvious natural quality. There is little or no recent record of planting for forage or other purposes, but seed was apparently distributed for sale a century or more ago (Gr). The cultivar known as "ribbon-grass" occasionally persists or escapes from gardens; this has been named forma variegata (Parnell) Druce, and probably originates from Europe.


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Seed of this Mediterranean annual grass has been imported to feed canaries and other birds for a century or more (Gr; Anderson 1924). The few records may just represent waifs from spilled or discarded seed.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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During the Woodland era, this species appears to have been widely used for its edible seed in the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, including the Red River area of MENI and nearby, where it is unknown today (King 1985). However, there may be a need to check the identification of archaeological material; P. arundinacea is another possibilty in some cases. There is no evidence of selection for seed size or other characters.


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|BPhaseolus polystachios (L.) B.S.P.B|   	1289


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This widely cultivated species occasionally leaves self-seeded waifs, but, like several other types of bean, it is not truly naturalized. Prehistoric native people also cultivated this species, and introduced it from the south.


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|BPhegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) FéeB|   	88


Line:
Thelypteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Phegopteris [Thelypteris] hexagonoptera


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|BPhemeranthus calcaricus (S. Ware) KigerB|   	327


Line:
Talinaceae [Portulacaceae*]: Phemeranthus [Talinum] calcaricus


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This rare species, mostly found on the Interior Low Plateaus, is a tetraploid (2n = 48), and is probably derived from the southwestern P. calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger, which has diploid and tetraploid races (FNA 4).


Line:
|BPhemeranthus teretifolius (Pursh) Raf.B|   	326


Line:
Talinaceae [Portulacaceae*]: Phemeranthus [Talinum] teretifolius


Line:
This Appalachian species is a tetraploid (2n = 48) derived from hybridization of the southern Appalachian P. mengesii (W. Wolf) Kiger and the widespread western P. parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger (FNA 4), which both have diploid and tetraploid races. These two parental species may also be expected in Ky.


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|BPhiladelphus coronarius L.B|   	1404 C


Line:
There are colls. of this commonly cultivated species from FLEM, FRAN (EKY), LYON, TRIG (APSU) and elsewhere, but probably just persistent at old home sites and not truly naturalized. Some identifications are tentative; it appears that inflorescences may sometimes have just 3 or 4 flowers, not 5-7 as in most descriptions.


Line:
Hydrangeaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Philadelphus <Deutzioides> hirsutus


Line:
Distinction from other species is sometimes difficult without good complete colls., and further checking is desirable.


Line:
Although reported by several authors, most or all records appear based on plants persistent or escaped from cultivation, or on misidentified intectus. Hu (1954-55) did not list any wild colls. from Ky., although B had reported a coll. from CUMB (check NY, US), and M reported a coll. of var. grandiflorus from PULA (MO) that was annotated by Hu. There are confirmed colls. from FRAN (EKY), JEFF (DHL), LEE (EKY) and SCOT (US), but these are not mapped here since they are almost certainly from plantings or escapes; records from w. Tenn. also result from cultivation (Ch; see APSU).


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|BPhiladelphus intectus Beadle ?B|   	1402


Line:
Hydrangeaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Philadelphus cf. intectus (pubescens var. i.)


Line:
These plants have often been misidentified as inodorus, which has more stamens (ca. 60-90 versus 20-50 in all other North American species, 30-40 in P. intectus); larger flowers (petals ca. 15-26 mm long versus 12-15 mm in the others); typically 1-3 flowers per inflorescence (versus 3-9 in the others); and silvery reddish-brown outer bark peeling in strips (versus dull greyish, more persistent or cracking into smaller plates in intectus and pubescens). Instead, these plants match Hu's (1954-56) description of intectus in general, except that they typically have only 3-5 flowers in each cymule, versus 5-9 in her description. P. intectus has been considered a glabrous variety or form of pubescens, but Hu revived its status as a species. Based on her descriptions, together with some interpretation from Ky., intectus appears to differ from pubescens in its smaller seeds (embryos ca. 1.25 mm versus 2 mm); smaller capsules (5-7 mm versus 7-9 mm); stigmatic surfaces unequal (adaxial/abaxial ratio ca. 2-3 versus subequal); sepals, hypanthia and pedicels glabrous (versus pubescent); cymules generally with fewer flowers, (1) 3-7 (9) versus (5) 7-9 (11); and leaves generally glabrous on both surfaces except along veins below (versus pubescent along veins above and uniformly below), averaging larger on vegetative shoots (to be determined). P. intectus may only be known from limestone bluffs near the Cumberland Rv. in Ky. and Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.), transitional in range and morphology between the largely Ozarkian pubescens and the southern Appalachian inodorus. Colls. from LYON (NY) and other western localities should be rechecked for P. pubescens var. pubigerus Hu, which may be transitional from intectus to pubescens.


Line:
Hydrangeaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Philadelphus pubescens (var. p.)


Line:
This largely Ozarkian species is known from disjunct eastern areas on limestone cliffs, or sometimes sandstone. It has been difficult to determine the alien versus native status of some records, and distinction from the alien coronarius is often difficult; see also "cf. intectus" for potential taxonomic confusion. Only probable native plants are mapped as certain records. Colls. from JEFF (DHL) should perhaps be excluded since they may just come from plantings. However, there are records of native plants from adjacent MEAD and HARD (KSNPC database).


Line:
This was probably present early after settlement, and has been a frequent favorite for making hay (Gr).


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|BPhlox amoena Sims var. amoenaB|   	1489


Line:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> amoena var. a.


Line:
There are also a 1840s colls. of C.W. Short (GH, NY) from "barrens of Ky.", with some stating "abundant". P. amoena tends to occur on more acid, infertile soils than pilosa, and does not persist in gardens without special care (Wherry 1955; confirmed by personal experience of JC).


Line:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> amoena var. nov. {upper Cumberland River type}


Line:
This is a distinct variety of amoena that is known only from open boulder-cobble bars along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv. (in MCRE. Ky., and Scott Co., Tenn.), and along the Obed Rv. (Morgan Co., Tenn.). [These plants were initially referred (M) in error to P. pilosa var. detonsa (Gray) Wherry, which is a glabrous plant of pine woods further south.] Typical P. amoena occurs on adjacent uplands, but is generally absent on the river bars. In plants on the bars, leaves below the inflescence are largely glabrous, except for the margins of petiolar bases; stems are thinly hirsute. In typical amoena, leaves and stems are densely hirsute. Local adaptation to stream-scouring (rheophytic) conditions is also known in P. pilosa ssp. sangamonensis Levin & D.M Smith of c. Ill., and in P. pilosa var riparia Wherry on the Edwards Plateau in Tex. (Wherry 1955; Cr).


Line:
This species is distributed in east-central states with a curiously fragmented range. A concentration of records occurs in s. Ind. and nc. Ky., perhaps from glacial refugia along the lower Kentucky River (as in Boechera dentatai) and lower Salt River (as in Phlox pilosa).


Line:
|BPhlox bifida Beck var. bifidaB|   	1483


Line:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Subulatae> bifida var. b.


Line:
This midwestern taxon is known only from two disjunct sites in Ky.: on a gravelly ridge in CALL (MUR) and on limestione clifftops along the Green River in HART (KY). The latter plants appear somewhat transitional to var. cedaria.


Line:
|BPhlox bifida Beck var. cedaria (Brand) Fern.B|   	1484


Line:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Subulatae> bifida var. cedaria (ssp. stellaria*)


Line:
This variety is known only from c. Tenn., c. Ky. and s. Ind. In Ky., it is known only from a few populations on clifftops of narrow points along the Kentucky River Palisades. It is distinguished by its relatively glabrous, eglandular inflorescence, but there is much variation in pubescence and flower shape that needs to be studied further.


Line:
|BPhlox carolina L. ssp. angusta WherryB|   	1499


Line:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> carolina ssp. angusta


Line:
There appears to be a coll. of this taxon from MCRE (R. Jacobs #205801 at EKY), and Wherry (1955) mapped it on the Coastal Plain within w. Ky. (included here as imprecise uncertain locations). Ssp. angusta is a rather poorly known segregate of P. carolina distinguished by having relatively narrow basally-concentrated leaves. It occurs on damp sandy soils, including open boggy sites and sandy river-banks, from sw. N.C. to ne. Texas and north to s. Ill. (Wherry 1955; W). Wherry noted "late spring" for the blooming period of angusta, but apparent flowering colls. from the Cumberland Plateau are dated much later: Jul 23 (MCRE on sandstone shelf at Pitch Rapid); Jul 29 (on banks of Daddy's Creek in Cumberland Co., Tenn.); and Oct 10 (on banks on Obed River in Morgan Co., Tenn.); see also TENN.


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|BPhlox carolina L. ssp. carolinaB|   	1498 R


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> carolina ssp. carolina


Line:
Although verification is needed, there appears to be at least one coll. of this southern taxon from CALL (MUR); this may be the same coll. referred to by BA. Wherry (1955) mapped ssp. carolina in w. Tenn. and se. Mo., close to w. Ky. Sm noted that typical carolina "represents an intermediate between [latifolia, glaberrima and maculata], and grades into them in some colonies." It appears closest to glaberrima, but usually has purple-streaked stems like maculata. P. carolina (broadly defined) may be distinguished from glaberrima (broadly defined) as follows (W): "calyx subcylindric (versus subcampanulate), the sepals fairly broad, with a rather weak midrib, the junction membranes thin, narrow, narrow, becoming markedly plicate keeled." Ssp. carolina is centered around the southern Piedmont and southern Appalachians, while ssp. angusta ranges more widely across the southeast; see notes under angusta.


Line:
|BPhlox divaricata L. var. divaricataB|   	1485


Line:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> divaricata var. d.


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|BPhlox divaricata L. var. laphamii WoodB|   	1486


Line:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> divaricata var. laphamii


Line:
This taxon, centered in midwestern regions, is generally distinct from var. divaricata, centered in Appalachian regions. Their ranges have little overlap in Ky. or elsewhere (Wherry 1955). Only one known coll., from HEND (EKY), appears intermediate.


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|BPhlox glaberrima L. var. glaberrimaB|   	1496 R


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> glaberrima var. g. (melampyrifolia)


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Wherry (1929-34) did initially map this taxon in MARS and MCRA, and F indicated a broad southern range including w. Ky. These and other reports of var. glaberrima or var. melampyrifolia (Salisb.) Wherry appear to be erroneous (M). Further revision is needed, but this taxon now appears to be largely centered on the Piedmont further east (Va., N.C. & S.C.), disjunct from var. interior (Wherry 1955; W).


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|BPhlox glaberrima L. var. interior WherryB|   	1497


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> glaberrima var. interior


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All material of this species in Ky. seems to be var. interior, which occurs largely on the Interior Low Plateaus and adjacent glacial plains, especially in Ind. and Ill. However, colls. should also be rechecked for possible confusion or intergradation with carolina and triflora.


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> latifolia (ovata)


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There is a record of Pr (addenda) from WARR, but a coll. has not been located (M). BA's report was based on misidentified triflora (M). This species occurs mostly in the Blue Ridge mountains, but with disjunct sites west to e. Ind., across the Ohio Rv. from JEFF and MEAD.


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|BPhlox maculata L. var. maculataB|   	1501


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> maculata var. m.


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Mapping here is tentative; see notes under var. pyramidalis. Most of the definitive  records come from B, who consulted with Wherry (1929-34, 1955).


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|BPhlox maculata L. var. pyramidalis (Sm.) WherryB|   	1500


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> maculata var. pyramidalis (purpurea)


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Variation needs further attention. Most plants in Ky. are clearly referrable to var. pyramidalis. Some may be transitional to the more northern var. maculata, but that taxon may not be clearly distinguishable in Ky. Wherry (1955) indicated that the ranges of these varieties overlap extensively in Ky. Some plants appear unusually robust, with thick stems, broad subcordate leaves and large flowers, including colls. from LAWR, MENI, PULA and WOLF (EKY); these are provisionally mapped with more definitive records of var. maculata. Some plants lack purple spotting on the stems, and have been confused with glaberrima, but may be otherwise similar to var. pyramidalis; these appear concentrated in southeastern counties (HARL, JACK, MCRE and WAYN at EKY).


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This species is widely cultivated, and a few records may be difficult to distinguish from native plants. The white-flowered form is infrequent in the wild, but relatively common in cultivation. A few colls. may be transitional to amplifolia.


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|BPhlox pilosa L. var. deamii (Levin) new comb. ?B|   	1488


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> pilosa var. deamii


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These plants are similar to typical P. pilosa in their pubescent corolla tubes, but have the compact cymes and overall habit of the more southeastern P. amoena. They may be derived from hybridization (Levin 1966, Cr). Treated as P. pilosa ssp. deamii Levin, they are known only from sw. Ind., w. Ky. and nw. Tenn., apparently on rather acid infertile soils. Wherry (1955) seems to have included these plants within P. pilosa var. pulcherrima Lundell, which occurs mostly further south in oak/pine woods of the lower Mississippi Valley.


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> pilosa var. p. (virens)


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This species of native grasslands and open woodlands has a widespread south-central range, but often occurs in highly fragmented populations, as in Ky. It may be relatively sensitive to spring burning, browsing, mowing or herbiciding, compared to more late flowering wild-flowers. Var. virens (Michx.) Wherry has been combined in most treatments, and is included here. Records of the more northwestern var. fulgida Wherry and the more southwestern var. ozarkana Wherry appear to be erroneous (M).


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|BPhlox subulata L. var. australis WherryB|   	1482


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Subulatae> subulata var. australis


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Var. australis is known only from central Appalachian regions furher east (sometimes combined with var. brittonii in var. setacea), plus the disjunct western margins of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ohio and Ky. (Wherry 1955, Cr). This unusual distribution pattern is similar to Paxistima canbyi and Solidago harrisii Campbell et al. (1993). Typical var. subulata is more northern. Records mapped here are from plants that appear native, excluding the generally more robust cultivars that occasionally persist along roadside banks. These cultivars include hybrids of subulata with bifida, some of which are known as 'Stellaria' (Wherry 1955). Hybrids of subulata with P. nivalis Lodd. ('Frondosa') and P. stolonifera Sims ('Amoena') may also be cultivated.


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Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> triflora (glaberrima* var. t., carolina var. t.)


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This largely Appalachian taxon has been treated as a variety of the east-central glaberrima or the more southern carolina, but it appears to be generally distinct in Ky. Further revision is needed. It may be closest to glaberrima, based on its "subcampanulate" calyx (W); see note under carolina. It generally differs from both species (Wherry 1955) in its smaller inflorescences (with ca. 12-25 flowers versus 15-125), and its flower parts tend to be larger, on average. It is a relatively short plant (ca. 4-6 dm) with only ca. 7-9 leaf-bearing nodes and moderately narrow leaves (ca. 5-10 mm wide), but the other two species vary much in these characters. The clearest differences from glaberrima (W) may be its less elongated leaves (l/w averaging ca. 6 versus 12), shorter sepals (8-12 mm versus 7-9 mm), and smaller ultimate cymules (with 3 versus 5-7 flowers). The habitat for triflora is sometimes indicated to be mostly "wet" (like glaberrima), but in Ky. these plants are generally on well drained sites (like some carolina). Records from the Shawnee Hills of w. Ky. and s. Ind. are verified (see also D), but other disjunct western colls. should be rechecked for transitions to glaberrima or carolina. Curiously, triflora is unknown in the Cumberland Mts. (at least in Ky.) and elsewhere in the higher central Appalachians (where latifolia is centered); however, its range wraps around from east to south to west (Wherry 1955; W).


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|BPhoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. JohnstonB|   	260


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Viscaceae [Santalaceae]: Phoradendron serotinum (leucarpum, flavescens)


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R. Thompson (BEREA) has devotedly collected this inspiring hemiparasite from all counties, except for GRAN, where he has seen it on a cut-down tree. He has documented the host species in detail for several areas (e.g. Thompson & Noe 2003); see also Reed & Reed (1951). The most common host on base-rich soils is Juglans nigra, but it is also locally frequent on Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Gleditsia triacanthos and other species. On more acid soils, Nyssa sylvatica is usually the most common host. As Gr noted: "Exceptionally severe winters sometimes destroy much of it, but it gradually reappears and becomes common again." The last extensive die-back in northern Ky. occurred after the winters of 1976-78.


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|BPhragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.B|   	3144


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Poaceae <Arundineae>: Phragmites australis (ssp. au.; communis)


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Ky. plants may all be the European ssp. australis. They are locally abundant in western regions within disturbed wetlands and adjacent seasonally hydric uplands, and also frequent in patches along major highways. The native ssp. americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson & Soreng has been recently described, and is widely distributed across northern region in fens and marshes, but generally much less common and less vigorous (Saltonstall et al. 2004). The best key character of americanus is its longer ligules (1-1.7 mm versus 0.4-0.9 mm). Other differences (K. Saltonstall @ nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/phau1.htm) are its usually longer lower glumes (3-6.5 mm versus 2.5-5 mm) and upper glumes (5.5-11 mm versus 4.5-7.5 mm); more open inflorescence; leaves yellow-green (versus usually blue-green), the sheaths loose and usually dropped (versus tight, usually persistent); culms smooth (versus longitudinally ridged), green to maroon, at least at nodes (versus usually all green), and with black fungal spots often present at nodes and below (versus rarely present); plants often mixed with other species (versus usually in monocultures). D. Boone (pers. comm.) has recently found ssp. americanus in e. Ind. (Randolph Co.), and it is reported from w. Ohio (Cedar Bog).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-2,3,9 D 5.   |BABU B| +6*.


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|BPhyla lanceolata (Michx.) GreeneB|   	1798


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Much material has been referred to var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Soper, but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments, and B considered most of her colls. intermediate.


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|BPhyla nodiflora (L.) GreeneB|   	1799 R


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This was reported by RAB and Moldenke (1980, but no coll. has been seen. There has been some confusion with lanceolata, but nodiflora is generally considered a distinct southern species, and it should be expected in w. Ky.


