# Flora

Comment:
Kentucky plants match var. neuropetala, but this variety is not recognized in recent treatments. Recheck LO for OWEN (Lovell 1962). Check MADI (be); see Thompson & Fleming (2004).

Footnote:
This papillate-flowered species (W, Y) occurs widely in western and southern states, Mexico and West Indies, especially in damp to dry sandy open habitats (F). There are few verified records from Ky. and Tenn. (Ch). Colls. from Ky. can all be referred to var. neuropetala (Engelm.) A.S. Hitchc., but that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


FullName:
Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex J.A. Schultes

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 60) is widespread in eastern North America, and one of the commonest species of Cuscuta in Ky. It occurs on many hosts in diverse habitats, but usually on damper soils than pentagona and flowering a month or so later in Jul-Sep (F; D. Boone, pers. comm.). In addition to typical gronovii, var. latifolia Engelm. is expected in the state but colls. have not been checked. That taxon differs in its relatively elongate, less overlapping calyx lobes, and shorter corollas with more elongate lobes, resembling C. polygonorum (Costea et al. 2006b).


FullName:
Helianthus X laetiflorus Pers. (pro sp.)

Comment:
Needs confirmation and further study; this taxon may derive from hybridization of pauciflorus and tuberosus. 1 = Woods (1983); 2 = Price (1893). The RA and AP records refer to catalogs of collections that need to be checked.

See notes under H. pauciflorus.


Comment:
Another MEAD (KY) coll. may be x hirsutus. Another HARD (ky) coll. is x mollis.

WOverbeck recent coll from MADI in the dolomite prairies; 2010.

1: Gibson 1971 (fide M); check Field but not found (?)--see PULA

Footnote:
Typical occidentalis is a relatively uniform diploid (2n = 34) taxon of east-central and midwestern states, but variation needs further study. A few colls. from Ky. appear to be hybridized with hirsutus (MEAD at KY), mollis (HARD at KY) or perhaps silphioides (R. Athey #1956 from CALL at WK and MEM, initially named "dowellianus"). See also notes on the colls. from PULA under dowellianus.


FullName:
Helianthus occidentalis Riddell var. dowellianus (M.A. Curtis) Torr. & Gray

Comment:
All "occidentalis" needs to be rechecked for potential varieties, subspecies or hybrids. Braun considered her PULA (LB) plant "very distinct in appearance and habit of growth, and in habitat; dry soil, open grassy slopes".

GH: none.

FI: PULA (F.T. McFarland, 11 Sep 1942, dry red clay, roadside, edge of woods, very local, Somerset); "occidentalis". JC (July 2007) this has yellowish disc flowers, broad serrated leaves up stem, leaves gone from base; leaves more or less hairy, not clearly less than typical occidentalis.

WK CALL recheck--see also perhaps x silphioides ???

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian taxon differs from typical occidentalis in its more branched and leafy stems; leaves are broader, sometimes more serrated, usually withering soon at the base, less reduced up the stems, and less pubescent (scabrous/strigose versus hirsute on upper leaf surfaces). Var. dowellianus is somewhat similar to atrorubens, and hybrid origin has been suggested (Heiser et al. 1969), but F suggested a broader concept, with similarity also to H. laetiflorus Pers. (sensu lato). 

   In Ky. three colls. from PULA were initially referred to this taxon in 1940-1960. Their identification remains uncertain, along with the status of var. dowellianus in general: (1) E.L. Braun (see B but not located at US), "very distinct in appearance and habit of growth, and in habitat; dry soil, open grassy slopes"; (2) F.T. McFarland (F, MO, etc.), probably in the same general locality as B, a roadside near Somerset; and (3) D.M. Smith-K-121 (KY), 11 Sep 1958, roadside 2.5 miles southeast of Science Hill.


Footnote:
This is a relatively uniform diploid (2n = 34) typical of native grasslands, especially in midwestern regions, and occasionally adventive to the east. There may be rare hybrids with occidentalis (= X cinereus Torr. & Gray), giganteus (?= X doronicoides Lam.) and perhaps hirsutus (Cranfill 1992); see M for records of these hybrids from Ky.


Comment:
Varieties are not clear; several collections key to var. trachyphyllus, which seems typical for the state. This species varies much in pubescence, leaf size and shape, appearing close to tuberosus in more robust plants.

AP: TRIG, LYON, TODD (xdivaricatus?)

POWE: jc plant in yard may be hirsutus x tuberosus... NOT x trach? ... Check field notes; from KNPS field trip 10-15 years ago below the Silene ovata area???

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 68) is widespread in open habitats of eastern and southeastern states. It varies much in pubescence, leaf blade dimensions and petiole length. Some robust plants with longer petioles resemble tuberosus, and may result from hybridization (Heiser et al. 1969; FNA 21). Plants with subsessile leaves can resemble divaricatus, especially if pubescence is also reduced, and hybridization is often suspected despite the reported difference in chromosome number. Several colls. with less hairy stems are referable to var. trachyphyllus Torr. & Gray, a largely western form that suggests a transition to decapetalus (F).


Comment:
There are also occasional apparent hybrids with microcephalus (X glaucus).
M: BREA, BULL (Gunn), MENI, ROWA (B),  WOLF (Clark 1990) (? check sources).

CALL (MU): D.F. Austin 688, 2 Jul 1965; stem hairy in inflorescence.

AP: LYON, TRIG (some tending to hirsutus?).

FLOW: mostly July-Aug? in KY

CALL: also IndSE JF

Footnote:
This is a relatively uniform, mostly diploid (2n = 34) species that is widespread in thin dry woods and edges across eastern North America, except on much of the southeastern Coastal Plain. In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids with hirsutus and, especially in Appalachian regions, with microcephalus (X glaucus Small). Unusually robust plants (perhaps tetraploid) occur to the west of Ky. (Y, FNA 21).


FullName:
Carex lucorum Willd. ex Link var. austrolucorum J. Rettig

Species:
lucorum* var. austrolucorum (p. var. distans)

Comment:
The WASH (NK, EK) appears to be lucorum, and is det as such by Naczi, but perigynia are lost from the specimen (or immature); also this locality seems out of range: L.E.McKinney 4938, 5/4/92, mesic woodland along Hwy 55 just south of Maud and ca. 1.8 miles S of Washington/Nelson county line; check!

EK: LAUR WASH

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian taxon appears distinct from the more northeastern var. lucorum, which is unknown in Ky. and these taxa may deserve to be separate species (W). The disjunct coll. from WASH in the Bluegrass region (McKinney #4938 at EKY and KNK) has been verified by several botanists.


Comment:
Need to recheck; these plants are often indistinct from C. albicans, and may deserve no more than varietal status. FNA does not refer to the inflorescence compaction character. Some collections in Kentucky fall between the recent descriptions in FNA. FNA indicates emmonsii occurs on richer soil than the other varieties; but Weakley indicates calcifuge for emmonsii, more calcicole for albicans; check.

LO: HARD (RC).

EK: GRNP

KY: only distinctive colls are from MCRE perhaps PULA; even these do not have the teeth on midribs?

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This cespitose taxon is concentrated in more southern regions than typical albicans, but differences in habitat do not appear to be clearcut (FNA 23, W). Distinction from albicans is often difficult, and some colls. appear intermediate; variety status may be preferable. 

   Compared to typical albicans. emmonsii has shorter staminate spikes (ca. 5-8.5 mm versus 8.4-11 mm), with midribs on median scales that are usually more prominent and minutely toothed; 2n = 40 (versus 36 in albicans and physorhyncha). It also tends to have less erect culms, and more condensed spikes with less reddish tinging (F, W).


Comment:
ADAI (FI) from Gibson (1971). 1 = other records cited by Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This is widespread in temperate regions of North American, except in some southeastern states. It is sometimes confused with frondosa, but these taxa are consistently distinct. B. vulgata is a generally more robust plant that tends to be more restricted to deeper wetlands, and in Ky. at least it is generally absent from more calcareous regions.


Footnote:
This cosmopolitan weed may have been native to both eastern North America and eastern Asia (FNA 21).  It is somewhat varied in morphology and chromosome number (with 2n = 24 and 72); segregates have not been recognized in recent literature but deserve investigation. Although mapped as an "invasive species" by SE, this may be misguided; B. bipinnata has already saturated its niche in southeastern states, from whatever source.


Comment:
This appears to be a rare waif: J.W. Thieret, 3 Oct 1977, weed among low planted junipers, Rest Area, I-75 between Berea & Richmond. The species is tropical and unknown to persist north of the Coastal Plain. Taxonomy and identification needs checking; if var. radiata, it may be transferred to B. alba var. radiata (Kartesz).

Footnote:
This has been treated as a widespread variable species of warmer American regions, but a narrower concept may be warranted (FNA 21, W, Y). The only known coll. from Ky. appears to be a rare waif: J.W. Thieret, 3 Oct 1977, weed among low planted junipers, rest area of Interstate 75 between Berea & Richmond (KNK). This coll. is probably referable to var. radiata Schultz (= B. alba (L.) DC. var. radiata (Schultz-Bip.) Ballard ex T.E. Melchert), which has more rays and phyllaries (2n = 48) and extends north more frequently than typical pilosa, which lacks rays (2n = 72).


Comment:
LESL (jc): localy common at base of shaly roadcuts in Redbird river corridor; 1990s notes to check; on road to Peabody office from Big Creek.

Footnote:
This widespread species of east-central states is usually associated with rocky woods on limestone, but in Ky. some populations occur on sandstone (as in CRIT with loess above) or shale (as in LESL but probably base-rich).


FullName:
Polymnia canadensis L. var. radiata Gray

Comment:
Tentatively recognized here, although it is often considered just a form and combined. Medley (1993) noted that plants with more distinctly showy rays occur on W edge of Cumberland Plateau in N Alabama.

Footnote:
This is tentatively recognized here, but it is often considered just a form (Y) or ignored (FNA 21). In Ky. colls. have been referred to this taxon from slopes along or near the Kentucky Rv. in CLAR, ESTI, JESS, MERC and OWEN (mostly colls. at KY); also from EDMO (B) and PIKE (M). Their degree of distinction needs further analysis. More distinct plants in c. Tenn., n. Ala., and nw. Ga. (Sm, F; D. Estes, pers. comm.) have larger discs and rays, which are pure white (versus creamy-white); see photo of Jeff McMillian in PL.


Footnote:
This globally rare species is known only from a few disjunct localities on terraces and bluffs along the lower Ohio Rv. (Ky.), central Mississippi Rv. (Ky., Mo. Tenn.), central Tennessee Rv. (Tenn., Ga., Ala.), one in c. Ala. and one in nw. Fla.


FullName:
Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex Small

Comment:
The CARL (MU) collection is determined as var. densipilis; but this taxon does not seem worth recognizing.

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this species is widespread across southeastern North America and Central America. The coll. from CARL (MUR) is referable to var. densipilis Blake (within Polymnia), but that largely western segregate has not generally been recognized in recent treatments (F, W and citations). [Note that distinction of Smallanthus from Polymnia is now widely accepted; typically, 2n = 32 versus 30 (FNA 21).]


FullName:
Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) MacKenzie ex Small var. densipilis (Blake) new comb.

Comment:
This determination needs checking; but the variety does not seem worth recognizing.


Comment:
GH: Short 1835 "marshy ground 6 feet high".

JESS = Campbell & Meijer 1989

For genus name: silph is a wood-nymph... of some kind; see Greek...

Footnote:
This is a widespread, largely midwestern species. It is usually associated with thin riparian woods and edges, and it prospers locally in derived farmland, where its tall stems can push through thickets and vines along weedy gullies, ditches and fencerows. But like most perennial Heliantheae of better soils, it appears to have been much reduced by livestock. There is subtle variation across the range of this species, which needs further analysis (Y). 

   Some authors (e.g. Cr, FNA 21, W) have distinguished plants named S. connatum L. or S. perfoliatum var. connatum (L.) Cronq. These have more pubescence (especially on the stems), leaves less narrowed to a petiolar base, and heads usually bearing only ca. 8 or 13 rays (versus 21 or 34). S. connatum is known from central Appalachian regions (W.Va., Va., N.C.), including the Kanahwa Rv. and New Rv. valleys of s. W.Va. (SC), and it may be expected along the Big Sandy Rv. in Ky. (Michaux 1803; M).


Comment:
Harvill (1941) also reported the generally ignored var. deamii (GRAV), with glandular phyllaries, and var. gattingeri (SIMP); the former was apparently lost in the 1948 fire at KY but SIMP found at KA!!--but this = glabrum??

The S. trifoliatum coll. for LIVI (MU) may be a hybrid with S. integrifolium.

JEFF (LO); PADavies & HBishop #373 dry hilside Poplar Level Road 5 Jul 1940; and PA Davies #737 Camp Taylor 30 Aug 1943; see also laciniatum; the Davies #373 collection is duped at GH where ided as "astericus var. asperrimum" by Clevenger.

EK: BALL, CALL LOGA (var laeve? and possible hybrid swarm with trifioliatum); Cook Co IL var deamii? (glandular)

CHECK LBL "integrifolium" -- most/all is glabrum after Nesom.

Footnote:
This widespread, largely midwestern species is best distinguished by its relatively large heads (usually with 16-35 rays versus 6-14), together with its strictly opposite, sessile, broad-based and often slightly clasping leaves (Cr). Its circumscription deserves further revision; segregates remain uncertain; and there has been much confusion with glabrum or other species (G. Nesom, pers. comm.). Most or all colls. in Ky. may be assigned to the relatively hairy var. integrifolium. Extremely hairy forms have sometimes been misidentified as S. asteriscus L.; see notes under trifoliatum. 

   A few colls. match the more western var. laeve Torr. & Gray, assigned by G. Nesom (pers. comm.) to S. trachopus Raf. (= S. speciosum Nutt.), which is more glaucous, less hairy and tends to have larger heads: e.g. W.H. Martin 7-22-78 from LOGA (see also BA and J). Also, Harvill (1941) reported var. deamii Perry (from GRAV), which has glandular phyllaries, and var. gattingeri Perry (based on the coll. from SIMP at KY-Agr.), which is known from c. Tenn. and appears closer to S. glabrum (Ch; R. Kral & D. Estes, pers. comm.). Records from LIVI (MUR) and MUHL (JC) are based on apparent hybrids with glabrum or trifoliatum. Note that 2n = 14 in most or all Silphium species, and hybrids are often suspected (Cr, FNA 20, Y).


Comment:
Brown & Athey (1992) cite a specimen as var. laeve at ME from the Highland Rim, but this has not been located and verified. It is a western taxon, with few eastern outliers (perhaps only central Tennessee); check var. gattingeri.


Comment:
Formerly referred to as S. brachiatum or S. incisum by Braun (1936, 1943), from CLAY (US); brachiatum is only further south on the Cumberland Plateau; incisum is a forgotten species known only from type in the R&V of Georgia.

GH: PERR H.B. Lovell & H. Bishop 12 Aug 1940, near Stacy dry open hillside (det brachiatum by T. Fisher 1966).

GH: also TN Campbell Co.

Footnote:
This recently described species (Medley 1989) is known only from the central Appalachian Plateaus in e. Ky., mostly along headwaters of the Kentucky Rv., and in some disjunct localities of the Ridge-and-Valley region in ne. Tenn. (Ch, W and citations). It typically occurs on lower slopes in thin woods and edges, especially along roadsides with warm sunny aspects. It prospers in adjacent woods only after fires or other disturbances.

   The closest relatives of wasiotense are probably S. brachiatum Gattinger and S. mohrii Small, both of which have small ranges centered on the southern Cumberland Plateau in Ala. and Tenn. Before its description, wasiotense was also referred to S. dentatum Ell. (a southeastern segregate of S. asteriscus), or to S. incisum Greene (an obscure plant known only from the type in the Ridge-and-Valley of Ga.).


Footnote:
This weedy annual (2n = 34) is widespread in central states and more local in southeastern states, where it may be partly adventive.


FullName:
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descourtils

Comment:
The typical variety, native to the northeastern coastal plain, has been reported by Grubbs (1989) and Browne & Athey (1992), but no collection has been located. Browne & Athey also reported the southern var. paniculata, which is more likely.

Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 34, 36) is widespread across temperate regions of North America. Segregates have been described, but none have been recognized in recent treatments. All plants in Ky. would be referable to var. elatior (L.) Descourtis, following F. Var. artemisiifolia is native to the northeastern Coastal Plain, and remains unknown in Ky., despite some reports (M). The southern var. paniculata (Michx.) Blank. is more likely, and has also been reported (BA) but not confirmed.


FullName:
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. paniculata (Michx.) Blank.

Comment:
This southern variety was noted by Browne & Athey (1992) from the Bluegrass region but no collection has been located.


Species:
albicans (artitecta, nigromarginata var. muhlenbergii)

Comment:
Some records of C. emmonsii should perhaps be included here. The WK colls. from CRIT and MCRA are relatively broad-leaved and were labeled initially as C. nigromarginata.

LO: JEFF, OLDH.

EK: BATH BARR BELL BULL BUTL CALL CART CLIN FLEM FULT LARU LEE LOGA POWE missing ??? after this; was ROCK???

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. See notes under emmonsii, which is easily confused. There has also been confusion with nigromarginata, a name that was initially applied to some relatively broad-leaved colls. of albicans from CRIT and MCRA (WKY).


Comment:
This taxon is not mapped in KY by FNA, and at least one MCRE (BE) collection has been redet as pensylvanica by Naczi & Reznicek: J.Campbell 20 Apr 1989. 

The coll from HARD (LO, KY) was det phys by Rez!!

It appears to be distinct in its rhizomatous habit and its sandy barrens habitat. But more work is needed to be certain about the degree of distinction. Perigynium shape needs to be checked.

Footnote:
This easily overlooked rhizomatous taxon of southeastern states can be difficult to seperate from pensylvanica and emmonsii, appearing intermediate in some cases. However, the few colls. mapped here are generally distinct from e
Colls. from HARD (DHL, KY) and MCRE (KY) are included here, but the latter has been doubted by R.F. Naczi and A.A. Reznicek. Further analysis is needed.


Comment:
Werier (2006) cites BR for GRAY (McKinney coll) and LAWR (Cusick coll).

EK: CLIN HARD LEE MARI MCRE

HART: JC Kinney Tract 2010

Footnote:
This densely cespitose, short-culmed species is widespread in southeastern states, but generally restricted to thin woods on dry acid soils. Some colls. need to be reassessed for segregation of reznicekii; see notes under that name.


FullName:
Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. rigidulum

Comment:
Some records may be var. elongatum. 1 = Anderson (1924).

Footnote:
This species is widespread in eastern states, except the upper midwest (FNA 25).
Variation in the rigidulum complex needs further study, though polyploidy is unknown; 2n = 18 in all reports (FNA 25). Some colls. mapped here need to be rechcked for possible assignment to var. elongatum; see also P. longifolium.


FullName:
Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. elongatum (Pursh) Lelong

Species:
rigidulum var. elongatum (P. stipitatum)

Footnote:
Distinction from typical rigidulum needs further study. Var. elongatum is reported to have a more eastern range, concentrated on the Piedmont and other plains around the Appalachians, but there is much overlap and no clear difference in habitat (FNA 25, W). In addition to its more elongated spikelets, var. elongatum tends to be more robust, with narrower inflorescences (more ascending branches), and more purple-tinged.


FullName:
Urochloa platyphylla (Munro ex Wright) R. Webster

Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): MADI (BE). Check!!!!

MV: BATH (Thieret 60768).

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 36) is a widespread weedy species of damp alluvial soils in warm humid American regions. It appears to have spread north in recent decades, and may be largely adventive in southeastern states. The first record from Ky. was provided by Browne & Athey (1976). It is often concentrated in cropped field edges, wildlife openings, rough woodland trails and similar sites.


Comment:
Recheck. These plants may have grown only from sown or spilled seed.

Check MO for WHIT; was in AR catalog/notes.

Footnote:
This is a variable tropical weed from Asia and Africa; 2n = 36 in most reports (FNA 25). It is cultivated sometimes for seed to feed birds, including waterfowl, and has now spread across southeastern states, mostly on the Coastal Plain. Some colls. mapped here may be derived from plantings, rather than truly naturalized populations.


Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 54) is native to n. Mexico, Tex. and perhaps adjacent states (FNA 25). It has become more widespread across southern states due to its weedy nature in modern farmland.


Footnote:
This southwestern annual may be largely adventive in southeastern states.


Footnote:
This widespread alien weed may have been present in North America since early after settlement; see Gray (1864) under Panicum. But the first colls. in Ky. appear to have been made by Kearney, Pr and Gm during the 1890s. In 1914 Gm noted: "one of our most troublesome grass weeds, occurring everywhere in cultivated ground, in meadows, pastures, lawns, and along roadsides." 

   Colls. need to be rechecked for the supposedly native species, ciliaris; see notes under that name. Both sanguinalis and ciliaris have paired spikelets; their fertile lemmas are yellow or gray to brown (sometimes purplish); and their lower sheaths are pilose; 2n = 28-54 (FNA 25).


FullName:
Ceanothus americanus L. var. pitcheri Torr. & Gray


Comment:
KY!!! May 2011 JCampbell 2Jun1989 Little S Fk banks--well developed cobble bar
Nevelsville Qd

LYON (NP): recently added (2006); check data.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the Great Plains, but has disjunct plants in northeastern states, as far as D.C. to N.H., associated with rocky riverbanks and rocky glades (Bartgis et al. 1997; W). In Ky. it is known from small patches on both sides of the Rockcastle Rv. in LAUR (MM for WKY) and PULA (KY); it has also been collected on banks of the Little South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in WAYN (KY). There is an unverified record of KSNPC from LYON. Presence in Tenn. remains uncertain (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
There are colls. from JEFF (KNK), LAUR (BEREA) and MADI (CW), but the contexts are unclear. They need checking to see if truly naturalized, as opposed to planted. F. alnus is widely naturalized in more northern states and adjacent Canada, but remains virtually unknown as an escape in southeastern states (K, PL, SE, W).


FullName:
Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray var. caroliniana

Footnote:
This species is widespread across southeastern states, but it is common only on base-rich soils. Var. caroliniana may be concentrated east of the Mississippi Rv., while var. mollis is predominant to the west. Deeper analysis is needed to assess the taxonomic significance of this pattern.


FullName:
Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray var. mollis (Fern.) new comb.

Species:
caroliniana var. mollis (R. carolininiana var. m.))

Comment:
This variety appears to be more commonly collected than the typical. Lower case lb records are sight records not determined to variety.


Comment:
Recheck for var. Some FAYE (KY) material is almost glabrescent. JEFF (MM) and PEND (NK) match var. glabrata.

JESS (LO).

OLDH (LO): J.J. Matthews 432, 5 Jul 1957, damp ditch in thicket at Harrods Cr and Shiloh Lan.

OHIO: Clark Co Beaver Cr wetlands: in edge of swamp ca. 5-8 cm dbh!!! (DBoone)

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely midwestern species is known only from the Bluegrass region, within limestone ravines along the Kentucky Rv. and at scattered sites near the Ohio Rv. Previous reports from EDMO (DHL) were based on a misidentified coll. of Ilex decidua. Colls. from JEFF (MM for WKY), PEND (KNK in part), FAYE (KY in part) and perhaps elsewhere are referable to var. glabrata Gleason. Typical lanceolata may be largely Appalachian (W), but further study is needed.


FullName:
Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh var. glabrata Gleason

Comment:
This variety does not have clear geographic seperation and there may be some intermediates; see FAYE (KY).


Comment:
JESS (jc) grows on Paxistima Point at Jessamine Gorge. 1 = Medley (1993); check MM.

Footnote:
This has become a locally abundant invader across much of northern North America, but it remains virtually unknown in southern states (K, PL, SE). In Ky. it has been planted in some residential areas since 1960 or earlier, but there has been little naturalization. There has been some confusion with davurica; see notes under that name (also W). R. cathartica can hybridize with some other introduced species of Rhamnus (Gil-Ad & Reznicek 1997).


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states south of the Great Lakes, especially in thin woods, riparian zones, old fields and roadsides on seasonally damp, base-rich soils. It is sometimes confused with hebecarpa, but there is no evidence of hybridization here or elsewhere (Y).


Comment:
1 = Isely/Baskin coll. to check. 

2 = source of Medley (1993). Braun states "usually on dry eroded clayey slopes, sometimes in moist soil near roadside ditches." 

The KNOT (GH) coll is det as var. longipila, but this is generally combined with the typical.

PULA: seed coll 2010 from Buck Cr banks below 192!!!

M: Cassia hebecarpa Fern. var. longipila E. L. Braun   Braun 1940b, 1943; Fernald 1950. = Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barnaby. [HOLOTYPE:  Kentucky, Knott Co., Dryslopes.  E. L. Braun 1633 (GH) 23 July 1931]

Footnote:
This northeastern species occurs across much of the Ohio Valley, especially on lowlands with medium-acid soils. It appears to be generally rare in Ky. and Tenn.; it is virtually unknown in Mo., Ark., Miss. and Ala. However, without fruits, there has been some confusion with marilandica, which tends to occur on more base-rich soils. In addition to its somewhat distinctive clavate-obovate (versus more rounded) petiolar glands, hebecarba is usually more hairy than marilandica (F); stems are sparsely villous above (versus glabrous or nearly so). Included here is the particularly hairy var. longipila E.L. Braun, with its type coll. from KNOT (GH).


Comment:
In some cases, the collections may be from plantings. The FAYE (ka) coll. is correctly ided. but locality is just "Lexington", a possible planted origin. 

1 = Vincent (2001). 
2 (SHEL) = also cited from LO by Medley (1993) as Bishop s.n., but collection not found there in 1990s.

Footnote:
This annual produces showy, productive forage ("crimson clover"), and has been widely grown since trials at the Univ. of Ky. ca. 1900 (Gm). It is somewhat persistent and perhaps locally naturalized in several areas, but several colls. mapped here may just come from plantings.


Comment:
Medley (1993) cited Salmon s.n. from "Cork",  METC (KA) but this collection was not found here in the 1990s. Jones (2005) includes also, but collections need to be located.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean annual has distinctive, inverted rose-purple flowers (2n = 16). It has been widely tried for forage across North America, but it is not generally common except in the lower Mississippi Valley (PL). For Ky. the only record is an old coll. from METC (KY-Agr.) that has been mislaid (M).


Footnote:
In Ky. this commonly sown short-lived perennial ("red clover") has been widely used for forage and hay since early settlement (Gray 1864). It became a favorite of farmers well before 1900 (Gm), and many selections have been made. T. medium L. ("mammoth clover") is a closely related polyploid (2n = mostly 48-80 versus usually 14 in others of section Trifolium). It has been reported from Ky., at least in plantings (Linney 1880; Gm), but it does not appear to have become established.


Footnote:
This common stoloniferous forage ("white clover") has been present in Ky. since early after settlement. Counties reported by Vincent (2001) are provisionally included (as for other Trifolium spp.), but his collection data need to be checked. T. repens is highly variable; 2n = 16, 28, 32 or (?) 64 versus just 16 in other Lotoidea here. The large form known as "Ladino Clover" (forma giganteum Lagr.-Foss) is widely sown, and often appears quite distinct from typical plants. Although pastures are often "improved" with fresh sowings, regular mowing or grazing will generally promote the species, and after unusually snowy winters it becomes especially vigorous, as in 2010.


Comment:
1 = Vincent (2001); MADI is collected at Miami University.  

WARR (sp): Price (1893)--yes she does list it but could this have been reflexum or calcaricum???. 

3 = presumption of Cloverport being named after this species; check sources of Medley (1993). 

BELL (tw): presumption from T. Walker's (1750s) journal; check reference. 

5 = recent reports from Ky. Nature Preserves Commission; collections may not exist.