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Phyllanthaceae [Euphorbiaceae*]: Phyllanthus <Isocladus> caroliniensis


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This tropical weed has become widely scattered across southeastern states, especially on nitrogen-rich soil in warmer areas (W). It has been found in greenhouses at the Univ. of Ky. in FAYE (JC for KY), but is not expected to spread in the wild. Another expected weed of greenhouses is P. tenellus Roxb. (in subgenus Kirganelia), originially from the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, but now spread through many warmer regions of the world, including southeastern states (W).


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There have been many plantings of this aggressive rhizomatous species, and occasionally other members of the genus. Some of these (at least in FAYE, GRNP, HART and LEE, but probably elsewhere) have become extensive in adjacent woodland or edges after a few decades, and could cover many acres if left unchecked. However, this species has not been used long enough in Ky. for it to be a serious problem, as it is in several developed areas of states to the south and east.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8,6 D 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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There are records from old home sites and gardens, but this commonly cultivated species ("Chinese lantern") does not seem to be truly naturalized (M).


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Some colls. may be referable to the rather poorly defined, southern or western var. pendula (Rydb.) Waterfall, but this is not confirmed. BA reported the closely related Ozarkian P. missouriensis Mack. & Bush, but no colls. have been verified. P. angulata has often been confused with subglabrata, but differs in its annual (versus rhizomatous) habit; its more coarsely dentate largest leaves (versus sinuate-dentate); and its smaller fresh flowers (ca. 4-10 x 6-15 mm versus 11-17 x 15-25 mm), which lack purple maculations.


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|BPhysalis grisea (Waterfall) M. MartinezB|   	1928


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Solanaceae: Physalis grisea ("pruinosa"*, pubescens var. grisea)


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This may be widely distributed across the U.S.A., but it has often been confused in appearance with pubescens and heterophylla; records needs to be rechecked. The name P. pruinosa L. has been applied to grisea in error; true pruinosa occurs in Mexico and Central America (as reviewed by W).


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|BPhysalis heterophylla Nees var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb.B|   	1939


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Solanaceae: Physalis heterophylla var. ambigua (nyctaginea)


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This variety, with a distinct pubescence pattern, is not recognized in some recent treatments, and it is not clear if there are significant differences in range or habitat. There has been some confusion with pubescens.


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|BPhysalis heterophylla Nees var. heterophyllaB|   	1938


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Solanaceae: Physalis heterophylla var. h.


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This is a variable species, and hybrids with virginiana may also be expected (Sullivan 2004).


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|BPhysalis hispida (Waterfall) Cronq.B|   	1936 R


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Solanaceae: Physalis hispida ("lanceolata", pumila ssp. h.)


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This was reported by Browne & Athey (1992) but no coll. has been located. It is a widely scattered mid-western species that is expected in Ky.


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Solanaceae: Physalis longifolia (var. l., virginiana var. sonorae)


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This western species, in its strict sense, may be unknown in the Ohio Valley (Sullivan 2004). It has been reported by Grubbs (1989) and others (M), but no coll. has been confirmed. The more eastern subglabrata has often been combined as a variety.


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This cultivated species ("Cape-gooseberry") is known from an extensive naturalized population in NELS (M. Medley et al. #13659-85 for WKY), and it was reported by Huffaker (1975) from CART.


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| G-10? D? 6?.   |BABU B| +4?.


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|BPhysalis philadelphica Lam.B|   	1932 R


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There are colls. suggestings escapes of this cultivated species ("tomatillo") in FAYE (KY), HICK and LIVI (R. Athey; check EKY). However, their identification and status remains somewhat dubious. Some of these colls. are probably referrable to var. immaculata Waterfall (= P. ixocarpa auct. non Brot. ex Herman). This species is closely related to angulata, but has larger flowers (with purple maculations); see F and W for detailed keys.


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|BPhysalis pruinosa: see P. grisea and P. pubescensB|


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Solanaceae: Physalis pubescens (barbadensis, "pruinosa")


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This pantropical species has been confused with P. grisea ("pruinosa"), P. cordata Mill. (= pubescens var. glabra) and P. heterophylla var. ambigua, and some colls. need to be rechecked. Most or all material may be referable to var. integrifolia (Dunal) Waterfall, but further work on intraspecific variation is needed.


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|BPhysalis subglabrata Mackenzie & BushB|   	1933


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Solanaceae: Physalis subglabrata (longifolia var. s.*)


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There has been some confusion with angulata; see also notes under longifolia (sensu stricto).


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|BPhysalis virginiana P. Mill.B|   	1935


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Solanaceae: Physalis virginiana (var. v.)


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|BPhysaria globosa (Desv.) O'Kane & Al-ShehbazB|   	679


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Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Physaria [Lesquerella*] globosa


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This unusual globally endangered biennial (or winter annual) was reportedly "growing abundantly on waste land along railroads, etc." a century ago (Gr). In Ky., it is now largely restricted to a few sites in rocky woods of the central Bluegrass region, where thin or eroded soil supports small populations. Only a few waifs in landscapes with deeper soils have been found in recent decades. Elsewhere, it occurs in similar sites around in c.Tenn., and there is a remarkable disjunct roadside population in the flatlands of sw. Ind. Old records from Ark., Mo., and Ohio remain unverified (Gray 1887, F, Al-Shehbaz 1987). It seems likely that animal trails or other disturbance promoted this species before settlement, but that reduction in wilder lands plus the invasion of European Brassicaceae has now led to its precarious position. See O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz (2002; and other citations in W) for support of generic realignments.


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|BPhysocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.B|   	920


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Further study of possible varieties in this widespread northeastern species is needed. Some colls. from Ky. may be var. intermedius (Rydb.) B.L. Robins., which has a largely mid-western range, but with much overlap. This species mostly occurs in two distinct habitats: calcareous cliffs (especially to the west), and on sandstone boulders along Appalachian rivers.


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|BPhysostegia intermedia (Nutt.) Engelm. & GrayB|   	1837


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There is  coll. of C.W. Short (PH, GH) from "barrens of Ky." in the 1820s; this was probably made near Hopkinsville in CHRI (M).


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Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Physostegia praemorsa (virginiana* ssp. p., var. arenaria)


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This taxon is similar to typical virginiana, especially var. speciosa, and some records are uncertain, but the plants mapped here are generally distinct in appearance and habitat.


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|BPhysostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. var. speciosa (Sweet) GrayB|   	1835


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Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Physostegia virginiana* var. speciosa


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These colls. may not be reliably separated from virginiana or praemorsa. They are mostly from roadsides and some may be escapes from cultivation. Further research on variation in Physostegia is needed.


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|BPhysostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. var. virginianaB|   	1834


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Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Physostegia virginiana* var. v. (P. denticulata)


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Some colls. need to be rechecked for praemorsa.


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This is a truly amazing plant, with great potential for restoration, aesthetics, food, medicine and poison; JC has personally experienced all of these uses.


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This may just be a rare waif in the state.


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|BPilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb.B|   	1151 R


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This was reported by Browne & Athey (1992) and others, but perhaps based on immature pumila (M). There are no clearly identified vouchers. This is a generally northern species, perhaps to be expected in northern and eastern Ky. It is very close to pumila but has less elongate, tuberculate, dark seeds with pale margins (versus smooth and paler brown with raised lines and mottles); also leaves may be less shiny and translucent (W).


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|BPilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.B|   	1152 W


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This is species is rarely adventive from subtropical America on the Coastal Plain (W).There are colls. from JEFF (KNK) and MADI (EKY), as weeds associated with potting soil. It is probably not truly naturalized in Ky.


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|BPilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) Sell & C. WestB|   	2525


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Pilosella [Hieracium*] caespitosa (pratense)


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Some other European species of Pilosella have been reported, but not verified. These include P. aurantiaca (L.) F. Schultz & Schultz-Bipontinus (Faller 1975), P. officinarum F. Schultz & Schultz-Bipontinus (Faller 1975), and P. piloselloides (Vill.) Sojak (BA), which is close to caespitosa. Like caespitosa, these species are widely scattered in North America, and are expected in Ky.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 ::? C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BPINK: Dianthus, Lychnis, Petrorhagia, SileneB|


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Included here are historical data of Gr, B and Wharton (1945). Not mapped are western colls. that are probably from planted or escaped individuals; for these, see Cranfill (1991), CW, KY (GRAY, OHIO) and MUR (CALL, MARS). P. echinata is a southeastern species that has been widely planted in Appalachian regions and locally elsewhere, outside its native range: including Mammoth Cave National Park (EDMO, HART) and Land-Between-the-Lakes (LYON, TRIG). However, there are native trees in w. Tenn. just south of TRIG and CHRI. It was locally abundant in original woodlands of the southern Cumberland Plateau, and it probably increased after initial logging and efforts at clearance on southern Appalachian uplands. Much has died during 1999-2002 due to bark beetles, but a new generation could be fostered by burning remaining oak woodland to promote the grassy conditions into which this species tends to regenerate. Distinction from virgininana, rigida and taeda is often difficult with leaves alone; keys need to be developed for use with whole plants in the field (FNA 2, J, W). There may be some introgression, especially with rigida (FNA 2, CW), but that is not well documented with colls. or analysis.


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This species of the high central Appalachians was reported by DeFriese (1884) and Gr, but no colls. have been located. P. pungens does occur in s. W.Va. and w. Va., within 50 miles of Ky. (PL).


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This largely Appalachian species is often hard to distinguish from the more southern echinata. Reports of rigida from west of the Appalachian Plateaus are not mapped here, pending clarification of their status (Gr, CW); Gr reported this species west along the Knobs as far as BULL (Gr). On the Cumberland Plateau, it extends south to near the state line, but perhaps not into Tenn. (Ch). P. rigida differs from echinata (F, Cr, FNA 2, J) in its generally broader seed-cones (ca. 4-8 x 6-7 cm versus 4-6 x 3-4 cm), the scales relatively thick, with distinct dark reddish-brown inner distal margins (versus lacking contrast), the prickles up to 3 mm (versus 2 mm); needles relatively rigid, ca. 1-1.5 (2) mm wide, mostly in 3s (versus 0.7-1.3 mm wide, in 2s or 3s); twigs initially orange-brown (versus greenish to reddish-brown and often glaucous), becoming ca. 5-7 mm thick in second year (versus 3-5 mm), with strongly resinous buds ca. 1.5 cm long (versus 0.7-1 cm); bark plates lacking resin pockets (usually evident in echinata).


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This northeastern species is native to a few restricted localities, as mapped with solid dots here, but it is also widely planted and can spread from seed. Open dots are based on plants that are probably self-sown from plantings, or spread more locally from native populations after settlement. The decline of forest fires during the past 50-100 years has facilitated expansion of this sensitive species in some areas. The largest concentration of native trees may have been in WOLF, MENI and adjacent counties, centered on the Red River Gorge (Gr, Barton 1919). This was disjunct from the more extensive population further south on the Cumberland Plateau, in MCRE (mostly near the Big South Fork) and several counties of Tenn. (Ch). Further west, small native populations occur in sandstone ravines of MUHL and TODD; also, Gr listed CRIT. It is difficult or impossible to distinguish native from naturalized populations in some cases.


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This widespread southern species is not native in Ky., but it is widely planted, especially in southwestern regions. Self-sown trees have been found in CALL (MM for WKY) and perhaps elsewhere (CW); records with uncertain status (perhaps even form planted trees) are mapped as open dots. P. taeda may become more naturalized, especially with global warming.


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|BALI B| S.   |BHAB B| 10,7 C 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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This largely Appalachian species has been widely planted. Records that are probably from naturalized trees, or perhaps adventive from nearby native populations, are included as uncertain records in the map (open dots). There are rare self-sown trees scattered in hilly parts of the Bluegrass region, but these are probably all dispersed from nearby plantings.


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|BPiptatherum racemosum Ricker ex A.S. Hitchc.B|   	3158


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Poaceae <Stipeae>: Piptatherum [Oryzopsis*] racemosum


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This northeastern species is known only from under limestone cliffs in the Kentucky River Palisades and in the eastern Knobs Region (or its Appalachian transitions).


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|BPiptochaetium avenaceum (L.) ParodiB|   	3159


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Poaceae <Stipeae>: Piptochaetium [Stipa] avenaceum


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This is a largely southeastern grass but it also occurs on sandy soils in the southern Great Lakes Region. In Ky., it s locally abundant in open woods on the southern Cumberland Plateau. The disjunct western record from GRAY (KY) is confirmed; other disjunctions occur in s. Ohio, s. Ill. and w. Tenn. (FNA 24).


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Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Pisum sativum (var. s.)


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This common "garden pea" is much grown, but it is not known to persist or naturalize. The more northern var. arvense (L.) Poiret was a failure in early trials at the Univ. of Ky. (Gr).


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|BPityopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. var. latifolia (Fern.) Semple & BowersB|   	2285


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Pityopsis [Chrysopsis] graminifolia* var. latifolia (nervosa)


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Typical var. graminifolia is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain, while var. latifolia has a more widespread southern range (Cr, FNA 20).


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|BPlanodes virginica (L.) GreeneB|   	701


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Planodes [Arabis; Sibara*] virginica


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This winter annual is widespread across southeastern states, Mexico and Ca. It has similar ecology to the aliens, Draba verna and Cardamine hirsuta. It was generally confused with C. hirsuta in early literature (M). See Y for notes on generic placement. Based in FAYE, Short (1828-29; see also PH) noted: "Cardamine virginica? This little plant excites no other interest than that arising from the early period at which it blooms; being here, as the Draba verna in the Eastern states, the earliest harbinger of spring... In cultivated fields abundant; flowering from the middle of February. ...towards the last of February..."


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As in Gr's time, this species is still more common in western regions. It is often considered adventive in Appalachian and Atlantic regions (W).


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There are old colls. attributed to Ky., by A. Michaux (1803; Paris), R. Peter (PH), and C.W. Short (NY). However, no locality data were provided with these colls. This largely mid-western species appears to have declined widely across its original range.


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|BPlantago heterophylla Nutt.B|   	1765 R


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M has reported this from MARS (for WKY).  Woods' (1983) report from HICK (MUR) was based on a misidentified coll. of pusilla. P, heterophylla is a southern species that extends north into the central Mississippi Valley.


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This alien weed, typical of mowed pastures, meadows and lawns, may have been present in the Ohio Valley early after settlement (Gray 1864). But Gr indicated that he first observed it in 1898, and that its spread was promoted due to "the seeds constantly present among clover seeds."


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 :: D 5.   |BABU B| +6.


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Plantaginaceae: Plantago major (var. m.)


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This alien has been reported, but often confused with the native species, rugelii. It has been collected from a railroad yard in JEFF (M. Medley 6666-82 for WKY), and Gr noted occasional seeds found in forage seed samples. It is locally common in s. Ohio, and should be expected across n. Ky. along larger roads and railroads. It is much more common in northern states, where it was reportedly known as "whiteman's foot" by native people (F). Although largely alien, there are native varieties, especially along shores and rivers (F, W). P. rugelii is often abundant in the same kind of mowed or trampled sunny eutrophic sites as major, and these two species are often mixed in northern regions. However, major is generally absent from more mesic shady trailsides, where rugelii can still be quite common.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 :: D? 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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There have been reports but also some confusion with wrightiana, and no verified coll. has been seen (M).


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This mid-western species may occur only as an adventive waif.


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B noted that var. asperula Farw. can often be distinguished but that intermediates occur; that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


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Plantaginaceae: Plantago wrightiana (hookeriana var. nuda)


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There has been confusion with patagonica, and some records need to be checked.


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|BPlatanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl.B|   	2772


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Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] ciliaris


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The old disjunct western records from CHRI (Ettman & McAdoo 1979) and MCRA (BT) may be supported by colls., but these have not been located. There is also no confirmation of Ettman & McAdoo's records from the Cumberland Mt. counties. However, Pr's record from EDMO is supported by her excellent painting of this species at MO, labeled "Chalybeate Springs, wet sand soil" on 29 Jul 1896; plus her coll. from the same locality, "sand swamp" on 17 Jul 1897.


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|BPlatanthera clavellata (Michx.) LuerB|   	2768


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Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] clavellata


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|BPlatanthera cristata (Michx.) Lindl.B|   	2771


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Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] cristata


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An 1880s coll. attributed to WHIT (KY) is labelled just  "Corbin", and could be from an adjacent county. However, this species was also discovered in WHIT during the 1990s.


Line:
|BPlatanthera flava (L.) Lindl.B|   	2769


Line:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] flava (var. f.)


Line:
Some colls. may be difficult to distinguish from herbiola, and should be rechecked. Typical flava and herbiola appear to be the only Platantheras in eastern North America that spread clonally with elongate fleshy "tuberoids" (F; FNA 26).


Line:
|BPlatanthera herbiola (R. Br. ex Ait. f.) new comb. ?B|   	2770


Line:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] herbiola (flava var. h.*)


Line:
Although some colls. are difficult to distinguish from typical flava, which is a southern taxon that overlaps in a relatively narrow zone, the more northern herbiola is generally distinct in appearance and habitat. Species status has been suggested by Homoya (1993) but denied by others (Yatskievych 1999). P. herbiola differs in its lip, which is usually narrower, oblong and obtuse (versus broadly ovate to orbicular or quadrangular, often emarginate); its spike is usually more congested, with at least the lower bracts much exceeding the flowers (versus about equalling); and it has 2-3 (5) full-sized leaves (versus usually 2), which are generally darker green. In Ky. herbiola is largely Appalachian, and occurs along small streams that flow most of the year; flava is widely scattered, and occurs on broader terraces and streamheads that often dry up in summer and fall.


Line:
|BPlatanthera integrilabia (Correll) LuerB|   	2773


Line:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] integrilabia (blepharioglottis var. i.)


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A 1949 coll. attributed to WHIT (KY, NCU) has only "bog, Cumberland Falls" as the locality, and it might have come from adjacent MCRE. However, this species was also discovered in WHIT (KY) a few miles northeast of Cumberland Falls during 1993 (Campbell et al. 1994).


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|BPlatanthera lacera (Michx.) G. DonB|   	2776


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Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] lacera


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|BPlatanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl.B|   	2777 R


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Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] leucophaea


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This largely northwestern species was reported from Ky. by Britton (1901) and Small (1903), but no coll. has been located.


Line:
|BPlatanthera peramoena (Gray) GrayB|   	2774


Line:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] peramoena


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|BPlatanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl.B|   	2775


Line:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] psycodes


Line:
In addition to the well documented occurrences at high elevation on Black Mt. (HARL), there are sight records from MENI, POWE and WOLF by several people (Campbell et al. 1989; KSNPC). However, it is possible that these sight records were based on unusual forms of peramoena with less fringing.


Line:
Although this widespread eastern species is distributed across Ky., it was probably much more restricted to riparian zones before clearance of the land. Barton's (1919) data indicate that it was most common on western and southern lowlands; also along the upper Licking Rv. and upper Ky. Rv. It was not a significant component of original woodland across the Bluegrass region (Campbell 1989), where riparian zones were apparently dominated by box-elder (Acer negundo) instead.


Line:
|BPleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham var. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & WindhamB|   	101


Line:
Polypodiaceae: Pleiopeltis [Polypodium] polypodioides var. michauxianum


Line:
|BPLUME GRASS: Erianthus, Miscanthus (ASIAN)B|


Line:
In Ky., this northeastern species is known only from Appalachian regions. The outlying record of Pr from WARR or EDMO has not been confirmed.


Line:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Poa angustifolia (pratensis var. a.)


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These plants may be better treated as P. pratensis ssp. angustifolia (L.) Lej. (FNA 24). They differ from typical pratensis in their consistently narrow leaves 0.4-1 mm wide (versus often 1.5-4.5 mm), which often have sparse hairs (versus rarely). They are frequent in old-fields, especially in the Bluegrass region; see also notes of Gr.


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This weedy annual grass has probably been present since early after settlement. Anderson (1924) listed a coll. of R. Peter from Lexington in 1834, noted "common" (at KY before fire).


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|BPoa autumnalis Muhl. ex Ell.B|   	3194


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Although widely scattered in Ky., records are few and mostly date from 1920-1950. This alien is established across most of the U.S.A. (especially western regions), but it remains rare or absent in southeastern states.


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In North America, this species is generally thought to be introduced from Europe. However, some botanists suggest native status to the north (e.g. in the alvars of Ontario), and the common name "Canadian bluegrass" is puzzling.


Line:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Poa cuspidata (brachyphylla)


Line:
This largely Appalachian species is known further west along the Kentucky River Palisades to JESS and MERC, and along the southern Knobs to TAYL. Also, there is only an old record in Ind. from Floyd Co., across the Ohio Rv. from MEAD (D). P. cuspidata flowers relatively early, in April, and is easily overlooked.


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Poaceae <Poeae>: Poa languida (saltuensis var. l.)


Line:
This has been treated as a species (F, W), or a subspecies (FNA 24), variety or insignificant variant (K) of saltuensis. P. saltuensis is a fairly widespread species of northeastern states and adjacent Canada. P. languida is relatively uncommon, occurring on relatively base-rich soils along the southern and western fringes of the range of saltuensis, from Va. to Mn. In Ky., it is known only from thin woods and glade margins in foothills of the eastern Knobs, generally on or near dolomitic soils.


Line:
This alien is locally naturalized in some northern regions, including parts of states to north and east of Ky. It has been reported from Ky. (Anderson 1924, Rogers 1941, FNA 24), but there have been misidentifications, and its occurrence remains dubious (M). A coll. was made in FAYE (KY Agr. Sch.) during 1894, but perhaps just from a cultivated plant.


Line:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Poa pratensis (var. p.)


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This is a widespread, circumboreal species, or species-complex, with a great range in chromosome number; 2n = 27 to 147. Many variants have been recognized (FNA 24). In Ky. it has been widely planted for pasture using seed from Europe. Some plants have been considered native in northern states and Canada (F), and there are clearly native segregates typical of boreal and alpine regions, but it remains unclear if plants occurred in more central states before European settlement. See also notes under angustifolia, which should perhaps be combined.


Line:
F indicated native status for this species in North America, at least to the north, but R. Soreng (in FNA 24) considered it all introduced from Europe. Further clarification could come from research into early colls. and any records of planting for pasture. Anderson (1924) noted: "rare in Kentucky, and perhaps not established." It is now locally abundant in thin woods along streams, especially in the Bluegrass Region and other areas with fertile soils.


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Although most common in woods, this unpalatable species often survives for decades in open pastured woods or fields.


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This alga-like flowering plant of rocky riverine riffles has fascinated botanists since settlement (Meijer 1976). At several localities, plants have disappeared, including A. Michaux's type at Falls of the Ohio (JEFF) and C.W. Short's along the lower Kentucky Rv. (FAYE/MADI). Short (1836) noted: "the humble but useful Podostemum ceratophyllum, confined to the shoals of the most rapid rivers, where it serves to protect the channel from the fury of the current, by binding together gravel, shells, and stones, on one impenetrable mass."  It remains scattered in some upper tributaries of the Cumberland Rv., Green Rv., Kentucky Rv., and Big Sandy Rv. It is locally abundant along the South Fork of Kentucky Rv., where flowering was observed in 1992 (KY).


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|BPogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker-Gawl.B|   	2791


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Currently, the only known plants are along a dirt road on Pine Mt. in LETC (MM for WKY). The coll. attributed to ROWA (PH) was made in 1834 by Clarendon Peck from "Licking River marshes." That historic record is supported by the extraordinary colored map of Oct 1834 ("A Picter of Peck's Travels on Licking"), which was discovered by A. Risk among the materials of  C.W. Short in the Southern Historical coll. at Duke University. That map shows "Pogonia & Drosera" in "marshes" on "High Flat Land" near the current Rowan County airport (Campbell et al. 1992).


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|BPOGONIA: Cleistes (SPREADING), Isotria (WHORLED), Pogonia (ROSE)B|


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|BPolanisia dodecandra (L.) DC.B|   	645


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Cleomaceae [Capparaceae*]: Polanisia dodecandra (graveolens)


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This is widespread in most of North America, but local, rare or absent in southeastern states. In Ky. and Tenn., most records are from gravelly or sandy riverbanks west of the Appalachians. The only central Appalachian records are from the Kanawha Rv. in W.Va. and the James Rv. in Va. (PL, W). See notes under trachysperma, which is not distinguished here.


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|BPolanisia trachysperma Torr. & GrayB|   	646 T


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Cleomaceae [Capparaceae*]: Polanisia trachysperma (dodecandra ssp. t.)


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This has been treated as a large flowered subspecies or variety of dodecandra by H.H. Iltis. There is much intergradation and little overall difference in range or habitat (Y), although trachysperma is reportedly more weedy and perhaps adventive in eastern states (W). A coll. from TRIG (AP) has been referred to this segregate but other colls. of Polanisia need further study.


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|BPolemonium reptans L. var. reptansB|   	1502


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Polemoniaceae: Polemonium reptans var. r.


Line:
Some colls. may be transitional to var. villosum.


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|BPolemonium reptans L. var. villosum E.L. BraunB|   	1503


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Polemoniaceae: Polemonium reptans var. villosum


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Uncertain records lack the long glandular hairs of typical var. villosum, and mostly occur west of Appalachian regions.


Line:
Polygalaceae: Polygala ambigua (verticillata var. a.)


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|BPolygala lonchophylla Greene ?B|   	1307


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Polygalaceae: Polygala cf. lonchophylla (senega var. l.)


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This taxon has been previously known as P. senega var. latifolia Torr. & Gray. Species status has been suggested by Trauth-Nare & Naczi (1998), and is favored for this Atlas. Trauth-Nare has labelled these plants as P. lonchophylla Greene, but more work is needed to ensure proper typification.


Line:
There has been some confusion with P. curstissii, but the records mapped here from DAVI and TODD are based on correctly identified colls. (KY). This southern species occurs mostly on sandy soils of the Coastal Plain, with significant disjunctions in Tenn. as well as Ky.


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|BPolygala nuttallii Torr. & GrayB|   	1315


Line:
The only record is a coll. in 1941 from "moist flats in barrens" (B) from "west of Knob Lick" in METC (US); this should be rechecked. Reports from BATH, BELL and ROWA were based on misidentified curtissii or mariana. This southeastern species occurs mostly on sandy soils on lowlands and uplands from Mass. to Ga., but with scattered disjunct occurrences reported west to Ark. (W).


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In addition to the one currently known site in LAUR (BEREA), discovered by R. Mears in 1992 (Campbell et al. 1994), there is an old unconfirmed report from Ky. by McFarland (1942). This northern and Appalachian species is expected elsewhere in southeastern counties, since it is locally common along Clear Fork in Morgan Co., Tenn. (J. Kiser, pers. comm.).


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Polygalaceae: Polygala polygama (var. p.)


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This species, as the typical southern var. polygama, is known from several sites in MCRE (KY). Also, Rafinesque (1819) reported this species from the "barrens", but no colls. are known. The northern var. obtusata Chodat might have been expected in the state.


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A few colls. have greenish or whitish flowers (MCRA, METC).


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The only clearly verified record may be from LEWI (KY), and further review is desirable (Trauth-Nare & Naczi 1998; R. Naczi, pers. comm.). These plants of dry grassy openings in northern regions do seem to be distinct, at the species level, from the more broad-leaved plants in relatively mesic woodlands of east-central states that have been called var. latifolia; see P. cf. lonchophylla.


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|BPolygala verticillata L. var. isocycla Fern.B|   	1311


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Polygalaceae: Polygala verticillata var. isocycla


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Distinction from the typical variety needs to be checked; there may not be significant taxonomic differences.


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|BPolygala verticillata L. var. verticillataB|   	1312


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Polygalaceae: Polygala verticillata var. v.


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|BPolygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.B|   	2701


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Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Polygonatum biflorum (var. b.)


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|BPolygonatum commutatum (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) A. Dietr.B|   	2702


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Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Polygonatum commutatum ("canaliculatum", biflorum* var. commutatum)


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Despite several subtle differences (F, W), this tetraploid taxon (2n = 40 versus 20) is somewhat indistinct from typical biflorum (Cr, FNA 26), and variety status may be preferred (W). It has a more western range, and occurs on relatively mesic fertile sites, more often on floodplains than typical plants, but there is considerable overlap. It differs in its greater average size, ca. 20-90 cm in height (versus usually 6-20 cm). Leaves are subpetiolar, clasping to sheathing at base (versus virtually sessile, not clasping), 3.5-13 cm wide (versus 1.2-6 cm), the larger ones with ca. 110-220 nerves (versus 50-120) and more corrugated. Peduncles have 2-10 flowers (versus 1-5); the perianth is typically 17-20 mm long (versus 7-15 mm), with 5-6.5 mm lobes (versus 3-4 mm).


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|BPolygonatum pubescens (Willd.) PurshB|   	2700


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Polygonaceae: Poygonum arenastrum (aviculare ssp. depressum, "aviculare")


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There has only been a provisional revision of colls. in the aviculare complex from Ky., but this segregate undoubtedly occurs throughout the state. It usually grows in pavement crevices and similar places. Its seeds are usually 1.5-2.7 mm long (versus 2.7-3.7 mm); flower length is usually 2-3.4 mm (versus 2.8-4.7 mm), with ca. 40-60% as the tube (versus 20-40%); leaves are relatively uniform in size (with early leaves only ca. 0.5-2 cm long versus up to 2.5-6 cm in aviculare) and bluish-green (versus plain green). It is usually prostrate, remaining <1 cm above the ground (versus ca. 1-20 cm tall). Colls. mapped as uncertain records have relatively narrow leaves, suggesting bellardii, but may just be forms of arenastrum.


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Polygonaceae: Polygonum aviculare (monspeliensis, aviculare var. vegetum, ssp. a.)


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This widespread annual weed from Eurasia has several segregates or close allies that need more assessment in Ky. Although treated recently as subspecies for FNA 5, some of these taxa have often been considered species, and there is little or no intergradation in many areas. Those reported from Ky. are P. arenastrum (ssp. depressum (Meisner) Arcangeli); P. bellardii (ssp. neglectum (Besser) Arcangeli); and P. buxiforme (ssp. b. (Small) Costea & Tardif); see notes under those names.


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|BPolygonum bellardii AllioniB|   	281 R


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This segregate of the aviculare complex has been reported from Ky. (FNA 5) but colls. have not yet been sufficiently reviewed. Closely related plants known as P. aviculare ssp. rurivagum (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher may also be expected. P. bellardii is generally intermediate in overall habit and dimensiions between typical aviculare and arenastrum, but has distinctive linear-tending leaves (l/w ca. 4-10+ versus 2-5). It differs from arenastrum in its tepals: with unbranched veins (versus branched), margins white (versus usually pink or red), and overall green to reddish-brown color (versus just green). It differs from typical aviculare in its much narrower leaves (ca. 1-7 mm wide versus 6-15 mm); also, its cymes are smaller (usually with 1-3 flowers versus 3-8) and uniformly distributed (versus aggregated at tips); seeds are relatively short (1.2-1.8 mm) and distinctively exerted.


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Polygonaceae: Polygonum buxiforme (aviculare ssp. b., var. littorale)


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This taxon is close to the Eurasian aviculare, with some apparent intergradation. However, it is apparently native in much of North America, on disturbed sites of various types, including shorelines of rivers or ponds, and nearby roadsides. It differs from other taxa of the aviculare complex in its ocreae, which have relatively persistent silvery distal parts (versus soon disintegrating into fibers). Also, its flowers are less elongated (l/w = 0.9-1.5 versus 1.5-2.9) and the outer tepals are pouched at base (versus not pouched). Plants are usually prostrate, homophyllous, and grayish- or bluish-green. P. buxiforme was apparently collected by B from "banks of Dry Run" in KENT (recheck US). Other records are tentatively mapped here, pending deeper review of the aviculare complex.


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|BPolygonum caespitosum: see Persicaria longisetumB|


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Polygonaceae: Polygonum erectum (ssp. e.)


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This widespread species of eastern and central North America was frequently used for its edible seed by native people during the Woodland era, along with other starchy seeds (Chenopodium buschianum, Hordeum pusillum, Phalaris caroliniana) and the oily Iva annua (King 1985, Wymer & Abrams 2003). However, there is little evidence of selection for seed size. P. achoreum S.F. Blake (erectum ssp. a.) is a closely related northern species that may be expected in Ky. (FNA 5).


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|BPolygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. prolificum SmallB|   	285


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Polygonaceae: Polygonum ramosissimum var. prolificum


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Determination to variety is reasonably certain, except for the coll. from OLDH (DHL), which is vegetative. M also reported the species from TRIM (but just a sight record). Typical var. ramosissimum has been reported from Ky. (M, FNA 5), but no verified colls. have been seen. This species may have been used for its edible seed during the Woodland era (King 1985), and it was reported from pond sediments of similar age in LARU (Wilkins 1985).


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|BPolygonum: > Antenon, Fallopia, Persicaria, Reynoutria, TruellumB|


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|BPolymnia canadensis L. var. canadensisB|   	2217


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Polymnia canadensis var. c.


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This widespread species of east-central states is usually associated with limestone, but in Ky. some populations occur on sandstone (as in CRIT with loess above) or shale (as in LESL but probably base-rich).


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|BPolymnia canadensis L. var. radiata GrayB|   	2218


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Polymnia canadensis var. radiata


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This is tentatively recognized here, but often considered just a form (Y) or ignored (FNA 21). The degree of distinction needs further analysis. More convincing plants in Ala., Ga. and Tenn. (Sm, F) have larger discs and rays, and their rays are pure white (versus creamy-white); see photo of Jeff McMillian in PL.


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|BPolypodium appalachianum Haufler & WindhamB|   	102


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Polypodiaceae: Polypodium appalachianum [diploid "virginianum"]


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This is a widespread tetraploid across northern regions, derived from crossing of P. appalachianum (a largely Appalachian species) and P. sibiricum Siplivinsky (a boreal species). Without microscopic work, distinction from appalachianum is often difficult based on gross morphology (Cranfill 1980; FNA 2; W). The leaves of virginianum tend to be narrower (averaging 4.5 cm versus 5.8 cm), especially at the base (with oblong-lanceolate versus elongate-deltoid shape). Pinnae usually have blunt to rounded tips (versus acute to blunt); basal ones are unnotched on their lower side or just slightly (versus notched to 1-1.5 mm from the midrib). Rhizome scales tend to be narrower (averaging 1.1 mm versus 1.5 mm), and mostly with a darker brown central stripe (versus uniformly brown). The sterile triploid hybrid with appalachianum is occasionally found, with intermediate characters; there are records from MENI, MERC, PERR, ROWA, WOLF and elsewhere (KY, EKY, etc.).


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|BPolypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.B|   	3216 W


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The only record may be as a greenhouse weed in BOUR (KNK; M, J). This European species has become widely established across southern states, especially in waste places (Cr, FNA 24).


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This rarely reported southern weed may be easily overlooked or mistaken for a Houstonia. Its assignment to family remains uncertain (W; Angiosperm Phylogeny website).


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|BPolystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) SchottB|   	99


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|BPolystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott f. incisumB|   	100


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Dryopteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Polystichum acrostichoides f. incisum


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Although distinctive looking, this occasional form is not recognized in recent treatments. It appears to be largely unknown in more calcareous regions of the state, whereas typical plants are widespread.


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|BPONDWEED: Naias (BUSHY), Potamogeton, Stuckenia (SAGO), Zanichellia (HORNED)B|


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The plants in GRNP (KNK) were escaped from cultivation.