They should be vouched and genotypes preserved in living/seed collections.

Contact in WV for Fernow Forests studies: John Burkhart
334 524 5350 jburkha4@mix.wvu.edu

Footnote:
More collections are needed to document this enigmatic globally threatened species, which appears to have been widely scattered in the Ohio Valley before settlement, with some western extensions into edges of the Great Plains (Brooks & Freeman 1989). Plants have been found in at least 100-200 disjunct localities across its range since 1984, but mostly in small and somewhat ephemeral patches. In Ky. it appears to have been formerly common in browsed upland woods (with no evidence of fire), especially on suitable soils of the Bluegrass region. Some uncertain records mapped here are just historical references or sight records. It now survives mostly in mowed woods (old yards or parks), along old trail margins, and at associated streambank crossings.

   T. stoloniferum is dependant on the right combination of damp fertile soil, partial shade, and frequent disturbance of vegetation with bared soil (Campbell et al. 1989). Despite federal listing as an "Endangered Species" since 1985, no populations appear to have come under stablizing management, and there is continued reticence by conservationist agencies to use ungulates in management.


Comment:
1 = unverified (perhaps unverifiable) report to R. Athey.  
2 = Garman (1902); Greenville MUHL 8 Jun 1897 JWBarkley; Guthrie TODD 31 Jul 1901 Downer and Brother.
3 = recent report by N. Taylor, H. Bryan and others; seed need to be grown and collections made. 
LINC & MERC (4): Vincent (2001); check data; note also the "Lexington" (GH) Short collection may not come from FAYE. 
5. Recheck WARR ("NK" = -typo???)--probably coll of Price from  "Bowling Green" but she published "stoloniferum" in 1893 list.

BARR: Purdue Jno. Hussey 23May1874 (Glasgow to M'Cave "blazing yellow?); 26May1874 (Barren Co. "v. cream yellow").

EDMO: Purdue Hussey 1874
LYON: coll by Chester at LBL near Hematite Lake; but check TRIG????
TRIG: Clanton #16 1939 Nat Arb coll cited by Zohary & Heller's 1984 Trifolium.
WOOD: DBoone for NC; JC got photo from Joe Lacefield May 2010.

Variation in pubescence and flower color needs further study; though not recognized in current treatments, var. glabrum may be distinct in its relative lack of pubescence and perhaps paler flower color, tending to yellowish or creamy white; check with Dan Boone.

Footnote:
This winter annual or biennial is secure in some southeastern states (especially Tex. to S.C.), but it is now endangered in Ky. and elsewhere in the Ohio Valley (Campbell et al. 1989). Despite having largely disappeared from the northern half of its range, there has been little organized effort to propagate and recover reflexum. In s. Ind. (Perry & Posey Cos., pers. comm from M. Homoya) just two populations are known in burned post oak woods; in s. Ohio (Pike Co., pers. comm from D. Boone) just one population is known, also in a burned woods. 

   In Ky. reflexum was widely scattered in western and central regions, but it became rare by 1900 (Gm). Some uncertain records mapped here are based on historical references. After 1970 it has been found in just two localities: (1) near Mammoth Cave (EDMO), in hills between the formerly burned "Big Barrens" on the karst plain and the Green Rv.; (2) on a reforesting terrace of the lower Green Rv. in HOPK (Hal Bryan, 1984). Hussey (1876) noted: "occurs in several localities between the railroad and Mammoth Cave.  I mention it because I have never found so many specimens in any one locality before, and also to make a note of the fine rose-pink color it everywhere had."  

   Variation in leaf markings (with distinct 'chevrons' more frequent to the south), pubescence (which is absent in related species), and in flower color (red, yellow or white) needs further study. The midwestern var. glabrum Loja may be distinct in its lack of leaf markings, thinner pubescence and paler flower color. Some colls. from Ky. (HOPK, LYON) and perhaps all from Ind. have white flowers.


Footnote:
Although tried for forage production in Ky. ca. 1894-1914, this short-lived perennial ("alsike clover") did not prove useful (Gm). However, since then it has spread widely into farmland and roadsides around the state.


Species:
kentuckiense (daultonii ined., ?furcatum of Raf.)

Comment:
The BALL (mu) coll. may be correctly ided: "cf. C. kentuckiense" det. J.T. Atwood.  

cr = Reed (1981); some records may be doubtful, but CART is apparently collected (see KSNPC records).: "1 m w of Gesling" 1948 11/25 (?).

db (BREA) = popular natural history article, referring to "Buffalo Creek" (D. Barrett, pers. comm.).

db (LEE) sight along Strugeon Cr down from OWSL.

np = check recent record from Red River watershed (WOLF); it was found near mouth of Chester Creek by W. Francis/others.

ROCK and LAUR: GLibby has found along Rockcastle Rv north of Ky 80

Footnote:
In addition to its main cluster of sites along the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ky. and n. Tenn, this species occurs in or near the Ouachita Mts. (Ark., Okla.) and at scattered localities on the Coastal Plain (Tex., La., Miss., Ala., Ga., Va.). There is a poor coll. from BALL (MUR) on the Coastal Plain in Ky. that was det. as  "cf. C. kentuckiense" by J.T. Atwood. Several records of Reed (1981) have no known colls. Some populations may have been looted on occasion by horticultural collectors, e.g. along Triplett Creek in ROWA, and Negro Creek in WHIT. The virtual absence of this species from the Red River watershed (MENI, POWE, WOLF) might reflect such looting.  

   C. kentuckiense is distinct from typical pubescens in its larger flowers (FNA 26), the lip 53-65 mm long (versus 35-54 mm), with a broader "cavernous" orifice 27-37 mm wide (versus 10-23 mm) and less forward projection as a "slipper", pale yellow or "ivory" (versus deep yellow), and usually appearing in mid- to late May (versus late April to early May). Hybridization is unknown except perhaps in Ark. (2n = 20 generally in the genus and several hybrids are known).


Comment:
Not confirmed; to be segregated from occidentalis records below, but there may be no verified collections at present.


Comment:
Although most or all of these collections are probably occidentalis (at least ADAI, CART, ROBE), some may be quinquefolia. The latter is mostly Appalachian. The three clusters of records in Kentucky are intriguing. 1 = Gibson (1971).

CLAR (JC): sev patches of EKPC Smith Station; check colls/report

Footnote:
This biennial occurs widely on base-rich soils in east-central states, but it is generally uncommon and its range is somewhat fragmented (K). The three clusters of records within Ky. are intriguing: (1) on the western edge of the southern Cumberland Plateau (extending south into Tenn.); (2) in the western Knobs and adjacent karst plain (extending north into Ind.); (3) in or near the eastern Knobs (extending north into Ohio).  

   Most or all Gentianella in Ky. seems to be var. occidentalis (Gray) Small, but further review of colls. is needed (F, Cr, W). Var. occidentalis occurs mostly in the upper midwest, while typical quinquefolia occurs mostly in Appalachian regions; reportedly, 2n = 38 in both.


Comment:
CAMP (NK) by Naczi et al. (2002) is confirmed. 

NOT ADAI (or TAYL) 1 = Gibson (1971); = saponaria

MEAD 2 = Davies (1955b); 

HIGHLY DUBIOUS 3 = Price (1893); she did not list saponaria

This largely mid-western prairie species occurs in the south from Maryland to the Ohio Valley (?); see also Weakley. Further research is needed in field and herbarium.

Footnote:
This is largely midwestern species of damp soils, but it ranges widely across northern states and adjacent Canada, extending south to near the Ky. line in W.Va., Ohio, Ind., Ill. and Mo. (K). G. andrewsii may intergrade with saponaria and puberulenta to a limited extent (Cr, Pringle 1967); see dets. of J.S. Pringle at Field Museum and elsewhere. It has been recently collected from CAMP in wet woods along the Ohio Rv. (KNK, Naczi et al. 2002). 

   Older records (M) are based on misidentified saponaria (ADAI & TAYL at Field) or remain doubtful. There are colls. of andrewsii by C.W. Short (GH, PH) that may be from Ky. but with uncertain provenance; the coll. at GH is mounted on the same sheet as a coll. of saponaria, which is labelled "banks of the Ohio River, Ky., Oct 1842". However, it is unclear if the andrewsii came from the same location. See also notes under puberulenta.

   Another northern gentian of damp sites, Gentianopsis crinita (Frölich) Ma, was reported from Ky. by Gray (1864), but no coll. has been located and the record did not become accepted (F, K, M).


Footnote:
This is restricted to southern Appalachian regions at upper elevations. In Ky. it is restricted to the Cumberland Mts., where it mostly occurs along or near trails.


Comment:
1 = R. Thompson (pers. comm.).: TAYL, TRIG LOGA MCRA etc. (?) check with him.

FI: ADAI, TAYL.

E.L. Braun's collection of "cherokeensis" from MCRE could not be found at US. G. cherokeensis has been generally combined with saponaria in recent treatments, but there may be a strictly defined narrow-leaved taxon in southern Appalachian regions of Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, at least; see Weakley.

Footnote:
This is a variable species, distributed widely across southeastern states, usually in thin swampy woods and brushy wet meadows on medium acid soils. Pringle (1967) and other have found that occasional hybrids of andrewsii and puberulenta resemble saponaria, but he considered it unlikely that saponaria originated from such hybridization.


FullName:
Gentiana cherokeensis (W.P. Lemmon) Fern.

Comment:
E.L. Braun's collection of "cherokeensis" from MCRE could not be found at US. G. cherokeensis has been generally combined with saponaria in recent treatments, but this name may apply to a strictly defined narrow-leaved taxon in southern Appalachian regions of Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, at least; see also Weakley.

B's collection of "cherokeensis" from MCRE has not been rellocated in herbaria. G. cherokeensis (Lemmon) Fern. represents narrow-leaved plants that have been generally combined with saponaria in recent treatments. However, there may a distint narrow-leaved taxon in southern Appalachian regions of Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, at least; see Weakley.

GH: none.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian taxon has unusually narrow leaves and deeper blue flowers (F). It has generally been combined with saponaria (Pringle 1967), but may deserve some distinction (W). E.L. Braun wrote "cherokeensis" in her catalog at US for coll. #4885 from MCRE (near Yamacraw at Big South Fk.), but that coll. cannot now be found at GH or US.


Comment:
EDMO (US also MC) is based on collections of H. Lix #13 etc from Crystal Cave, Flint Ridge & Three Springs area in Mammoth Cave National Park; located in park archives & museum; US Lix #13 cited by Pringle

ALSO!!!
NCU: ex Jessup Herbarium of Dartmouth College
CWShort "Gentiana rubricaulis ? Barrens of Ky. Sept. 20th 1835 near Mammoth Cave

TODD (np): "Elkton, ca. 0.3 m off Clay Cole Rd on Miller Valley Rd from US68E; 1 m s of Pea Ridge."--probably data of Athey coll??? (M also lists TODD)

The WARR (MB) collection is by Price (1893). 

Perhaps the only population that has been seen in recent years is at Eastview Barrens (HARD), where fire has allowed it to increase.

HART: RS saw on womans land Flint Hill Rd ca 10+ plants; is this same as np record?... check... Steve Gray also knows.

Michx 1803: puberula type: at confluence of Ohio and Mississippi river, near fort of Cherokee

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species occurs only in scattered remnants of native grassland, and has become rare across much of its range. In Ky. most records date from before 1950, and they are clustered in or near the western karst plains, especially near Mammoth Cave and in other land between the karst plain and the Shawnee Hills. Despite much searching, the only well-documented extant population is in HARD (KY), where management with fire has allowed recovery in a more natural area.

   G. puberulenta has a curious, tortuous nomenclatural history in Ky. and elsewhere. It became widely known as G. puberula Michx. after Gray's (1864) early floras, but Pringle (1966, 1967) considered that Michaux’s (1803) type (from s. Ill.) is really an unusual puberulent coll. of saponaria, and he established the current name instead. Hybrids between these two species are rare, but Pringle found that hybrids of puberulenta and andrewsii can resemble puberulenta.

   C.S. Rafinesque probably included puberulenta in his colls., but none of his epithets became recognized for species of Gentiana. It is likely that Raf. was referring to this species in one of two names: "shortiana... common in the glades of Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, &c."; and his "torreyana... In the glades with the foregoing..." (Merrill 1949, and citations). Those two taxa were almost the only species that Rafinesque named in honor of Short or Torrey! C.W. Short himself provided the earliest clear record of puberulenta from Ky., under the misapplied name G. rubricaulis Schwein., with a coll. from "Barrens of Ky. Sept. 20th 1835 near Mammoth Cave" (NCU, PH; see also, Short & Peter 1835).


Comment:
There are also hybrids with several species: bicolor, macrocarpa, muhlenbergii, montana.

LO: BALL, CALL.

LO: OWEN (perhaps x lyrata?).

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species, most common in medium acid soils on submesic to subxeric sites. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "The white oak is not often met with in the rich tract of land immediately surrounding Lexington; but is found abundantly in that part of Fayette county bordering the Kentucky river; where the soil becomes thinner and the face of the country more rolling." In Ky. there are occasional hybrids with most other species in the white oak group. Those with montana and stellata may be most frequent (M).


Comment:
Not mapped currently; need more data, but not seem to form populations. 1 = Medley (1993).


Comment:
LO: CALL.

Following two suggest introgression with Q. lyrata: small lvs with few forward pointing lobes; thin stellate and simple hairs; color slightly pale but not like typical stellata; to check further...
LO: JEFF: G. Sproatt #82, 29 May 1948, crest of ridge, Tom Wallace Lake.
LO: JEFF: E. Lovell #86, 14 Jun 1955, wooded hillside S of Iroquois Pk.

Footnote:
Although this widespread southeastern species ranges across most of Ky., it is much less frequent in eastern regions. Barton's (1919) data indicates two strong historical western concentrations: in HARD, HART and adjacent counties; also in CRIT, LYON and adjacent counties. Q. stellata was probably promoted by frequent fires before settlement, and it has declined greatly with fire suppression after 1900. There are occasional hybrids with alba and probably other species. A few colls. from JEFF (DHL) suggest introgression from lyrata. Q. stellata has the smallest acorns of white oaks in Ky. (nuts ca. 10-20 x 8-12 mm), which is probably associated with dispersal by birds in more open land; see also notes under Q. phellos.


Comment:
Several colls. need to be rechecked for A. burdickii.

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely northeastern species is uncommon and largely restricted to mesic woods on steep base-rich slopes in Appalachian, Knobs and Bluegrass regions. It is close to burdickii, and some colls. need to be rechecked.


Comment:
Neglected in Kentucky until the 1980s, this species may be widespread; however, its distinction from A. tricoccum deserves reexamination. 

ANDE (jc) is on Crawfort farm; JESS (jc) at Jessamine Gorge below Figg Point; MONT (jc) is cultivated at Griffith Farm (from Howard's Mill area).

Footnote:
This was neglected in Ky. until the 1980s, and it may be more widespread than records suggest. Although still treated as a variety by some authors (Cr, FNA 26), it generally seems distinct from tricoccum (Jones 1979; J). Intermediate plants have not been documented in Ky. The two species have similar northeastern ranges, but burdickii is locally predominant in midwestern regions, especially on drier base-rich soils. Both species seem to have significant disjunct occurrences in hilly regions of c. Ky. and c. Tenn. (Ch), but further checking of identifications is desirable across their ranges.

   A. burdickii differs from typical tricoccum in its umbels, with fewer flowers (ca. 10-18 versus 30-55), on more erect, shorter pedicels (ca. 10-15 mm versus 15-25 mm), with shorter spathe bracts (ca. 1-2 cm versus 2-3 cm); its scapes are usually shorter (ca. 13-16 cm versus 25-35 cm); its leaves are usually narrower (ca. 2-4 cm versus 5-8 cm), without a distinct petiolar base, the base white (versus with a distinct reddish/pink petiole); its bulbs are usually narrower (ca. 1-1.5 cm versus 2-3 cm). It usually flowers with the leaves in Jun (versus after the leaves in Jul).


Footnote:
This weedy annual is widely scattered in eastern North America. In Ky. it was first reported by Linney (1880) and Pr.


Comment:
Chester (1992) found this spontaneous at a dump, but it does not seem to be truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This widely grown vegetable (okra) occasionally persists for a year or so in or near gardens, but it is not naturalized. Chester (1992) found it on a "dump" in LYON.


Comment:
GH: CARR is LB coll; she sent Ulmus to Palmer perhaps.

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern and central North America, especially on seasonally damp, fertile soils. Although much reduced by Dutch Elm Disease, mature trees are still widely scattered across Ky., with locally abundant regeneration from seed. The species, broadly defined, varies greatly in leaf size, shape and pubescence, and there has been much misidentification of vegetative material; see notes under other species. Across its range, americana is mostly tetraploid and hybrids with other species are unknown; 2n = 56, versus 28 in all other elms of N. America. But Whittemore & Olson (2011) have recently shown that many southeastern plants are diploids, with concentrations on or near the Cumberland Plateau and Atlantic Coastal Plain; their research in ongoing.

   Rafinesque (1836, 3:38-39) described a series of three segregates, with increasing tree size and leaf roughness: obovata, alba and americana. Upper leaf surfaces are indeed often scabrous to short-hairy (especially on vigorous young growth), not just glabrous as sometimes stated (FNA 3, initial printing; W). Plants on drier uplands in Ky. and Tenn. usually have relatively small, rough leaves and slightly corky branches; these may also be referable to var. aspera Chapm. (described from Fla. in 1860). Such leaves can be distinguished from alata by their relatively broad shape, with more asymmetric base and more acuminate apex.


FullName:
Calystegia fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) Brummitt

Species:
fraterniflora (silvatica ssp. f.; sepium* var. f.)

Comment:
Distinction from C. sepium needs checking in most cases.

LO: ANDE BULL FAYE MEAD JEFF OLDH OWEN SPEN all this???

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central and midwestern states on damp fertile soils. In Ky. distinction from sepium needs to be reviewed further; apparent hybrids have been documented in Mo. (Y). The taxonomy and biogeography of this group has remained uncertain, despite significant contributions by Brummitt (1980) and Mohlenbrock (1982). C. fraterniflora is close to the Mediterranean C. silvatica (Kit.) Griseb., and has been treated as C. silvatica ssp. fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) Brummitt. Brummitt (1980) described related Chinese plants as ssp. orientalis.

   C. fraterniflora is distinguished from sepium by its "sac-shaped, overlapping, obtuse bracteoles" (versus keeled, separate, acute to subobtuse); sharp-angled leaf lobes (versus sharp to blunt), the quadrangular sinus with nearly parallel sides (versus U or  V shaped); and flowers consistently white (versus usually pink in eastern states).


Comment:
1 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); check at EK, and also reported by Jones (2005). This cultivated plant may not be truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This Japanese species is occasionally cultivated, especially the double-flowered form known as "California rose." It has been reported as escaped in FRAN, but may not be truly naturalized (Wharton & Barbour 1991; J). The correct name has been uncertain, but may now be resolved (W).


Comment:
jc scott recent depaup coll from flowerbed...

Footnote:
This perennial weed is widespread across temperate regions of North America. The first report from Ky. was in 1914 by Gm, who noted: "This pest is one of the worst occurring in Kentucky... [but] Pasturage with hogs or sheep is said to destroy the weed." Plants often recover from herbicides or other disturbance, and then occasionally produce diminutive shoots with leaves as small as 5-10 mm long. 

   Distinction of Convolvulus from Calystegia (diagnosed by its large bracts around the calyx) remains controversial at the global level, but the separation has been maintained in recent North American floras (e.g. Cr, Y, J, W). C. arvensis has a much higher chromosome number than the Calystegia species in eastern states (2n = 48 or 50 versus 20 or 22), and it spreads with running roots rather than rhizomes (Cr).


Comment:
Recheck all Cuscuta! 1 = sources of Medley (1993); to check. CALL (mu) reported by Fuller (1980) but not found.

POWE (ek): Weckman (Pilot Knob study) is dubious, probably pentagona.

Footnote:
This bracteate species occurs mostly in prairies of the midwest and Great Plains (F). It is close to compacta and records from eastern regions should be rechecked.


Comment:
Recheck all Cuscuta! 1 = sources of Medley (1993) to check.

Footnote:
This bracteate species is widespread in lowlands of southeastern and south-central states. See note under glomerata.


Comment:
Needs to be verified and perhaps unlikely in Kentucky; see Medley (1993). 

Medley et al. 19271-89 (HARD Eastview in damper area); same area for JC coll at KY.

1 = Price (1893). 
ek (2) = Hoagland & Jones (1992); but apparently misidentified; could not find
See also reports by Linney (1882).

Footnote:
This bracteate "dodder" occurs mostly in midwestern regions, especially on tall herbs in Asteraceae (F). The only confirmed Ky. coll. is from Helianthus and Silphium, at a swale of Eastview Barrens in HARD (MM for WKY & KY). Colls. have also been reported WARR (Pr; check MO) and perhaps elsewhere (M).


Species:
eggertii {or suggested: strumosus var. e.}

Comment:
See also Jones' (1994) report to USFWS for BARR, etc. All collections need to be checked, especially for extra localities to support np records, and to clarify taxonomy. LINC (np) is probably strumosus; JACK (np) is definitely strumosus. The distinction of this taxon from H. strumosus needs more study throughout the region; eggertii may also be recognized in Mississippi, Illinois, Arkansas, Oklahoma and probably elsewhere; similar plants occur in Georgia, South Carolina & North Carolina but may just be unusually narrow-leaved strumosus (with rusty hairs?); see MB, NC. 

A few records from the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky and Tennessee have been referred to eggertii, but this remains somewhat uncertain; e.g. the Obed River material in Tennessee is in JC's opinion strumosus (with relatively small head--some suggest introgression with microcephalus)...

However, there is an eggertii-like collection at TN and MB: McCreary County; F.T. McFarland & M.E. James #46, 19 Aug 1941; dry soil at edge of woods, near Indian Creek, Cumberland Falls [area].

WK: HWElmore-546 15Aug1968 edge of field near show grounds between Brownsville and Rhoda.

Harvill's (1941) "strumosus" from EDMO might have been this...???

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 102) is close to strumosus (see above). It occurs mostly in remnants of thin grassy woodland and transitions to associated "barrens" on the Interior Low Plateaus in Ala., Tenn. and Ky. (FNA 21). A few colls. from the Cumberland Plateau in Ky. and Tenn. (EKY, MO, TENN) and elsewhere could be tentatively assigned to eggertii, extending its previously known range, but distinction from narrow-leaved forms of strumosus is often difficult and maybe impossible in some cases. H. eggertii is a variable taxon that still deserves more precise circumscription and a thorough search for herbarium material. There are also eggertii-like plants, or putative strumosus-eggertii transitions, collected from Ark., Ill., Miss., Ga. and S.C. (e.g. at GH, MO, NCU and Univ. of South Carolina).


Comment:
Another CART (KY) coll. may be x hirsutus.

Footnote:
This is a relatively uniform diploid (2n = 34), widespread in thin woods and edges across eastern and southeastern states. There may be occasional hybrids with divaricatus and other species.


Comment:
HARD (jc): check notes and colls from s of Bethlehem Swamp; also RC.

Harvill 1941: "barrens of Ky" (Short)

CHECK Jackson Co seed colls with potential hybrid w/dec or tub??? 2010

Footnote:
This is a relatively uniform diploid (2n = 34) typical of damp thickets and edges in northeastern and midwestern states and adjacent Canada. In Ky. there may be rare hybrids with decapetalus (?) and mollis (= X doronicoides Lam.); others may be expected (FNA 21). See notes under grosseserratus.


FullName:
Helianthus X doronicoides Lam. (pro sp.)

Comment:
This supposed hybrid has not been confirmed for Kentucky; there may be collections from JEFF (GH) and WARR (MO); see Medley (1993).


Footnote:
This is widespread in seasonally wet grasslands across temperate North America, mostly on base-rich soils of midwestern regions, but it is much less frequent in Atlantic states. Plants vary much in overall robustness and number of heads per inflorescence. However, no taxonomic variants have been recognized in floras. 

   The more slender northern species, J. nodosus L., is closely related to torreyi and should be expected. It is known from within 100 miles of the state line in Ill., Ind., Ohio and W.Va. (K, PL). Both species produce slender tuberiferous rhizomes.


Comment:
BATH (np) = M. Evans (sight record at Tater Knob Glades).  

Records from Mammmoth Cave (EDMO) are based on misided L. michiganense (Davies 1955a, etc.). 

MENI (NP): 1998 Pioneer Weapons Hunting Area; along FSR 918A ca 0.4 rmi S of
Bath Co line on E side.

MCRE: (EK) Browne colls on 27 Jun 1972; Beaver Cr Rd; FS 50 6.7/3.2/1.3/0.4 mi S of turnoff to FS 263.

The WHIT (jc) record was from a roadside near Duckrun; also found on Grove Road; check w/TBarnes (did photod??).

Footnote:
Typical philadelphicum has a largely Appalachian and northeastern range. In Ky. verified records are restricted to the Appalachian Cliff Section, especially along roads on ridges. It is a rare remnant of grassy open pine-oak woods, probably maintained by fire in the past. Reports from the Mammoth Cave area (EDMO) are based on misidentified michiganense (at the park's herbarium). 

   The distinct western segrgetae, var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker-Gawl., is less robust, with narrower leaves and fewer whorls, but it may have relatively long capsules. Var. andinum can be expected in northeastern counties of Ky., since it is known in se. Ohio and it was reported from Ky. by F. However, the basis for identification of andinum needs clarification; capsule length cannot be relied on as a key character (FNA 26).


Comment:
Lower case records (except lb) are transitions to saccharum, the lower leaf surfaces with only slight pubescence or intermediate glaucousness, or less droopy lvs, or more lobed lvs. There seem to be frequent intermediates in the Bluegrass Region. 1 = Guetig & Jones (1991); check MU. Garman (1913) noted that this species was typical of "woodland pastures".

Footnote:
This largely midwestern taxon has been confused with saccharum and floridanum; further revision is needed in Ky. In addition to its distinctive leaves (F, Cr, J, W), nigrum can often be distinguished by its dark brown or blackish bark, becoming furrowed in larger trees. Typical saccharum has grayish-brown bark, or often slightly pinkish in older trees. remaining platy in larger trees. In Ky. nigrum is usually concentrated on relatively moist or fertile sites, but further west it is often reported from relatively dry or fire-prone sites (Y). 

   A. nigrum is often treated as a subspecies or variety of saccharum, since transitions are locally frequent, sometimes named "var. schneckii" further west (Y). Intergradation is also suspected in some trees of the Bluegrass of Ky., but Gm noted that nigrum was distinct, locallhy predominant and typical of this region's old woodland pastures. In this region, Short (1828-9) did not separate nigrum from saccharum, noting: "The Sugar tree, as it is here universally called, is one of the most common of our forest trees, and perhaps in this particular locality, it attains its greatest altitude. As it does not materially interfere with the growth of grasses beneath it, it is often reserved in clearing ground, particularly in situations intended for pasture or meadows."


Species:
floridanum (barbatum*, saccharum var. f.)

Comment:
jc = collections or other records of JC that indicate at least transitional material, with densely pubescent leaves; see also cw for LYON TRIG etc.

However, these are generally in populations mixed with typical saccharum. It seems likely that this species intergrades with saccharum extensively in far western Kentucky. Subspecies status may be warranted.

CARL (SI): Windler & O'Dell 30; also jc.

BUTL (ky) to be rechecked; see Clark et al. (2005); may be transitional.