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|BPOPPY: Eschscholtzia (CALIFORNIA), Papaver, Stylophorum (WOOD)B|


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This planted alien persists aggressively through root sprouts.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-10 D 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BPopulus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.B|   	861


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Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and B. Although widely scattered over Ky., this mostly occurs along larger rivers with much fresh alluvium deposited each year. Its wind-blown seed has allowed local establishment in cleared landscapes. But in 1900-1910, it was not nearly as common, and only formed a significant component of timber resources on lowlands of the Shawnee Hills, and along the lower Ohio Rv. and Mississippi Rv. (Gr, Barton 1919).


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Included here as open dots are the historical data of Gr. This northeastern species may have increased in Ky. since settlement. It appears to have been uncommon even during 1910-1940 (Gr, B). There is a belief among some foresters that increase occurred during salvage of Castanea dentata after the chestnut blight.


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This is widely scattered in eastern states, but it mostly occurs on broad swampy bottomlands on the Coastal Plain, lower Ohio Rv., and around the Great Lakes (Little 1971, PL). Further verification is needed in Ky. for some of the disjunct inland records.


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|BPopulus nigra L. var. italica Du RoiB|   	862 C


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Salicaceae: Populus <Aegeiros> nigra var. italica


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Though generally reduced to a horticultural form, this "Lombardy poplar" may deserve more distinction from typical black poplar. It is widely planted, and can spread locally with suckers but seedlings are unknown; only male plants are known in Ky. (CW). There are colls. that may suggest escaped status from NELS (Greenwell 1935), PIKE (CW) and OLDH (DHL), but it does not seem to become truly naturalized.


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In addition to some old obscure reports from Ky. (M), there are more recent reports from northeastern counties, but none are verified (Little 1971, Campbell et al. 1992). There may have been confusion with grandidentata. However, tremuloides is known close to Ky. in se. Ind., se. Ohio and perhaps W.Va. (PL).


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|BPopulus X canescens (Ait.) Sm. (pro sp.)B|   	855


Line:
Salicaceae: Populus alba x tremula (X canescens)


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This is a horticultural hybrid that can be aggressively persistent through root sprouts.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-10 D 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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Salicaceae: Populus <Tacamahaca> cf. balsamifera x deltoides (X jackii, X gileadensis, "candicans")


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This is a commonly grown cultivar of P. balsamifera L. that may be derived from hybridization with deltoides (Cr; W and citations; see also, Clark et al. 2005). The trees sucker from roots and may also establish occasionally from broken twigs, but do not produce seed; these plants are dioecious and perhaps all female. The name P. candicans Ait. has been applied to these plants, but may be synomymous with typical balsamifera. Most or all trees in Ky. appear to be the form known as X giliadensis Rouleau ("Balm-of-Gilead" or locally "Bamagilly"), which differs from typical X jackii in its pubescent petioles (versus glabrous). Typical balsamifera is rarely if ever planted in Ky., and does not appear to be native in southeastern states.


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|BALI B| N.   |BHAB B| f-10 C 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BPortulaca grandiflora Hook.B|   	322 C


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This large-flowered South American species is sometimes cultivated (as "moss rose"), and it occasionally self-seeds into flower beds. However, there is no evidence of naturalization.


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This succulent edible weed is cosmopolitan but poorly represented in herbaria, because it resists drying and generally rots within plant presses. Freezing, then frequent changing of blotters, is an effective method (M. Whitson, pers. comm.). P. oleracea is often stated to have an Asian origin, but there are several varieties, subspecies or closely related species with different original ranges across both Hemispheres of the World (Byrne & McAndrews 1975; FNA 4; W). Seeds of Portulaca have been determined from pre-Columbian archaeological sites in n. Ky. (Henderson 1998). In earlier floras of northeastern states, there were statements such as "seemingly indigenous westw. and southwestw." (Robinson & Fernald 1908). P. retusa Engelm. and  P. neglecta MacKenz. & Bush are robust potential segregates, with more stamens (7-19 versus 6-10) and more sharply tuberculate seeds, which may be native to "rich bottomlands" of Mo., Ark. and further west in the Great Plains (F, Cr). The distinct southern species, P. pilosa L., may also be expected in the state (M. Whitsun, pers. comm.).


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|BPotamogeton amplifolius TuckermanB|   	2627 R


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This northern and western species is not mapped for Ky. in FNA 22, but it is "to be expected". There is a coll. from LINC (PH) determined as amplifolius by "H.A.W." in 1953, but that needs rechecking. This coll. was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s in "Dicks Rv near Crab Orchard", and was originally named P. lucens auct. (not L.), which is an old synonym of illinoensis. A recent coll. from Buck Creek in PULA (KNK) was determined as amplifolius by Clark et al. (2005), but this also needs to be checked. P. illinoensis is expected there instead, since it is locally abundant in the Little South Fork, a similar nearby stream.


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|BPotamogeton berchtoldii FieberB|   	2623 T


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Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton berchtoldii (pusillus var. tenuissimus)


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Although treated as a species or subspecies in previous treatments (from F to FNA 22), it may be preferable to treat these plants as P. pusillus L. var. tenuissimus F.K. Mertens & W.D.J. Koch; see also W. Most records remain uncertain, and they are combined provisionally with typical pusillus. FNA 22 mapped typical pusillus across Ky., but indicated virtually no records of "ssp. tenuissimus." The only known colls. verified by authorities are from JEFF (DHL) and NICH (EKY).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 2 ~~ E 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton diversifolius (var. d., "P. dimorphus")


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Floating leaves are typically 3-8.5 mm wide and have obtuse tips; without these, colls. are hard to identify. The species generally occurs in stagnant water. Plants with broader leaves and more acute tips, especially in flowing waters of major streams and rivers, should be compared with tennesseensis, which has been overlooked. See also spirillus.


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|BPotamogeton epihydrus Raf.B|   	2621 R


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This northern species has been reported from Ky. (RAB, M), but it was not mapped here in FNA 22. The only record included by M was based on a coll. of C.W. Short in the 1830s from the Kentucky Rv., but the coll. appears to have mislaid at KY (check also PH); see notes under tennesseensis. It probably came from the edge of FAYE but it might have come from MADI or other nearby counties.


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Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton foliosus (var. f.)


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Colls. from BULL, HART, KENT and OLDH are referable to var. macellus Fern, but that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


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This highly variable northern (circumboreal) species is known to hybrizide with several other species, and is often difficult to distinguish from illinoensis. It was mapped in Ky. by FNA 22, but no verified colls. have been seen. It was reported from Ky. by Short et al. (1833) and Kellerman (1965). There is supposed to be a coll. of C.W. Short at PH, but this needs checking. An 1837 coll. of C.W. Short (GH) previously filed under gramineum (and originally labelled "heterophyllum") appears to be tennesseensis instead.


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Old colls. of C.W. Short (initially named "lucens") at PH and elsewhere need to be rechecked. Records of amplifolius are provisionally included here, pending more detailed examination. Both species have broad North American ranges.


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Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton nodosus (americanus)


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There has been confusion with plants known as berchtoldii; see notes under that name. Further study is needed.


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|BPotamogeton spirillus TuckermanB|   	2618 R


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Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton spirillus (dimorphus)


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This northern species has been reported by Kellerman (1959) and others, but verified colls. have not been seen. It was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 22. There are colls. labelled as this species from FULT (KY-Agr.), JEFF (DHL) and UNIO (GH, KY-Agr.), but these are probably diversifolius. P. spirillus is close to diversifolius and can easily be confused.


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This globally rare species of larger streams in the central Appalachian has been overlooked in Ky., although it was mapped here by FNA 22. It is close to the northern species, epihydrus (which was apparently combined by Cr and other authors) and probably to diversifolius; there may be intergradation with those two species. Some of the more recent colls. have been filed under diversifolius, but tennesseensis is distinct in its larger floating leaves (ca. 8-12 mm wide) with more acute tips; also, stipules are partly adnate to leaves (FNA 22). There is a coll. from CLAY (GH): E.L. Braun s.n., 7 Jul 1933, Red Bird River, quiet parts of stream. More recently, tennesseensis has been collected in Marsh Cr. of MCRE (KY), and it has probably been observed in the Rockcastle Rv. of LAUR and ROCK (sight records of JC and KSNPC). In Tenn., tennesseensis occurs in tributaries of the Big South Fork, which flows into Ky. through MCRE. Some 1830s colls. of C.W. Short from "Kentucky Rv." are more obscure or need to be rechecked, but are tentatively mapped here in FAYE. They were initially labelled "heterophyllum" or "acutifolium" but filed under epihydrus (at KY) or gramineus (at GH); see notes under those names.


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This distinct species has often been confused with P. simplex, but there are differences in rhizomes, stolons, stems, leaves and branching patterns (F); leaves alone (Cr) should not be relied on. Virtually all plants are referable to var. villosissima Fern., which has a largely Appalachian and perhaps Ozarkian range. A coll. from the campus of Belknap University in JEFF (DHL), perhaps adventive, appears to be the largely northeastern var. canadensis.


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Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Potentilla norvegica (?monspeliensis)


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Most or all material may be var. hirsuta (Michx.) Lehm. (= P. monspeliensis L.), but further study of this complex circumboreal species is needed. It was recorded early after settlement (Short & Peter 1835), and may be native; see also Cr and M.


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This includes var. argyrisma Fern., which is recorded from several scattered counties but probably not worth recognizing.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> alba


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There has been some confusion between this northern species and P. serpentaria or other species, but records from Ky. are confirmed. There is also an 1840 coll. of C.W. Short (GH) from the "barrens of Ky.". P. alba is similar to trifoliolata and serpentaria, but usually has a distinctively deep reddish-brown ("cinnamon") pappus (versus stramineous or pale brown). P. trifoliata is distinct in its primary involucral bracts, which are as long as the pappus (versus shorter), and its outer ones ("calyculi" of FNA 19) are deltoid to ovate (versus deltoid to lanceolate or setaceous).The more southern serpentaria differs from both of these northern species in its pubescent involucral bracts (versus glabrous).


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> altissima (var. a.)


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This widespread species of eastern woods often forms dense colonies with short offsets from its tuberous rootstocks (Y); in deeper shade, most offsets do not flower and leaves often disappear in dry warm seasons. A coll. from CARL (MUR) is referable to the southwestern var. cinnamomea Fern., but this taxon is not generally recognized. A few colls. have been misidentified as the high Appalachian species, P. roanensis (Chickering) Chickering (= P. cylindica (Sm.) E.L. Braun), which remains unknown in the state.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> aspera


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This mid-western species is unknown across southeastern states except in wc. Ky. and c. Tenn. There mas been some confusion with barbata, and some records should be rechecked.


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|BPrenanthes barbata (Torr. & Gray) MilsteadB|   	2518


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> barbata


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This globally rare species is largely restricted to remnants of native grassland in the southern Interior Low Plateaus and the west Gulf Coastal Plain (FNA 19). In Ky., it is known only in or near Fort Campbell (TRIG; APSU) and Land-between-the-Lakes.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> crepidinea


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Several old colls. of C.S. Rafinesque (PH) were referenced by M. This largely mid-western species appears to have declined a lot, but it is easily overlooked and has been rediscovered in several parts of the state. It usually grows in rather weedy, thin woods and edges on damp fertile soils near streams. Like altissima, crepidinea can form colonies with short offsets from its rootstocks. Unless exposed to sun for much of the day, no flowering occurs at all and leaves disappear completely during Jun-Jul. Plants from GRAV (EKY) and adjacent Tenn. (Stewart Co.) have whitish flowers, but those from elsewhere have yellowish flowers.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> racemosa


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This northern species of fens and other damp calcareous open sites is known only from an old coll. made from PEND (KY) near Falmouth, and a recent coll. from LEWI (EKY) in the Crooked Creek Barrens.


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> serpentaria


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There is also an 1835 coll. of C.W. Short (GH) from "barrens of Ky.", which suggests a western extension of its range; see also P. alba.


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|BPrenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern.B|   	2521 R


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Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> trifoliolata


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There have been several reports of this northeastern and high Appalachian species, but there have been misidentifications among this and related species (see notes under alba). Also, there may have been some hybridization with serpentaria and other species in different parts of its range (FNA 19). No convincing colls. have been seen. The coll. from ROWA (MDKY) cannot be accepted due to probable label error (Campbell et al. 1992). There is an immature coll. from HARL (MDKY) that may be this species.


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|BPRIMROSE: Calylophus & Oenothera (EVENING-), Ludwigia (WATER-)B|


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|BPRIVET: Forestiera (NEW WORLD), Ligustrum (OLD WORLD)B|


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|BProboscidea louisianica (P. Mill.) ThellungB|   	1663


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Martyniaceae [Pedaliaceae*]: Proboscidea [Martinia] louisianica


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This southern species may be native on some western lowlands and along the Ohio Rv., but adventive elsewhere (FAYE, JESS, WASH); further evaluation of the records and localities is needed. P. parviflora (Woot.) Woot. & Standl. is a more southwestern species that was cultivated for fiber by native people (King 1985).


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|BProsartes lanuginosa (Michx.) D. DonB|   	2669


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|BProsartes maculata (Buckl.) A. GrayB|   	2668


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|BProserpinaca palustris L. var. amblyogona Fern.B|   	479 R


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Haloragaceae: Proserpinaca palustris var. amblyogona


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This is a widespread mid-western variety (with obtusely angled fruit), which extends into the lower Mississippi Valley (Catling 1998). There is a record from GRAV (R. Athey coll. for EKY; BA), but this has not been confirmed.


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|BProserpinaca palustris L. var. crebra Fern. & Grisc.B|   	478


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Haloragaceae: Proserpinaca palustris var. crebra


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This is the clearly the most widespread variety in the state, but some colls. need to be checked. Some colls. from LINC and ROCK (KY) may be intermediate between var. crebra and the more southern var. palustris (with larger, more angled fruit), which has also been reported from CALL (Catling 1998) and HICK (Grubbs 1989). P. palustris may be confused (or perhaps hybridized) with P. pectinata Lam., which occurs largely on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but also at disjunct sites on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch, Catling 1998). P. pectinata has been reported from Ky., but apparently in error (M).


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|BProserpinaca palustris L. var. palustrisB|   	480 R


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Haloragaceae: Proserpinaca palustris var. p.


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Var. palustris, or at least transitions to var. crebra, probably occurs in Ky., but definitive colls have not yet been seen.. See notes under var. crebra.


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|BPrunella vulgaris L. var. hispida Benth. ?B|   	1862


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Prunella vulgaris cf. var. hispida {status unclear}


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These relatively hairy plants are locally abundant, especially on dry rocky sites in western regions. They may just be treated as a form of the native var. lanceolata rather than true var. hispida, which is reportedly Asian (Cr). Deeper study is needed.


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|BPrunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (W. Bart.) Fern.B|   	1861


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata


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Variation within this widespread, circumboreal species deserves more attention. Most colls. from Ky. are clearly referable to var. lanceolata, but there is a large range in overall size, leaf shape and pubescence.


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|BPrunella vulgaris L. var. vulgarisB|   	1863


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Prunella vulgaris var. vulgaris


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Some of these colls. are probably referable to the typical Eurasian variety, but the potential for intergradation with var. lanceolata needs to be investigated. In more northern states and Canada, this variety often occurs in lawns, being able to withstand repeated mowing. Compared to var. lanceolata, it has relatively small, ovate (versus lanceolate) leaves; those at mid-stem are typically ca. 2-4 cm long (versus 4-10 cm) and ca. 1-2 cm wide (versus 1.5-4 cm); l/w is ca. 1.5-2.5 (versus 2.5-3.5). However, these differences are not always clearcut.


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|BPrunus alleghaniensis PorterB|   	1046 R


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> alleghaniensis


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There may be a coll. of E.L. Braun (# 4944) from MCRE that has been named this, according to M (check US). This central Appalachian species does occurs in w. Va. and it may be expected in the Cumberland Mts. of Ky.


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> americana (var. a.)


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See notes under mexicana; several determinations are tentative. Although this plum or other species are widespread across the state, extensive thickets have declined much since B's time and before. Historical records and associated place names (e.g. "Plum" in BOUR) suggest that many disturbed areas were formerly dominated by these species in the Ohio Valley. Strips occurred along major trails through some valleys and on some watershed divides of the Bluegrass region, often with  Arundinaria gigantea or "cane" (Campbell 1989; and continuing research). Remnants of such vegetation have largely disappeared from eastern states, but they still exist in varied forms further west (NatureServe website; type CEGL 001108).


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> angustifolia


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Some records may be from old plantings, such as the FAYE (KY) coll. from an old home site. Plants on the Tichenor farm in BUTL have at least three color forms in the fruit (yellowish, pinkish and deeper red), also tasting different. These clones are on an ancient village site of the Mississippian era and before. This species is probably the plum referred to in De Soto's chronicles during his military tour of the southeastern states during the 16th Century: "finer than any grown in Spain" with "large quantities" of the dried fruits found stored in villages; see citations by C.W. Cowan in Ford (1985). Viable remnants of such vegetation have virtually disappeared in Ky. and Tenn., but they are reported to survive in the Black Belt of Ala. and Miss. (NatureServe website; type CEGL 007747).


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> avium


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Some records may be from old plantings, but these often spread with root sprouts; the species has also established from seed at several sites.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 8,7,11 D 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> cerasus


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Some of these records may be from old plantings.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 8,7? C? 4?.   |BABU B| +4.


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> hortulana


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This is centered in the central Mississippi Valley and parts of the lower Ohio Valley in Tenn., including localities with former native American settlements (PL). It now appears uncommon to rare in much of its range, but can be confused with other species. It is most similar to munsoniana, and the coll. cited from HARD (DHL) by Cranfill (1990) and others is not convincingly distinct.


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> mahaleb


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 12,11 \ E 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> mexicana (americana var. lanata)


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Most plants may not match typical mexicana, which in Ky. at least might well be reduced to a variety of americana. Within eastern North America (Shaw & Small 2004, 2005), there appears to be a cline from the largely southwestern mexicana to the northeastern americana. Typical mexicana reportedly differs (Cr) in its shorter petals (ca. 8-10 mm versus 10-15 mm); sepals hairy on both sides (versus glabrous, at least on lower side); leaves often larger, with more truncate bases (versus attenuate), permanently soft-hairy below (versus hairy to glabrate), the petioles usually with a pair of glands (versus mostly glandless); truncks less thorny and thick-forming, often with more robust tree-like habit. P. americana var. lanata Sudsworth may be the appropriate name for intermediate plants that prevail in Ky. The coll. from BALL (GH) may be relatively close to typical P. mexicana: E.J. Palmer #16511, 20 Sep 1919, low hills, Wickliffe.


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|BPrunus munsoniana W. Wight & HedrickB|   	1050


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> munsoniana


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There has been some confusion with angustifolia and other species. Some  uncertain records may be from old plantings, but it is likely that Native Americans also cultivated this valuable fruit-producer.


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> nigra (americana var. n.)


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There have been a few reports of this northern species (e.g. Greenwell 1935), but no verified colls. are known. There has been some confusion in nomenclature with P. americana var. lanata (B, M).


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> pensylvanica


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There are several old records, but no convincing colls. have been located (M). Little (1977) mapped it in SHEL and there is a verified coll. from JEFF (GH), but in a possibly horticultural context: D. Blumer-Whultermuth [?] #258, "wild red cherry", 2 Apr 1933, cliff, lakeside, Louisville. This northern species occurs along the Blue Ridge, and it is possible that it occurs in the Cumberland Mts. The related mid-western plant, P. pumila L. var. depressa (Pursh) Gleason, was indicated by Short et al. (1833) and others, but no colls. are traceable to Ky. (M).


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Amygdalus> persica


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Some records may be from old plantings, but this species has clearly spread from seed at many sites.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-8 D 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> serotina


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Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> virginiana


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This is widespread in North America except in southeastern states, where it extends south to Ga. but only at higher elevation. Almost all verified records in Ky. since 1980 are from the Kentucky River Palisades, where it occurs on or near rocky limestone points. Most records elsewhere remain unverified. B collected it from a "heath bald" in LETC (check US), and reported it from CART and MCRE, and M collected it in LEWI (for WKY).


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|BPseudognaphalium helleri: see P. microdeniumB|


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|BPseudognaphalium micradenium (Weatherby) NesomB|   	2429


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Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Pseudognaphalium [Gnaphalium] micradenium (obtusifolium var. m., helleri ssp. m.*)


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This is close to obtusifolium, and there has probably been some confusion. All records date from before 1950 (M). This is species is widely scattered in northern, Appalachian and Ozarkian regions. Its distinction from the more southern species, P. helleri (Britt.) A. Anderb., was established by Nesom (2001b), who provided a detailed key; see also FNA 19.


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|BPseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & BurttB|   	2427


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Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Pseudognaphalium [Gnaphalium] obtusifolium


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Variation in this widespread eastern species may deserve further study. Colls. at KY from ANDE, EDMO, FRAN, GARR, MONT and perhaps elsewhere may be referred to var. praecox Fern., as treated in Gnaphalium. F indicated that praecox is concentrated on the southeastern Coastal Plain. However, it does not now appear to be a significant segregate (Nesom 2001b). Colls. should also be rechecked for P. microdenium.


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|BPsoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.B|   	1209


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Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Psoralidium [Psoralea] tenuiflorum


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R. Cranfill's coll. from HARD (KY) matches var. floribunda (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Rydb. (within Psoralea), but that taxon is not recognized in current treatments. Plants have disappeared at the site, perhaps due to additional collecting by fabophiles.


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Although usually found on rocky calcareous sites, this species can also occur on deeper soils, where its running roots and low palatability may allow it to resist local disturbance from browsing.


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|BPteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underwood ex HellerB|   	55


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Dennstaedtiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum


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|BPteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) HellerB|   	56


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Dennstaedtiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum


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|BPtilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf.B|   	2042


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ptilimnium capillaceum


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|BPtilimnium costatum (Ell.) Raf.B|   	2043


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ptilimnium costatum


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|BPtilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britt.B|   	2041


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Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ptilimnium nuttallii


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|BPuccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl.B|   	3170


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This has been found only in BOON (KNK), along a salted interstate highway. It is probably spreading along such sites through much of North America (Cr).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 ::? E 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BPUCCOON: Lithospermum {large orange flowered}B|


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|BPueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.B|   	1302


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Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Pueraria montana (var. lobata*)


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This alien is a widespread, variable species in East Asia. North American plants may all be referred to var. lobata (Ohwi) Maesen & Almeida, which has been distinguished by its lobed leaves and perhaps other characters, but further revision is probably needed (Ward 1997).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8,7,10 C 4.   |BABU B| +6.


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|BPycnanthemum albescens Torr. & GrayB|   	1894 R


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This Ozarkian and Gulf Coastal Plain species has been confused with incanum in Ky. and elsewhere. It has been reported from CALL (M), HICK (Grubbs 1989), LEWI (B), and perhaps elsewhere (St, Cr), but no verified colls. have from Ky. or Tenn. (Ch) have been seen. There is an old coll. at GH ("ex herb. George Thurber"), with "Kentucky" written on the label; this might be a coll. of C.W. Short from within the state, or it might have been sent to him from elsewhere. St did not include incanum or pycnanthemoides in Mo., but albescens is widespread on southern uplands there.


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|BPycnanthemum flexuosum: see P. tenuifoliumB|


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|BPycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx.B|   	1897


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum incanum (var. i.)


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These records need to be reexamined for reliable mapping; several should probably be transferred to loomisii, and distinction from pycnanthemoides is also difficult. P. incanum is considered to be a tetraploid species (2n = 76) with a north-central range.


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum loomisii (incanum var. l.)


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These plants need to be reexamined for reliable mapping. They may be partly intermediate between incanum and pynanthemoides, but Chambers (1993) and others have shown that this is a distinct diploid (2n = 38) species with a largely southern range.


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|BPycnanthemum muticum (Michx.) Pers.B|   	1898


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This is widely scattered in eastern states, but it has been rarely reported in Ky., and all colls. should be rechecked. There have been several misidentifications. It has nearly equal calyx lobes that lack long jointed bristles at the tips, small heads, and short (0-3 mm) petioles.


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum pilosum (verticillatum var. p.)


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This largely mid-western species is unknown in Appalachian regions of the state, However, plants were recently discovered on the Blue Grass Army Depot in MADI (JC for KY) on dolomitic foothills in the Knobs region.


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|BPycnanthemum pycnanthemoides (Leavenworth) Fern.B|   	1895


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides {suggested: incanum var. p.}


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Distinction from incanum and loomisii needs further research. After 25 years of work in the field and herbarium, B concluded that no reliable separation is possible, and such attitudes remain today among botanists in Ky. However, Chambers (1993) and others have insisted that pycnanthemoides is a distinct tetraploid species (2n = 72), with a largely Appalachian range but also extending to s. Ill., w. Ky. and perhaps n. Ala. Superficially, "pycanthemoides" in the field is often applied to plants with larger, deeper bluish-green leaves (versus yellowish-green in "incanum"), more open branching, larger cymes, and generally more spreading pubescence, Such plants may be typical of relatively mesic, shaded sites.


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum tenuifolium ("flexuosum")


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Although this species is generally glabrous, a few colls. have hairy stems, but there is no clear evidence of hybridization with other species. Both diploid and tetraploid races are known across its range (W). There has been nomenclatural confusion with P. flexuosum (Walt.) B.S.P., which occurs in southeastern states, mostly on the Coastal Plain (W).


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There has been confusion with virginianum, which mostly occurs further west in the state. P. torreyi has a relatively small range in east-central states. It appears intermediate between tenuifolium (of seasonally damp grasslands) and pilosum (of drier grasslands), suggesting hybrid origin. It has tetraploid (2n = 80) or hexaploid (2n = 120) chromosome numbers (Chambers 1993). The spelling "torrei" can be considered an orthographic variant (W).


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|BPycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers.B|   	1899


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Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum verticillatum (var. v.)


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There has been confusion between this northeastern taxon and the mid-western species, pilosum, which mostly occurs on drier ground. It deserves some distinction, at least as a variety.


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|BPycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jackson ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.B|   	1901


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There has been some confusion with torreyi, which mostly occurs further east in the state. Colls. from CALL, HARD and LIVI have been transferred to torreyi, and others should be rechecked. This species is a tetraploid (2n = 80), with a fairly wide northern range.


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|BPyracantha coccinea M. Roem. ?B|   	1068 C


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Pyracantha [Cotoneaster] cf. coccinea (C. pyracantha)


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P. coccinea is the most commonly cultivated species of the genus in North America, but although escapes have been widely reported across southern and coastal states, it does not appear to have become invasive. From Ky., there is only an old obscure report by Linney (1882). P. crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem. is another commonly planted species, from the Himalayas; it was recently reported from TAYL (CW), and needs to be assessed for potential naturalization as well.


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Pyrolaceae [Ericaceae]: Pyrola americana (rotundifolia var. a.)


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This was collected by B in HARL (US) during the 1930s: "rare, oak-chestnut forest of higher ridges of Black Mountain." It has not been relocated.


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|BPyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC.B|   	2539


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All naturalized records date from after 1993 (M). Although widely planted for several decades, this species has only begun to spread during the 1990s. This acceleration may be caused by the increased variety of genotypes being cultivated, leading to more fertile cross-pollinated seed being produced (Vincent 2005, Culley & Hardiman 2008). It is becoming common in urban areas and along major highways. Vincent provided much new data on this species, plus records of hybrids with P. betulifolia Bunge or P. X bretschneideri Rehd. from BULL (MUR, WKY) and CAMP (KNK, MUR).


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Some records may be from old plantings, but this species has apparently established from seed at many sites. Older naturalized populations may revert to smaller fruit size in some cases.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-8,10 D? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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There are occasional hybrids with most other species in the white oak group. Those with montana and stellata may be relatively frequent (M).


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Leaves of this variable species are sometimes confused with michauxii, muhlenbergii or montana, especially shade-leaves; see keys in FNA 3, Stein et al. (2003) and W. There are occasional hybrids with alba, lyrata, macrocarpa, michauxii, muhlenbergii and probably others. Introgression with some of these species, especially macrocarpa, may explain the variability of leaf shapes in bicolor.


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This has sometimes been confused with shumardii, leading to spurious reports from calcareous districts, perhaps even by B and Little (1971). However, records from BRAC (EKY), CAMP (JC for KY) and OLDH (DHL) are confirmed, coming from very small populations on old high terraces or acid shales. Introgression has been suggested with rubra and shumardii (CW).


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Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> falcata (var. f.)


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There are occasional hybrids with other species, including the closely related pagoda, which has been confused.


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|BQuercus ilicifolia Wangenh.B|   	1345 R


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There are some old unverified reports from Ky. (e.g. Defries 1884a,b; others reviewed by M). This shrubby northeastern species of sterile sandy soils (sometimes associated with prinoides) extends south into the Blue Ridge Mountains (FNA 3), and might have occurred in the Cumberland Mountains before fire-suppression. The vegetative coll. from FLOY (KY) noted by Clark et al. (1997) appears to be a stunted form of velutina, based on examining a range of material and revisiting the locality. The leaves of this coll. have similar size and shape to ilicifolia, but their lobes are less pointed; they lack persistent white-felty tomentum on lower surfaces (nor on twigs); and they lack deep bluish-green color.


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This species of east-central states is most common in open woods and thickets on base-rich soils. However, it appears to be somewhat "conservative" as an indicator of formerly less shady woodland, presumably maintained by browsing or burning. Gr noted that it was "extremely common" in LOGA, where Juniperus virginiana was also unusually abundant; and imbricaria is still a frequent component of young woods in or near the Pennyrhile Karst Plain. There are occasional hybrids with other species, including falcata, rubra, shumardii and velutina.


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There appear to be occasional hybrids with bicolor, macrocarpa, michauxii and perhaps others. Some of the disjunct colls. from central and eastern counties may be hybridized or otherwise atypical, but most of those closer to the Ohio Rv. are clearly typical lyrata (HARD, JEFF, OLDH).


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This species is widespread in central North America, but in Ky. and Tenn. it is strongly concentrated in the Bluegrass region, the Nashville Basin, and some rich bottomlands along larger rivers to the west. Most of the unverified historical data of Gr and B are mapped here as open dots. Reports of Gr from within the northern Appalachian Plateau remain dubious, but macrocarpa does occur rarely in Appalachian valleys within se. Ohio and perhaps even sw. W.Va. (D. Boone, pers. comm.; PL). There appear to be occasional hybrids with alba, bicolor, muhlenbergii and perhaps other species.


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As observed by Michaux (1803), this southeastern species was originally abundant around margins of fire-maintained "barrens" in parts of western Ky. Like stellata, marilandica has declined greatly in many areas of the state, especially on deeper soils, due to succession from pyric to submesic forest and conversion to farmland. It is less long-lived than stellata and its disappearance has been even more dramatic. Early reports from the Bluegrass region remain unverified, but Gr's reports from the Blue Licks area (NICH, ROBE) are believable, considering the unusual influences from ungulate and humans at that locality before Virginian settlement (Campbell 1989; and associated historical citations). There occasional hybrids with velutina and probably other species.


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The epithet prinus has been applied to this species by many authors; see notes under montana. Leaves of michauxii are sometimes confused with muhlenbergii, especially in the shade, where muhlenbergii is often much less densely stellate-hairy. Introgression has been suggested (CW). Lower surfaces of michauxii are light green or yellowish, with largely erect felty hairs that have 1-4 rays (versus glaucous, with appressed silvery-white stellate hairs that have 6-10 rays); see FNA 3 (also Stein et al. 2003; W). There are usually ca. 15-20 secondary veins (versus ca. 10-14). Also, blades of michauxii (like montana) tend to be more gradually narrowed.


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Although largely restricted to hills on infertile shales and sandstones, this species is known from unusual sites: e.g at the edge of swamps in TAYL. Reports from the northwestern edges of the Bluegrass region (e.g.. Gr) need further verification; however, montana is known in all southern counties of Ind. (PL) and at one site in sw. Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.). B reported a coll. from OWEN (check US); and a coll. from the Kleber Sanctuary in OWEN (DHL) appears to be muhlenbergii introgressed with montana. Local introgression with michauxii is also suspected, and clear hybrids with alba are widely scattered. Q. prinus L. has often been considered the correct name for this species, but that name has also been applied to michauxii, causing much confusion. Hopefully, the proposal of Whittemore & Nixon (2005) to reject prinus will succeed (Brummitt 2007).


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Fagaceae: Quercus muehlenbergii (prinoides var. acuminata)


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Although most common in calcareous regions, this species also occurs at low density on more base-rich shales within the rugged Appalachian hills. There appear to be rare hybrids with macrocarpa, alba, bicolor and perhaps other species; see notes under those species.


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There is some uncertainty about the native range, given possible plantings and old obscure records (CW). Q. nigra does appear to be native in southern regions of the state, but very rare. There is a large tree near the cabins at Kentucky Dam Village State Park in MARS. There is also a large tree at the edge of Meadow Creek Swamp in WAYN (Clark et al. 2005).


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Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> pagoda (falcata var. pagodifolia)


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This has often been overlooked and confused with falcata or other species. There may be occasional introgression with falcata, but pagoda is generally distinct in its leaves with 5-11 more or less equal moderately deep lobes (versus 3-7 shallow or deep lobes, the terminal one much longer in sun leaves), with cuneate to concave-rounded or truncate leaf base (versus usually convex-rounded), with bluish-green hue (versus dull or brownish green), and with pale gray hairs below (versus pale rusty). Terminal buds are 4-9 mm, strongly 5-angled (versus almost terete). Bark is usually blackish, with flaky ridges, becoming similar to Prunus serotina (versus brown to blackish, with more persistent ridges and furrows). It is widespread and locally abundant on deeper residual or alluvial soils of the Shawnee Hills and Coastal Plain, generally on damp submesic or subhydric sites (versus subxeric, xerohydric or xeric).


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This widely planted species is becoming locally naturalized outside its original range; such adventive records are excluded here, though a few remain uncertain. 
There may be occasional hybrids with shumardii, phellos and others. Based on leaves alone, palustris is sometimes confused with other species with deeply lobed leaves, especially shumardii and coccinea. Its leaf blades are usually plain green to (especially on richer soils) yellowish, turning pale brown in fall; in contrast, the leaves of similar species are mostly deeper green (except coccinea), and tend to become darker brown or reddish during fall. The main leaf lobes number 5-7 (versus 5-11), and are usually acute, with one of the 2-3 divisions distinctly elongated (versus usually truncate, without a prominent diviision). Lobes are usually more or less parallel-sided or tapering outwards (versus often broadening), so that sinuses generally widen outwards (versus often pinched off in well-developed sun-leaves of shumardii and coccinea).


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This southeastern species has sometimes been confused with imbricaria; old reports from northern Ky. remain dubious (Gr). Further verification of phellos is needed in several counties; it often restricted to small remnants of swampy woodland. There are occasional hybrids with pagoda, velutina, palustris and probably other species.


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There have been several reports (including FNA 3), but no colls. have been located (M). This species has often been confused with stunted forms of muhlenbergii. It is a low shrubby species, typically reaching only 1-3 m tall, and sometimes spreading by rhizomes. Its leaf blades have only (3) 5-7 (9) veins on each side, compared to (8) 10-13 (16) in muhlenbergii, and their bases are usually cuneate (versus usually truncate). It is known from disjunct regions of the east-central states, in remnants of native scrubby vegetation on a range of soils (not typically on calcareous like muhlenbergii). The map in FNA 3 is not accurate. The closest known plants are in the Ridge-and-Valley region of w. Va. (HW+). It might have been expected on open rocky summits of the Cumberland Mts. before fire suppression, and it was reported from BELL by Defries (1884a,b).


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|BQuercus prinus: see Q. montana & Q. michauxiiB|


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Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> rubra (borealis var. maxima)


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There are occasional hybrids with several other species (at least shumardii and imbricaria). There are no wild records of the northern var. ambigua (Gray) Fern. (= var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw.), which has deeper cups around acorns (about a third covered versus a quarter), deeper leaf sinuses (up to a third versus a quarter), and paler smoother bark (F, W). However, many planted trees with northern origins may be referred to var. ambugua, contributing significantly to local urban gene-pools. These trees can easily be confused with some forms of shumardii or with putative shumardii-rubra intergrades.