EK: CARL CUMB GRAV HICK METC

Footnote:
This is a southeastern taxon that may intergrade with typical saccharum in a clinal fashion (W). It has smaller leaves (3.5-11 cm wide versus 8-20 cm), often relatively blunt-lobed, and always densely pubescent below (versus usually smooth). Mature trees tend to be smaller, usually with smooth gray bark (versus increasingly plated with age, grayish-brown to pinkish). Pedicels, flowers and fruits are reportedly smaller (F), but these have not been thoroughly collected in Ky. W has accepted Ward's (2004) case that floridanum be selected rather than barbatum as the appropriate name. 

   In Ky. relatively pure populations appear to occur on the loess bluffs along the Mississippi Rv., but even these do not generally have leaves as small and as tomentose as typical plants in more southern states. Open dots mapped here are based on colls. that appear to be at least transitional to typical saccharum or perhaps var. schneckii. See also Clark et al. (2005; CW) for recent collection data.


Comment:
JEFF: (LO) CKDixonia-23 ..Jun1948 llow river land along stream, west Lower River Road; [perhaps cultivated in park area but not certain...]

Footnote:
This is the Europaean "sycamore." There may be rare self-seedings from cultivated trees, but it is not known to be truly naturalized. There is a coll. of dubious status from JEFF (DHL).


Comment:
BREA: 1 = Defriese (1884): "vicinity of Troublesome Creek" fide KSNPC.

HARL: Medley coll to be checked from "Big Black Mt moist slope along Ky. 160."

MENI (mo)  = Les Meade, pers. comm.; he claimed to have seen this, but perhaps did not leave collections at MO. KSNPC maps it with medium precision as: MENI or MORG: "Lion Cave Branch, near a 40 ft waterfall at the head of the gorge".

PIKE: Foster Levy pers comm to MM; check UNC.

PULA: a NP coll. may be in limbo at LO; plants cannot be refound at the precise site location (RC may have coll.); but now found at EK!!! RC relocated in 2011: ca. 8 trees directly below Blowing Cave (really not enterable but cool air through rocks); and another 2-3 downstream along talus slope ca. 50-100 ft??

WOLF: jf = "ravine near Chimney Rock" at KSNPC based on J. Faulkner  pers. comm.; perhaps a coll at USFS/MO/EK but lost???

Footnote:
This small tree of northeastern regions is rare in Ky., with records generally coming from cool sites near cave entrances, in narrow ravines, or at high elevation. Several records are obscure, and further verification is needed. The only plants that have been fully documented since 1990 are in CART, ELLI and PULA; see also KSNPC database.


Species:
neodioica (neglecta var. n., howellii* ssp. n.)

Comment:
Needs to be verified; there may be confusion with A. neglecta. 1 = reported by Bayer & Stebbins (1987) from LAWR (check Berkley?). Collections at NC are from R&V; with smaller leaves, more spreading patches.

GH: none.


Footnote:
This sexual diploid (2n = 28) is close to plantaginifolia, but largely restricted to east-central states in relatively mesic woods on acid soils (FNA 19, W).


Comment:
The FAYE(ka) locality are just "Lexington"--possibly planted? 

ANDE/MERC: McAfee quote from 1770s; historic!!!!! but search in Alton area...

JC has seen this at Dave Leonard's place, and near Sadieville, in SCOT; to be collected.

JESS: see also B. Young's History of Jessamine Co 1898 for quote.

Footnote:
This hazelnut is widespread in eastern North America, except on the Gulf Coastal Plain. Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data from Gm, B and other sources. Although still scattered across most of Ky. except on the richest calcareous soils, the species is rarely abundant and good nut crops are uncommon due to shade and squirrels. 

   As in some midwestern regions (e.g. Y), Corylus used to be locally dominant in more open woodland and brushy grassland early after settlement (Flint 1822, Short 1828-9, Allen 1899). In the "barrens" around Green Rv. or Salt Rv., during a period with declining fire frequency, Flint noted: "Small hazel bushes from two to three feet in height abound in these; and the quantity of nuts produced exceeds any thing of the kind which I have ever seen." In the central Bluegrass, Short noted: "...although originally a native of this country, is no longer found growing wild in this immediate neighbourhood, yet it is frequently met with in gardens and shrubberies. In the western part of the state it abounds, often forming on the richest barrens almost impenetrable brakes. In these situations the bush attains the greatest perfection; its stems often measuring near the root more than an inch in diameter, rising 10 or 12 feet high, and bearing a profusion of large well-flavored nuts." The only extensive viable remnants of such vegetation anywhere in North America are now reported from n. Ind. and n. Ill. (NS; CEGL 005072).


FullName:
Cyperus macilentus (Fern.) E.P. Bicknell

Comment:
The JEFF (PH) coll. is by C.W. Short from "falls of Ohio". Other species records should be checked for this. CAMP (NK) was redet as ssp. macilentus by R. Mears.

EK: BALL RAthey-1044 22Jun1970 sand strips parallel to the Ohio Rv 0.4 miles from Ky 473 on Kelley Branch Creek Road.

Footnote:
This largely northeastern taxon is morphologically distinct from lupulinus, with only rare exceptions (FNA 23). It has also been confirmed in the state by Mears (1999). The three colls. mapped here all come from banks of the Ohio Rv. or nearby.


Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern states, except those adjacent to Canada (FNA 25, K). It prospers in hay meadows of Ky. and other areas cut once during May to July. In 1914 Gm noted: "often seen in lawns and along railroads. It has little value at any stage for forage, and should be got rid of by keeping it from seeding, and grubbing it out in late summer." T. flavus may now have increased in farmland managed with machines rather than people.


Comment:
JEFF (LO): CRGunn (&SRGunn)-2297 17Sep1961 both sides of Jennings Lane betw Louisville Gas&Electric Southern Division and the 90 degree curve on the Southern RR property; "a new state record."

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on base-rich soils of the lower Mississippi Valley (FNA 25, K).


FullName:
Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. longipetiolata (Mackenzie & Bush) Palmer & Steyermark

Comment:
The MADI coll. does not have sericeous achenes. Fernald (1950) reported this taxon from Kentucky; but this would be peripheral to its western range; see Medley (1993) for other references.

GH: none.


Comment:
CALL (MU) coll. may tend to the more southern var. strictula (not salicina Ell. of Fernald); R. Athey # 3666, 24 Sep 1976. 

BELL (GH) was also referred to that variety. 

WHIT (1): Harvill 1941

WARR (sp): speculation for Prices 1893 record of "squarrosa" which seem close to patula superficially.

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this eastern species is divisible into two taxa. Var. patula is centered in east-central states and may include all plants in Ky. However, colls. from BELL (GH) and CALL (MUR) appear transitional to var. strictula Torr. & Gray, which has relatively small, narrow leaves with less serration. Var. strictula occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, and may be distinct enough to deserve species status as S. salicina Ell. (Cr, W).


FullName:
Solidago patula Muhl. ex Willd. var. strictula Torr. & Gray

Species:
patula var. strictula (S. salicina; arguta var. strigosa)

Comment:
These are tentative records, pending further study; Cronquist's (1980, 1991) treatments indicate that this southern taxon is unlikely in Kentucky.


Comment:
Some colls. from far western KY are difficult to distinguish from S. missouriensis (GRAV, MCRA, etc.).

KY: Cranfill 1443 "juncea" may be at least trans to miss

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. In addition to having "basally disposed leaves" on flowering stems (declining in size from base to summit), juncea produces non-flowering shoots with large leaves during the summer. See notes under missouriensis, which some colls. mapped here may approach: e.g. from GRAV (MUR), HARD (KY) and MCRA (MUR). These species are the first goldenrods to flower in Ky., usually during Jul-Aug. S. juncea is reputed to hybridize with several species (F); an unsual late flowering coll. from GARR (EKY) suggests a cross with gigantea (W. Overbeck, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Probably all of these are var. fasciculata, but they need to be rechecked. Some material in western KY (e.g. the GRAV coll.) may be transitional to S. juncea. Medley (1993) also cites Matthews (1962) for OLDH, but no collection has been located.

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable species, centered in the Great Plains but with disjunct populations as far east as nw. Ga, (F, Cr, W; FNA 20). It is close to juncea, and some plants in Ky. may be hybridized; 2n = 18 in both species. In missouriensis, leaves generally have 2 dominant lateral veins (versus several), and basal leaves are narrower (mostly 1-2 cm versus 2-7 cm). Also, its rhizomes are more slender and widely spreading. Thus it often resembles gigantea if basal leaves have withered. 

   Intraspecific taxonomy remains uncertain. Plants in Ky. are probably all referable to the largely midwestern var. fasciculata Holz, which is relatively robust but has small, less pubescent achenes. The coll. mapped here from EDMO (US) was initially misidentified by Davies (1955) as the closely related S. gattingeri Chapman, which is known only from the Ozarks of Ark. and Mo., plus a few disjunct sites in c. Tenn.


Comment:
Reported from EDMO (US), based on misidentified S. missouriensis; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
All material needs to be reexamined for potential segregation of bootii, caroliniana, etc.

GH: BELL (Kearney #500).

TN: BELL, ?MCRE

EK: BELL AVMcIntosh-401 27Aug2004 Pine Mt, Golden Tract, north-facing slope, mixed mesophytic forest along beginning of lower logginbg road, near wet-weather creek in semi-open canopy; "ulmifolia" then JC thought "flaccifidolia"...!!!XXX

Footnote:
In Ky., this northeastern taxon is virtually unknown west of Appalachian regions; there is a disjunct population in sandstone ravines of EDMO. Further study of colls. is needed to clarify separation of varieties in this largely diploid (2n = 18) species. See also notes on its polyploid relatives, harrisii (2n = 36) and faucibus (2n = ca. 90).


Footnote:
This is widespread in most eastern states, but uncommon to rare in much of the lower Ohio Valley and absent on most of the southeastern Coastal Plain. Although virtually absent now in the Bluegrass region, it may have been more frequent here. In his notes on flora of the Lexington area (FAYE), Short (1828) stated: "Of this extensive genus [Orchis sensu lato], the present subject is the only species I have met with in this neighbourhood... A few years since this occurred frequently in moist rich woods; it has now, however, almost disappeared before cultivation and the ravages of cattle."


Footnote:
This weedy annual is widespread in warmer regions of southeastern states, especially on medium-acid soils. Recognition of the genus Serinia for this species (and wrightii) has not been followed (FNA 19, W), though pappus is lacking and 2n = 8 (versus multiples of 5 in most other Krigia).


Comment:
Check id and locality for ROCK (LB).

JEFF: Iroquois Park woods (Pat Haragan); small patch

Footnote:
Although widespread and locally abundant across much of the southeastern states, this diploid (2n = 5) has a curiously interrupted range. In Ky. it is viirtualy absent from the Bluegrass and the Appalachian Plateaus. Typical habitat does not appear unusual: moderately hilly regions on average soils in slightly open woods. K. dandelion is the only native species in Cichoreae with potential for extensive clonal spread. It has rhizomes that produce globose tubers (FNA 19), which may be subject to consumption by some vertebrates.


Footnote:
Typical biflora occurs in east-central states from Appalachian to Ozarkian regions. In Ky. it is typical of medium acid soils, but rare to absent on purely calcareous soils. Ranges and habitats overlap in much of southern Ky., where biflora tends to occur in more mesic, cooler habitats; hybrids are unknown (2n = 10).


Comment:
1 = E. Carr's unpublished list from Buckley Hills area. This European species is widespread to the north, but apparently rare in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This European species is widespread in more northeastern states. Though segregates are recognized in Europe (with 2n = 12, 14 and 16), these names have not been applied to North American plants. It is not clear if the few Ky. records were from established populations or just waifs.


Footnote:
This annual diploid (2n = 10) is widely scattered over North America but rarely common. In Ky. it may just be a rare waif.


Footnote:
This perennial (perhaps short-lived) is a diploid (2n = 8) that is widely scattered across humid temperate regions of North America.


Comment:
1 = Woods (1983); 2 = Medley's (1993) note of a LO collection that JC could not locate; 3 = other sources of Medley (1993); check MM.

Footnote:
Although widely reported as established in North America, this cultivated biennial root-vegetable ("salsify") may not be truly naturalized in Ky, There have been a few reports (M), but only one record may be verifiable: the coll. from FLEM by B (probably at US).


Footnote:
This attractive biennial weed has become widespread in North America, especially in western region. It was first recorded from Ky. during the 1950s (Davies 1955, Beckett 1956).


Comment:
1 = Woods (1983); but collection at MU not yet located.

Footnote:
This biennial is widespread across North America, but generally less common than dubius, which has often been confused. T. pratensis was first reported from Ky. by Greenwell (1935). See Y for notes on variation and nomenclature, which remains uncertain. Hybrids among species of Tragopogon are well documented in western states, but are virtually unknown in the east; 2n = 12 in all 3 species here (FNA 19).


Comment:
Reported from LETC by Sole et al. (1983) but no collection is available. This is a southern species not known close to Kentucky.


Comment:
The CHRI (LO, AP) coll. is by W. Chester from a seasonally flooded depression in a field.

Footnote:
Broadly defined, tenellus has a widespread tropical and temperate American range. The more northern plants have been segrregated as E. parvulus, but E. tenellus (Martius) Buchenau var. parvulus (Engelm.) Fassett may be a more reasonable name (Y). In North America there are few known localities for parvulus (FNA 22, W), and it seems imperiled in most states. It typically occurs along seasonal drawdown zones in various types of marginal or periodic wetlands. In Ky. it is known only from an ephemeral sinkhole pond of CHRI, in association with Schoenoplectus hallii (Chester & Souza 1984).


Comment:
LEWI (BE): Abbott et al. (2004): Ohio River by Manchester Island No. 2. 

MASO (jt): J. Thieret report, scattered beds within 2 miles of the bridge. 

The FAYE record is most likely location for a C.W. Short coll. from "Kentucky  River".

Miami: BRAC (MV coll).

JACK, ROCK (NP): 1993 Horse Lick Creek ca 2/3 mi up from its mouth.

Note: NP also has BARR/EDMO general record to be checked.

Footnote:
Widespread submerged aquatic across North and Central America, usually in rivers and streams with little pollution or other disturbance. In Ky. most records are from Appalachian regions, but the species still survives locally within the Ohio Rv. upstream of Cincinnati. The FAYE record mapped here is the most likely locality for an 1830s coll. of C.W. Short (CINC) labelled just "Ky.  River." Currently, the only plants known to survive in the Kentucky Rv. watershed are in Collins Fork (CLAY and KNOX).


Comment:
Presence not confirmed, except perhaps in Brashier (1966). Separation from var. angustifolia needs more careful study. The JEFF (LB) record is a collection of "elegans" referred to erecta by Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This variable perennial (2n = 56-120) ranges from eastern states south to tropical regions of Central America and West Africa. It occurs in a wide range of open habitats, from riverbanks to rock outcrops, usually on well-drained sandy or gravelly soils. Most colls. need to be rechecked for var. angustifolia (see notes under that name).


Comment:
This widespread northern and western species has not been confirmed in Kentucky, but some collections have been tentatively referred to it in the past (Medley 1993); it is known from s Ohio and collections filed under C. atlantica (or howei) should be searched further for possible records.

Footnote:
This is widespread in northern and western regions, especially on calcareous soils. It has been reported from all surrounding states (PL), including nearby counties in Ohio and W.Va., but there are only a few tentative reports of colls. from Ky. (M). Colls. filed under atlantica (or howei) should be reexamined for possible records. The more northern, circumboreal relative C. echinata Murray (= C. angustior Dewey) might also be expected, since it extends south along the Blue Ridge to Tenn. and N.C. in boggy places (Ch, W).


Comment:
Some POWE (KY) material may suggest C. angustior; too imature!!!???

The former HICK (MO, KY) coll noted here is socialis.

This northern circumboreal species (or species complex) is not confirmed in Ky., and may be unlikely. However, a few colls. filed under atlantica suggest echinata in some characters.


Comment:
The GRAV (MI) is noted by Medley (pers comm)--check data from Reznicek (and dupe at VB?). There is also a hybrid with C. atlantica from BATH (MO).

There is also a collection of L. McKinney from along Terrapin Creek in GRAV (Michigan State Univ., Delaware State Univ., EK).

CLIN (do, nk): Naczi indicates he has this species from CLIN; but not in herbarium???--NEED ACCESSION!!!

Footnote:
This northeastern species of thin woods on wet acid soils was recently discovered in eastern and western Ky. (Ousley & Risk 1998, McKinney et al. 2000, Naczi et al. 2002). At the Hog Hollow seeps in BATH (MDKY), there also appear to be sterile hybrids with atlantica.


FullName:
Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus

Comment:
Varietal id remains uncertain in some cases; includes var. tetrastachys, which is not recognized in current treatrments.

Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states, north to the southern Great Lakes, and south to Central America. It is especially common in old fields on nutrient-depleted soils (FNA 25). Variation needs further study, but only diploids (2n = 20) have been reported. Records mapped here include plants that have been referred to var. tetrastachys (Ell.) Hack., using older treatments (Hitchcock & Chase 1950), but that segregate is not recognized in recent treatments. Also, some intergradation with glomeratus is expected (FNA 25).


FullName:
Andropogon virginicus L. var. decipiens C. Campbell

Comment:
Collections of virginicus need to be critically examined. This narrow leaved form may be a more southern race of more xerohydric conditions; it is dominant in the Hazel Dell meadow, Pulaski Co.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain (FNA 25), where it largely replaces typical virginicus in some areas, but it has often been overlooked. Its inflorescence differs in having slender sheaths (ca. 2.4-3.1 mm wide versus ca. 3.3-4.4), typically with only 2 branches (versus 2-5), which are often exserted on relatively long peduncles. A dense population occurs in PULA (JC for KY) at the Hazel Dell meadow, and probably at other seasonally dry sites in warmer regions of the state. Further revision of virginicus is needed across the state. Var. decipiens can also be casually confused with Schizachyrium scoparius.


FullName:
Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. var. hirsutior (Hack.) C. Mohr

Species:
glomeratus var. hirsutior (virginicus var. h.)

Comment:
There are two colls. (KY) from LAUR; both key well to this taxon; more colls. under glomeratus and virginicus should be checked in the herbaria.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on wet acid soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain, east of the Mississippi, and is generally absent in Appalachian regions (FNA 25, W). It differs from typical glomeratus in its more elongated inflorescence (not obpyramidal), with shorter peduncles (mostly 2-5 cm versus 10-35 cm); see FNA 25 for details. In Ky. two colls. from LAUR are clearly referable to this taxon. Other colls. should be searched for under glomeratus and virginicus. Var. hirsutior has been treated under both species and appears to be intermediate, but W and others have suggested it is a distinct species.


FullName:
Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. var. glomeratus

Species:
glomeratus var. g. (virginicus var. abbreviatus)

Comment:
PULA (jc): Hazel Dell--probably collected by Abbott for BE.

Footnote:
This occurs on wet acid soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain, east of the Mississippi, and it also extends north to Pa. in Appalachian regions (FNA 25, W). There has been confusion in Ky. and elsewhere with other taxa, including plants known as var. hirsutior (see notes under that name) and var. pumilus (Vasey) L.H. Dewey. Both of those taxa may deserve species status (W). Only diploids have been reported in the glomeratus complex (2n = 20), and intermediates between the segregates can be expected.

   Var. pumilus (= A. tenuispatheus Nash) is widespread on more base-rich soils from Central America to southeastern states, and can be expected in w. Ky. It usually has distinctly narrower raceme sheaths (mostly 2-2.5 mm versus 2.4-3.4 mm), shorter ligules (averaging 0.8 mm versus 1.2 mm) with longer cilia (0.2-0.9 mm versus 0-0.3 mm), and more scabrous glumes (W).


Comment:
A spontaneous weed in horticultural plantings at Univ. of Louisville in 1991-92. This seems be a rare, non-persisting waif, not worth mapping.

Footnote:
This southeastern weed of sandy soils is a rare waif in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch).
The only Ky. record is a coll. of MM from horticultural plantings in JEFF, at the Univ. of Louisville during 1991-92.


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992), Jones (2005) and others, but this does not apply if var. glandulosum is segregated; pending further analysis, the latter appears to be the common variety in Kentucky, and album (sensu stricto) is more southern.


Comment:
The typical variety is not supposed to occur in Kentucky, but this should be checked.  There is also an apparent hybrid with E. hyssopifolium var. laciniatum from MCRE (KY).

Check also at TENN: Schilling showed me a Kral coll from Ky that is supposedly album x hyssopifolium.

TN: Todd RAthey-3586; Hart RKral-59038 "var. glandulosum" but has unusually narrow leaves.

Footnote:
This generally diploid species (2n = 20) is widespread on dry acid soils across southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv., and disjunct in Ark. All plants in Ky. probably match var. glandulosum (Michx.) DC. but that segregate may not be worth recognizing (see also W). The more southern var. album (sometimes misnamed "E. petaloideum Britt."), with less glandular involucre, has been reported but does not appear to occur in Ky. (M). A few colls. may be hybridized with torreyanum (HART at TENN, MCRE at KY), sessilifolium or other species; see also notes under vaseyi.


Species:
vaseyi (album var. vaseyi; monardifolium)

Comment:
CALL (RA @ FSU) was determined by R.K. Godfrey; also at TN: RAthey-2956 4Sep1974, disturbed ground in Croppie Hollow Shores subdivision on Ky. 614 near Ky. 121S.

1 = source of Medley (1993); check MM/Cranfill.

These plants may have hybrid origin from sessilifolium and album; but other hybrids should be considered. See also E. godfreyanum. Further study is needed.

Footnote:
This name has been applied to apomictic polyploids (2n = 30) with probable origin from hybrids of typical album with either sessilifolium or other species (FNA 21, W). These plants occur mostly in or near southern Appalachian regions. There has been confusion with godfreyanum; see notes under that name. There are only a few tentative records of vaseyi from Ky.: a coll. of R. Athey from CALL (Florida State Univ., TENN) det. by R.K. Godfrey; Cranfill's (1990) record from HARD; and B's records of var. monardifolium Fern. from EDMO and GRAY.


Footnote:
This is widespread in dry woods on medium acid soils from mid-Atlantic to midwestern states. It varies in ploidy (2n = 20, 30), and there appears to be occasional hybridization with album and pubescens. See also comments under godfreyanum regarding possible recognition of E. sessilifolium var. brittonianum.


Comment:
Perhaps treatable as a variety of sessilifolium. Probably of hybrid origin from sessilifolium and pubescens; but often confused with vaseyi, now considered of album-sessilifolium origin; see Cronquist. Needs further study.

TN: ROWA RKGodfrey & RLLazor-70017 27Aug1970 borders of hardwood forest, Hidden Valley, Morehead; "seven plants in the sample; none produced pollen."

Footnote:
This name has been applied to a series of apomictic polyploids (2n = 30, 40) derived from hybridization of pubescens and sessilifolium (FNA 21). However, colls. from Ky. with this name might be better treated as the relatively northern E. sessilifolium var. brittonianum Porter. The name E. godfreyanum should perhaps be restricted to more eastern plants, especially in Va. (W). The Ky. colls. are from FLEM (B), LEWI (B) and ROWA (R.K. Godfrey #70017 at TENN); the latter was determined not to produce pollen. This small cluster of records in the northeastern Knobs region does suggests a distinct taxon. The colls. were initially named E. vaseyi Porter in error; see notes under that name.


Comment:
Not clearly distinct from pubescens in KY. Pure rotundifolium may be restricted to warmer zones; Fernald indicates north to TN and AR but not KY; also he notes hybridization with pubescens. Braun's records need reexamination; maybe transfer to pubescens.

Footnote:
This has been redefined in recent decades as a southeastern species that includes sexual diploids (2n = 20) restricted to Ga. and Fla., plus apomictic polyploids (2n = 30) that extend north at least to Ark., Tenn. and Va. (FNA 21). Further research is needed into distinction and distribution of taxa within the rotundifolia group. Some colls. of pubescens from Ky. (as also noted by B) suggest transitions to typical rotundifolium, especially in southeastern counties (MCRE, WAYN, WHIT). But although typical rotundifolium has been reported from Ky. (M, FNA 21), no verified colls. have been located.


Comment:
For FRAN recheck identification and data; plants may be persistent but not truly naturalized; one coll just 3-4 flowersd in infl.

EK: Sep 2008: SPEN (second growth deer browsed woods...);

Footnote:
There are colls. of this commonly cultivated species from FLEM, FRAN (EKY), LYON, TRIG (APSU) and elsewhere, but these were probably just persistent plants at old home sites and not truly naturalized. A coll. from SPEN (EK) may be from a wilder context. Some identifications are tentative; it appears that inflorescences may sometimes have only 3 or 4 flowers, not 5-7 as in most descriptions.


Comment:
GH: BOYD, BREA, BELL, DAVI, ESTI, GRNP, MADI, JOHN, HARL, LETC, PIKE, UNIO, WAYN.

1 = McClintock (1957).

GRAV: (MB) RAthey-2357; he "var. discolor" but det ssp. arborescens by EMcClintock 1991.

MCRA: (MB) RAthey-713; det discolor by EMcClintock but JC not convinced--leaves NOT whitish at all, not broader shape,

MB: EMcClintock dets discolor from: AL [yes some more or less convincing]; GA [JC dense felty!!]; IL [less felty]; IN [less felty, not convincing]; TN [yes some rather felty but most not very whitish or rounded; yes from Nashville of Gattinger!!! nice and rounded also; also  yes from Marion Co.]

Conclusion: distinct for sure in GA (esp), AL, TN; not really in (KY???) IN IL, not at all in MO.

SEE cinerea for ids there!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
Typical arborescens is a widespread eastern species. See notes under cinerea.


FullName:
Schoenoplectus purshianus (Fern.) M.T. Strong

Species:
purshianus (var. pur.; "smithii"; debilis)

Comment:
1 = Kearney coll. from BELL or HARL (at US?); as "debilis"; see also Anderson 1924.

JACK (BE) redet from americanus to purshianus.
.
Also BULL (MM)

Check varieties; all assumed var. p. but look at FNA for relationships; synonyms.

EK: BALL BELL LAUR MCRE PULA TRIG WHIT; 2008 original entries for TRIG & BELL not found.

Footnote:
This annual is widespread in marshy wetlands of southeastern states, often colonizing edges of artificial ponds. In Ky. it is generally associated with oligotrophic waters, and is rare to absent in calcareous landscapes. The names Scirpus smithii Gray or S. smithii var. williamsii (Fern.) Beetle have been erroneously applied to some Ky. plants in the past (BT, M). Those names belong to more northern taxa with 2n = 40, versus 38 in typical pungens (FNA 23).


Comment:
PULA (NK): G.L. Libby 1317 & R.L. Mears, ponds at the end of USFS 807 west of the Narrows, possibly established from contaminated ornamental water lilies. JC: this is perhaps the Dupree place. FNA states that this European plant has become "firmly established" in some areas; most records are from mid-west.

Footnote:
Although omitted by Cr, this European annual has become "firmly established" at several localities in North America, especially in the midwest, and it may be increasing (FNA 23). S. mucronatus is easily confused with purshianus. In Ky. it is known from some artificial ponds in PULA (KNK), where it may have been introduced with cultivated water lilies.


Comment:
This was reported from Kentucky by Fernald (1950) and Muenscher (1944) but no coll. has been located.

Footnote:
This northeastern species is a close relative of pungens; 2n = 42, 70. It has been reported from Ky. but not recently verified (Muenscher 1944; F; FNA 23). There is a correctly identified coll. of C.W. Short (check PH) made in 1830, which may be from Ky. but with an uncertain locality. Across much of its southern and western range, it is generally imperiled, and several other old state records remain uncertain. It generally occurs as an "emergent in fresh ponds and marshes, often with fluctuating water levels" (FNA 23).


Comment:
S. americanus is a synonym of S. olneyi, unknown from Kentucky; the name has been misapplied to S. pungens.

WAYN:also MM.