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|BQuercus shumardii Buckl. var. schneckii (Britt.) Sarg.B|   	1338


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Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> shumardii var. schneckii


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This taxon is poorly understood, and the mapping here is provisional. Distinction from typical shumardii appears to be based simply on its somewhat smaller acorns, with ca. 1/3 covered by the cups. Typical shumardii is often closer to rubra in its acorns, with only ca. 1/4 covered by the cups. B claimed that var. schneckii was typical of terraces and lower slopes, while typical trees occur more on uplands; however, the opposite pattern has been reported elsewhere (W). Distributions appear generally similar in Ky., but var. schneckii is reported to have a relatively western range overall.


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|BQuercus shumardii Buckl. var. shumardiiB|   	1337


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Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> shumardii var. shumardii ("texana")


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There are occasional hybrids with velutina, rubra and perhaps others; introgression may be extensive in some populations. Q. shumardii is often difficult to identify based on leaves alone, which are similar in shape to coccinea but usually with shorter petioles (ca. 20-30% of blade length versus 35-45%), and relatively deep green above, often turning maroon in fall (versus bright green, turning scarlet). In both species, but especially shumardii, well-developed sun-leaves have lobes that broaden distally, often pinching off the sinuses.


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Although this widespread southeastern species ranges across most of Ky., it is much less frequent in eastern regions. Barton's (1919) data indicates two strong concentrations: in HARD, HART and adjacent counties; also in CRIT, LYON and adjacent counties. Q. stellata was probably promoted by frequent fires before settlement, and it has declined greatly with fire suppression after 1900. There are occasional hybrids with alba and probably other species. A few colls. from JEFF (DHL) suggest introgression from lyrata.


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Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> texana (nuttallii, shumardii var. t., palustris forma n.)


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This species occurs in the lower Mississippi Valley, especially on slackwater flats with subhydric clayey alluvium that dries out during summer-fall. It is rare at the northern edge of its range in se. Mo., w. Ky & s. Ill. (FNA 3). Colls. from CALL (EKY; Clark et al. 2005), HICK (KY) and MARS (MUR) are vegetative but identification is fairly certain. There is also a coll. with acorn from BALL that is probably texana or perhaps a transition to shumardii. In overall form and size of acorns, leaves and buds, texana seems intermediate between palustris and shumardii (FNA 3). But it is distinct from both in its acorn cups, which are uniformly pubescent on the inner surface (versus glabrous except around the scar), and deeper (covering 1/3-1/2 versus 1/4-1/3), with the acorn often more elongated (versus often globose in palustris, but variable in shumardii). Also, its leaf blades tend to be relatively glossy above, drying to dark greyish or blackish (versus bright pale green to pale brown in palustris; deep green to maroon or brown in shumardii).


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Although widespread in eastern states, this species is uncommon to absent on fertile base-rich soils. There appear to be occasional hybrids with several other species, including imbricaria, marilandica, rubra and shumardii.


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Epirotes> abortivus


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> acris


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| g-10,7 D 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Epirotes> allegheniensis


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Flammula> ambigens


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|BRanunculus aquatilis: see R. longirostrisB|


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> bulbosus


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> caricetorum ("septentrionalis", hispidus var. c.)


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See notes under the frequently confused carolinianus; further revision of colls. is desirable. This tetraploid appears somewhat intermediate between the diploids, carolinianus (similar in decumbent habit) and hispidus (with smaller achenes). It may be distinguished by its lower leaves "all ternately compound, with petiolulate 2-3-cleft and incised ovate to rhombic large leaflets... and stipules conspicuous, rounded at summit" (F). In the other two species, lower leaves, especially the basal ones, are usually much smaller than upper leaves, merely dentate to 3-cleft, and stipules tend to be less conspicuous.


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> carolinianus (hispidus var. nitidus)


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This widespread southern and midwestern diploid (2n = 32) species has been confused with the northern tetraploid species (2n = 64), R. caricetorum (F, FNA 3). Both are wetland plants, with distinctive long repent to stoloniferous branches often produced after flowering, and they are usually less hairy than their upland relatives, hispidus and fascicularis (both diploids). Despite revision of most Ky. colls., some records remain tentative. R. carolinianus differs from all these species in its relatively short (ca. 3.5-5 mm long versus 5-11 mm), reflexed sepals (versus spreading or tardily reflexed); and its typically less numerous, larger achenes (ca. 3.7-5 mm long versus 2-4.3 mm), with a wider marginal wing (0.4-1.2 mm versus 0.1-0.2 mm).


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|BRanunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex BigelowB|   	207


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> fascicularis


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This largely midwestern species occurs in relatively dry rocky calcareous woods and glade margins. It appears to be rare in the state, but may be easily confused with hispidus. It differs (F, Cr) in the principal leaves being longer than wide (versus about as wide), with "later basal leaves pinnately divided into linear or oblong leaflets or linear-segmented leaflets" (versus "palmately 3-parted or 3-5-divided, their segments or leaflets oblanceolate, obovate to rhombic"). Also, stems and leaves have silky-canescent hairs (versus appressed to spreading). Roots are tuberously thickened, only 1.5-5.5 cm long (versus 8-15 cm). Fruiting heads tend to be smaller (7-11 mm versus 5-8 mm), with a conic receptable (versus ellipsoid or clavate); and achenes tend to be smaller (2.2-3.2 mm long versus 3-3.5 mm), with a less distinct keel.


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ficaria> ficaria


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This alien was traditionally grown for its showy yellow flowers in late spring (as "lesser celandine"). It has gradually spread to become locally abundant at several locations in the Louisville parks system, and should be closely monitored (P. Haragan, pers. comm.). It generally occurs in young or disturbed floodplain woods, but it can also spread up adjacent slopes on damp shady sites.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 4,6 D 2.   |BABU B| +4*.


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Hecatonia> flabellaris


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> hispidus (var. h., marilandicus)


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See also the closely related caricetorum and carolinianus.


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|BRanunculus laxicaulis (Torr. & Gray) DarbyB|   	193


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Flammula> laxicaulis (texensis)


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Batrachium>. longirostris (aquatilis var. diffiusus*, "trichophyllus")


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Epirotes> micranthus


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R. harveyi (Gray) Britton is a closely related species expected in Ky. It occurs mostly in relatively dry habitats of the Ozark region, but has disjunctions east to n. Ala, e. Tenn. (Ch), s. Ill. (ML) and s. Ind. (Floyd Co. according to Natural Heritage Database). It differs from micranthus in its longer petals (ca. 4-8 mm versus 2-3.5 mm), much exceeding sepals (versus about equaling); also, uncleft basal leaves are subcordate to cordate (versus cuneate to subcordate), rarely mixed with uncleft ones (versus often mixed).


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Echinella> parviflorus


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-9? ::? C 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Flammula> pusillus


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> recurvatus


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> repens


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| g-9,6,2 D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Echinella> sardous


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Hecatonia> sceleratus


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|BRanunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. trichophyllusB|   	189 R


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Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Batrachium>. trichophyllus var. t. (aquatilis var. capillaceus)


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There is an old coll. of this northern taxon from the herbarium of C.W. Short (NCU), with "Ky." printed on the label, but this need not indicate an origin from Ky. The northeastern R. trichophyllus var. calvescens W. Drew was reported erroneously by BA (M).


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|BRanunculus trichophyllus: see R. longirostrisB|


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Although widely scattered in North America, this alien does not appear to be well established in Ky. The only records may be colls. of M.E. Wharton ca. 1940 from BATH (MICH) and MADI (KY); but see also sativus. Gr noted: "occasional plants observed among young alfalfa, where probably introduced with the alfalfa seeds..."


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This widely grown vegetable ("radish") does occasionally escape, but it is probably not truly naturalized. There are colls. from FRAN (EKY) and WARR (WKY). R. sativus can be hard to distinguish from raphanistrum, and hybrids are possible (Y).


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|BRatibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh.B|   	2184


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This was reported by McFarland (1942) but any coll. at KY was probably lost in the fire of 1948.


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Polygonaceae: Reynoutria [Polygonum*] japonica (Po. cuspidatum)


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 4,6 C 4.   |BABU B| +6*.


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|BReynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) NakaiB|   	273


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This giant rhizomatous herb from the Sachalin Islands has spread down the Ohio Valley into ne. Ky. within recent decades, and it deserves further attention as a potentially invasive species. The hybrid with japonica ( X bohemica J. Chrtek & A. Chrtkova) has also been reported from Ky., and is often confused with these species (FNA 5). In addition to gross morphological intermediacy, it differs from japonica in having leaf blades "obscurely puberulent along some veins abaxially, tips of hairs acute" (versus obscurely scabrous, with blunt tips).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 4 D? 4?.   |BABU B| +4.


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This has been planted in some residential areas since 1960 or earlier, but there has been rather little naturalization. It is has become locally abundant across much of northern North America, but remains virtually unknown in southern states (PL). There has been some confusion with davurica; see notes under that name.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 12,8 E 4.   |BABU B| +4*.


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This overlooked alien species has become locally abundant in some localities of the Bluegrass region, as in HENR on or near land of the Berry family.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8,7 E 3.   |BABU B| +4*.


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In Ky., this largely midwestern species is known only from the Bluegrass region, in limestone ravines along the Kentucky Rv. and at scattered sites near the Ohio Rv. Previous reports from EDMO (DHL) were based on a misidentified coll. of Ilex decidua. Colls. from JEFF (MM for WKY), PEND (KNK, in part), and perhaps FAYE (KY) are referrable to var. glabrata Gleason, but this relatively western variety may not be worth recognizing.


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Melastomataceae: Rhexia interior (mariana var. i.*)


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Further study is needed. These records (B, M) need to be rechecked; some colls. may only be intermediate between mariana and interior, which has been combined as a variety in some treatments (W). True interior is distributed in the central Mississippi Valley, while mariana is largely southeastern. Some plants mapped here as mariana appear transitional to interior (including those that have been called var. leiosperma Fern. & Grisc.), but few colls. have appeared closer to typical interior. R. mariana var. ventricosa (Fern. & Grisc.) Kral & Bostick is a somewhat intermediate taxon that occurs only east of the Appalachians, but has been reported from Ky. in error (M)


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Melastomataceae: Rhexia mariana (var. m., leiosperma)


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|BRhododendron arborescens (Pursh) Torr.B|   	1421


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Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> arborescens


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|BRhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr.B|   	1422


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Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> calendulaceum


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|BRhododendron canescens (Michx.) SweetB|   	1418


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Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> canescens


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There has been some confusion with prinophyllum, and the northern extent of this species may be somewhat uncertain (PL, W).


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|BRhododendron cumberlandense E.L. BraunB|   	1423


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Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> cumberlandense ("bakeri")


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This southern Appalachian species is variable, and there has been some confusion with calendulaceum, which has a more widespread Appalachian range; these two species may intergrade. R. cumberlandense differs in its usually smaller, more reddish flowers (versus strictly orange); its usually later flowering in June versus May (after leaves have expanded); its usually smaller, blunter, less hairy leaves, which tend to dry with a blackish hue; and its usually shorter stature, with more rhizome development (W). More analysis is needed. The coll. from BOYL (KY) is notable for its disjunction and historical interest: H. Garman, 19 Jun 1892, Junction City. Gr's unverified report of calendulaceum from ADAI is also intriguing.


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Disjunct western colls. from parks in CUMB (KY) and EDMO (DHL) may well be from cultivated plants but cannot be completely discounted. There is also an anomalous report from TAYL (Gr).


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This species is largely restricted to the Blue Ridge and Piedmont regions (PL, W), and it may not be native in Ky. The only known wild-looking plants are in small patches at forest edges along roads or trails, all in or near parks. There are colls. from BELL (KY, MUR, RC) on Pine Mt. in or near the state park, and on Cumberland Mt. near the Hensley Settlement. There has been some local transplanting for display in or near these parks. The WHIT (EK, MM) plants appear native, but along Ky. State Rt. 92 close to the entrance to Cumberland Falls State Park. See also notes under Leiophyllum buxifolium.


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|BRhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) ShinnersB|   	1419


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Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> periclymenoides (nudiflorum)


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|BRhododendron prinophyllum (Small) MillaisB|   	1420


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Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> prinophyllum ("roseum")


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This occurs mostly in Ozarkian and Appalachian regions, but the range is fragmented and disjunct populations are scattered through southeastern states. It should be expected in w. Ky., since it is known from s. Ill. (ML) and c. Tenn. (Ch). There has been some confusion with canescens, which Gr reported from GRNP but probably based on prinophyllum. Also, the related species, R. viscosum (L.) Torr., has been reported but probably in error (as cited by M); it occurs mostly in Atlantic states, but is also known from e. Tenn., s. W.Va. and perhaps Ohio (Ch, HFG, W).


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|BRhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) MakinoB|   	919


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This has escaped locally from plantings in the Louisville area (M) and elsewhere (CW). It may gradually increase. In New England and N.Y. Rhodotypos is becoming a problem, and appears resistant to deer browsing (T. Rawinski, pers. comm.).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 8,7? C? 4?.   |BABU B| +4.


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Anacardiaceae: Rhus <Lobadium> aromatica (canadensis)


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This is a widespread variable eastern species. Records include var. illinoensis (Greene) Rehd., with colls. from PULA and perhaps CART (B).


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|BRhus copallinum L. var. latifolia Engl.B|   	614


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Anacardiaceae: Rhus copallinum* var. latifolia


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Var. latifolia is widespread in eastern North America; var. copallinum is restricted to the Atlantic states (PL). The spelling copallina is incorrect (Y, W).


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|BRhus tospecies icodendron: Toxicodendron pubescensB|


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This northeastern species is widely scattered across Ky., but it is frequent only in northeastern counties along the Ohio Rv.


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|BRhynchosia latifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & GrayB|   	1295 R


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There are reports of R. volubilis Wood (Pr, Isely 1990), but this species was probably confused with R. latifolia (M), which has also been reported (Duncan & Foote 1975). No colls. of either species have been located. Both have southern ranges (mostly on the Coastal Plain), but R. latifolia extends further north, into se. Mo. and w. Tenn.


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|BRhynchosia tomentosa (L.) Hook. & Arn.B|   	1294


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Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Rhynchosia tomentosa (erecta)


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|BRhynchospora capillacea Torr.B|   	2951 R


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There is a coll. by C.W. Short (PH) that is labeled Ky. but with no other data. This northern species of damp calcareous sites extends south into some Appalachian regions. It is known in Adams County, Ohio, adjacent to Ky.


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|BRhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) VahlB|   	2952


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Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from glomerata, and should be rechecked; see notes under that species.


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|BRhynchospora corniculata (Lam.) GrayB|   	2955


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Most material, but not all, is probably referable to var. interior Fern. However, that taxon is not generally distinguished in recent treatments.


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|BRhynchospora globularis: see R. recognitaB|


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|BRhynchospora glomerata (L.) VahlB|   	2953


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This species is close to capitellata, and has a more southern range, being most common on the Coastal Plain. Intergradation is known in southern regions (FNA 23), and suspected in Ky. R. glomerata usually has distinct achenes (FNA 23,  J, LeBlond in W): averaging larger, up to 1.4 mm wide (versus 1.2 mm), suborbicular (versus pyriform), distinctly truncate at the summit (versus tapered), pale-umbonate on the faces (versus uniformly brown), and with a thickened wire-like margin (versus usually with a less distinct margin). It is generally more robust, with leaves up to 5 mm wide (versus 3.5 mm).


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|BRhynchospora macrostachya Torr. ex GrayB|   	2954


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|BRhynchospora recognita (Gale) KralB|   	2956


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Cyperaceae: Rhynchospora recognita (globularis var. r.)


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Typical globularis is more southern, and unknown in the state, but some colls. should be rechecked. Another related species to be expected in similar habitats (seasonally drying boggy seeps and openings, sometimes on or near sandstone outcrops) is R. harveyi W. Boott. which is known from nc.Tenn., probably in adjacent counties.


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Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Ribesia> americanum (floridanum)


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This is a northern species that is probably delivered south occasionally by avian means. In addition to recent colls. of G. Libby from MADI (EKY) and R. Clark from LEE (EKY), there are old records of C.W. Short from BATH (PH; see M) and Nelson (1919) from BOON. Allied species in the "currant" group may be expected (J), especially R. odoratum H.H. Wendl., which has a northwestern range but was recently discovered by D. Estes in adjacent w. Tenn. (Ch).


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Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Grossularia> cynosbati


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The cultivated gooseberry, R. uva-cripsa L., is somewhat similar to cynosbati, but is not known to be truly naturalized.


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Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Grossularia> missouriense (gracile)


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Without flowers or fruits, this mid-western species is hard to distinguish from the more northeastern cynosbati; a few identifications remain tentative.


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Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Grossularia> rotundifolium


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No coll. has been verified. Records by Linney (1882), RAB and others (M) may all be based on misidentified missouriense, including a vegetative coll. from CAMP (NCU): E.T. Browne #4258. This species occurs in Appalachian regions mostly at high elevation, and might be expected in the Cumberland Mts.


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|BRibes uva-crispa L. var. sativum DC.B|   	465 C


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Grossulariaceae [Saxifragaceae]: Ribes <Grossularia> uva-crispa var. sativum (grossularia)


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These plants (the common "goose-berry") may persist after cultivation but they are probably not truly naturalized. There is a coll. from a fencerow in OLDH (DHL).


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|BRICE, WILD: Zizania, Zizaniopsis (SOUTHERN)B|


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This tall annual ("castor bean") has been widely cultivated since the 1800s (Gr), for ornament, medicine or poison. It often reseeds ifself into gardens or nearby, but does not persist or spread into the wild.