EK: CLIN ESTI KNOX MADI WAYN

Anderson 1924: "Atherton" (HARD???)

Footnote:
Typical pungens is a rhizomatous plants that has been reported widely from marshy wetlands of South and North America, but it may be relatively uncommon in warmer regions of southeastern states (Cr, FNA 23, K, W). Variation needs further assessment; 2n = 74-78. It is likely that the western segregate, var. longispicatus (Britt.) S.G. Sm., also occurs in Ky. but there are no records so far. The name Scirpus americanus Pers. was misapplied to pungens in some older treatments (e.g. F). The name Scirpus olneyi Gray was applied to true americanus, a closely related western species of alkaline or saline marshes that is unknown in Ky. (FNA 23).


FullName:
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla

Comment:
EK: BOYL CASE CLAR ESTI FRAN FULT HARD JACK JEFF LINC MADI MAGO MENI NELS NICH ROCK; ek not found 2008 but recorded earlier as EK

Anderson 1924: "Red River" July 1834 HA Griswold KY.

Footnote:
This robust circumboreal species is widespread in base-rich wetlands of South and North America (FNA 23). S. validus Vahl. is a weakly defined American segregate that has been recognized by some authors. These taxa are part of a somewhat intergradient complex that includes acutus, heterochaetus and lacustris; 2n = 36-42 for the group.


FullName:
Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A.& D. Löve

Comment:
See Browne and Athey (1978); the FULT (RA) coll. is at ME, SI and perhaps elsewhere.

Footnote:
This northern and western species is close to tabaernaemontanum, and hybrids appear to be locally frequent (Arnold & Beal 1980); see FNA 23 for details. The only Ky. record is a coll. by R. Athey from FULT that was verified and accessed at MEM, SIU and elsewhere (Browne & Athey 1978).


Comment:
The CRIT (EK) coll. is R. Athey # 3272, 1977 May 28; "edge of pond on Glendal Travis farm 10.3 mi E of Marion on Ky 120"; see also NP database.

Footnote:
This largely northwestern species is close to tabernaemontanum and can be confused (FNA 23). In addition to a coll. by R. Athey (#3272) from CRIT (EKY), it was reported from "centr. Ky." by F.


Comment:
Discovered by W. Chester (AP) in a seasonally flooded depression in a field.

B. Palmer Ball 2010 assoc with Mosely Pond in LOGA

Footnote:
This annual is a globally rare diploid (2n = 22) of midwestern regions. In Ky. it is known from only two localities in ephemeral sinkhole ponds within or near cropped fields. The site discovered by E.W. Chester in CHRI (APSU) is reduced and threatend by development. The site recently discovered by B. Palmer-Ball in LOGA (KSNPC) is associated with a more natural area, Mosely Pond.


Species:
aff. chrysocarpa (?mercerensis, ?margaretta, ?sicca)

Comment:
These are difficult to identify; chrysocarpa is a northern species that may not occur in Kentucky. C. incaedua needs comparison also. 

The MCRE (ky) coll. may be C. mercerensis instead, due to its glabrous leaves. 

1= Price (1893); check MB. 2 = Greenwell (1935).

FLEM (ky); perhaps sicca but see also calpodendron?

Wharton & Barbour 1991 list margaretta; also Varner's notes...

DB: has coll from Posey Co IN seems to be this group; orbicular-ovate!!!

Footnote:
These colls. are difficult to identify, and may include closely related species like C. margaretta Ashe (of north-central states) and C. sicca Sarg.(mostly in Mo.). The coll. from MCRE (at least) may be referable to C. mercerensis Sarg., which has been considered an Appalachian variety of C. chrysocarpa (W). Typical chrysocarpa is a northern and western species that may not occur in the state (see also SC).


Comment:
Records are provisionally included with macrosperma. Reported but not verified; this northern species is unlikely in Kentucky. Recent collections of Clark & Bauer (2001) at EK need to be compared with C. iracunda, which they did not report. C. iracunda has been included with flabellata in a broad species concept (e.g. Cronquist 1991).

EK: most/all of these CW records turn out to be pruinosa?...

Footnote:
This name has been applied in Ky. (e.g. Clark & Bauer 2001; see also M), but no known colls. can be identified as flabellata in its original narrow sense (F, Gl). In that sense, it has a northern range and extends down the southern Appalachians only at higher elevations, seeming unlikely in Ky. (HFG, W). The few records are provisionally referable to macrosperma, which has been combined with several other species into a much broader concept of flabellata by Cr and others. C. flabellata has been distinguished primarily by its "flowering corymbs more or less villous," versus glabrous in macrosperma (Gl). Further research is needed, using the full range of potential characters.


Comment:
The distinction between macrosperma and iracunda needs much further study; although in separate series, much material may be transitional. 

See also M. Medley & F. Levy 6350-82 from HARL (MM). 

1 = MCRE, Rogers (1941); collection probably burned in 1948 at KY. 

OHIO (MB) was ided by J.B. Phipps: Palmer 22536, thickets along small rocky creek near Echols. 

The ek records are provisionally assigned from C. flabellata.

GH: BOYD, HARL (Braun coll "very abundant on top of [Black] mountain"), WHIT (Cumberland Falls), LETC (Black Mt.); dets by Palmer and Phipps.

GH (2nd trip in indet colls): BOYD*? (but rounded base might be collina; R.E. Horsey #1571 = 4310 "cf. monspielensis"); LYON*? (Eggleston #4602; like Horsey #1571 suborbicular), JACK?, CALL? BRAC? ("?cibaria" det Palmer Braun 4470). *These suggest collina with more rounded leaf base but still slightly spreading lobes.

OH: DBoone colls: Clermont Co East Fork swamp edge!!!

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable northeastern species, but it appears to be uncommon in Ky. See also notes under flabellata and iracunda, which have records that are not yet reliably segregated from macrosperma in Ky. Most of the uncertain records mapped here as open dots may be transferred to iracunda. Some records from BOYD and LYON (GH) are based on atypical colls. with suborbicular leaves, which also suggest collina.


Species:
iracunda (silvicola, populnea, brumalis, macrosperma var. demissa)

Comment:
The CAMP (LB) coll. was initially named C. populnea. This species seems to be fairly widespread and distinct, often with short blackish thorns, deep bluish leaves, glandular petioles. See also C. flabellata for possible records. At MB: none from Kentucky but collections from other states look similar.

GH: ROWA (Braun #1368); MENI (Braun #2733); MCRE (Rogers #432 & 644); all det Palmer; later trip in indets (Nov 2006): ALLE, BOYD, GRNP? (Braun 1808 "cibilis"), WHIT.

JEFF (LO): ELovell-69 14Jun1955, hillside S of Iroquois Park.

Tent id at MB from "indet" folders: MUHL; Thunderhead Mt Tenn,

WK: ROCK, MCRE, SIMP; HARL (MM); MCRE (MM SFk riverbars); PULA (MM Rockcastle riverbars); 2008!!!

EK: LEWI

LBraun OHIO: one se county
JC w/DBoone & Homoya in 2009: IN Dearborn Co.

July 2010: now Phipps in email says not iracunda in KY; try "roanensis.. the other common small leaved Tenuifoliae, now with a Lance neotype from NC." He notes neotype of macrosperma is from ne AL.

Footnote:
Variation needs further study, and distinction from macrosperma remains unclear in some records. Based on F, Gl, SC, W, Lance (2006), A. Haynes (pers. comm.) and provisional examination of material (including GH, MO & NY), iracunda differs in its smaller or less succulent fruits; its leaves short-hairy to glabrate above when young (versus scabrate), more deltoid in gross outline (versus ovate), firm to "subcoriaceous" and more bluish; its leaf lobes not distinctly acuminate and outwardly bent ("reflexed") as in macrosperma; and its spines usually smaller. 

   C. iracunda (and other taxa in Silvicolae) may be transitional between macrosperma (or its allies) and pruinosa (or its allies). Variety status has been suggested, with C. macrosperma var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggl. a potential name, but some 33 synonyms are provisionally included at GH. C. iracunda was originally known only from southeastern states, especially in low flat woodlands. But its definition can be reasonably extended to include more robust northeastern and Appalachian plants (Gl, F, HFG), with leaves relatively broad (C. silvicola Beadle) or more coarsely lobed (C. brumalis Ashe).


FullName:
Ruellia caroliniensis (J.F. Gmel.) Steud.

Comment:
Braun's records are for var. parviflora, which is not now recognized; her records of the typical species are excluded; see R. humilis. 

The SCOT (LO) coll. is labeled var. membranacea f. breviberbis, which it might be.

Footnote:
This is widespread in southeastern states but perhaps absent west of the Mississippi Rv. (Wasshausen 1998). Infraspecific taxa have not been recognized in most recent treatments, but variation deserves further study. Records mapped here include many colls. that have been referred to var. parviflora (Nees) Blake. A coll. from SCOT (DHL) was referred to var. membranacea Fern. See also notes under ciliosa and humilis, which may both intergrade with caroliniensis. Note that only one chromosome number (2n= 34) has been reported for North American Ruellia.


Comment:
Several authors indicate that this ssp. is widespread in the state, but Fernald (1945a, 1950) would suggest otherwise. There was much earlier misapplication of ciliosa to caroliniensis.

UT: HART (growing abundantly in fence corners near Uno; FTMcF 58; 17Aug1943); !large leaves, robust plant.

Footnote:
Although the circumscription of this taxon needs further attention, ciliosa does seem to be distinct. It is locally abundant on the southeastern Coastal Plain east of the Mississippi Rv., but not well documented in Ky. or Tenn. (W). Sm treated ciliosa as a species, with subsessile or sessile leaves like humilis, upright habit like caroliniensis, dense spreading pubescence (typically more hairy than humilis or caroliniensis), and often larger flowers (up to 5-7 cm long). More recently, W has also treated it as a species, but closer to caroliniensis; and Ward (2007) treated it as R. caroliniensis ssp. ciliosa (Pursh) R.W. Long, a "dimorphic or heteromorphic" taxon. 

   There are several old or obscure colls. from Ky. that have been referred to ciliosa (M). These include colls. of BA from CHRI (TENN), B from EDMO (US), and McFarland from HART (TENN). Some colls. may not be particularly distinct, or in some cases they may be transitions to humilis, with which there has been much confusion in older treatments (D, B, F).


Comment:
The CHRI (KY) coll. by Short has label data only:"wet barrens of Ky." The county is guessed. The ROWA (MO) coll. may have dubious label data (Campbell et al. 1992). 1 = Price (1893) from WARR or EDMO.

Footnote:
This northeastern biennial (or short-lived perennial) of base-rich wet grasslands and shores is known from sw. Ohio, nw. Tenn. and parts of other states close to the Ky. borders. However, it has been unknown within the state for at least 50 years. The confirmed coll. of C.W. Short (KY) was from "wet barrens of Ky." and probably came from the vicinity of Hopkinsville in CHRI (M). A coll. of Pr from WARR or EDMO has not been located (check MO). A coll. from ROWA (MDKY) may have dubious label data (Campbell et al. 1992).


FullName:
Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. var. elliptica

Species:
elliptica var. e. (pilosa, ovalifolia; o. ssp. mollis)

Comment:
Includes ovalifolia ssp. mollis; 1 = Epling's (1942) records of this. 
The LB records are also for ssp. mollis. 

See also ROWA (ky). All material needs further study; some may just be var. hirsuta, or perhaps these taxa are not clearly separated in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This species occurs widely in acid soils in forests of eastern states, largely south of glaciated land. Var. elliptica reportedly has a more eastern range than var. hirsuta, though there is much overlap (F). In Ky. these taxa may not be clearly distinct in some cases, but var. elliptica appears restricted to Appalachian regions. Further study of colls. is needed for precise mapping.


FullName:
Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. var. hirsuta (Short & Peter) Fern.

Comment:
1 = Epling (1942). Most or all material in Kentucky appears to be var. hirsuta, but this has not been thoroughly checked.  Some of the above colls. may be var. elliptica.

2 = Campbell & Meijer 1989.

Footnote:
This is concentrated in more northern and midwestern regions, in contrast to typical elliptica. In Ky. most plants of S. elliptica are clearly var. hirsuta, but some colls. need checking. The only obvious difference in var. hirsuta is the presence of glandular hairs on internodes below the inflorescence (versus short ascending non-glandular hairs). but that same character is important for diagnosis of several other related species (W). Short & Peter (1835) were also struck by the more robust overall form of their initial specimens.


Footnote:
This is typical of seasonally wet acid soils in southeastern states, especially east of the Mississippi Rv.


Footnote:
This polyploid (2n = 88) is widespread across temperate regions of North America, usually on damp fertile alluvial soils.


Comment:
The ROCK (KA) has data: "Conway, Ky." 8 Jul 1915 (no collector name). 1 = Greenwell (1935) but collection has not been located. This is a northern species, rarely reported south to NC. Fernald (1950) considered it distinct from the Eurasian S. galericulata.

Footnote:
This has a broad northern and western range, with local extension down the southern Appalachians to n. Va. Records from Tenn. (Ch) and N.C. (W) are only old or obscure. It is closely related to the Eurasian species, S. galericulata L. In Ky. there is only one verified record: a coll. from ROCK (KY-Agr.), 8 Jul 1915, stating "Conway, Ky." but with no collector. The species was also reported by Greenwell (1935) from NELS.


Comment:
This species is not always distinct from S. australis. BULL (MO) and an extra from WAYN (MO) have leaves suggesting australis, otherwise suggesting parvula.

Footnote:
This taxon is centered in east-central states. It is close to australis, which has an overlapping southeastern range. Some colls. from BULL and WAYN (MDKY) may be partly intermediate.


Comment:
1 = Epling (1942). Check EK colls. again.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) Nesom var. subasperum (Lindl.) Nesom

Comment:
Needs verification. RA colls. were at Memphis State Univ., now transferred to EK hopefully. See also unverified records noted by Medley (1993).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. coridifolium new comb.

Comment:
An extra coll. from BELL (KY) is unusually large flowered and large leaved, perhaps a distinct montane form. 

BULL (KY) appears to be hybridized with A. pilosus; 2009 NO!!! see pariceps.

An extra CART (MO) coll. may be hybridized with racemosus; 2009??? check

CALL (MU) collections include "ericoides" of M. Woods #945.

LYON: NCU ex Jessup Eggleston coll

GARR: EK WOverbeck has from uplands at Tom Dorman preserve in old fields/row.

Footnote:
As currently circumscribed (FNA 20), S. dumosum is a highly variable species (with 2n = 16 or 32), and further analysis is needed. In its strict sense, var. dumosum is centered in northern Appalachian regions and unknown in Ky. (F; J.C. Semple, pers. comm.). The widespread southeastern segregate, A. dumosus var. coridifolius (Michx.) Torr. & Gray, has been combined with typical S. dumosum in recent treatments. However, it does appear distinct and includes most dumosum in Ky. Var. coridifolium occurs mostly on open grassy uplands with seasonally dry, acid soils.  Although occasional hybridization and intergradation with other species has been suspected, there is no clear evidence of such processes in Ky.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. strictior (Torr. & Gray) Nesom

Comment:
Not confirmed but likely. Fuller (1980); but see also Medley (1993). 

2 = Campbell et al. (1989); a dubious record. 

It is known close to Kentucky on the Coastal Plain of Missouri (Steyermark 1963).

Footnote:
This largely midwestern tetraploid (2n = 32) differs from var. coridifolium in its white to pale pink or bluish rays (versus usually bluish), generally shorter and less branched inflorescence, with more ascending branches, and its larger primary leaves, mostly 5-12 cm long and up to 11 mm wide (versus 3-5 cm long and up to 8 mm wide). It occurs mostly on damp lowlands and ponded sites, or occasionally on seasonally damp uplands, often with base-rich soils (Y, W). Var. strictior is widespread in Ind., Ill. and Mo., where there appears to be introgression with racemosum (Y), and it extends east to Appalalachian regions from New England to N.C. 

   In Ky. var. strictior has been reported from CALL (Fuller 1980) and elsewhere (M), but verification is needed. A coll. from NELS (KY) appears to be this taxon: C.G. Gunn #2054, 18 Sep 1960, prairie patch on Ballard Farm, N of US 31E, on first lane S of Balltown. An unusually robust coll. from BELL (KY) may also be referred here: W. Meijer, 16 Oct 1982, Pine Mt. State Park.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. nov. {river bar form}

Comment:
These plants appear distinct at least at the variety level, with white flowers and different branching pattern; to be studied further.

WV??? Preston Co
WV!!! Fayette Co New Rv
WV Barbour Co Tygart Valley Rv--Mononghahel Rv

Footnote:
This taxon is known from rocky river banks in the Appalachian Plateaus of Tenn. and Ky., especially the upper Cumberland Rv. plus its tributaries, and the Obed-Emory Rv. It also occurs in W.Va. along the New Rv. and perhaps elsewhere (W.Va. Univ. herbarium). 

   These riparian plants differ from var. coridifolium in their relatively large heads, usually white rays (versus usually bluish), generally shorter flowering branches, more ascending leaves that remain relatively wide on flowering branches, and relatively short rhizomes. In these characters they generally resemble var. strictior (and were perhaps confused by Sm); both taxa appear to be tetraploids (2n = 32; J.C. Semple, pers. comm.). However, their heads are distinctly larger, with involucres ca. 5-7 mm long (versus 3-5 mm). Moreover, they are disjunct from the largely midwestern var. strictior. 

   Their riparian habitat is similar to that of S. tradescanti (L.) Nesom, a northeastern diploid (2n = 16) that may be closely related. Similar biogeographic patterns occur in Eurybia (saxicastellii versus radula), Solidago Sect. Maritimae (austrina versus uliginosa), and Solidago Sect. Humiles (arenicola versus racemosa).


Species:
divaricatum (subulatum var. parviflorum, A. "exilis")

Comment:
Recently discovered by Ron Jones and class; see Sida 21:1909-16.

Footnote:
This is native to south-central states and Mexico, but generally considered adventive in southeastern states (W). It is a diploid (2n = 10) member of the complex based on S. subulatum Michx., which in its strict sense is largely restricted to salt-marshes along the Atlantic shores. The only Ky. record of divaricatum is a recent coll. from wet fields in FULT (EKY; Clark et al. 2005).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); perhaps Harvill (1941); see also HART.

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian species is widely scattered in Appalachian regions of Ky. There are a few records from further west along the southern Knobs or nearby, but these need verification. 

   The genus Doellingeria is a well established segregate of Aster (sensu lato). This and other loosely allied small genera--Oclemana, Ionactis, Sericacarpus--tend to have distinct species with uniform chromosome number: 2n = 18 in all eastern taxa (FNA 20).


Comment:
There may be an old obscure to var. latifolius, as the suppsedly synonomous  "A. humilis" (Short et al. 1833); see Medley (1993). However, recent Kartesz lists indicate that humilis belongs with A. infirmus.

Harvill 1941: also "barrens of Kentucky" and "bottoms of Green River" (Short).

Footnote:
This occurs on damp acid soils in much of eastern North America, but it is rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain (where replaced by D. sericocarpoides Small). In Ky. umbellata occurs mostly in Appalachian regions. Its scattered occurrences in western regions deserve further documentation.


Footnote:
This is restricted to cool damp woods from northeastern regions to higher elevations of the southern Appalachians. In Ky. it is known only from the Cumberland Mts.


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states but largely restricted to openings on xeric sandy soils. Although highly variable in leaf size, this distinct segregate of Aster (sensu lato) has no described varieties (W).


Footnote:
This is widespread in Atlantic and southeastern states east of the Mississpii Rv., usually growing on dry acid soils. The rare hybrid with linifolius has been collected in LEWI and elsewhere (MM for WKY).


Footnote:
The range of this species is similar to asteroides, in Atlantic and southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv. It tends to occur in more open habitats on drier ground.


Comment:
Listed in error by Browne & Athey (1992).


Footnote:
This widespread weedy eastern species is perennial or annual; 2n = 28. It has been confused with scabra in earlier literature. See FNA 24 and W for details.


Footnote:
This widespread variable weed originates from the Mediterranean region, It has become widely established across southern states, especially in waste places (Cr, FNA 24). The only Ky. coll. is from a greenhouse in BOUR (KNK; M, J).


Comment:
An EDMO (MM) coll appears transitional to var. jejunus

Footnote:
This is widespread and locally abundant in eastern North America, especially in submesic woods, thickets and fencerows. A few colls. (e.g. from EDMO, by MM for WKY) may be transitional to var. jejunus.


FullName:
Elymus virginicus L. var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush

Comment:
The LAUR (KY) coll. is from a low meadow near a railroad--it could be a waif. 

Two MEAD (LO) student colls appear to be this: 
Schlundt #1, 24 Jun 1950, Otter Creek Park
Bowman #21,  24 Jun 1950, Rockheaven, fields along railroad.

A few other colls. under var. virginicus (mm for EDMO) or E. glabriflorus [1 CALL @ Univ of Kansas] may be transitional to this variety.

OHIO: Hamilton Co. in local park on Gr Miami Rv bottomland with D. Boone (coll.); with var. intermedius and var. virginicus.

Footnote:
This species is widespread in temperate regions of central and eastern North America. Var. jejunus is usually distinct but often intergrades with var. virginicus. It is largely midwestern, where it generally occurs in thin woods and thickets along stream terraces. It is also widely scattered or adventive in northeastern states (FNA 24). Most Ky. records may be from adventive situations. The only Appalachian coll. is from a low meadow near a railroad in LAUR (KY), and it could represent a waif dispersed from afar.


FullName:
Elymus virginicus L. var. intermedius (Vasey) Bush

Species:
virginicus* var. intermedius (E. hirsutiglumis)

Footnote:
This occurs from the central and southern Great Plains to the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, but is rare to absent in most southeastern states. It is generally distinct, flowering later than typical virginicus, and concentated on river banks or nearby sites in relatively open areas, especially near limestone (FNA 25).


Comment:
Reported in error by Browne & Athey (1992); see Medley (1993). Reported also by Jones (2005); get details.

Footnote:
This annual was reported by J, but details are not available; the earlier report by BA was based on an immature coll., probably misidentified (M).


Footnote:
This biennial weed ("Scotch thistle") was initially used for food and medicine on the frontier. It became a widespread problem across northern states and adjacent Canada, but does not extend south of the central Ohio Valley and central Appalachian regions (FNA 19, Y, W). In Ky. it was first reported in 1914, when Gm noted: "at the edges of cities this striking thistle has become established in dense patches on waste ground and along railroads." However, it has remained generally uncommon and largely restricted to northern counties.


Footnote:
This is a colonial perennial with running roots. The few records from Ky. need to be confirmed. Maddox et al. (1985) reported it from HARD, and there are tentatively identified colls. from LEWI (KY) and OLDH (DHL).


Species:
biebersteinii ("maculosa"*; stoebe ssp. micranthos)

Comment:
HENR (NY): Gentry; apparently he sent several collections here with no deposit at KY (see NY web catalog).

Footnote:
This short-lived perennial is a tetraploid (2n= 36). It was first reported from Ky. in 1943 (B), and it is now locally abundant on dry base-rich soils across the state. Following Ochsmann (2001), an alternative name has been recently adopted in some treatments (FNA 19; Y, W): C. stoebe L. ssp. micranthos (S.G. Gmelin ex Gugler) Hayek. Typical stobe (= C. maculosa auct.) is a diploid annual. The two taxa have become largely sympatric in Europe, but biebersteinii appears to have had a more western range before forest clearance.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); probably MM.

Footnote:
This first records of this showy annual in Ky. were made during the 1980s. It has increased in recent decades, partly due to plantings for displays along roads and then subsequent escapes.


Footnote:
In Ky. this perennial is known only from colls. of the late J.W. Thieret (KNK). It is similarly distributed in North America to jacea, but much less common.


Comment:
The CLAR (jc) record is from Boone Creek (see GIS); needs flowering collection.

Footnote:
This virtually monotypic genus is a distinct relative of Melica; 2n = 20. Typical purpurascens is widespread across boreal North America (FNA 24), usually in somewhat mesic woods. Closely related plants (known as ssp. callosa) are known in East Asia (Kowano & Koyama 1964). S. purpurascens is rare in unglaciated regions of eastern states. In Ky. it is known only from a remarkable disjunct cluster of sites along the Palisades of Ky. Rv., restricted to narrow points in thin xeric woods.


Comment:
JEFF (PH) coll. was in Short's herbarium, originally from Griswold.

LIVI (LO): RAthey1267 29May1971 swamp inland from Tenn Rv oxbow lake in sight of Clark Memorial Bridge on US60E.

Footnote:
Typical pallida occurs mostly in marshy habitats of northeastern states and adjacent Canada. Closely related plants (varieties or subspecies) occur in western North America and East Asia (FNA 24, Kowano & Koyama 1964).


Footnote:
In Ky. this alien halophyte has been recorded only from BOON (KNK), along a salted interstate highway. It is spreading along such sites through much of cool temperate North America (Cr, FNA 24).


Comment:
This grows in athletic fields and associated areas, often with Poa annua and other annuals (aliens except P. chapmanniana, Veronica peregrina); see Brandenburg & Thieret (1996).

Footnote:
Although present in North America since 1895, this short annual has been extensively documented only during recent decades. In Ohio it is widely known, especially at fair grounds and similar places (A. Cusick, pers. comm.). In Ky. Sclerochloa has been recently found in heavily trampled athletic fields and similar areas (Brandenburg & Thieret 1996), often with Poa annua and other annuals (all aliens except P. chapmanniana and Veronica peregrina).


Comment:
In most cases, distinction from F. arundinacea is tentative; Tim Phillips (UK Agronomy) has detailed knowledge, with various living accessions of this species and arundinacea.

Tim Phillips: 1/3 less tall than arund; less glossy foliage; less drought resistant; more diseases; not bad for livestock, with different endophyte than arundinacea; loline is alkaloid that resists insects... See: Schardl et al. "Coevolution of Endophytes" etc

Provisioinal rechecks at EK, KY show NO true pratensis

Footnote:
This grass is reported to have been widely sown for turf and forage in humid temperate regions of North America (FNA 24). However, it has been much confusion with arundinacea, and this is no accurate published map of its range.

   A more thorough review of Ky. colls. is needed, but virtually no verified material of pratensis has been located; see notes on identification under arundinacea. The first report of pratensis from Ky. was by Short et al. (1833), but no associated coll. has been located. Although seed of pratensis was distributed a century ago or more, it proved much less desirable than arundinacea (true elatior) and other grasses. Based on trials in the 1890s, Gm noted: "in our plot, never spread from the lines in which seed was sown"; and its seed was much less highly priced than arundinacea (13 cents per pound versus 22-25 cents).


Footnote:
In Ky. this widespread northeastern species is restricted to mesic ravines on the western side of the Appalachian Plateaus. It usually occurs on cool bouldery slopes below cliffs, with limestone or sandstone. C. pedunculata is one of the few sedges in North America that has well-developed "elaiosomes"---small fleshy oil-rich attachments to seeds that promote dispersal by ants.


Comment:
1 = M. Homoya (pers. comm.); also for EDMO (EK).
2 = J. Aldrich (pers. comm.); check KY accession, may be collection for to JC.


EK: EDMO LEE LOGA only; 2008; no record for MADI (ek) of Weckman et al. (2003); that would be out of range... explore herbarium more???...

Footnote:
This mysterious species occurs in scattered disjunct localities on the Interior Low Plateaus, Appalachian Plateaus and the adjacent Coastal Plain (Ind., Ky., Tenn., Miss. & Ala.). It is one of the few dioecious sedges (Delph et al. 1993), and its clones tend to spread centrifugally, forming distinct dead-centered patches ("doughnuts"). C. picta burns well and then resprouts vigorously (D. Taylor, pers. comm.); its distribution may partly reflect the history of fire.


Comment:
Also PH: KENT.

LO: LYON, OLDH (Sleepy Hollow).

EK: CLIN LEWI OWSL LYON TODD TRIG

MADI (jc): BGAD; check colls notes

Footnote:
This northeastern species may be most common on moist base-rich soils in midwestern regions (PL). Its distribution in Ky. appears curiously fragmented, being virtually unknown along the Ky. Rv. Palisades, Shawnee Hills and Green Rv. hills (including the Mammoth Cave area). It is the only sedge typical of mesic woods in Ky. that has moderately broad (3-8 mm) leaves that are densely hairy.


Comment:
See also ROWA (DO).

LO: OLDH.

EK: EDMO MERC

Footnote:
This extremely slender, densely tufted sedge is widely distributed over east-central and northern states but largely restricted to calcareous substrates. In Ky. it occurs mostly on xeric ledges on limestone cliffs along the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus, and along the Kentucky River Palisades.


Footnote:
This rather poorly known species mostly occurs in woods on base-rich soils from the upper midwest to central Appalachian regions (FNA 23; W). In Ky. it is largely restricted to low slopes and terraces in the northern  Cliff Section and adjacent Knobs, within the Licking Rv. watershed and creeks to the north. Variation in woodii and distinction from related species may need clarification; 2n = 44 and 52. The coll. from BATH (KY) has been redetermined as meadii by R. Naczi, but it appears somewhat transitional to woodii.


Comment:
There has been confusion with tetanica; all records need rechecking.

LO: HARD, LIVI.

EK: GRAY LOGA TODD

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern and central North America, but most common in the mid-west and concentrated on calcareous soils. See notes under tetanica and woodii.


FullName:
Eleocharis pseudoptera Weatherby ex Sven.

Comment:
Recently reported from Kentucky (as variety of tenuis) by Smith et al. (2002); details need to be documented. Culms are sharply angled, usually deeply sulcate, to 0.8 mm wide (versus bluntly angled to smooth, seldom deeply sulcate, to 0.5 mm); and other differences; see FNA.

The HICK (ky,mo) coll is by Les Meade; JC named it ?smalii

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon is close to verrucosa and tenuis, but can be distinguished by its more robust stems and several other characters; 2n = 38 or 39 (FNA 23). It was reported (as a variety) from Ky. in FNA 23, but details are not available. A coll. from the Murphy's Pond area in HICK (KY) has been annotated "var. ?pseudoptera" by S.G. Smith, and there are also records from adjacent w. Tenn. (Ch). Further research is needed to map this taxon better within the Ohio Valley.


Comment:
Reported from Kentucky by Muenscher (1944); but no collections have been  found.

LO: 2008 Jun 
"intermedia" but lost spikes--"calva" JC
Kahn & Kellerman 171; 14 Jul 1957: very shallow water near edge of lake. Farmer's pond 1 1/8th mi west Mt Washington on Ky Hwy 44.

Footnote:
This northeastern diploid (2n = 22) is an annual relative of the compressa-group and tenuis-group, and there can also be hybridization with the obtusa-group (FNA 23). E. intermedia is known from calcareous seepages among the higher mountains of e. Tenn. and w. Va., but most records from the Ohio Valley need to be checked (K, PL, W). It was reported from Ky. by Muenscher (1944) and Kellerman (1957). There is a coll. of G.D. Kellerman & Kahn (#171) from BULL (DHL) that has been named "intermedia" but it has lost its spikes. There is also a reported coll. from CALL (herbarium of Ind. Univ. SE).


Comment:
Check with AC, his data and collection location; AC was sure about this id.

Miami: not here from Ky.; ask Cusick about this.
Cusick 25925 NCU NY VDB: ELLI confluence of Big and Little Caney Creeks, N of Newfoundland, 19 Sep 1986.

Footnote:
This is a widely scattered eastern species, mostly in coastal or lacustrine regions, but FNA 23 did not include Ky. in the range. It was reported from the confluence of Big and Little Caney Creeks in ELLI by Cusick (1989), but the coll. needs to be rechecked (NY, NCU).  E. olivacea has been confused with intermedia in Ohio, where both species do occur. Distinction from typical E. flavescens (Poiret) Urban may be difficult in zones of overlap, but these taxa should be recognized at least as varieties (FNA 23) if not species (W). E. flavescens is a more southern (largely subtropical) plant with a higher chromosome number; 2n = 30 versus 20.


Comment:
1 = Svenson (1929); cited by Braun (1943).

EK: CLAR

KY: det GSmith MADI BATH MCLE MCRE (some of my "obtusa"); lower case ky are now data from early entry but not det Smith or found at all at KY; were some colls lost in his long loan???? 

KY: FAYE redet as obtusa by GSmith; was "macrostachya" of JCWarden 1961.

Footnote:
This has a widespread North American range similar to obtusa. These have generally been considered distinct taxa, at least as varieties, but intermediates are known (FNA 23). E. engelmanii typically occurs around larger. more stable, less eutrophic bodies of water; it is much less common than obtusa around small artificial farm ponds.


FullName:
Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) J.A. Schultes

Comment:
bt records are for the whole species.  At EK some specimens from GARR, LAUR and POWE may be the depauperate form known as var. jejuna.

MCRA (LO): WA Anderson 4 Jun 1939 (see also an RA coll.).

EK: (check more carefully later): BOYL BREA BUTL CASE CHRI CLIN ESTI FLEM FRAN FULT GARR HARD HARL HENR JACK JESS JEFF KNOX LAUR LETC MADI MCLE MCRE MENI MERC MONT MUHL PIKE POWE PULA ROBE ROCK SHEL

Footnote:
The degree of distinction in this widespread North American taxon from engelmannii and ovata needs further seessment; 2n = 10 in all three taxa (see notes under those names). Some colls. from GARR, LAUR and POWE (EKY) are referable to the depauperate form previously known as var. jejuna Fern.


FullName:
Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Comment:
1 = Kearney coll. from BELL or HARL (at NY?). Most records need checking; several collections are hard or impossible to determine ovata versus obtusa.

2 = Price 1893 (p. 637) fide Anderson 1924.

EK: not checked for obtusa in some cases
ADAI BELL!!?? CALD CALL CART CASE CLAY CLIN ESTI FAYE FLEM FRAN FULT GRNP!!?? HARl HOPK JACK!!?? JESS KNOX LARU LAUR!!?? LEWI!!?? LINC MADI!!?? MARI MCRE NELS NICH OLDH OWSL POWE PULA ROBE ROCK!!?? ROWA SCOT UNIO WAYN WHIT WOLF WOOD

Footnote:
This widespread northern (circumboreal) species has been confused with obtusa, and there may be some intergradation (FNA 23, Y). E. ovata differs from obtusa and engelmannii in its relatively narrow tubercles (1/2 to 3/4 as wide as achenes), and its stamens only 2 (versus 3). There have been several reports from Ky. (M, FNA 23), but it remains unclear if there are verified colls. from Ky. or elsewhere in the Ohio Valley (PL). No colls. at KY were det. as typical ovata by S.G. Smith for FNA 23.


FullName:
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Comment:
Several collections have immature spikelets but vegetative characters may indicate E. acicularis.

LO: dupe of CAMP (NK): Campbell Co. Pk. lake shore, mats almost turf.

EK: ADAI BALL LYON PIKE ?KNOX

KY: det GSmith HART HARD only; no trace of MARS in earlier data???

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable circumboreal species; 2n = 20-58 (FNA 23). It typically occurs on somewhat stagnant shores with much fine clay and rather low fertility, but with a pH ranging from 3 to 7 (Rothrock & Wagner 1975). The superficially similar tenuis (as well as its relatives) is generally less slender in its culms and rhizomes, and is more confined to acid sites, often with sand. Several uncertain records from Ky. are based on immature spikelets, but vegetative characters suggest acicularis.


FullName:
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke

Comment:
sp = Price 1893 addenda fide Anderson 1924

NCU: ex Jessup Herb at Dartmouth College: Bulbostylis warei from CWShort "Kentucky 1842" but no other indication from Ky; this is se species of sandhills.

Footnote:
This small tufted annual is widespread from Central America to eastern states, usually on dry acid sandy or rocky soils. It is easily overlooked and probably much more widespread than records suggest.


FullName:
Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Comment:
The LIVI coll. was made by M. Medley at Mantle Rock; it needs checking.

Footnote:
This robust pantropical annual is widespread from South America to warmer regions of southeastern states. It usually grows on damp to seasonally dry shores and uplands, often with sandy or gravelly soils. Height is up to 30-50 cm; 2n = 30. It is known as far north as c. Mo., s. Ill. and s. Ind. (FNA 23, K, Y). The only Ky. record is a coll. from LIVI, made by M. Medley (#15533-86 for WKY) at Mantle Rock, and it needs rechecking. There may also be old colls. of C.W. Short (e.g. at Copenhagen) without locality (M).


Comment:
BULL (1) M. Homoya (pers. comm.) from "Pine Creek Barrens".

HARD (np): ca. 0.8 miles e of Buzzard Cliff and ca. 1,1 air miles s of Stiles Spring.

LIVI (NP): Bald Knob Glades

LOGA: RA; also Chester (EK) Baker Natural Area.
LOGA: PU Kreibel 1942

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this perennial species is widely distributed across eastern and southern states, but generally uncommon except in the Ozark region and the Coastal Plain from e. Tex. to most of Fla. Further revision of puberula and its relatives is needed; 2n = 20 and 40 (FNA 23). Typical habitat in Ky. is xeric to xerohydric, clayey to gritty, calcareous glades, whereas typical plants further south occur on more hydric sites in pine savannas and similar places (W). There has also been some confusion with F. caroliniana (Fam.) Fern., a more southern species of coastal marshes.


Footnote:
This annual ranges from South America to southeastern states, usually growing on seasonally drying sandy or muddy shores. Height is up to 15 cm; 2n = 20 (FNA 23).


Comment:
Also coll. from BALL by R. Cranfill (pers. comm.).

EK: RA-3843 21Sedp1977 : BALL slough edges in the Ballard WMA.

Footnote:
This pantropical annual weed of rice has become locally common in warmer regions of southeastern states within the past 40-50 years (FNA 23, Y, W). Despite historical confusion with some related species, littoralis is remarkably uniform; 2n = 10. It was known for 200 years as F. miliacea (L.) Vahl., which name has now been officially rejected (as cited and followed by W).


Species:
divaricatum (parisiense* var. leiocarpum, in part; anglicum var. d.)

Comment:
1 = Gentry (1963); but no collection found at KY. There are also unverified, somewhat dubious reports from WOLF & WOOD; see Medley (1993); check MW for data (Wharton 1945).

W: lists KY, AL, TN; Nesom must have checked... Thieret coll???

Footnote:
In North America, this European annual is known mostly from the Interior Low Plateaus or nearby (Cr, W; Lipscomb & Nesom 2007). It has been considered part of G. parisiense L., sensu lato (with 2n = 22 to 66). Reported colls. from POWE (MICH) by Wharton (1945), and from HENR (not at KY) by Gentry (1963), are believable but need to be verified. There are also doubtful reports from WOLF and WOOD (M). It is possible that other segregates of the pariense complex are present: G. parisiense, sensu stricto; and G. anglicum Huds. Those two taxa are known from Tenn. (Lipscomb & Nesom 2007).


Comment:
This alien species has increased steadily since its first records from Kentucky, in the 1950s; its first records North America may have been in Kentucky (check literature).

Footnote:
The first North American records of this European annual were from Ky. ca. 1940 (Bartholomew 1941). Since then it has spread steadily into grassy places across most of the state, especially the Bluegrass region. It is also widely scattered in other east-central states (PL). Distinction of Cruciata from Galium is well founded (W); n = 9 versus n = usually 11.


Comment:
This species spreads vegetatively from plantings, but more distant dispersal is not documented.


LO: misided Euon fortunei as "Vinca minor"

Footnote:
This low evergreen creeper from southern Europe spreads vegetatively from plantings, but establishment from seed is not documented in Ky. Although cultivated here since early settlement (Gm), it was not properly documented as an escape until the 1930s (B). It is sometimes abundant over several acres in and around old cemeteries.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); 2 = Garman (1914). Rarely spreading from plantings. Probably not really naturalized.

Footnote:
This robuster relative of minor has similar original range in southern Europe, but not extending as far north. V. major has been widely grown and locally naturalized in southeastern states, but in most of Ky. it is not hardy enough for horticultural use. Gm noted "not often seen" in 1914; there are more recent colls. from CALL (MUR) and perhaps CHRI (M). But it is not clear if these records represent real spread into wild vegetation.


Comment:
The correct name is Thyrsenthella difforme (Walter) Pichon according to Tatyana Livshultz (Harvard University); she will publish analysis of Apocynaceae in Ann Mo Bot Garden. Trachelospermum is a distinct Old World genus, leaving this perhaps in a monotypic genus, already recognized by Pichon; check references.

Footnote:
This southeastern vine occurs in damp soil along shorelines of various types, from stagnant sloughs to rocky riverbanks. Although reportedly "high climbing" in warmer states, it is generally no more than 1-2 m tall and barely woody in Ky. Reassignment of this species from Trachelospermum to the monotypic genus, Thyrsanthella, is supported by global analysis of Apocynaceae (Livshultz et al. 2007). Trachelospermum is largely East Asian.


Comment:
TN: none for Tenn. but Mo Ark Miss Ala Ga !!! (after Nesom annotatations?

AP: Maury Co Rattlesnake Falls "asteriscus"

Footnote:
This species has been confused with several other taxa, and must be reassessed across southeastern states (Sm, F; G. Nesom, pers. comm.). Though originally known mostly from Tex. and Okl., it extends east to c. Tenn., Ala. and n. Ga. (TENN), and it may be expected in western Ky. 

   S. asperrimum resembles more hairy forms of integrifolium (radula of Cr) or asteriscus (e.g. FNA 21). Like integrifolium, its involucral bracts have pubescent surfaces, and it has mostly sessile, cordate-clasping leaf-bases. It differs from asteriscus (sensu lato) in its achenes, which have relatively broad ca. 2 mm wings and deep 2-4 mm sinuses (as in integrifolium); its leaves are harshly scabrous-hispid (versus usually thinly scabrous-hispid to glabrous), mostly opposite below to alternate above (versus whorled to opposite); its stems have spreading hairs up to 1+ mm long (versus mostly hispid to almost glabrous and often glaucous).


Comment:
Mistakenly listed for Kentucky by Browne & Athey (1992); see Medley (1993).


Comment:
Recently reported in Kentucky; details to be documented (Mears 1999, Jones 2005). This appears to be a recent east Asian introduction in mid-Atlantic states, but not yet reported in the southeast (Weakley).

EK: BALL

Footnote:
This East Asian annual is a close relative of iria, found mostly in temperate regions (versus tropical). In Ky. it has been found only in BALL, but it has probably been overlooked in other regions (Mears & Libby 1995, Mears 1999, J). C. microiria appeared in New York and New England after 1980, but has not yet spread into southeastern states (FNA 23, W). The name C. amuricus Max. may be correct for this species rather than microiria (PL, W).


Comment:
This species may have been confused with C. bushii; colls. need rechecking.

LO: CARL.

EK: GARR FLEM FRAN (SRice Echo Spring Swamp, 12Jul1984) HOPK LAUR LETC MADI OWSL PULA ROCK WOLF

TSmith adds from MI VB etc.

Footnote:
This is concentrated in subxeric woods of Appalachian regions or nearby, but also extend west to the Ozarks (FNA 23, K). See notes under virescens.


Comment:
This taxon has been confused with C. caroliniana; colls. need checking; e.g. POWE (ek); see Weckman et al. (2003). MCRE & PULA (NK) were redet from hirsutella by Naczi and Reznicek. FNA indicates the key character is simply leaves glabrescent, at least abaxially; versus pilose on both surfaces in hirsutella.

EK: CASE ESTI LAUR LETC MCRE POWE PULA WHIT

OHIO: recent found in se Lawrence, Athens, Gallia Counties...

Rez: yes seems a good species though yes superifically intermediate

TSmith add MONT (MW at MI)

Footnote:
This is close to hirsutella, and there has been some confusion, but recent analysis has confirmed the distinction of these two species (Smith & Waterway 2008a). C. complanata is more southern and generally occurs on damper lowland sites. The only consistent observable difference is that leaves are glabrescent, especially on adaxial surfaces; hirsutella has blades more uniformly and densely pilose, at least on lower leaves (FNA 23; T.W. Smith, pers. comm). C. complanata also tends to have less distinct nerves on perigynia (Cr). It has also been confused with caroliniana (or even considered transitional), due to its relatively smooth leaves and perhaps other characters.


Comment:
This species may have been confused with C. bushii; colls. need rechecking. GRNP (NK); Thieret 53643; redet from bushii to hirsutella by Naczi.

LO: OLDH.

EK: BARR BOYL BULL CALD CALL CLIN ESTI FLEM FRAN
HARD JACK LYON MADI MARI MUHL POWE ROCK SHEL TRIG WHIT
ELLI GARR FULT LAUR POWE MONT PERR TODD TRIG WHIT

TSmith added data from MI BELL...

Footnote:
This is a widespread weedy species in eastern North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is relatively variable compared to related species, but the rare hybrids that have been discovered are sterile or nearly so (Smith & Waterway 2008a). See notes under complanata and caroliniana.


Comment:
LYON & TRIG (NK) redet from "bushii" by Naczi. Lower case records are tentatively transferred from caroliniana.

LO: TRIG.

EK: CALD CALL CLIN FLEM ("bushii") FRAN FLOY LAUR LINC LYON ("bushii") MCRA MENI MONT TRIG ("bushii") POWE

Smith: confirms in general EK etc; also CHRI (MI); HARD (RC at MI!!!); KNOX (MI);

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species has often been confused with related species. C. caroliniana (2n = 48) differs from complanata (2n unknown) and hirsutella (2n = 52) in its perigynia (FNA 23, W), which are minutely beaked (0.1-0.2 mm versus beakless), terete to subtriangular in cross-section (versus flattened-triangular), and usually more spreading (at >45 degrees versus appressed-ascending). Leaf blades are mostly glabrescent, as in complanata.


Footnote:
This extraordinary monocarpic perennial ranges widely across east-central states but it is only locally abundant, usually in thin woods on seasonally dry base-rich soils. When flowering, it is by far the tallest species of Gentianaceae in eastern North America, at ca. 1-2 m; 2n = 78. Threadgill et al. (1981) showed that rosettes live for years or decades before flowering, which occurs after a minimum size is reached.


Comment:
The PULA (ek) coll. may be mixed with B. paniculata, from the Hazel Dell Meadow. It is possible that these two species intergrade at Hazel Dell, but this needs more study; intermediates are not reported in current treatments. 

1 = USFS data (D. Taylor et al., Daniel Boone National Forest); 

2 = KSNPC data (M. Evans et al..).

Footnote:
This slender mycotrophic annual is widely scattered across eastern North America but largely restricted to seasonally wet open areas on strongly acid boggy soils. It appears to intergrade with paniculata at the Hazel Dell site in PULA, and occasional intermediates are reported in other states (Gillett 1959); 2n = 52 in both species.


Comment:
BOON (jc) along road to Dinsmore Woods.
HART: RS 2011 growing much from their farm; get coll!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
MADI (jc): Bluegrass Army Depot
FRAN (jc): near Jeff Soles house
GARR (jc) in dolomitic grasslands
Collections to be made/processed.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern diploid (2n = 34) is generally assigned adventive or uncertain status in most southeastern states (F, Cr, FNA 21, W). It is probably native to Ky. in some remnants of grassland on deeper calcareous soils, but it also appears to have spread along roadsides. There has been some confusion with giganteus and maxmilianii, and hydridization is known. H. giganteus (on medium acid soils) and the closely related grosseserratus (on more base-rich soils) are among the tallest perennial herbs in Ky., reaching 4-5 m under optimal conditions; see also Sida hermaphrodita. 

   Compared to giganteus and maxmiliani, grosseserratus has leaves with longer petioles (ca. 1-5 cm versus 0-1.5 cm); also, the blades are larger (mostly 10-30 x 3-5 cm versus 8-20 x 1-3.5 cm), usually deep-serrate (versus shallow- to subentire), paler and densely puberulent below (versus green and scabrid-hirsute). Its rhizomes tend to be more elongated, sending up colonial stems that tend to be less hairy in the inflorescnce and more glaucous, but these are not diagnostic differences. Heads of grosseserratus tend to be larger, with rays 2-4.5 cm (versus 1.5-3 cm), and with less marginal pubescence on phyllaries and disc florets.


FullName:
Helianthus grosseserratus x microcephalus ?

Comment:
Reported from Stanton Ranger District (Campbell et al. 1989); may be unlikely.


Comment:
All records are post-1950; this species has been widely planted and does not seem to be native. The SHEL (ky) collection needs rechecking.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 34) species of the Great Plains does not appear to be native in eastern states, except for a few possibly adventive records in northern regions (Cr, Y, W). In Ky. there were no records before Beckett (1956), but one or more cultivars have been widely promoted in recent decades for supposed wildflower meadows and wildlife benefits. Persistent plantings and escapes are widely scattered and sometimes misinterpreted as native.


FullName:
Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. americanum (Michx.) Beauvard

Comment:
The ROWA (MO) label data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992), but not ruled out.

Footnote:
The only plants referable to this northeastern annual that are currently known in Ky. are along trails close to Sky Bridge at Red River Gorge in WOLF. Old unverified records come from McMurtrie (1819), Rafinesque (1840) and later authors. There is also a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) with dubious label data (Campbell et al. 1992). 

   There has been uncertainty about the treatment of varieties within M. lineare, and the plants mapped here have been named var. lineare or var. pectinatum (Pennell) Fern. by some authors. The more northern var. lineare may not be worth distinguishing, but var. pectinatum is a more distinct taxon known only from the Atlantic Coastal Plain (W).


FullName:
Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. latifolium Bart.

Footnote:
In Ky. this Appalachian taxon is known only from oak woods on sandstone ridges of Cumberland Mt. in BELL and HARL.


Comment:
ROCK (JC) is from cemetery where found by Jim Hays. 

JACK (JC) = JIm Hays site shown to JC and others; did we get coll? check!! 
also an obscure but believable roadside record from JACK via USFS info (see Redbird Inventory). 

2 = Price 1893 handwritten addenda; check MOBOT.

The CHRI (PH) record is inferred from Short's "barrens of Kentucky" locality on the coll label.

LESL: see KSNPC and Redbird Invfor details; plants rescued from US 421 roadside to yard of Rufous Fugate near Hyden.

PU: Kentucky 5/12/1877 ; no more details?? coll by Chas. R. Barnes ??
PU: BARR 3/14/1874 Joh. Hussey; check (from database)

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 48) annual (or biennial) is widely scattered in eastern North America, but usually restricted to remnants of native grassland on dry or damp base-rich soils. Within Ky. the only known secure populations are in glades of LARU and LEWI, and in an old cemetery of ROCK that is mowed annually before Memorial Day (May 31). The closely related diploid perennial of more western regions, C. sessiliflora Pursh, was reported from Ky. by BA in error (M).


Comment:
1 = Pennell (1935), citing collection at KY that burned. Recheck LAUR (KY).

Footnote:
This is typical of rocky woods and thickets on base-rich soils in east-central states. It is often concentrated along relatively stable edges and bluffs in association with oaks.


Comment:
1 = Epling (1942), cited by Braun; see also Baskin & Baskin (1985).

2 = H. Bryan, pers. comm. 

Early records of S. ambigua (= parvula var. missouriensis, unknown in Kentucky) may belong here (see Fernald 1950).

An extra NELS (LB) coll was det as S. ambigua.

FAYE (PH) by Short was also ambigua, but the label "Lexington" is uncertain.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on xeric calcareous sites in midwestern states. There are records from Ky. of the more eastern taxon, S. ambigua Nutt. (= S. nervosa var. ambigua or S. parvula var. missouriensis (Torr.) Goodman & Lawson). However, ambigua is combined with leonardii in most recent treatments (W), and the plants from Ky. may not be clearly distinct (B, F, M).


Comment:
More colls. under var. flavum need to be checked for possible assignment here.

Footnote:
This southeastern taxon occurs mostly in Appalachian regions. It is generally distinct from aureum; see notes under aureum. Both taxa occur in thin woods on submesic to subxeric sites.


Comment:
A few of these colls. have not been det to var., but this var. seems to be far more common than var. t. (atropurpureum).

GH: BOYD, CART, HARL.

NY: BOYD (? var).

EK: HARL

Footnote:
This occurs mostly west of the highest Appalachian mountains, especially on calcareous sites in midwestern regions. It is reasonable to recognize it as a species distinct from trioliatum, but more research is needed. Appropriate nomenclature remains uncertain (Rafinesque 1836, 4:29-31; Gm, F, K, W, Y). In Ky. aureum is clearly more common than trifoliatum, but some records need to be checked. As var. flavum, F and others have differentiated this taxon based on several characters: larger fruits (ca. 4-5 mm long versus 3-4 mm); yellow flowers (versus dark purple); larger umbels (usually 3-9 cm wide versus 1.5-3 cm); cauline leaves ternate to quinate (versus simple to ternate) with larger central leaflets (3-8 cm long versus 2-4.5 cm); simple basal leaves larger (3-10 cm long versus 1.5-5 cm); stems taller (3-15 dm versus 2-6 dm) and rarely purplish (versus often); rhizomes thicker (5-15 mm versus 3-5 mm). These plants are often confused with Zizia aptera.


Comment:
NY: CW Short MD Kentucky 1842 "Barrens of Ky." (see also GH)--what did he mean???--is there a disjunct locality in western regions.

NY: NC (Ewain, Macon, Madison Cos); TN (Cocke Co.).

NP: has had several erroneous records; currently dubious are CLIN, CRIT, ESTI and

and 5-10 x 1-3 mm in pinnatifidum)

Footnote:
These rather poorly known plants occur locally in thin woods on dry calcareous soils of ne. Ky. and se. Ohio, disjunct from their main range in the Ridge and Valley region of Tenn., N.C. and Ala. Leaf shapes appear to vary between these ranges, and some genetic differentiation may be expected (as in Solidago harrissii). The plants in Ky. may be distinct enough to deserve a new name (D. Estes. pers. comm.).

   T. pinnatifidum can be distinguished from chapmannii and barbinode by its relatively deep green (versus yellowish-green) leaves, 3-4-ternate (versus 2-3-ternate), with numerous ultimate pinnatifid segments ca. 5-10 x 1-3 mm in size (versus serrate to laciniate, ca. 8-30 x 5-20 mm). Bractlets are mostly longer (ca. 3-6 mm versus 1-4 mm). Flowers may be white initially (versus pale yellow to pale maroon), but can fade to "yellowish-tan" in older colls. (W). Fruits are usually 3-4 mm long, 2-3 mm wide with relatively narrow wings, and often puberulent (versus 3-6 mm long, up to 4 mm wide with some relatively broad wings, glabrous).


Footnote:
This occurs in thin woods and brushy openings on dry acid soils, from the Atlantic Coastal Plain to Appalachian regions to sandy regions of the midwest. It has been confused with triquinata in some early literature.


Comment:
A ROWA (MO) coll. has dubious label data, apparently confused with HARL material.

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to cooler zones of the central and southern Appalachians, where it occurs in thin mesic woods and openings. In Ky. the records from HARL (KY) and probably LETC (KSNPC) are well-documented. There is a 1939 coll. labelled as from ROWA (MDKY), but the data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992). Further west, records are more dubious and may be based on venenosa: (1) Short (1840) listed it for "barrens of Ky."; (2) Pr listed it for WARR, but no coll. has been located at MO; (3) a 1950s coll. from ADAI (F) was verified by R. Cranfill (pers. comm.).


Comment:
The type is from P = Paris (Michaux) "ca. Danville".  

TRIG (ap) needs checking: see also Ellis et al. 1971. 

Braun's MCRE & PULA records are erroneous, based on dentatum forms; check also mw. Similar mistakes have been made elsewhere, e.g. in Arkansas.

EK: ANDE, GARR, MERC, WOOD

GH: BOYL ("rocky ravines near Danville" Biltmore Herbarium #4773b, 6 Sep 1905; "isotype"); JESS.

CUMB: (WK) MM-16182-87 18May1987 N-facing bluff on Cumberland Rv, mid-slopes; check maps/notes for exact location...
FRAN: (Univ of Ga) WDuncan-31162 w/MMedley; top of high steep ridge south of Frankfort; also MM coll. 17Sep1993.
GARR: (TN) EM&ETBrowne-6514 29Sep1962 banks of White Oak Cr between dirt county road and Ky Rv..
WOOD: (TN) EM&ETBrowne-8096 4Oct1963 along stream in ravine at Clifton near Ky Rv. [DEstes notes "more puescent than typical].

VB: TN RKral-42245 Smith Co. bluffs above Caney Fork 3.8 mi N of Chestnut Mound.

Footnote:
This is an uncommon species of mesic calcareous or dolomitic bluffs in Ark., Mo, Iowa, Ill., Ind., sw. Ohio (rare in ravines draining glaciated lands), Ky. (rare on Ordovician cliffs along Kentucky Rv. and Cumberland Rv) and Tenn. (one site along Caney Fk. of Cumberland Rv. in Smith Co). Records from BATH, FLEM, MCRE, PULA and TRIG (B at GH/MO; Wharton 1945; Ellis et al. 1971) have been based on misidentified dentatum, recognitum or rafinesquianum. 

   Variation in molle deserves further attention; 2n is reportedly 18 or 36. The Ozarkian plants often spread by runners to form clonal colonies, but in Ky. such behavior is unknown (Y). Those plants have been confused with V. ozarkense Ashe (Weckman 2002), to which the name V. dentatum var. deamii has also been sometimes misapplied. V. ozarkense has much affiinity with V. bracteatum Rehder of s. Tenn, n. Ala. and n. Ga., and may be conspecific (D. Estes, pers. comm.); 2n = 36 in both.


Comment:
1 = records of var. deamii that should perhaps be mapped here; see notes there.

The JESS (EK) coll. may be var. indianense (= var. deamii?).

GH: BATH; ROWA? (Braun #1734; perhaps a transition to var. semitomentosum; see below).

NC: BALL, HEND, ROWA.

Footnote:
This species, broadly defined, includes a polyploid series of plants (2n = 36, 54, 72); see also the closely allied V. recognitum. Var. dentatum may have a widespread southeastern range, but circumscription and mapping of taxa in this complex needs refinement (Cr, Y, W). Most colls. of the species from Ky. are probably referable to var. dentatum, but some from the east appear closer to var. semitomentosum, and others (especially from the west) may be referable to var. deamii; see notes under those names.


FullName:
Viburnum dentatum L. var. deamii (Rehd.) Fern.

Comment:
These colls. need checking; this relatively glabrous (branchlets, petioles), stipulate form may not be worth recognizing.

1 = sources of Medley (1993); check Wharton & Barbour (1991); Braun collections again at US, etc.? 

Braun's records from MCRE and ROWA are tentatively  mapped with var. semitomentosum; as are her collections at GH (examined!) "molle" from FLEM and CASE; she and others were confused by the dentatum complex.

GH: none? only from IL, IN and OH; and perhaps MO (= "ozarkense"?).

AP: TRIG EWofford-01638 in triangle around entire shore of Hematite Lake; JC it has some small stipules and stalked glands on petiole thus true deamii??

NOTE: DEstes says molle group versus dentatum group has flattened (versus plump) seeds, stalked glands on petioles (?stipules) etc; includes bracteatum molle raf (JC more basiphilous?). Is deamii a transition???

Is there a BALL record???--check old notes...

Footnote:
This name has been applied to octoploid plants (2n = 72) in east-central states from Pa. to Mo., but morphological distinction remains somewhat unclear (D, St, Cr, Y, W). It is reasonable to include the relatively smooth-leaved var. indianense (Rehd.) Fern. from Ill., Ind. and Ohio. Several colls. in Ky. appear at least transitional to vars. deamii or to indianense, but most of these are not clearly distinct: from CART, CASE, CLAR, FLEM, LAUR, MCRE, ROWA and TRIG. Their distribution is similar to var. dentatum and they are combined in this Atlas pending further study.

   Based on the litetrature, both deamii and indianense are usually distinguishable from typical dentatum in having stipitate glands on inflorescence branches, petioles and leaf-veins. Like var. dentatum, they have tend to have relatively elongated, thin-textured leaves, which are sometimes only thinly pubescent below (versus more rounded, subcoriaceous and pubescent in vars. semitomentosum, venosum and scabrellum).


Footnote:
This Chinese species is often confused with barbarum, as reflected in nomenclatural history, and some authors have combined the two species (Cr, J). The only verified records from Ky. are coll. from JEFF (MM # 18084-87 at WKY) and MEAD (herbarium of Ind. Univ. SE). L. chinense has corolla lobes longer than the tubes (versus shorter); its leaves are bright green (versus gray green) and relatively short (ca. 2-5 cm versus 3-8 cm).


FullName:
Heuchera longiflora Rydb. var. nov. {pubescent western plants}

Species:
longiflora var. nov. {pubescent western plants}


Comment:
This hybrid may not be worth mapping; check distinction and horticultural use.


Footnote:
This was introduced to eastern states as a fragrant ornamental during the mid-1800s or before (Gray 1864). In 1914, Gm noted: "common about old premises in Kentucky where it has at times been observed to assume the character of a weed." It is now one of the most abundant shrubby vines across the state. Unfortunately, most of the colls. at KY were mislaid in the 1990s.


FullName:
Lonicera japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (P.W. Wats.) Baker

Comment:
This relatively purplish, glabrous variety may be widespread; check original taxonomy and native distribution to see if really distinct.

Footnote:
This relatively smooth, purplish variety may be somewhat distinct, but the taxomony and distribution need to be checked.


Comment:
1 = Medley (1993); references/colls. to be checked; probably most from RA (CARL GRAV)

Footnote:
Varieties in this southeastern species have proven difficult to maintain (Y). Typical var. diffusa has been considered more southern and perhaps unknown in Ky. (but see Y and W). Plants known as var. interior Fern. & Grisc., including most or all Ky. colls., occur in the lower Mississippi Valley and on nearby uplands. B. diffusa has also been confused with B. asteroides var. recognita, and there may be some hybridization; both taxa are diploids, with 2n = 18 (FNA 20, Y).


FullName:
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. var. asteroides


FullName:
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Cronq.

Species:
asteroides var. recognita (latisquama var. r.)

Comment:
KY: HEND MCLE

jc noted tentatively ided scrap by trail in Baker Prairie 2011, but might be adventive with planted seed?

Short 1840: glastifolia "swamps around Louisville"

Footnote:
Varieties in this southeastern species deserve close attention. The largely midwestern var. recognita is generally distinct from the more southern var. asteroides, but they have often been combined as varieties (FNA 20, Y, W); both are tetraploids (2n = 36). Var. recognita appears closer to the diploid var. latisquama (Gray) Cronq., which has a similar range but remains unknown in Ky. (FNA 20). Var. recognita has also been confused with B. diffusa (another diploid), and some records need to be rechecked.


FullName:
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. var. pulchellus

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern diploid (2n = 18) of medium acid soils, with one predominant variety.


FullName:
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. var. brauniae Fern.

Comment:
LEWI (LB) is the type location; located at NY and probably other herbaria.

The ROBE (MM) collection should be rechecked, since it is from drier calcareous woods.

Footnote:
This is generally distinct in appearance and habitat, being largely restricted to the wooded edges of sandy riverbanks along the Appalachian Cliff Section of Ohio, Ky. and Tenn.


Footnote:
This is widespread across temperate North America, mostly occuring on damp fertile soils in thin woods or more open habitats. Though varying much in overall dimensions, few segregates are recognized (FNA 20) and only diploids are known (2n = 18). In Ky. it flowers mostly during Apr-Jun, about the same time as pulchellus (or perhaps peaking 1-3 weeks later), but hybrids are unknown. A related midwestern species with smaller bluish heads, E. tenuis Torr. & Gray, has been reported from Ky., but its presence is dubious (M).


Comment:
Lower case indicates possible transitions to E. annuus. Several Appalachian colls. are forma discoidea, which may be distinct. Most material is var. strigosus, but a few are the "ill-defined" southern var. beyrichii: CALL (OK), HICK (Grubbs 1989), OHIO (KY).

Footnote:
Variation in this widespread North American species is complex and needs further study; there is  a polyploid series (2n = 18 to 54) and many plants are apomictic (F, FNA 19, Y). Most colls. from Ky. are referable to the widespread weedy annual, var. strigosus. 

   Several colls. appear transitional to E. annuus (see also under that name), but may be referable to the more northern E. strigosus var. septentrionalis (Fern.) & Wieg.) Fern.  A few colls. from western counties (CALL at OKL, HICK at MUR, OHIO at KY) are referable to the more southern var. beyrichii (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Torr. & Gray ex Gray. Several Appalachian colls. (from CART, ELLI, JOHN, MCRE, WHIT) at least tend towards to var. discoidea Robbins. Also to be expected is var. calcicola J. Allison, a slender perennial that has been recently described from limestone glades in n. Ala., nw. Ga. and c. Tenn., where it is locally abundant (Allison & Stephens 2001; W; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This annual weed is widespread across temperate North America. In Ky. it may have been widespread before settlement, but increased greatly during the 1800s to become a major problem in hay-meadows and over-grazed pastures. It is not clear if there are records from Ky. earlier than 1914, when Gm considered it "introduced." Typical annuus is mostly triploid (2n = 27) and apomictic (FNA 19, Y). There is considerable variation and possible intergradation with E. strigosus, but varieties have not been widely recognized within annuus. Both species flower mostly during Jun-Sep in Ky.


Footnote:
This weedy annual diploid (2n = 18) is widespread across North and Central America. As with the earlier flowering Erigeron annuus, Conyza canadensis appears to have increased greatly in Ky. to become a major problem after settlement. In 1914, Gm noted: "in cultivated ground and in grass land of almost any sort... often exceedingly common... difficult to get rid of because it is so prolific..."


Comment:
1 = HARL; Robinson (1913), from a Kearney coll., cited by Braun: Kearney 218 (GH) near Poor Fork Post Office; also a dupe "Pine Mt" in herbarium of W. Deane.

GH: HARL (Kearney #218; JC notes-- very small glabrate -- and another sheet with same number cut out and filed with canadensis, more hairy?)

POWE (MI) = Wharton (1945). 
3 = Davies (1955).

Footnote:
This close relative of canadensis has been recognized by several authors as a species or variety in southeastern states (W), extending up the Ohio Valley on sandy soils to se. Mo. (Y), s. Ind. and s. Ohio (PL). It is probably more widespread in Ky. than colls. indicate. It is locally abundant in fields and other openings on sandy uplands of MCRE and PULA.


Comment:
ah 1 = Harvill (1941), cited by Medley; collections may have burned at KY in 1948.

rc 2 = Cranfill (1991), but no coll left at KY. 

It is remarkable that there are virtually no post-1950 records, especially considering its weedy nature. Do botanists have a blind spot, or has there been a real change?

Footnote:
This widespread midwestern species can be confused with canadensis, and it may have been often overlooked. C. ramosissima differs in its smaller heads, 0.7-1 mm wide (versus 1-5 mm), and its low branched spreading habit, usually less than 25 cm tall (versus over 30 cm). It is rare in the Ohio Valley, where there are a few colls. from s. Ind. (D; M. Homoya, pers. comm.), s. Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.), Ky. (B; Harvill 1941, Cranfill 1991), and nw. Tenn. (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.), but most date from before 1950. It was not mapped in Ky. or Tenn. by FNA 20.


Comment:
"Seen by no other botanist since Michaux" (Nuttall); see Braun (1943).

1 = Nesom 2005.

CHECK RANGE IN BLACK BELT MS???

Footnote:
Based on recent revision, this species is locally abundant in calcareous regions of c. Ky. and c. Tenn., plus scattered sites in c. Miss., ne. Ala., nw. Ga. and perhaps n. W.Va. (Nesom 2005, FNA 20; K, PL, W). Its original habitats may have been thin woodlands and grasslands maintained by seasonal flooding, browsing or drying. In Ky. it is mostly known from old rocky pastures and roadsides with late or irregular annual mowing. It is also frequent along the rocky banks of the Little South Fork (PULA, WAYN).

   Rafinesque (1836, 2:23-24; Merrill 1949) described three taxa under Bellis from Ky., all of which can now be referred to intergifolium: (1) parviflora "on rocks, rare... very small half size of B. integrifolia"; (2) nutans, a more slender plant "in the glades of West Kentucky... flowers... same size as B. integrifolia, which grows by the millions in those glades, where I found them all in 1823"; (3) typical integrifolia, "All over the Western States... in glades." 

   Astranthium is a remarkable, largely southwestern genus of annuals or biennials with low chromosome numbers. There has been much confusion between integrifolium and the disjunct southwestern species, A. ciliatum (Raf.) Nesom; 2n = 8 in both (Neson 2005; FNA 20).


Comment:
jc = unprocessed coll./sight record from Pine Mt. Settlement School (may need new collection). 

The BELL (ME) coll. needs checking. 

ah = Harvill (1941), probably based on a pre-fire collection at KY.

Footnote:
This is the common European "daisy" typical of short mowed lawns. It is locally introduced in more northern regions, but does not seem to be increasing within  southeastern states (W).


Comment:
1 = Nelson (1919). 

2 = Hussey (1876); EDMO assumed, but could be adjacent; no coll at Purdue.

Apparently established in the past as a weed; but not collected since 1950. 

See also records of Short et al. (1833), Linney (1882), Harvil (1941) and others.

Footnote:
This cultivated species ("elecampane") was apparently established in the past as an occasional escape from cultivation, but it has not been collected since 1940. It has ancient medicinal uses, with camphoraceous chemistry somewhat like the distantly allied genus Pluchea but much more pleasant; 2n = 20 in both (FNA 20). [Pluchea was separated into tribe Plucheae by FNA, and the remaining traditional Inuleae were treated as Gnaphalieae.]


Footnote:
This is widespread in wetlands of southeastern states, but generally absent from cooler regions. In Ky. it is rare to absent in the Bluegrass, Knobs and northern Appalachian Plateau.


Footnote:
This weedy annual or biennial is widespread across North America, and various segregates can be recognized; 2n = 14 and 28. See notes under argyrinea.


Comment:
Apparently alien from Europe, but assumed native by Braun (1943).

Footnote:
This annual diploid (2n = 14) is generally considered to be a European weed, now widespread across northern states and southern Canada (Cr, FNA 20, W). B found this in Ky. at several sites, and considered it native in 1943, but the only subsequent Ky. record is a coll. of J. Thieret from KENT (KNK).


FullName:
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt

Footnote:
Variation in this widespread eastern annual may deserve further study across ite range, but only tetraploids (2n = 28) have been reported (FNA 20). Colls. at KY from ANDE, EDMO, FRAN, GARR, MONT and perhaps elsewhere are referable to var. praecox Fern. (as treated in Gnaphalium), which is concentrated on the southeastern Coastal Plain (F). However, that segregate does not now appear to be significant (Nesom 2001b). Colls. should also be rechecked for P. microdenium.


Comment:
Probably should be combined with var. calcaratum.

Footnote:
Following W, hyssopifolium is variable species (2n = 20, 30) that includes var. calcaratum Fern. & Schub. (sometimes misnamed "E linearifolium Walt."). The latter appears superficially to be a narrow-leaved extreme (FNA 21). Colls. referred to var. hyssopifolium in its strict sense (F) appear to be intermediate between var. calcaratum and E. torreyanum, and mostly come from southeastern counties  (BARR, LAUR, MCRE, PULA). A thorough review of colls. from Ky. is needed, partly to see if narrow-leaved plants have been spreading north during recent decades, as in Mo. (Y). The first records from Ky. that are referable to var. calcaratum date from the 1940s (M).


FullName:
Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. var. calcaratum Fern. & Schub.

Comment:
Not to be confused with E. glaucescens (linearifolium). It is not clear how this differs from the typical variety; and both appear only to be depauperate or stunted xeric forms often, compared to the more common var. laciniatum (E. torreyanum).


Comment:
Cronquists suggests hybrid origin; all are polyploids, mostly tetraploids, whereas var. hyssopifolium and var. calcaratum include some diploids. Check CLAR (be).

Footnote:
This distinct species (W) occurs in southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv. It is probably derived from hybrids of hyssopifolium with another species, perhaps semiserratum (Cr, FNA 21). It is mostly tetraploid (2n = 40), whereas hyssopifolium includes just triploids (2n = 30) and diploids (2n = 20).


Comment:
glaucescens: apparently the only record is a Short (PH) collection from "hills of Lincoln Co.", which is now filed with E. altissimum.

Also cuneifolium: reported in error by Browne & Athey (1992).; see Medley (1993).
perhaps semiserratum????


Comment:
1 = Campbell & Meijer 1989; check for colls

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 20) occurs widely on wet fertile soils in eastern and central North America. Occasional hybrids with serotinum (X truncatum Muhl. ex Willd.) are scattered widely across east-central states (Tucker & Dill 1989), and have been found in MARI, NELS and ROWA (M). These hybrids include plants named E. perfoliatum var. cuneatum Engelm. & Gray or, misleadingly, E. resinosum Torr. var. kentuckiense Fern.


FullName:
Eupatorium ×truncatum Muhl. ex Willd. (pro sp.)

Comment:
1 = other source of Medley (1993). This taxon has also been named E. perfoliatum var. cuneatum and E. resinosum var. kentuckiense.

Wunderlin (1972) named these E. x polyneuron (F.J. Herm.) Wunderlin


Species:
sativa (serriola var. integrata/forma integrifolia)

Comment:
The cultivated lettuce does flower often but does not seem to become established; reports are somewhat obscure or dubious; see Medley (1993); Harvill (1941).

Footnote:
This abundantly cultivated species (lettuce) does not seem to become truly established in wilder lands of North America. There are a few rather obscure or dubious records of escapes from Ky. (M). Plants known as L. serriola var. integrata Gren. & Gordon may result from hybridization of sativa and serriola (Cr). These and other Eurasian aliens in North America are diploids (2n = 18), whereas native species of Lactuca are tetraploids (2n = 38). However, there is little documentation of hybrids between species within these generic divisions (Cr, FNA 19).


Footnote:
This showy alien ("chicory") is a cosmpolitan weed in temperate regions. Although variable in some characters, and selected for salad greens in the vegetable, no segregates are generally recognized; 2n = 18 only (in marked contrast to related weedy genera). It was first reported from Ky. in 1914, when Gm noted: "becoming a common weed locally in lawns and about the edges of towns... The seeds are scattered with forage seeds." It is now abundant in suitable habitat across the state.


Comment:
Confirmed on sandstone cliffs, Indian Hill, near Brownsville.

Footnote:
This distinctive southwestern species (2n = 12) is extremely rare east of the Mississippi Rv. (FNA 19, W). It was discovered by R. Seymour on Indian Hill, near Brownsville in EDMO. Although confirmed by JC, there has been lingering doubt about distinction from virginica, which also occurs at this site (A. Dattilo, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This annual is typical of bare sandy soils across eastern states; 2n = 10, 20.


Comment:
EK: CALD HARL LEWI POWE

Excluded:
Anderson 1924: "Lexington" May 28 1894 JS Terrell Agr Sch; check???

Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 60-68) is widely scattered across eastern North America, but in Ky. it is largely restricted to wet acid soils in streamhead seeps and along banks of small streams within Appalachian regions. A mysterious old record from FAYE (KY-Agr.) is excluded here (Anderson 1924); the coll. has not been located.


Footnote:
This distinctive sedge has larger spikes and larger perigynia than other Ovales in Ky. It occurs in swampy woods and thickets of midwestern regions, especially glacial plains south of the Great Lakes; 2n = 80.


FullName:
Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. scoparia

Comment:
The CART coll. may be f. condensa. CAMP (NK) is from the St Anne's Convent woods on Ohio River floodplain. CLAR (BE) is from the quarry on Ky 418.

Also DO: LAUR, ROCK.

EK: ADAI ESTI FLOY HARD HARL HOPK

Anderson 1924: "Kentucky River" RPeter KY

Footnote:
This is a variable species with a broad northern range. The coll. from CART (MDKY) may be referable to var. condensa Fern., which is not recognized in recent treatments, but has been reported widely from northeastern regions (F). Sterile hybrids with alata, straminea and other species are documented in various states (FNA 23).


FullName:
Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. moniliformis Tuckerman

Comment:
This taxon seems to merit more than forma status, perhaps even species.

Check FNA.

EK: HARL KNOX LAUR ROWA WOLF

Footnote:
The taxon seems to merit more than forma status, as treated in F. It occurs across most of the range of the species, but with less southern extension. Although locally distinct in Appalachian Ky., intermediates are known in other states (e.g. colls. at DOV).  A. Reznicek, R. Naczi (pers. comm.) and others doubt the taxonomic significance of congestion versus extension within the inflorescences of scoparia (as in tribuloides).


Comment:
It has large tussocks of narrow leaves, with spikes generally hidden; much overlooked. All records need to be rechecked; this species has been confused with C. rugosperma in Kentucky. 

The MCRE (ky) coll. is unusually robust.

EK: BREA BUTL GRNP LEWI PULA

JESS (jc): Hickman Cr of Camp Nelson; check colls; live plant at GW??

HARD: JC 2010 Lay Glade!!!

Footnote:
This densely cespitose, short-culmed species has been confused with tonsa (or rugosperma), and both taxa have been often overlooked due to their low hidden inflorescences. In Ky. and elsewhere umbellata appears to be typical of relatively base-rich soils in dry open woods and grasslands, "often at edges of ant hills" (FNA 23). However, it is variable across its range, and some populations may occur in more acid or sandy soils (e.g. Y).


Comment:
All records need rechecking; this species has been much confused with C. umbellata in Kentucky. See inconsistencies between Fernald (1950) versus Gleason & Cronquist (1952).

MART: NP (check AC origin???)

Footnote:
This northeastern species has been confused in nomenclature with tonsa and umbellata, and should perhaps be treated a variety of tonsa (FNA 23). In Ky., it is restricted to dry sandy soils, especially on open sandstone clifftops. Typical tonsa is somewhat more northern and unknown in Ky., but further revison is needed. 

   Both rugosperma and tonsa are distinct from umbellata in their generally longer perigynia (3.1-4.7 mm versus 2.2-3.2 mm), with longer beaks (0.9-2 mm versus 0.4-1 mm). Also, their leaves are often relatively wide (up to 4.3 mm versus 2.3 mm), short (sometimes equalled by stems versus never in umbellata), bright-green and coriaceous.


Comment:
ROBE = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

EK ROCK was in old notes; cannot find Jan 2009

Footnote:
This annual ranges widely from Atlantic to Pacific states (except those adjacent to Canada), but it is most common from southeastern states to the midwest.


FullName:
Piptatherum racemosum Ricker ex A.S. Hitchc.

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is known only from under limestone cliffs in the Kentucky River Palisades and in the eastern Knobs Region (or its Appalachian transitions). Segregation of Piptatherum from Oryzopsis (FNA 24) has been challenged (Y).


Comment:
The FAYE and perhaps CRIT colls. suggest some hybridization with C. blanda, which has been confused with this species. BOON (NK) was redet as oligocarpa. Check FAYE, JESS, MASO, NICH, etc. in Bluegrass region: gracilescens may be rare/unknown in this region; are these all oligocarpa instead?

EK: CRIT KNOX LAUR MCLE MONT OWSL POWE ROCK TODD WOLF

KY: HENR and NICH confirmed; MASO also? but has rather long rel straight beak like laxiflora.

Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 33, 38, 40) is widespread across eastern North America, but rare to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. In Ky. gracilescens is typical of streambanks on acid soils, but there are a few records from calcareous regions. It has often been confused with blanda and other species in Laxiflorae or even Griseae. Compared to blanda (F, Cr, FNA 23), gracilescens has perigynia that are mostly shorter (ca. 2.2-3 mm versus 2.5-4 mm), but with the beak more prolonged and "often proboscis-like" (versus abruptly contracted and short). The distinctive purplish or reddish color of the lowest sheaths is sometimes obscure or faded in colls.


Comment:
Possible hybrids are: x digitalis (at BE from WARR); 
NOT x gracilescens (at KY from FAYE) = blanda.

Recheck BALL& LEWI records; KY was redet??? Need to replace???

LO: HARD, JEFF, TRIG.

EK: BARR BELL BOYL BREC CALD CALL CART CHRI CLIN ESTI FAYE FLEM FRAN FULT GARR GRAV GREE HANC HARD HEND JACK JESS KNOX LARU LAUR LEWI LINC LIVI LOGA MADI MONT NELS OHIO POWE PULA ROCK SHEL WARR WOLF

Footnote:
This widespread, weedy species is often confused with other species. Occasional hybrids are suspected (e.g. with digitalis in WARR at BEREA), but there is little direct evidence of hybridization across its range (FNA 23). There is considerable variation in perigynium shape, length of the staminate peduncle, and chromosome numbers (2n = 30, 32, 34, 36, ?40).


Comment:
Additional material at BE from HARL syggests hydridization with C. digitalis.

EK: ANDE BATH CLIN ESTI WAYN WHIT

KY: JESS!! Camp Nelson Cemetary area; woods on bluff above creek; also Jessamine Gorge of SW facing point north of mouth of Leatherwood Creek.

JC: JESS also at mouth of Jess Cr along Reed's road!!!

KY: BULL Bernheim Forest!!!

KY: FAYE!!! Raven Run; also AMPeter 27Apr1879 "creek at Winton" (??Hinton)

NP: MARI in old reports/maos of KSNPC must be from old provisional listing of this species; it was a fed candidate...??

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on the Cumberland Plateau, but it also extends east to the Southern Appalachians, and locally west into c. Ky. and c. Tenn. (FNA 23, PL). A coll. from HARL (BEREA) suggests hybridization with digitalis, but there may be considerable variation with purpurifera (2n = 34, 36, 38).


Comment:
LOST collections at KY? BELL (KY); CART (KY); ESTI (KY); FLOY (K); HARD (KY); MCLE (KY); POWE (KY); WEBS (ky); they were there in herbarium in 1990s; recheck!!!

LO: JEFF!!

EK: ADAI BELL BREA CART ELLI ESTI FAYE FLEM FRAN GRNP HARL JACK LARU LESL LETC MCRE MONT POWE ROCK

Footnote:
Identifications and variation may still need further study, since several other species are closely related, but typical laxiflora appears to be a relatively uniform, widespread eastern species (2n = 40). Hybrids are virtually unknown (FNA 23). A few colls. have been named var. serrulata F.J. Herm. (CAMP, MAGO, PULA), with serrulate angles on bract sheaths, but that taxon is now considered insignificant (Naczi et al. 2002b).


FullName:
Carex laxiflora Lam. var. serrulata F.J. Herm.

Comment:
The MAGO (NA) coll. is by McFarland and Shaklette. Check for C. kraliana, to which these collections may be transferred; R. Naczi notes that var. serrulata is now established to be a synonym of typical laxiflora; see notes under kraliana.


Comment:
Most colls. need checking; some are not easily distinguished from C. laxiflora.

Rechecked JESS (ky); FAYE (jc); these fairly certain but could used authority id.