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|BRipidium ravennae (L.) Tr.B|   	3449 C


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Ripidium [Saccharum*] ravennae


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This has been cultivated as "ravenna grass" for over 100 years in Ky. (Gr). There is a recent coll. from a roadside in CAMP (EKY, KNK), but no evidence that this species is becoming naturalized. Generic assignment, also possible in Erianthus or Saccharum, remains controversial.


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Fabaceae <Robineae>: Robinia boyntonii (hispida* var. rosea)


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This southern Appalachian species has been confused with hispida and fertilis, which can reasonably be combined as varieties. R. boyntonii rarely flowers in the wild; fruits are virtually unknown anywhere in its range (Isely & Peabody 1984), except for a coll. of M. Medley (for WKY). A large living clone has been established at the Univ. of Ky. Arboretum, originating from the knob just east of Cumberland Falls State Park in WHIT. There is no question that this species is native in se. Ky., since it is known from 10-20 sites in the wild, mostly in open woods or edges on remote ridges, with no evidence of nearby cultivation.


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Fabaceae <Robineae>: Robinia fertilis (hispida* var. f.)


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This frequently planted diploid (2n = 20) species often persists and escapes; the degree of naturalization is often unclear from coll. data.. It is not native in Ky., and probably originates from the southern Blue Ridge in N.C. and Tenn. (Isely & Peabody 1984, W). It has been confused with the triploids (2n = 30), hispida and boyntonii, which are native in Ky.


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|BALI B| E.   |BHAB B| r-8,10 C 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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Fabaceae <Robineae>: Robinia hispida (var. h.)


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There has been much confusion with boyntonii and fertilis. The only known plants of typical hispida in Ky. are near the Breaks of the Sandy Rv. (Russell Fork) in PIKE (KY). It is also known nearby in Dickenson Co., Va. (B). It has a southern Appalachian range but apparently centered to the north of boyntonii; further investigation is needed to separate records.


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|BRobinia kelseyi Cowell ex HutchinsonB|   	1284 R


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Fabaceae <Robineae>: Robinia kelseyi (hispida var. k.)


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Reports may have been based on misidentified R. boyntonii (Isely & Peabody 1984). A coll. from HARL was reported by B (Braun #450) but this cannot be located. Also, Hinkle (1975) reported this taxon from BELL (check TENN). Isely & Peabody (1984) could find no wild plants, and suggested that this taxon may have horticultural origin from hybridization of pseudoacacia with fertilis (see also: Isely 1990). This hybrid may be represented by a coll. from PERR (EKY). The three taxa are all diploids (2n = 20).


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This species was originally concentrated in east-central states, but its range has been expanded greatly due to plantings and escapes. Early records indicate that it was locally common within the Bluegrass region at the time of settlement (Campbell 1987), but uncommon to absent in western regions (Barton 1919). There may be rare hybrids with fertilis.


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This has been reported from Ky. by RAB and M, but it has not been verified; there has been confusion with boyntonii. R. viscosa is native to the Blue Ridge and nearby mountains, but has also been widely cultivated (W).


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|BROCKET: Diplotaxis (WALL-), Hesperis (DAME'S), Iodanthus (PURPLE)B|


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|BRorippa austriaca (Crantz) Bess.B|   	719 W


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In North America, this alien diploid (2n = 16) occurs mostly in northern regions, and rare southern plants are probably just waifs. It is close to R. sylvestris, and hybrids may be expected (Rollins 1993). The only record from Ky., or perhaps anywhere else in the Ohio Valley (PL), is a verified coll. from CAMP (KNK): J.W. Thieret #48934, 4 Jun 1976, roadside along highway US 27 directly across from entrance to NKU campus, Highland Heights.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-9? :: D? 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Rorippa palustris ("islandica")


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Although this cosmopolitan tetraploid (2n = 32) species is highly variable, proposed segregates do not appear clearly distinct (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Most plants are referable to the widespread North American var. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Stuckey. Plants from EDMO and SCOT (KY) may be at least transitional to the northern segregate, var. hispida (Desv.) Rydb. Hybrids with sinuata and sylvestris may also be expected (Y).


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|BRorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	720


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This eastern species is a diploid (2n = 16) relative of the more widespread R. palustris.


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|BRorippa sinuata (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc.B|   	717 R


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This western species is a diploid (2n = 16) relative of the alien sylvestris, both with creeping rhizomes. It has been recorded from HARD (MM for WKY) and HICK (BT), but colls. have not been relocated and checked. There are verified records from adjacent s. Ill. and se. Mo. (PL; Y).


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|BRorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess.B|   	718


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This widespread weed is one of the few common alien Brassicaceae in eastern North America that spreads clonally with true rhizomes; see also Cardaria draba. It includes a polyploid series (2n = 32, 40, 48) but segregates have not been recognized (Y).


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|BRosa bracteata J.C. Wendl.B|   	1024 R


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Bracteatae> bracteata


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This evergreen species was reported by BA but no collection has been located. As a persistent planting or escape, it has a southern distribution, north to Tenn. and Va. (F, Cr).


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Caninae> canina


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This has been widely cultivated (especially for its fruits), and it may be occasionally naturalized. However, some identifications are tentative. There may also be a record of the hybrid with R. obtusifolium Desv., known as X dumetorum Thuill. (M).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-8? D? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BRosa carolina L. var. carolinaB|   	1025


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Carolinae> carolina var. c. (humilis)


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The typical variety (including var. glandulosa (Crepin) Farw.) is predominant. Open dots indicate the species, but variety is not checked.


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|BRosa carolina L. var. villosa (Best) Rehd.B|   	1026


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Carolinae> carolina var. villosa (lyoni)


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This variety has not been recognized in recent treatments, but it appears somewhat distinct in Ky., with a generally more western range.


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Gallicanae> gallica


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There may be colls. of this species ("French rose") or related cultivars from ELLI (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and WHIT (MM for WKY), but these plants have not been confirmed to be truly naturalized (CW). The old hybrid with small globular multi-petaled flowers known as R.  X centifolia L. or R. gallica var. centifolia (L.) Regel ("cabbage rose") is derived from a complex of gallica and other species. It has been widely cultivated, and often persists at old home sites, but may not be truly naturalized.


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|BRosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm.B|   	1032


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Caninae> micrantha (rubiginosa var. m.)


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See note under rubiginosa. It is not clear if there are colls. from truly naturalized plants (CW).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| f-8? C? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BRosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr.B|   	1022


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Synstyleae> multiflora


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This was promoted by the USDA during the 1950s and 1960s. The first verified record from Ky. was provided by Browne (1967). Its subsequent invasion is a prickly example of the need for more botanical education (and common sense) in our society.


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Carolinae> palustris ("carolina")


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This differs from carolina in its stouter, often hooked, infrastipular stipules (suggesting virginiana), its stipules with a longer adnate ("caniculate") portion, and its leaves with more numerous, finer serration (F).


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Caninae> rubiginosa (var. r.; "eglanteria")


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There has been confusion with canina and micrantha; some records of these species need rechecking..


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Cinnamomeae> rugosa


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The few records of this East Asian species may only be from plantings (M, CW). Although widely cultivated across east-central states, it does not appear to be increasing in the wild.


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|BRosa setigera Michx. var. setigeraB|   	1020


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Synstyleae> setigera var. s.


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Open dots indicate the species but variety is not determined. Although widespread in much of eastern North America, this species is rare or absent in some hilly areas with less fertile soils, as in the Appalachian hills of Ky. and Tenn. (Ch).


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|BRosa setigera Michx. var. tomentosa Torr. & GrayB|   	1021


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Synstyleae> setigera var. tomentosa


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This seems fairly distinct, but further checking of determinations is needed.


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Pimpinellifoliae> spinosissima (pimpinellifolia)


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This Eurasian species (or a derived cultivar) was collected in a waste area of CALL, clearly self-seeded: M. Medley & R. Cassell #13788-86 (for WKY). However, despite widespread cultivation it does appear to be increasing in the wild within east-central states.


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Carolinae> virginiana (lucida)


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There have been several reports of this species (M, J), but almost all colls. seen so far have been misidentified. Clark et al. (2005; see also CW) reported colls. from six counties. The coll. from ROWA (EKY), at least, is verified here: E.M. & E.T. Browne #10492, 28 Jun 1965, from roadsides/fallow land 0.6 mi W of Haldeman P.O. on Ky 174. This largely northeastern species has been reported south to n. Ga., ne. Tenn. and n. Mo., but is verified primarily in coastal regions from N.J. to Nfld., with few records far inland (F, Cr; Lewis 2008). Apparent hybrids with carolina are known (X novae-angliae W.H. Lewis), and differences between the species themselves are not obvious in some colls. R. virginiana becomes an upright taller plant, usually to 2 m (versus somewhat pendent, up to 1 m in carolina), and is much less colonial. Its infrastipular thorns are more or less curved and taper gradually from relatively stout flattened bases (versus straight or declining, less tapering, slender, terete); also, acicular thorns are generally concentrated or restricted to stem bases (versus often numerous on upper branches). Its stipules tend to be more dilated upwards into broader lanceolate tips that are less divergent; adnate portions are usually 4-9 mm wide (versus 1-4 mm). Its leaflets are usually 7-9 (versus 3-7), clearly lustrous (versus dull to slightly lustrous). Its corymbs have up to 6 (15) flowers (versus 3 (6)), with more than one often on stems of the season (versus usually solitary); sepals are up to 20 mm (versus 12 mm).


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Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Synstyleae> wichuraiana


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In overall form, this commonly cultivated scrambling species ("memorial rose" or "rambling rose") is similar to multiflora, and some colls. should be rechecked. Flowers vary in size and color, from deep rose-pink to white. However, the common form in southeastern states ("Dorothy Perkins") is usually pink with numerous petals (RAB); it may be confused with X centifolia; see notes under gallica.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8? C? 4.   |BABU B| +4.


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Most plants from the lower Ohio Valley are referable to the relatively robust var. interior Fern. & Grisc., while most central and eastern plants may be var. ramosior. However, there is much overlap in distribution, and this distinction has not been followed in most recent treatments (Graham 1975; Cr, W).


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Tholiformes> aboriginum (decor)


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This poorly understood southern taxon, and perhaps trifrons (see notes under hispidus) appear to be the only members in Ky. of the largely northeastern section Tholiformes (F). R. decor Bailey is included here (Davis 1990, M), and was initially known only from western Ky. (F). Tholiformes may be a miscellaneous complex originating from various hybrids of hispidus or its relatives with allegheniensis, setosus (Cr), flagellaris (F) or others. R. aboriginum has also been considered just a somewhat hairy variant in the flagellaris group (Bailey 1943). It may be close to roribaccus, but differs in its usually single flowers (versus 2-8), calyx lobes with a prominent spathulate 1-3 mm tip, leaf margins with jagged-incised (versus regularl serration), and leaf bases less cordate (Widrelechner 1998). R. aboriginum appears to be most frequent in the lower Mississippi Valley, at least west of the river. Some octoploid cultivars have been selected, perhaps allowing further spread.


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|BRubus allegheniensis Porter var. allegheniensisB|   	994


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Alleghenienses> allegheniensis var. a.


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|BRubus allegheniensis Porter var. gravesii Fern.B|   	995


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Alleghenienses> allegheniensis var. gravesii


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This variety is pleasantly notable because it has no prickles or only a few small ones, but it may not be worth recognizing; the potential for introgression with R. canadensis should be investigated.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Alleghenienses> alumnus (miriflorus, trux, ?rosa)


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This is close to allegheniensis, and could be included in a broad species concept; these taxa have similar distributions in Ky. However, Widrlechner (1998) has revised the concept of alumnus to include some taxa that have generally been treated within section Arguti (e.g. bellobatus). R. alumnus has relatively broad inflorescence summits, relatively large-flowers (2-4 cm broad) and large-fruits (1.5-2 cm long). It tends to occur in relatively dry, open areas. As interpreted by F, alumnus has been cultivated, being the "source of several horticultural varieties", which has led to some increase in its total range. Named cultivars are mostly polyploids from northeastern regions and some may be referred to the exceptionally robust, broad-leafleted R. rosa Bailey, which was included by F but retained as a distinct species by H.A. Davis (SC), Widrlechner (1998) and others.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> argutus (?immanis, ?betulifolius, ?arvensis)


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This appears to an appropriate name for most of the old-field blackberries in Ky., but there is much confusion with the pensilvanicus group. Mapped records include the closely related species, R. betulifolius Small (BREC), R. immanis Ashe (JEFF, LESL), R. jugosus Bailey (BULL, JESS, MONT, MCRE, ROWA), R. louisianus Berger (BREC, CLIN, MCRE, POWE), R. suus Bailey (BRAC, CAMP, FAYE). and R. arvensis Bailey (BREC, MONT, LESL). This complex will be studied further when M. Medley's colls. are processed at WKY. Typical argutus has been considered to be a wide-ranging southeastern species that differs from these other listed taxa in its simply, sharp-serrate leaves, with teeth up to 3-6 mm deep (versus doubly serrate, the teeth up to ca. 2-4 mm deep). Some of the other listed taxa have been considered synonyms of each other, especially under immanis, and some of them may be transitional from argutus to pensilvanicus and its allies, or have uncertain affinity (compare F and St). Typical pensilvanicus has doubly serrate leaves, like most of these extra taxa, but generally broader leaflets and broader petals than argutus. R. arvensis may be relatively distinct, with lower leaf surfaces whitish to glaucous and covered by short hairs.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Discolores> armeniacus ("discolor"; "procerus")


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Though often named "Himalaya-berry" this species appears to have originated from the region around Armenia. It is close to the European species, bifrons, which may be confused. Both have escaped locally in Ky., especially on western lowlands, and may be much more widespread than recorded colls. R. armeniacus is the correct name for what was called R. discolor Wiehe & Nees or R. procerus P.J. Muell., according to  A. Ceska (Botanical Electronic News No. 230, Aug. 25, 1999) and L. Alice (pers. comm.). However, Section Discolores in North America need further revision. They often have canes that live more than two years, and an additional common taxon in Mo. has semi-evergreen 3-foliate leaves (G. Yatskievytch, pers. comm.). These plants have become some of the most popular blackberries in cultivation across Europe and elsewhere.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> baileyanus (?sailori, flagellaris var. humifusus)


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These plants differ from enslenii in their more robust, long-trailing floricanes (ca. 1-3 mm thick versus 2.5-5 mm) and stouter prickles (ca. 0.5-2 mm long versus 1.5-3 mm), suggesting a transition to flagellaris. There is no clear difference in habitat or range, but these distinct plants are mapped here pending further taxonomic evaluation. An alternative name may be R. flagellaris Willd. var. humifusus (Torr. & Gray) Boivin (K).


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> bellobatus


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This species differs from pensilvanicus (F) in its cylindric, racemose inflorescence (versus somewhat corymbose), which is slightly glandular, prompting Widrlechner (1998) to include it within alumnus (see above). It was reported from GRAV and MARS by Davis et al. (1969), but their sources need to be checked. F indicated that this species is largely northeastern, but "cult. and locally spread elsewhere." Its known native range may extend south only to W.Va. (unpublished maps of H.A. Davis and M. Medley). An allied taxon, R. mollior Bailey, is centered in the Ozark region (St) but not reported from Ky.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Discolores> bifrons


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Triviales> caesius


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This European species is occasionally cultivated and has spread locally in JEFF (M. Medley for WKY; G; Gunn 1968; Bailey 1943-45).


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Canadenses> canadensis


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This thornless northern species is known only from Big Black Mountain in HARL (B, M).


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> depavitus (kentuckiensis, profusiflorus)


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These plants differ from typical flagellaris in having dense glands on pedicels, rachises, petioles and often canes. Most colls. have been referred to the closely related R. kentuckiensis Bailey, which has been combined by several authors (M, K). Some relatively hairy colls., mapped here as uncertain records, have been referred to R. invisus (Bailey) Britt. (BULL, CLAR, MADI, MCRE), R. exsularis Bailey (CLAY), R. deamii Bailey (= R. rosagnetis Bailey; JACK, NELS, OLDH) or R. centralis (MCRE). All of these glandular plants have been united by G, St and others under R. invisus, which itself had been initially described as R. flagellaris var. invisus Bailey. Further revision is needed.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> enslenii (?connixus)


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This species needs better circumscription. The map includes a few records of the closely related glandular plants (perhaps transitional to the invisus group), R. leviculus Bailey  and R. scambens Bailey (M). An additional coll. from  CLARK (M. Medley & J. Thieret 10755-84 for WKY) is only a primocane, but differs from all other described species of the Flagellares in having obovate subentire leaflets. Some of the taxa currently included with flagellaris (especially nefrens and steelei) could be considered at least transitional to enslenii. This complex will be studied further when M. Medley's colls. are processed.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> flagellaris (fecundus, vixalacer, felix, nefrens, celer, ?steelei)


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The mapped records include the closely related taxa, R. fecundus Bailey, R. vixalacer Bailey, R. felix Bailey, R. nefrens Bailey, R. celer Bailey and perhaps R. steelei Bailey. See also notes under R. aboriginum. Some additional colls. from these same mapped counties are referrable to  R. meracus Bailey (CAMP, CARL, LEWI) or R. mundus Bailey (BULL, MCRE, POWE). Those two taxa are more hairy than typical R. flagellaris and may be considered transitions to R. roribacus. Some of these taxa may be worth recognizing, and will be examined further when M. Medley's colls. are processed at WKY.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> frondosus


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These plants have relatively numerous large foliaceous bracts, but their distinction and correct name remains uncertain; see notes under pensilvanicus. They are mapped here tentatively, pending further revision. Widrelechner (1998) interpreted this species as widespread in northern states, especially in the upper mid-west.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Hispidi> hispidus


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Within Ky. and Tenn., this northeastern species is largely restricted to boggy sites in or near Appalachian regions; records from CALL and HICK (CW) are omitted here, pending verification. Some colls. from MONT and POWE (KY) may be referable to R. trifrons Blanch., which is a northern taxon reportedly of hybrid origin from R. hispidus and the northern species, R. setosus Bigel. (Cr). These and other unusual colls. (e.g. J. Campbell on 15 Sep 1989 from WHIT at KY) deserve further study. Several close relatives of hispidus are known in states to the north and east, but have not been thoroughly searched for among Ky. colls.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Rosaeifoliae> illecebrosus


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M noted a coll. from LAWR (KY-Agr.), but it appears to have been mislaid. This cultivated Japanese species ("strawberry-raspberry") is naturalized in W.Va., but the context of the Ky. coll. is unknown.