LO: HARD (bridge over Meeting Cr  east of Big Clifty), POWE.

EK: POWE

JC: HART Kinney Tract 2010; sandy soil!!

Footnote:
This southeastern species (2n = 36, 40) has often been confused with laxiflora or styloflexa. It is close to laxiflora, but is usually distinct in its larger perigynia (ca. 3.9-5.1 mm long versus 3.2-4.1 mm) and longer staminate spikes (ca. 22-32 mm versus 12-24 mm); also, foliage is usually glaucous in Ky. (versus plain green). C. striatula is relatively frequent in Appalachian regions of Ky., and it probably also occurs further west in Ky. and s. Ind. (F). However, some western colls. may be atypical or need further verification (especially with immature perigynia).


Comment:
Colls. need checking (mw??); they may be hybrids of C. gracilescens (with laxiculmis?) 

LAUR (NK) must be on loan: Nov 2005.

LINC (MW #2105) was redet as gracilescens; with Naczi Feb 2006.

EK: HARL LAUR MONT ROCK

Footnote:
This southeastern species (2n = 48) appears most closely related to striatula (of drier habitats). Its spikes are mostly shorter (ca. 0.5-2 cm versus 1-3 cm) and denser, with the lowest on a long, arching or drooping peduncle (versus short, erect or ascending); its perigynia tend have a more distinct, long-narrowed and strongly outcurved beak. There has also been some confusion with gracilescens, which often occurs in similar habitats; but the more extended fusiform perigynium beaks of striatula are distinctive, and its basal sheaths are not purplish or reddish  as in fresh gracilescens (FNA 23, W).


Comment:
The HARD coll. reported by R. Cranfill cannot be found at KY or EK. 

Check KSNPC data; McKinney? Where is coll???

Footnote:
This southeastern species (2n = 42) of lowland woods has recently been collected from HICK on slopes above Three Ponds by L. McKinney (KSNPC database). No coll. has been located to support Cranfill's (1991) record from HARD, which seems less likely. C. crebriflora is scattered across Tenn. and Va., including some counties close or adjacent to Ky. 

   The fusiform perigynia of crebriflora resemble those of laxiflora, styloflexa and striatula, except that their apices are erect (versus more or less curved) and they are ascending in the spikes (versus spreading). Its distal spikes are overlapping (versus separate), and equalling or exceeding the terminal staminate spike (versus clearly exceeded). Also, lower peduncles arise at least half way up the culm (versus in the lower third).


Comment:
Braun (1943) collected this on Black Mt in HARL; other collections have been made by M. Medley (?), R. Jones (but none at EK?) and T. Wieboldt (Virginia Polytechnic Institute).

Footnote:
This northeastern species (2n = 36) extends south in the Appalachians mostly at high elevation (PL). B collected it on Black Mountain in HARL (US). Other colls. there have been made by M. Medley (for WKY) and T. Wieboldt (Virginia Polytechnic Institute).


Comment:
EK: BULL CALD CASE CLIN CRIT ESTI FRAN FULT GARR HICK JACK LEWI LINC MADI MCLE NELS POWE ROCK SHEL TODD TRIG

Footnote:
This is widespread on damp base-rich soils across eastern and central North America. Although there is much variation across the range (2n = 36-42; FNA 23), plants in Ky. appear relatively uniform.


Comment:
Colls. are immature in some cases; this is a neglected species and should be collected more often. Locally abundant but in small areas of xeric or xerohydric calcareous grassland and rocky glades.

EK: BULL HARD WAYN

LB BOON none at US Jun 2011

Footnote:
This short species is widespread, but easily overlooked, in seasonally wet calcareous open areas across cool temperate regions of North America (K). However, there is much disjunction between major populations. In Ky. it is only locally abundant, especially in glades of the Nolin River and lower Salt River watersheds. In Tenn. it is known only from the Nashville Basin (Ch). More searching is needed; several records mapped here remain unconfirmed, based on colls. that have not been located or checked (including data of NP).


Comment:
The MERC (ky) coll. was det. as oligocarpa by Reznicek (due to its purplish base?) but it is unusually robust.

Also mm: HARR.

EK: HARD JESS LAUR MADI MERC ROCK

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in northern and midwestern regions, but generally restricted to mesic woods on rocky calcareous soils in relatively deep ravines. It has sometimes been confused with oligocarpa, a less robust species that is more common and often grows in the same habitat. One of the clearest differences in hitchcockiana (F; FNA 23) is its brown culm bases (versus purple-red). Also, perigynia are usually longer (mostly 4.6-5.6 mm versus 3.7-4.7 mm), and sheaths are hispidulous (versus glabrous). There is little difference in leaf width.


Comment:
Few collections at NK in Nov 2005; must be on loan.

EK: ANDE CART CLIN FRAN FULT JESS LARU MADI MCLE MERC NELS WOOD

Footnote:
This is typical of mesic to subxeric woods on base-rich soils in east-central states.


Comment:
See Naczi (1999) for his citations entered here. The additional lower case records need checking. This taxon has been considered intermediate between C. amphibola and C. grisea, but Naczi shows that it is closer to oligocarpa. It has more elongated perigynia with tapering apex; leaves tend to be relatively long and broad. See also PULA (NK). WARR (KY, NC, etc.): Conrad 963.

EK: CLIN CRIT ESTI GRAV LYON

JESS (JC): Hickman Cr Camp Nelson coll; check
WOOD (JC): Clear Cr Denton Farm 2010.

Footnote:
Before their recent description as a species (Naczi 1999), this southeastern plants were often considered intermediate between amphibola and grisea. Naczi showed that planispicata is closer to oligocarpa, which shares the distichous arrangement of perigynia and purplish shoot bases. C. planispicata differs from oligocarpa in its more elongated perigynia (l/w = usually 2.5-3.3 versus 2.1-2.6) with tapering apices; its relatively short achenes; its longest spikes with more perigynia (usually 7-14 versus 4-8); and its broader leaves (up to 3.5-6.5 mm versus 1.8-4 mm). It tends to occur on more acid loamy soils, often on toe-slopes and terraces.


Comment:
Further revision of colls. is needed; only KY and NK have been critically examined by Naczi. FNA indicates that grisea has generally wider perigynia with a more rounded cross-section versus amphibola and corrugata.

HARR (US/KW): JC for Millenium Seed Project

EK: CHRI LEWI LINC MADI MERC WOOD

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is close to amphibola and corrugata (FNA 23), and there has been much confusion (e.g. Cr). C. grisea differs from both those species in its more elongated achene bodies (usually 3.1-3.5 mm versus 1.8-2.3 mm) on relatively short stipes (mostly 0.3-0.4 mm versus 0.4-0.6 mm). Compared to amphibola, the perigynia of grisea are wider (usually 2-2.6 mm versus 1.5-1.9 mm), less elongated (l/w = 1.8-2.3 versus 2.5-3.1), and more rounded in cross-section. Compared to corrugata, its pergynia are longer (usually 4.5-5.1 mm versus 3.9-4.5 mm) but with similar l/w ratio.


Comment:
Needs further revision; only KY and NK have been critically examined by Naczi...

EK: BATH BOON CALD CART CHRI CLAR CRIT CLIN ESTI FRAN GREE HANC HARL JACK LARU LEE LINC LYON MCRA POWE ROCK TODD WASH WOLF

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species of damp to dry acid soils has been confused with planispicata, corrugata, grisea and other species; see notes under those names. Some colls. from Ky. need to be rechecked.


FullName:
Carex crinita Lam. var. brevicrinis Fern.

Comment:
Colls from CALL, MARS and GRAV (all by R. Athey) are labeled var. brevicrinis but need checking; the ROWA (NC) by Cusick was det by Naczi but this & other NC colls indicate unclear separation from var. crinita, with several "intermediate" fide Bruederle.

Recheck BELL (NK); collected by Naczi and ided by him, so there!!!

EK: CLIN

Footnote:
This is a southeastern variety, found mostly on the Coastal Plain (FNA 23). Distinction from var. crinita is not clear in some cases, and there may be intermediate plants.


Comment:
This may not be clearly distinct from crinita; some colls. need rechecking. See also LAUR (NK): several colls det by Naczi.

LO: POWE.

EK: MCRE POWE

Footnote:
This close relative of crinita has a northeastern and Appalachian range, and may be typical of more acid sites. Hybrids are reportedly rare and sterile (FNA 23; and citations there). Perigynia are ovoid-ellipsoid (versus obovoid); apices of pistillate scale are acuminate (versus retuse); and sheaths are scabrous (versus glabrous). Some colls. need rechecking or may appear intermediate.


Comment:
This rare species of the southeastern Coastal Plain ( was cited from Ky. by Cronquist (1991), based on a coll. by C.W. Short (NY), labeled only "Lexington, Ky.", and det. by Bruederle et al. (1989); however, this was reportedly redetermined as C. gynandra (Medley 1993).

Footnote:
A coll. of C. gynandra from Ky. by C.W. Short (NY) was apparently misidentified as C. mitchelliana M.A. Curtis, leading to erroneous records from Ky. by Bruederle et al. (1989), Cr and FNA 23 (M). However, mitchelliana is expected in the state. It is a globally threatened species known mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain, but extending north on the Cumberland Plateau to Scott Co., Tenn., adjacent to Ky. (Ch). It is close to gynandra but perigynia are ovoid (versus ovoid to ellipsoid) and papillose (versus smooth); achenes are not constricted (versus "variously constricted"); and pistillate scale apices are truncate (versus acuminate).


Comment:
The JEFF coll. may be var. lacustris.

LO: BALL.

EK: BALL FRAN MCRA

Footnote:
This tall colonial glaucous-leaved sedge is widespread from southeastern states to the southern Great Lakes region, but it is concentrated in the Mississippi Valley and west Gulf Coastal Plain (K).


Comment:
Reported in Jones (2005) from the Coastal Plain. A JEFF coll of Medley may be var. lacustris (check records and collections).

Footnote:
This northern species is a close relative of hyalinolepis that may occur in Ky. but verification is needed. It was reported by J from the Coastal Plain, and there may be a coll. from JEFF (MM for WKY). There are also records from close to Ky. in Ill., Ind. and Ohio (K).


Comment:
See also NK for UNIO, ROWA, etc.

DO: CAMP, BELL.

LO: HARD, OWEN.

EK: ANDE BARR BELL BOYL BULL CLAR CLAY CLIN CRIT ESTI FAYE FLOY FRAN GREE HENR HOPK JACK JESS KNOT LARU LAUR LEE LESL LEWI LINC MADI MCLE MENI NELS OLDH POWE PULA ROCK SPEN TRIG WASH WHIT WOLF WOOD

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states from mid-Atlantic states to Ozarkian regions (FNA 23). It is generally replaced on the southeastern Coastal Plain by aureolensis, and some colls. from western regions of Ky. need to be rechecked for that species.


Comment:
MM @ WK!! id by Naczi: MEM 845-79 & 853-79 1979Jun12; Bayou de Chien between Howel Rd and US 51, N bank of stream on E end near Howel Rd.

KY: frnakii folder checked Feb 2009 could find none.

JLemoke: MCLE 2006 between Calhoun and Livermore; has invitation to return.

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species was described in 1855, but largely ignored for 150 years. It was first recorded from Ky. in FNA 23, and a coll. from FULT (MM for WKY) has been det. by R.L. Naczi: M.E. Medley #845-79 & 853-79, 12 Jun 1979; Bayou de Chien between Howel Rd and US 51, north bank at east end near Howel Rd. There is also a recent coll. from MCLE by J. Lempke (verified by JC). Colls. named frankii from western regions should be rechecked for aureolensis, which differs in its longer rhizomes, more open inflorescences (generally with less robust spikes), and scales with broad hyaline margins in lower sections.


Comment:
Compared to squarrosa, this generally has more elongated spikes, appressed perigynia, perhaps more bluish?

LO: MEAD.

EK: CALD CLIN HICK JACK LAUR MONT

WK: WARR immature

Footnote:
This is close to squarrosa, and often confused. Both species are widespread across eastern states, typically on wet medium-acid soils, but typhina is concentrated in deeper swamps with less exposure to droughts or disturbances. In Ky. an apparent hybrid was collected by R. Naczi from LAUR (DOV). 

  C. typhina can be clearly distinguished from squarrosa (FNA 23) by its relatively short achenes (l/w = 1.2-1.9 versus 1.9-2.5) and straight deciduous styles (versus sinuous, persistent). its perigynia are usually appressed-ascending (versus widely radiating to, at base, reflexed), often with slightly scabrous beaks (versus usually smooth). Pistillate portions of spikes are often more elongated (ca. 1-4.3 cm versus 1-2.5 cm), usually with an oblong shape (versus somewhat ovate); pistillate are blunt to acute (versus acute to awned). Plants tend to have broader leaves (usually 4-8 mm versus 3-5 mm), with a slightly bluish/grayish hue, and more spikes per stem (usually 2-4 versus 1-2).


Comment:
Also ADAI (FI).
LO: HARD.

EK: ADAI CALD CALL CAMP CART CASE CHRI CLIN ESTI FRAN GRAV HICK JACK JEFF KNOT LETC LAUR MADI MCRA MCRE MONT NELS PERR POWE PULA ROCK ROWA TRIG WHIT


FullName:
Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. tenella (Willd.) Fern.

Comment:
Most all octoflora may be var. glauca (incl. var. tenella), but there are  many colls. that need checking (lower case source symbols).

Footnote:
Most colls. of octoflora from Ky. may be referable to this northern taxon. However, several need to be rechecked for var. octoflora (including var. aristulata Torr. ex L.H. Dewey). The priority of var. tenella over var. glauca (Willd.) Fern. has recently been established by Allred (2008).


FullName:
Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. octoflora

Comment:
Most or all colls. fit may be referred to var. aristulata (included here) rather than var. octoflora (sensu stricto). Other records may come from checking colls. included here with var. glauca.

Footnote:
This taxon is reportedly widespread in temperate North America and adventive elsewhere in the World (FNA 24). However, variation deserves more study. Distinction from var. tenella needs further attention, and several assignments remain uncertain. See also note on var. hirtella under V. sciurea.


Footnote:
This weedy alien annual is widespread across temperate North America, except in arid regions. It has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement. Anderson (1924) listed a coll. of R. Peter from Lexington in 1834, noted "common" (at KY before fire). D. glomerata is a variable species (2n = 14 to 42), and several cultivars have been developed, but taxonomic segregates are not generally recognized (FNA 24).


Footnote:
This native annual is widely scattered in open disturbed areas on medium acid soils across southeastern states, but with records concentrated in the Carolinas, s. Ill. and Mo. (FNA 24, K). It is often overlooked or confused with annua. In Ky. most records come from in or near former "barrens" of western regions, and from dry sandy terraces of the Ohio Rv. or its tributaries.


Comment:
Generally thought to be introduced from Europe in North America; however, there is some suggestion of native status to the north (e.g. the alvars of Ontario).

WK: HART (JC 2007).

Footnote:
In North America, this variable species (2n = 35 to 84) is generally thought to be introduced from Europe (FNA 24). However, some botanists have suggested native status to the north (e.g. in the alvars of Ontario), and the common name "Canadian bluegrass" is puzzling.


Comment:
See also "angustifolia", which should perhaps be combined.

Footnote:
This is a widespread circumboreal species, or species-complex, with a great range in chromosome number; 2n = 27 to 147. Many variants have been recognized (FNA 24); see also notes under angustifolia. Some plants in northern states and Canada have been considered native (F), and there are clearly native segregates typical of boreal and alpine regions (Stoneberg-Holt 2003). But it remains unclear if any plants occurred in more central to southern states before European settlement. In Ky. pratensis has been widely planted for pasture and lawns since the period of Virginian settlement, using seed derived from Europe, and it prospered on fertile calcareous soils.


Comment:
This is a tentative name for narrow-leaved plants frequent in old-fields of the Bluegrass Region and elsewhere; whether these plants accord with typical angustifolia, as known in Eurasia and included by Fernald (1950) is unclear.

Footnote:
This is considered native to a large region of western Eurasia, and it is now widely scattered in temperate North America (F, FNA 24). The taxon may be better treated as P. pratensis ssp. angustifolia (L.) Lej., as in FNA. It is highly variable, with 2n = 28 to 83, but low ploidies predominate. In Ky. such plants are frequent in old-fields, especially within the Bluegrass region. Gm noted: "Bluegrass is a variable plant. In open pastures where the turf is long-established it is often of a pure green color, with narrow, slightly folded blades..."

   These plants differ from typical pratensis in their more densely tufted habit (less turf-forming) and leaf blades that are only 0.4-1 mm wide, even in well-grown plants (versus up to 1.5-4.5 mm). Aso blades tend to be involute and often have sparse hairs (versus rarely).


Comment:
Fernald (1950) indicates native status in North America, at least to the north; but this remains unclear.

EK jan 2009 cannot find JEFF from older notes (also ?LEWI)

Footnote:
F indicated native status for this species in North America, at least to the north, but R. Soreng (in FNA 24) considered it all introduced from Europe. Further clarification could come from research into early colls. and any records of planting for pasture. Anderson (1924) noted: "rare in Kentucky, and perhaps not established." P. trivialis is now locally abundant in thin woods along streams, especially in the Bluegrass Region and other areas with fertile soils. It is the only simple diploid Poa (2n = 14) known in eastern North America; most species are tetraploids or have polyploid series.


Comment:
CLAR (NP): website has this "historical" but not trusted here.

Report from HARD (Fort Knox report of Johnson et al. 1991) based on misid; see Medley 1993 etc.

BATH JC site 28 Foster Branch valley 1-2 miles sw of Hope, edge of woods along bottomland; 23 May 1984

MONT/BATH JC site 14 2 mi S of Hope, knobs E of Rt 713, mixed oak forest; 14 May 1984.

Footnote:
This is an uncommon species from mid-Atlantic to upper mid-western states (Va. to Minn.), usually on somewhat base-rich soils. In Ky. it is known only from thin woods and glade margins in foothills of the eastern Knobs, generally on or near dolomitic soils. P. languida has been treated as a species (F, W), subspecies (FNA 24), or insignificant variant (K) of saltuensis. P. saltuensis is a more widespread species of northeastern states and adjacent Canada, often on more acid soils; languida occurs along its southern and western borders.


Footnote:
This southeastern species is scattered across much of Ky., especially in submesic woods on non-calcareous soils. It is virtually absent in states to the north and west, except for the Shawnee Hills of s. Ill. and s. Ind. (PL). In Ky. it usually flowers during May, about the same time as sylvestris; there are no records from July onwards.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered in mesic woods on fertile soils in eastern states, but concentrated from mid-Atlantic to Ozarkian regions.


Footnote:
This largely tropical or subtropical species has been considered native to both Western and Eastern Hemispheres, but J.K. Wipff (FNA 25) indicated only the Eastern. 

   Both ischaemum and violascens have spikelets in groups of 3-5 at least in middle portions of inflorescence branches; fertile lemmas are light to dark brown or blackish; leaves are largely glabrous; 2n = 36 (FNA 25). D. violascens differs from ischaemum in its lack of axillary panicles, smaller spikelets (1.2-1.7 mm long versus 1.7-2.3 mm), unequal glumes (x 0.75 versus subequal), and lack of capitate hairs in spikelets (see also W).


Comment:
1 = Gentry (1963); 2 = Kearney (1893-94) from HARL or BELL (not at US?).

Garman 1914: "Clinton" Ky in HICK

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable weedy species in southeastern states and n. Mexico, with concentration on the  Coastal Plain; 2n = 36 and 54. It is locally frequent in far-western counties of Ky. (see also Gm), but there are only scattered records from central regions.


FullName:
Digitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) Pilger

Comment:
1 = Anderson (1924), "Clay's Ferry"; this source also cites a Garman coll. (not found) from "Rocky Hill Station".

LO: FULT.

D. Estes thinks he may have found this at Wondering Woods in Mammoth Cave NP (Nov 2008) but too late for coll.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 36) is widely scattered in eastern states but concentrated on dry sandy soils in a broad band from the Great Lakes to Tex. and La., and also on the Coastal Plain to southern New England (FNA 25). As in Ky., the species is generally uncommon between these two zones.


Comment:
JEFF: KY CWShort MD Kentucky 1840 "Paspalum vaginatum, Ell." "Louisv."

EK: CALL MARS; [ROBE "diss" = set]

Footnote:
This southeastern species is similar to laeve but with smaller spikelets (ca. 1.7-2.1 x 1-1.4 mm versus 2.3-3.3 x 2-2.7 mm), broadly winged branch axes (1.8-3 mm wide versus 0.6-1.3 mm), mostly shorter narrower leaves, and more decumbent habit; 2n = 40 and 60 (FNA 25). It occurs on wetter sites than laeve, especially shorelines. The outlying northern coll. from JEFF (KY) was made by C.W. Short in 1840 at Louisville.


Footnote:
This widespread diploid (2n = 20) of swampy shorelines ranges from southeastern states to tropical America. Based on their less robust annual habit, the more northern plants in eastern states have been segregated as P. repens var. fluitans (Ell.) J. Wipff & S.D. Jones, or even as a distinct species (Cr, W). However, some recent treatments have merged these two taxa (e.g. FNA 25, Y).


Comment:
EK: FAYE "dist" = set var cil?
EK: LIVI!!! ("paspaloides")

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable weedy species of shorelines, ditches and wet fields, from southern states to South America; 2n = 20 to 61 (FNA 25). The closely related Central and South American species, P. notatum Flugge ("bahia-grass"), has been widely planted on the southeastern Coastal Plain, and may be expected in western Ky. (FNA 25).


Comment:
1 = McFarland (1941). All Kentucky material appears asignable to var. glabrum, but this is not generally recognized in current treatments.

Footnote:
This is widespread from southeastern states to Mexico and Cuba, especially on fertile soils in mowed or trampled areas; 2n = 60 and ca. 64 (FNA 25). P. publiflorum is similar to setaceum, but has larger spikelets (2.8-3.6 mm versus 1.4-2.6 mm), longer ligules (1-3.2 mm versus 0.2-0.5 mm), and a more decumbent habit, rooting at the nodes. All Ky. colls. are referable to var. glabrum Vasey ex Scribn., but that segregate is not considered distinct in recent treatments (FNA 25). Typical var. pubiflorum is less robust, more hairy, and is reported to have a relatively southwestern range (Hitchcock & Chase 1950; F, W).


Comment:
MCRE: US Braun 755 (as "setaceum var. ciliatifolium") det as longepedunculata by D. Banks in 1963; Medley 1993 has this switched??? which is correct.

Anderson 1924: Kearney 1893 26, 56, 386; BELL and/or HARL; check US etc.

Footnote:
This is part of the setaceum complex, for which mapping here remains somewhat tentative. Only diploids (2n = 20) are known in this widespread southeastern complex, and the segregates are sometimes hard to distinguish (FNA 25). Both longepedunculatum and typical setaceum have ranges concentrated on the Coastal Plain. Ky. records of both taxa are mostly from dry sandy soils in southeastern counties. The coll. mapped here from JEFF (MM for WKY) may represent a waif, found near railroad tracks. 

   P. longepedunculatum has been treated as a variety or subspecies within setaceum (FNA 25), but it is more distinct than most other included taxa. It has relatively short spikelets (1.4-1.8 mm), and leaves that are conspicuously basal, recurved, typically narrower, and usually glabrous. Typical setaceum also has relatively short spikelets (ca. 1.5-1.7 mm), compared to most other taxa in this complex.


Comment:
Need to recheck these collections.

Anderson (1947): setaceum from MCRA but no var indicated...

Footnote:
See notes under longepedunculatum, which is closely related. The two reported Ky. colls. of typical setaceum need confirmation: from BELL and LETC (B; see US). Var. setaceum is also close to var. stramineum, differing in its relatively narrow, more hairy, and more grayish-green leaves (versus yellowish- to dark green in var. stramineum); also, its spikelets are relatively short (mostly 1.5-1.7 mm versus 1.7-2.4 mm).


FullName:
Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. stramineum (Nash) D. Banks

Footnote:
This variety is reported to have a relatively western range, but the few Ky. records are only from central counties. FNA 25 indicated that it is close to var. muhlenbergii, with spikelets that are generally shorter, paler and more hairy. In earlier treatment, F and Hitchcock & Chase (1950) stated that its blades are minutely puberulent, but this character was omitted in FNA 25; further revision or explanation is needed.


FullName:
Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. muehlenbergii (Nash) D. Banks

Species:
setaceum var. muhlenbergii (P. pubescens)

Footnote:
This hairy variety extends more into northeastern states and adjacent Canada, compared to other varieties, but with no clear difference in habitat. It appears to be relatively frequent in Ky.


FullName:
Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey

Comment:
EK = ROBE ? to recheck...("dissectum" of Pitillo); also FAYE "distichum"

Footnote:
This relatively smooth variety may be more frequent to the south within Ky. (often on sandy soils), and its global range is slightly more southern than var. muhlenbergii. However, the degree of biological and ecological distinction seems rather small.


Footnote:
This variable South American species ("dallis-grass") has been widely sown in warm regions of North America for forage and other mowed turf; 2n = 20 to 63 (FNA 25). It prospers locally along roadsides in southern regions of Ky. but remains virtually unknown along the state's northern borders. The first Ky. record comes from Pr (handwritten addenda) in the 1890s; see also Anderson (1924). P. dilatatum and P. urvillei are the only members of the genus in Ky. with distinctly long-pilose spikelets.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 40) is native to South America and has become widespread across warmer regions of southeastern states. In the Mississippi Valley north of Memphis it only occurs as a rare waif. There is only one known Ky. coll., made during 1985 by MM in a railroad yard of JEFF (KY). P. urvillei is one of the most robust species of the genus, often ca. 2 m tall and with 10-30 panicle branches.


FullName:
Paspalum laeve Michx. var. pilosum Scribn.

Comment:
This not clearly distinct from var. laeve; there may be several other records included under var. laeve.

Footnote:
This hairy variety is not recognized in recent treatments, but within Ky. it appears more frequent to the south. It has a somewhat more southern overall range (Hitchcock & Chase 1950).


Comment:
1 =  Bryant (1973); 2 = Matthews (1962); 3 = Price (1893). Some colls. may be at least transitional to var. pilosum or var. circulare.

Footnote:
Variation within this widespread southeastern species deserves further study; 2n = 20 to 80 (FNA 25). Most plants in Ky. are referable to var. pilosum, with spikelets ca. 2-2.5 mm long, 2-3 inflorescence branches and smooth foliage. Some records mapped here may be transferable to var. pilosum or var. circulare.


FullName:
Paspalum laeve Michx. var. circulare (Nash) Stone

Comment:
Is this taxon really distinct? Other colls. may be included under var. laeve.

Footnote:
This variety is not recognized in recent treatments, but its relatively large orbicular spikelets seem distinct, and it has a somewhat more northern range than typical var. laeve (Hitchcock & Chase 1950).


FullName:
Paspalum floridanum Michx. var. floridanum

Comment:
Presence not certain. Colls. should be rechecked.

Footnote:
This species is a high polyploid (2n = 120-170) that is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the more widespread pubiflorum (FNA 25). Both have southeastern ranges, but pubiflorum extends further inland, and occurs on relatively fertile soils. P. floridanum differs in its rhizomatous habit with erect culms, 8-21 dm tall (versus stoloniferous, 3-13 dm tall); its spikelets are strictly glabrous (versus often hairy), usually larger (2.9-4.3 x 1.9-3.1 mm versus 2.5-3.6 x 1.3-2.4 mm), more or less suborbicular (versus elliptic to obovate), with upper florets often golden-brown (versus just pale to tan). 

   Var. floridanum itself is relatively hairy, and generally associated with acid soils (including pinewoods further south). It appears to be rare in Ky. (F). A related species, P. bifidum (Bertoloni) Nash, is known mostly from longleaf pine savannas but extends north to sandy soils of se. Mo. and w. Tenn.


FullName:
Paspalum floridanum Michx. var. glabratum Engelm. ex Vasey

Comment:
Lower case codes denote colls. not determined to var., but most likely var. glabratum.

1 = FNA 25;

WHIT: DBoone I75 loc abu near Corbin 2011

Footnote:
See notes under var. floridanum. Var. glabratum is a relatively robust, glabrous, glaucous segregate that extends into the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys, often on more base-rich soils (F). There is a disjunct cluster of records for var. glabratum around the Bluegrass region of Ky., Ind. and Ohio (FNA 25; see also FNA's Grass Manual on the web).


Comment:
M. Medley has record of Morgan s.n. from LOGA (KY) but this was not refound.

EK: CALL (corn field W Fk Clarks Rv) GRAV (sand bars in Bayou die Chien) HICK (as in Graves); all RAthey

Footnote:
This widespread tetraploid (2n = 40) of warm temperate to tropical regions extends up the Mississippi Valley to a somewhat disjunct cluster of records in w. Ky. and adjacent Stewart Co., Tenn. (Cr, Ch, FNA 25). There is also a disjunct cluster of largely pre-1950 records in the Tennessee Valley around Knoxville (Ch; E. Wofford, pers. comm.). Although sometimes found in farmland, its more natural habitats include sandbars along larger medium-sized streams. 

   P. boscianum is easily overlooked. Differences from similar species (especially pubiflorum) include its annual habit (versus perennial), and its dark brown fertile lemmas at maturity (versus stramineous or pale brown), with obovate to orbicular shape (versus variously shaped).


Comment:
1 = Anderson (1924), "Columbus" McFarland & Anderson 229 1923 Aug 24

EK: ESTI "col" = cg

Footnote:
This pantropical weed is widely scattered on damp sites in southern states; 2n = 54.


Comment:
GH: 
CALL (L.B. Smith et al. #4096; achenes ca. 2 mm only but poorly developed); HARL (Kearney #173, achenes ca. 3 mm); 
MADI (Smith et al. #3633, "dry sandy barrens, Burnt Bridge Ridge, E of Berea".)

check also MU for CALL.

Footnote:
This close relative of triglomerata occurs largely on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, typically growing on dry acid soils. It may deserve no more than varietal status, and has not been separated at all from triglomerata in some recent treatments (Cr, FNA 23). However, while admitting much "hybridization or incomplete hybridization" in the genus, R. LeBlond (in W) considered that nitida is a distinct species; see also F. Further examination of Ky. colls. is needed for mapping. There are colls. at GH from CALL, HARL and MADI that have been det. as nitida by authorities.

  S. nitida reportedly differs from triglomerata in its frequently longer rhizomes; its leaves are yellowish-green (versus bluish geen) and narrower on average (ca. 4-6 mm wide, versus 6-8 mm); its sheaths are usually purplish (versus bluish-green, except for the band at summit), and the ventral surface is pubescent, especially on the "membranous band" (F) at the summit (versus glabrous, or nearly so); and its achenes are longer (2.8-4 mm versus 2-3.3 mm).


Footnote:
This annual is widely reported from eastern and western states (FNA 24), but there has been much confusion with racemosus; see notes under the latter. In Ky. the first colls. referable to commutatus may date from ca. 1930-1940 (McFarland 1942; B).


FullName:
Anagallis arvensis L. var. caerulea (Schreb.) Gren. & Godr.

Species:
arvensis var. caerulea ("ssp. foemina"*)

Comment:
In addition f. caerulea is collected  from WOOD (KY), LOGA (EK), JESS (EK), FAYE (KA); this taxon has been called var. caerulea or ssp. foemina also. It seems to be scattered with the typical plants but much less common; probably not deserving separate mapping.

Footnote:
This segregate of arvensis has been treated as a forma, variety, subspecies, or distinct species, and its status still seems uncertain (FNA 8). It is occasionally scattered with the typical plants in Ky. but much less common, and perhaps concentrated on the most fertile soils.


Comment:
JC BATH by roadside dump south of I 64 on by Slate Creek slope; first trip ravine
(with B Ratliff Mar 2011)

Footnote:
This commonly cultivated perennial can persist in old gardens, and is locally escaped in northeastern states. It is well established in urban woodlands of JEFF, being locally common at Iroquois Park, and a few patches at Cherokee Park (colls. of P. Haragan for EKY).


Footnote:
This close relative of communis is widely cultivated in North America but perhaps not truly naturalized. Two Ky. colls. suggest occasional persistence in abandoned gardens: from EDMO (M. Medley #18975-88 for WKY) has been been identified as G. italicus P. Mill.; and a coll. from GRAV (R. Athey #2181; check EKY) as G. segetum Ker-Gawl. The latter has been combined with italicus in recent treatments (FNA 26).


Footnote:
This Chinese shrub has occasionally escaped from cultivation in northeastern states. In Ky. colls. of self-seeded plants have been made in JEFF and MCRE (Weckman et al. 2002; EKY), but it is not clear if these will become reproducing populations.


Footnote:
This Chinese shrub is widely planted, and it rarely spreads from seed in northeastern states. In Ky. a few plants have established from seed in forest adjacent to the lodge at Pine Mt. State Park in BELL (M, Weckman et al. 2002), but it is not clear if these will become a reproducing population.


Comment:
recall other coll I made in recent years???--check colls
or did Joe Settles bring me some---to check with him...

Footnote:
This Japanese shrub is widely cultivated in North America and has occasionally escaped, especially in northeastern states (PL). A small reproducing population has been found in MADI (Weckman et al. 2002; EKY). Leaves have an unpleasant "burned rubber" or "rotten green pepper" smell when crushed. The allied species, V. plicatum Thunb. ("Japanese Snowball"), is often planted and has escaped locally in some northern and eastern states (PL, W), but it is not yet confirmed in Ky.


Comment:
Most or all Kentucky material matches var. grandiflorus, but this is not recognized in recent treatments. 

Additional collections not mapped here, JEFF (MM, LO) and SCOT (US), are from plantings, perhaps not truly naturalized; these are true inodorus?? (recheck for coronarius with fewer flws per infll.)

mm 1 = Medley (1993) records of intectus and inodorus: check MM.

CALL: (EK) RAthey-5148 14May1986, limestone outcrop on the Rainey Wells property off Cypress Cove Rd.

CUMB (lb) as "inodorus" collection should be at US but not det by Hu.

LYON: (NY) to recheck??? var. intectus annotated there by Hu??? but see also pubescens var. pubigerus.

WAYN: (EK) TJWeckman-2410 25Apr1996 mixed woods along Beaver Cr downstream from Hwy 90 bridge, just west of Monticello.

Check "intectus" reported from Hall's resturant area looking native on bluffs, in CLAR (D. White/T. Barnes pers. comm.): NO this is closer to pubescens!!! but almost glabrous above leaves

Footnote:
These plants have often been misidentified as inodorus in Ky. They generally match Hu's (1954-56) description of intectus, except that they typically have 3-7 flowers in each cymule, versus 5-9 in her description. P. intectus has been considered a glabrous variety or form of pubescens, but Hu revived its status as a species. P. intectus may only be known from limestone bluffs near the Cumberland Rv. in Ky. and Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.), transitional in range and morphology between the largely Ozarkian pubescens and the southern Appalachian inodorus. Colls. from LYON (NY) and other western localities should be rechecked for P. pubescens var. pubigerus Hu, which may be transitional from intectus to pubescens.

   Based on Hu's work and our local observation, intectus differs from pubescens in its smaller seeds (embryos ca. 1.25 mm versus 2 mm); smaller capsules (5-7 mm versus 7-9 mm); stigmatic surfaces unequal (adaxial/abaxial ratio ca. 2-3 versus subequal); sepals, hypanthia and pedicels glabrous (versus pubescent); cymules generally with fewer flowers, (1) 3-7 (9) versus 5-9 (11); and leaves generally glabrous on both surfaces except along veins below (versus pubescent along veins above and uniformly below), averaging larger and broader (often suborbicular on vegetative shoots).


Footnote:
This ornamental shrub is spreading in southeastern states, especially the Carolinas (W). In Ky. it was recently reported for the first time, escaped in MADI (Clark et al. 2005; CW). The southeastern native, C. americana L., is unknown in Ky., but it is frequent across Tenn. beyond 30-50 miles south of the state line (Ch). 

   The transfer of Callicarpa from Verbenaceae to Lamiaceae is based on recent molecular data, but its position within Lamiaceae remains uncertain (Kadereit 2004; W).


Comment:
Lower case colls (not lb) are for plants that may have (or probably have) escaped from plantings. 1 = Jones (1985a).

check MM/JC at Hart Co restarea barrens on I 65...

Footnote:
This commonly cultivated Chinese species has begun to escape occasionally in southeastern states, especially Ala. (SE, W). It has been recently found as an escape in MADI on the campus of Eastern Ky. Univ. (Clark et al. 2005) and perhaps elsewhere. But there is no evidence that this species is spreading into the countryside. Other alien cultivated hollies may be expected, and Bernheim Forest in BULL has a famous planted collection of over 350 cultivars, paradise for ilicimaniacs (Gunn 1959). However, there are no reports so far that any species of this collection have become locally invasive.


Comment:
This species has been found in LAUR (EKY), growing in a "ruderal community near white pine stand" (Clark et al. 2005); the white pine was presumably planted. It is not yet clear if L. xylosteum is becoming established in the wild.


Comment:
This is a cultivated hybrid of complex or uncertain parentage. There is a 1962 coll. from along railroad tracks in WOOD (EKY; Clark et al. 2005).


Comment:
GH: BELL (McFarland #2260; det Camp "linking polyploid forms of viride Ashe and simulatum Small; file with simulatum").

GH: HARL (Kearney #82; det Camp " cited as type for fruit of V. simulatum Small"; but Camp did not change K's original name as "corymbosum").

Footnote:
This is a tetraploid (2n = 48) member of the corymbosum complex occurs at moderate to high elevation in the southern Appalachian regions. Distinction is often difficult (W) and there has been much confusion in Ky. (M). Compared to typical corymbosum, simulatum is reported to have narrower leaves, widest below the middle (versus at or above), acuminate (versus acute to short-acuminate), and serrulate (versus entire); berries are purple-black when fresh (versus blue with glaucous bloom). In Ky. colls. from BELL (GH), HARL (GH, NY), LETC (US) and elsewhere (Wharton 1945; B, M) have been identified as simulatum, but these do not appear clearly distinct based on initial examination. V. similatum has also been determined from several sites in s. Ohio (K, PL).


Footnote:
This is a northern (circumboreal) rhizomatous herb that exstends south to N.J., Pa., Md. and Ind. There is a coll. reportedly from LAWR (NY): J.H. Christ #9782, 8 Sep 1938; "Blaine, on Trail Creek divide, east of Ketchum, under spruces." This curious record needs to be checked; the note "under spruces" suggests a labelling error or cultivated status.


Species:
racemosa (spathulata/simplex ssp. randii* var. racemosa)

Comment:
LO: EDMO, A.T. Hotchkiss 69-9-27-3, 27 Sep 1969, in rocky crevices, moist sandstone cliffs above east end of Nolin River dam.

Footnote:
This northeastern species is known from EDMO (DHL): A.T. Hotchkiss 69-9-27-3, 27 Sep 1969, in rocky crevices, moist sandstone cliffs above east end of Nolin River dam. It has also been reported from se. Ky., where there may be intergradation with arenicola. See notes under arenicola; this whole complex based on simplex (sensu lato) includes a polyploid series (2n = 18, 36, 54), but only tetraploids (2n = 36) are known in arenicola and racemosa (FNA 20).


Comment:
recheck at MU

The "triiflora" (or glaberrima) record from CALL (MU) should be checked for carolina.

Footnote:
P. carolina (broadly defined) may be distinguished from glaberrima (broadly defined) as follows (W): "calyx subcylindric (versus subcampanulate), the sepals fairly broad, with a rather weak midrib, the junction membranes thin, narrow, narrow, becoming markedly plicate keeled." Sm noted that typical carolina "represents an intermediate between [latifolia, glaberrima and maculata], and grades into them in some colonies." It appears closest to glaberrima, but usually has purple-streaked stems like maculata; see notes under maculata. 

   Ssp. carolina is centered around the southern Piedmont and southern Appalachians, while ssp. angusta ranges more widely across the southeast (see notes under that name). Wherry (1955) mapped ssp. carolina in w. Tenn. and se. Mo., close to w. Ky. Although verification is needed, there appears to be at least one coll. of this southeastern taxon from CALL (MUR; see also BA).


Comment:
GH: BATH (Horsey #1781 Olympia, "genuinosa".. "tomentosa", !Phipps); also LAUR (Horsey #1875 Lousia ... "tomentosa"; not det by Phipps, lack leaves).

OLDH (LO): H.H. Woodward-2999 28 Apr 1969, open field along Old Zaring Rd. on way to the Univ. of Louisville Farm.

Footnote:
This northern species has been rarely reported from Ky. (M). Verified colls. (det. by J.B. Phipps) are known only from BATH (GH: Horsey #1781, Olympia) and OLDH (DHL: H. Woodward #2999, field on Old Zaring Rd. to the Univ. of Lousiville Farm).


Species:
cf. persimilis (?palmeri, ?regalis, ?denaria)

Comment:
1 = Slack (1941) from Cherokee Park "denaria"; thesis at Cornell--check colls there??

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. These are miscellaneous records of broad-leaved variants within Series Crus-galli that are grouped here, pending further revision. 
A coll. from MONT (GH) is named C. persimilis Sarg. (verified by J.B. Phipps), which may be a distinct midwestern segregate (including C. hannibalensis Sarg.), perhaps transitional from crus-gallii to calpodendron (F). 

   Sources for these records are colls. at various herbaria (GH, MICH, MO); see also Slack (1941; check Cornell) and Wharton (1945). Included are records of C. palmeri Sarg. (CLAR), C. regalis Beadle (ESTI, LYON, MCRA), and C. denaria Beadle (LYON, JEFF, MCRA; see also C. acutifolia Sarg. in D, perhaps transitional to C. viridis). Some plants may be derived from hybridization (D, F). These taxa are mostly distributed in midwestern regions, especially Ind., Ill., Iowa, Kans., Mo. and Ark., but with eastern records from N.Y., N.C. and Ky. (D, F).


Comment:
MM has coll from FRAN that might be this (where US 127 crosses ?Severn Cr.).

Footnote:
This is closely related to media and pallida (FNA 5, Y). It differs from these species in its sepals 5-6.5 mm long (versus usually 3-5 mm); stamens 8-10 (versus usually 1-5); seeds 1.1-1.7 mm wide (versus 0.5-1.3 mm), with tubercles usually taller than broad (versus broader than tall), and with apex usually acute (versus obtuse). It is usually cross-pollinated (versus both crossed and selfed). S. neglecta has spread rapidly through North America since the 1980s, but there are still few available records from the Ohio Valley and the midwest (e.g. Y). FNA 5 reported it from Ky., and there may be a coll. from FRAN to be checked (M. Medley & J. Thieret for WKY). It remains unknown in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. pubens (Engelm. ex S. Wats.) Reveal

Comment:
1 = FAYE Gillis 1971: coll by Hille 2 at MSC.


Footnote:
This is closely related to hybridus (with possible hybrids) and has probably been overlooked in eastern states, where it is adventive from southwestern states and Mexico (FNA 4; W). A. powellii differs from hybridus in its longer bracts (4-7 mm versus 2-4 mm), and in its inflorescences, which are usually stiff with erect branches (versus usually soft and lax with spreading branches). In Ky. the only record is a coll. from HICK (MUR; Grubbs 1989). A. powellii may also hybridize with dioecious taxa in subgenus Acnida (FNA 4).


Footnote:
This is the widely cultivated "Chaste Tree" that was much used by medieval monks. There is no clear evidence of escaped plants, though a roadside coll. from HENR (DHL) has been cited (M).


Comment:
LO: BALL (Peal Wildlife Area); 
LO: JEFF (little data: "in ponds" 12 May 1957; a student coll.?).

np: 
CARL (1975 Back Slough; check RA); 
FULT (1998 Fish Pond); 
JEFF (1938 Cave Hill Cem;. and 1940 South Park Lake): many colls. at LO!!!
MARS (1941 Clarks Rv near Benton); perhaps a McFarland coll (see 1942 list).

Footnote:
This submersed floating plant is widely scattered in "acidic to alkaline" waters of eastern states, except the upper midwest, and most common on the southeastern Coastal Plain (FNA 3). It is easily missed and rarely collected in Ky. Disjunct records from JEFF (DHL, KSNPC) are old (1938, 1940, 1957) and perhaps from adventive or planted populations, but there were large natural ponds in the county before settlement.


Footnote:
This small shrubby tree ("Amur maple") is occasionally cultivated and has become locally naturalized in BULL (KY) near the arboretum at Bernheim Forest, and perhaps in OLDH (DHL). Further monitoring is needed for this potential problem.


Footnote:
This rhizomatous European species has sometimes been planted as an ornamental and has locally escaped. It may also be native to northeastern U.S.A. and adjacent Canada, but probably not Ky. (Cr, FNA 19). The only Ky. record is a coll. of  R. Athey #1333, from along a "sandy fencerow" in BALL (EKY; check for accession).


Footnote:
This species is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley and has been reported from Ky. (Sm, F), but no colls. have been located. It differs from terrestris in its longer pedicels (0.5-7 mm versus 0.1-0.6 mm), the fruit developing underground, with thickened, curled-over margins (W).


Footnote:
F stated that this Californian species is often cultivated, "tending to spread to cool situations in Ill. and Ky." Presumably F had seen a coll., but no further data are available.


Footnote:
This plant ("winter-aconite") is widely cultivated due to its showy yellow flowers and dissected leaves in early spring. It has slowly become naturalized at several wooded sites across east-central states, especially in suburban areas and associated parks (FNA 3). It has become locally abundant n JEFF (M. Medley #19934-94 for WKY).


Footnote:
This European species is sometimes cultivated and can spread near gardens. Our only record is a mapping in south-central Ky. by Hulten & Freis (1986); see also K.


Footnote:
This widely cultivated species ("Cape-gooseberry") rarely persists as an escape in North America. It is known from an extensive naturalized population in NELS (MM #13659-85 for WKY), and it was reported by Huffaker (1975) from CART.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 28) is the most common cultivated rose of gardens (often known as "French rose"). There are reported colls. from ELLI (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and WHIT (MM for WKY), but the degree of naturalization remains uncertain (CW). The old hybrid with small globular multi-petaled flowers known as R.  X centifolia L. or R. gallica var. centifolia (L.) Regel ("cabbage rose") is derived from a complex of gallica and other species. It has been widely cultivated, and often persists at old home sites.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (or its derived cultivars) is often cultivated (as "Scotch rose"), but it does not generally appear to be naturalizing in eastern states. Our only record for Ky. is an apparently self-seeded plant collected from CALL: M. Medley & R. Cassell #13788-86 (for WKY).


Footnote:
This is a southern species of wet shores that extends north to se. Mo. and scattered sites across Tenn., including some counties adjacent to Ky. (Ch, FNA 25). It was reported from Ky. by RAB but no coll. has been verified.


Comment:
Rubus indianensis L. H. Bailey  [Rosaceae]
= "Rubus centralis L. H. Bailey" in part  of F. L. Johnson et al. 1991.
[Johnson & Anderson K0612 (OKL) Hardin Co. !]
Rare in an oak-hickory woodland in Hardin County on the Highland Rim.

Footnote:
This is previously known only from s. Ind. (Bailey 1943; D, F). There are colls. that appear to be this species from HARD (F.L. Johnson & W.J. Anderson #K-0612 at OKL) and perhaps BATH (M. Medley for WKY).


FullName:
Monolepis nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) Greene

Footnote:
During recent decades, this western species of subalkaline clays has spread to disturbed areas as far east as Ind., Ohio and Ky. (FNA 4; NS; A. Cusick, pers. comm.). It flowers and fruits relatively early for a chenopod, in Apr-May, and it has often been found on compacted soils in fairgrounds and similar sites, before mowing for the annual summer events. The only Ky. record so far is a coll. from a muddy horse show ring at the fairgrounds of OLDH: A. Cusick #36043, 2002 Apr16 (Miami University herbarium).


Footnote:
This cosmopolitan diploid (2n = 16) has been recently found by JC along a busy highway in Lexington (FAYE). Previous reports remain dubious or unverified (M, NS). It is widely scattered in Mo. (Y), Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and probably other states adjacent to Ky. 

   L. ruderale is similar to densiflorum, but differs in its elliptic to ovate fruits (versus obovate to orbicular), which are usually smaller (ca. 1.5-2.5 x 1.5-2 mm versus 2.5-3.5 x 2-2.5 mm); fruiting pedicels are thinner (ca. 0.1-0.15 mm thick versus 0.15-0.25 mm) and puberulent throughout (versus just at summit). Its flowers lack petals completely (versus up to 0.3-0.9 mm long). Plants are typically shorter when well-grown (ca. 1-3.5 dm versus 2.5-5 dm), and even able to flower as dwarfed plants (ca. 0.5-1 dm) when growing densely in stressed environments. 

   A similar Eurasian species with glabrous, glaucous leaves, much larger flowers and fruiits is L. sativum L. ("garden cress"), which may be expected as an escape from cultivation (Cr, FNA 7, W).


Footnote:
This crop (corn, maize) is a widely grown in humid temperate regions; 2n = 20. Plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


Footnote:
This tall maize-like grass ("Job's Tears") is often cultivated for ornamental or other uses; 2n = 20 (FNA 25). Plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from gardens, but they are not independently naturalized. There are colls. from CAMP and MADI (Miami Univ., Ohio).


FullName:
Fimbristylis perpusilla Harper ex Small & Britt.

Comment:
TRIG DBoone 29 Sep 2007 Honker Lake LBL mudflat with 
F autumnalis F vahlii Heteranthera dubia Eleocharis obtusa Cyperus ?odoratus Eragrostis hypnoides

Tenn only one site on Cumb Plat found by Jones & Wofford

elsewhere Atlantic Coastal Plain

Footnote:
This globally rare, diminutive annual of dried shores occurs mostly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It is a remarkable diploid relative of vahlii and annua, reaching no more than 8 cm in height; 2n = 10. F. perpusilla has recently been discovered on mudflats of Honker Lake in TRIG (Boone & Chester 2009; see APSU), which extended its known range 150 miles west from the Cumberland Plateau of Tenn. (Wofford & Jones 1988).


Comment:
1 = Werier (2006).

EK: CALL LARU TODD? (but purplish scales) TRIG

HART: JC KInney Tract 2010 low by road junction

Footnote:
This recently described species is close to nigromarginata (Werier 2006). It appears to occur on more base-rich soils, but further ecological data are needed. Its relatively narrow leaves and short culms also suggest umbellata, but it lacks the more clustered spikes of umbellata and rugosperma (which have frequent basal spikes and lack projecting staminate spikes). C. reznicekii is distributed from the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain (especially Va.) to the Ozarks, and may be expected across much of Ky.

   C. reznicekii differs from nigromarginata in its mostly narrower widest leaf blades (ca. 1.2-2.2 mm versus 2.3-4.5 mm); its mostly shorter (and often relatively uniform) longest culms (mostly 2-10 cm versus 6-40 cm); its pistillate scales with reddish color usually no more than submarginal (versus often reddish-black from margins to the stripes beside mid-veins); and its somewhat less extensive staminate spikes (usually no more than 3-4 mm above lateral spike apices, versus often up to 5-7 mm).


Footnote:
Typical obliqua is a southeastern plant typical of swampy woods on the Coastal Plain. It appears to be rare in Ky. (M), and the only verified record may be a coll. from the edge of Murphy's Pond in HICK (M. Medley #19246-89 for WKY). Further review of colls. is needed; see notes under other varieties.


Comment:
See Medley (1993: LIVI is pers comm from RA.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs in various kinds of openings, including disturbed ground of farmland. In Ky. it is known only from colls. of R. Athey, ca. 1960-80, which need to be rechecked (presumably at MEM.


Footnote:
This cultivated Eurasian species occasionally escapes, especially on floodplains, but it does not seem to be persistent. Woods & Fuller (1988) reported it from CALL (MUR), but the coll. cannot be found; see also Heineke (1987) for a possible record from FULT (M). Under Sedum, these plants have generally been referred to the European ssp. purpureum (L.) Schinz & R. Keller, but the Asian ssp. alboroseum (Baker) Frod. is also expected. The latter reportedly has higher chromosome numbers (2n = 48 or 56 versus mostly 36) and is better treated as H. erythostrichum (Miq.) H. Ohba; see Y and FNA 8 for details.


Species:
arenastrum (aviculare ssp. depressum; "aviculare")

Comment:
EK: CLIN FRAN MADI MARI MONT; narrower leaves (but other characters not convincing for bellardii) CART FAYE FRAN MUHL MADI


LO: Max in 1995 annotated following as segregate Polygonum arenastrum Jord. ex Boreau: (= aviculare ssp. depressum); BULL: CRGunn-216; CAMP: GFBuddell-1401; HARD: RCranfill-5356; JEFF: HBishop 1Oct1950: PADavies-1249
OWEN: EWLovell-194.

Footnote:
This alien is reportedly widespread in North America, usually grows in pavement crevices and similar places (FNA 5, PL). There has only been a provisional review of colls. in the aviculare complex from Ky., but arenastrum undoubtedly occurs throughout the state. Colls. mapped as uncertain records have relatively narrow leaves, suggesting bellardii, but may just be forms of arenastrum.

   Compared to typical aviculare, seeds of arenastrum are usually 1.5-2.7 mm long (versus 2.7-3.7 mm); flower length is usually 2-3.4 mm (versus 2.8-4.7 mm), with ca. 40-60% as the tube (versus 20-40%); leaves are relatively uniform in size (with early leaves only ca. 0.5-2 cm long versus up to 2.5-6 cm in aviculare) and bluish-green (versus plain green). It is usually prostrate, remaining <1 cm above the ground (versus ca. 1-20 cm tall).


Footnote:
In North America, this segregate of the aviculare complex is known mostly from cool temperate to boreal regions (PL). It has been reported from Ky. (FNA 5). but colls. have not yet been sufficiently reviewed to map here. Closely related plants known as P. aviculare ssp. rurivagum (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher may also be expected (FNA 5). P. bellardii is generally intermediate in overall habit and dimensiions between typical aviculare and arenastrum, but has distinctive linear-tending leaves (l/w ca. 4-10+ versus 2-5). 

   P. bellardii differs from arenastrum in its tepals: with unbranched veins (versus branched), margins white (versus usually pink or red), and overall green to reddish-brown color (versus just green). It differs from typical aviculare in its much narrower leaves (ca. 1-7 mm wide versus 6-15 mm); also, its cymes are smaller (usually with 1-3 flowers versus 3-8) and uniformly distributed (versus aggregated at tips); seeds are relatively short (1.2-1.8 mm) and distinctively exerted.


Comment:
JEFF (LO): Dr. Nicholson 8Sep1971 cultivated corn field.

Footnote:
This is occasionally cultivated bugt rarely escapes in eastern states
In Ky. the only potentially wild coll. is from a corn field in JEFF (DHL).


Comment:
Now checked "glaucophylla" CARL(1) = Mohlenbrock et al. (1966); and BARR/WARR (mb) = Missouri Bot. Gard. coll.  JC now thinks true glaucophylla (but Estes doubts).

The following have been called glaucophylla!!! not reticulata!!!--but???!!!???
BARR: (MB) SFPrice 26May1899 Glasgow Junction; "Clematis glaucophylla (