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|BRubus indianensis L.H. BaileyB|   	986


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> indianensis


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There are colls. that appear to be this species from HARD (F.L. Johnson & W.J. Anderson K0612 at OKL) and perhaps BATH (M. Medley for WKY). Elsewhere, it is known only from s. Ind. (Bailey 1943, D,F).


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|BRubus kentuckiensis: see R. depavitusB|


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> laudatus (praepes, congruus, condensiflorus)


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Included here are records of R. condensiflorus Bailey, R. congruus Bailey and R. praepes Bailey, which have been considered synonymous with R. laudatus by Davis et al. 1969, 1990 (as followed by M and K). R. laudatus is apparently well known to such rubological connoisseurs, who have mapped it widely in Ky., W.Va. (SC) and other eastern states. It is retained here pending further study, but the claimed differences from pensilvanicus may be rather inconsistent: i.e., its irregularly lobulate terminal primocane leaflets (Bailey 1945, F), and its more leafy (D) or racemiform (SC) inflorescence. There do not appear to be notable differences in range or habitat. Variety status may be more appropriate.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> cf. leviculus (or scambens)


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Colls. from CLAR (Widrlechner 1998), HARD & LESL (M. Medley for WKY) have been referred to be this taxon, following the treatments of Bailey (1943) and F. However, this species has previously been known only on or near the Piedmont of Ga., S.C., N.C. & Va. The only clear difference from enslenii may be its relatively hairy, often glandular, petioles and pedicels. A related taxon to which some colls. (e.g. from BATH at KY) may be referred is R. scambens Bailey, which is previously known only from Va. to Mass. and differs from leviculus in its relatively broad leaflets and more robust canes. Further revision is needed to determine the degree of distinction in these taxa.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Idaeanthi> occidentalis


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Rare plants (e.g. at Griffith Woods, HARR) with pale yellowish to amber fruit (and often yellow-green versus purplish canes) are known as forma pallidus (Bailey) Robins. BA reported the related species, R. idaeus L. (which includes the cultivated raspberry), but no coll. has been located.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Anaplobatus> odoratus


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Some of the outlying colls. from FRAN (KY-Agr.), OLDH (DHL), MASO (M), MEAD (PH) and TAYL (KY) might be from escaped or cultivated plants, but this species is considered native in s. Ind. (D; M. Homoya, pers. comm.).


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|BRubus ostryifolius: see R. pensilvanicusB|


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> pensilvanicus (?abactus, ?philadelphicus, ?ostryifolius)


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This can probably be considered widespread in the state, but there has been much taxonomic confusion with argutus and other species. Typical "pensilvanicus" (as interpreted by F and mapped here), includes the closely related species R. abactus Bailey (POWE), R. philadelphicus Blanch (ESTI, FAYE, PULA, RUSS), and R. ostryifolius Rydb. (CAMP, KENT). This complex will be studied further when MM's colls. are processed at WKY. Plants with leaf margins irregularly deep-lobulate have been segregated, and may be united under the name laudatus (see below); a separate map is tentatively provided here, pending further revision. Plants with more numerous large foliaceous bracts have been segregated by some authors, but it is not clear in Ky. if these should be named frondosus (B, F) or pensilvancicus (Gl, St). Widrelechner (1998) interpreted common old-field blackberries of this group in Iowa and adjacent states as R. ablatus Bailey.


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Idaeanthi> phoenicolasius


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Some records may come from persistent plantings, but this East Asian species ("wineberry") is clearly spreading by seed and naturalized at many sites. It is much more widespread than colls. indicate, especially in Appalachian regions.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 7,8 C 4.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BRubus roribaccus (Bailey) Rydb.B|   	980


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> roribaccus (injunctus, temerarius, enslenii var. pleuralis)


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These plants differ from typical flagellaris in their much more pubescent leaves and relatively short upper simple bracts. Although often appearing distinct, it is not clear if full species status is warranted; see also notes under R. flagellaris. Included in the map are a few records of the closely related taxa, R. temerarius Bailey and R. injunctus Bailey, which differ in their glabrous pedicels (F). A cultivar frm W.Va., named "Lucretia Dewberry", was extensively distributed after 1876 (SC). Plants similar to roribaccus with more condensed corymbs (versus small, ascendate clusters) have been referred to R. curtipes Bailey by Widrlechner (1998), including R. subtentus Bailey from Ky., but the rationale for this remains unclear (see also R. laudatus).


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Verotriviales> trivialis


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This southeastern species may be widely scattered on western lowlands in Ky., at least near the Mississippi Rv. More colls. are needed to document its range. Some of the more northern records remain dubious (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW), but the species has been recently confirmed in adjacent Hamilton Co,, Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


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Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> whartoniae


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This species may be relatively distinct in form and habitat (Medley 1986). However, H.A. Davis (pers. comm.) indicated that the coll. from CLAR cited as a paratype in Bailey's description is in fact the superficially similar species, roribaccus. Typical whartoniae is known only from the Knobs region of Ky. and from e. Tenn. (Claiborne Co.). Similar plants in Md. and elsewhere in eastern states have been included by some authors but probably in error.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia aff. tenax {"tenax-speciosa intermediates"}


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Colls. mapped here are similar to scattered colls. from Tenn., Mo., Ind., Ohio, Pa., Conn., Mich. and probably elsewhere (GH, MO, NY). They appear close to tenax, but have relatively long, narrow, lanceolate cauline leaves, often with large irregular serrations or lacerations. They have been recorded from relatively damp lowland habitats, in contrast to the rocky glades of typical tenax. These differences suggest a transition to speciosa, and a closer analysis of these two species is needed throughout their ranges.


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|BRudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. fulgidaB|   	2169


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia fulgida var. f. (?spathulata, ?acuminata, ?palustris)


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This is widespread in southeastern states on medium-acid soils. A few colls. have been tentatively segregated as var. spathulata or var. palustris; see notes under those names. There has also been much confusion with umbrosa, tenax and other species.


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|BRudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. palustris (Eggert ex C.L. Boynt. & Beadle) PerdueB|   	2171


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia fulgida* var. palustris (?acuminata)


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This differs from typical fulgida in its relatively broad leaves, the lower ones with much longer petioles (usually 10-15 cm versus 3-5 cm); also, plants tend to be less hairy. However, its degree of distinction needs further attention (FNA 21; J. Campbell, in prep.). R. acuminata C.L. Boynt. & Beadle is tentatively included here, but may be transitional to var. fulgida. F (who largely followed Sm) indicated that palustris occurs in "damp or wet places, Ind. to Mo. and Tenn."; and that acuminata occurs in "woods and banks of streams, Ky. and Tenn." With this inclusion, var. palustris would appear to occur widely in east-central states (GH, MO, NY). However, only a few Ky. colls. have been located, mostly from southeastern counties (BELL, MCRE). The few western colls. appear atypical, with some transitional to var. fulgida: from CALL (WKY) and BULL (KY), but see also umbrosa.


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|BRudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. spathulata (Michx.) PerdueB|   	2170 T


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia fulgida* var. spathulata


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There is only a tentative record of this variety, from CASE (EKY); the report by Kearney (1893) was based on a coll. from BELL (MO) referable to var. palustris. Following Sm, F and other authors, var. spathulata may be distinguished by its leaves, which are strigose, relatively narrow or spathulate (with "conspicuously dilated blade"); and its flowering heads are generally smaller. It appears to be widespread in states to the south and east of Ky. (GH, NY), especially on lowlands (but perhaps mostly on xerohydric sites). Further work is need to clarify the degree of distinction from typical var. fulgida.


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|BRudbeckia grandiflora (D. Don) J.F. Gmel. ex DC. var. alismifolia (Torr. & Gray) Cronq.B|   	2162 R


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia grandiflora* var. alismifolia


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This largely Ozarkian species is known only from two old colls. in JEFF (DHL), which could have been native or adventive: P.A. Davies #743/748, 2/4 Aug 1943, uncultivated field/dry hillside, Illinois Avenue. R. grandiflora is rare east of the Mississippi Rv., but it may be native in some disjunct prairies and glades, at least in Ga. (W).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia hirta (var. hirta*)


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This is generally distinct from serotina in appearance and habitat, but there are some colls. that are hard to assign.


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|BRudbeckia laciniata L. var. humilis GrayB|   	2179


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia laciniata var. humilis


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This largely southern Appalachian taxon is generally less robust than typical plants, with less cleft leaves. Var. humilis is reported to be usually sexual (versus usually apomictic), with a low chromosome number; 2n = 38 versus 36 or 54. F, G and Cr reported it from Ky., apparently based on one coll.: T.H. Kearney #324 (GH), Aug 1893, Poor Fork Post Office. Recently, MM also collected and determined a plant from OWSL (for WKY) as this taxon. These colls. appear to match the descriptions, but there has been some inconsistency among recent treatments (e.g. Cr and FNA 21).


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|BRudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniataB|   	2178


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia laciniata var. l.


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This species is widespread in eastern and central North America, but it is generally restricted to larger river valleys. It is almost absent on most of the Mississippian Plateaus in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch).


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|BRudbeckia missouriensis Engelm. ex C.L. Boynt. & BeadleB|   	2176 T


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia missouriensis (fulgida var. m.)


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This largely Ozarkian species is not verified east of the Mississippi Rv. except in s. Ill. It has been reported from Ky. in FNA 21 and other literature, but no convincing colls. have been seen (M). R. missouriensis appears to differ from truncata only in its dense pubescence and relatively narrow leaves. Plants referable to either taxon should be searched for further within intervening regions. Plants that seem transitional from species to tenax or to truncata occur on a disturbed limestone cliff overlook above the Kentucky River near Camp Nelson in JESS (JC for KY).


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia serotina (hirta var. pulcherrima*)


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F indicated that this weedy species of grasslands has a largely western origin, spreading to the east after widespread clearance. There appears to have been some intergradation with typical hirta of eastern woodlands, and now there is frequent confusion by botanists.


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|BRudbeckia spathulata: see R. fulgidaB|


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia speciosa (fulgida* var. s.)


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This is a variable species that has been confused with umbrosa in some treatments; see also notes under "tenax-speciosa intermediates". Typical speciosa occurs in calcareous seeps of east-central states, mostly from the Ridge & Valley Province to the Ozarks, but it is rare in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch). The only site currently known in Ky. is the seep with Parnassia grandiflora in CLIN near "Falls-of-76"; see colls. of M. Medley (DHL and for WKY). There is also an 1835 coll. of C.W. Short (mounted with hirta at GH), without locality. The relatively northern segregates, R. sullivantii C.L. Boynt. & Beadle (widely grown as the "Goldstrum" cultivar) and R. deamii Blake, may be treated as varieties of speciosa and might be marginally expected in Ky. (J. Campbell, in prep.). A distinct variant in this group may also occur in the cedar glades of c. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


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|BRudbeckia tenax C.L. Boynt. & BeadleB|   	2173


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia tenax (fulgida* var. t.)


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This was recognized as a species by Sm and F but has been largely overlooked for 50 years. Its stoloniferous habit, small basal leaves, and pubescence patterns are distinctive. R. tenax is distributed across southeastern states, typically in dry rocky glades and open woodlands on base-rich soils. Some colls. come from roadsides on sandy uplands of the Cumberland Plateau (occasionally mixed with typical fulgida), but may be adventive and promoted by imported limestone gravel. Further notes and a key are available in J. Campbell (in prep.). There may be some intergradation with speciosa and truncata; see notes under those species.


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|BRudbeckia triloba L. var. beadlei (Small) Fern.B|   	2167


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia triloba var. beadlei ("pinnatiloba")


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Colls. from EDMO (E.L. Braun #3620 at US), MCRE (JC 14 May 1989 at KY) and MERC (M. Wharton #9255 at KY) have been tentatively referred to this largely southern Appalachian taxon (Cr, M, W, FNA 21). Whether these pinnatifid plants should be treated at the variety or even species level, remain questions for further study. The earlier name, var. pinnatiloba Torr. & Gray, refers to similar plants from Ala., Fl., La. and Tex, that may deserve distinction.


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|BRudbeckia triloba L. var. rupestris (Chickering) GrayB|   	2166


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia triloba var. rupestris


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The only record is a coll. from "Pine Mt. State Park Nature Center" in BELL (KY), which was annotated "triploid" by K. McCrea. Var. rupestris appears to be a generally distinct large-flowered southern Appalachian taxon, perhaps also extending east to the Potomac and west to the Cumberland Mountains. Further study of its status is needed.


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|BRudbeckia triloba L. var. trilobaB|   	2165


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia triloba var. t.


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Within Ky. this widespread eastern species is largely absent from Appalachian regions.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia truncata (fulgida* var. t.)


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Sm treated this as a species along with other segregates of fulgida, and a modified version of his treatment and F's is accepted here (J. Campbell, in prep.). R. truncata is generally distinct in its dense clumps, long narrow basal leaves, narrow truncate cauline leaves, general paucity of hairs, and eciliate bracts of disc florets. Ky. plants are quite similar to the type (NY): J.K. Small, 6-12 Aug 1895, along the Chickamauga Creek near Ringgold, Catoosa Co., Ga. Small's (1898) description notes that it occurs "in the northwestern and little explored part of [Ga.]... quite common in the limestone districts". B's coll. (NY, #2630, 8 Sep 1939) from Cox Bend in PULA was annotated by Cronquist as "correctly identified with R. truncata but no more than a variety, at best, of R. fulgida." This species should be searched for more in Ala. and Tenn. along limestone cliffs around the southern Cumberland Plateau and Ridge & Valley Province. A few colls. from PULA (KY) may be transitional to tenax; see also notes under missouriensis.


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|BRudbeckia umbrosa C.L. Boynt. & BeadleB|   	2168


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia umbrosa (fulgida var. u.*)


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This largely southern Appalachian species is close to typical fulgida, but its leaves are distinctly broader, with truncate-subcordate bases at least low on stems, and have more prominent nipple-like teeth. Rays tend to be larger, but not as a clearcut character. R. umbrosa is largely restricted to mesic shady sites. It has also been confused with speciosa in some treatments, and better keys are needed (J. Campbell, in prep.). Sm and F accepted umbrosa as a species, but Cr treated umbrosa as a variety, with notes such as "growing near var. fulgida but without apparent intergradation" (Cronquist #4040 at NY. from Highland Co., Ohio). Extensive examination of colls. from Ky. and elsewhere has revealed virtually no intermediate plants. Some colls. from relatively open banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its Big South Fk. tend to have relatively narrow leaves, suggesting transitions to fulgida, but they are probably just robust plants of umbrosa that lack basal leaves in the colls. A few disjunct colls. from western regions have suggested umbrosa, but may be closer to fulgida var. palustris (or perhaps acuminata): from CALL (NCU) and CALD (KY).


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|BRUE: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> (MEADOW-), Thalictrum <Heterogamia etc.> (WOOD-), Trautvetteria (TASSEL-)B|


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|BRuellia caroliniensis (J.F. Gmel.) Steud.B|   	1781


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Variation deserves further study. The records mapped here include var. parviflora (Nees) Blake, which is not recognized in recent treatments. A coll. from SCOT (DHL) was referred to var. membranacea Fern., which is no longer recognized. Several colls. have been referred to the more southern ssp. ciliosa (Pursh) R.W. Long in the past but these do not appear to be distinct, or in some cases may be transitions to humilis, with which there has been much confusion.


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|BRuellia humilis Nutt. var. calvescens Fern.B|   	1779


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Acanthaceae: Ruellia humilis var. calvescens


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This largely Appalachian variety is recognized in some recent treatments; colls. filed under typical humilis deserve further study for possible transfer.


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|BRuellia humilis Nutt. var. humilisB|   	1778


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Acanthaceae: Ruellia humilis var. humilis


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Variation needs further study. There may be transitions to R. caroliniensis, which was confused in earlier nomenclature. A coll. from JESS (KY) is referable to var. longiflora (Gray) Fern., which is not recognized in current treatments; see also var. calvescens.


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|BRuellia pedunculata Torr. ex GrayB|   	1776


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This was recently collected on a sandstone outcrop along a road southwest of Joy, LIVI (JC for KY). Grubbs' (1989) report from HICK (MUR) was based on a misidentified coll. of caroliniensis. R. pedunculata is largely Ozarkian; disjunct relatives to the east of Ky. have been segregated as R. purshiana Fern. and R. pinetorum Fern. (W). R. purshiana occurs close to Ky. in the Ridge-and-Valley of w. Va. and ne. Tenn., but is unknown within the state.


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Variaton may deserve further study. The incidence of cleistogamy seems to vary widely in space and time. A coll. from WAYN (KY) has creamy white flowers, and a pure white form was seen in HARR during 2006.


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This widespread dioecious perennial with creeping roots was first reported a century ago. In 1914 Gr noted: "has of late overrun the cultivated land of Kentucky. It has been introduced in large quantities with clover and other seeds [including bluegrass], and it is being scattered still further with several of our small-seeded forage plants." However, it is not now a serious agricultural or horticultural weed.


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This alien can be confused with obtusifolius.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-9,6? C? 5?.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,9 :: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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|BRumex mexicanus: see R. triangulivalvisB|


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-9,10 :: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


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This northern species has been reported by BA and other, but not verified. It is unlikely in Ky., and records are probably based on misidentified verticillatus (M).


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J. Thieret found this along railroad tracks in CARR (KNK). This alien is fairly widespread and could be confused with crispus or obtusifolius, and is reported to hybridize with these two species elsewhere (Cr). It should be searched for further.


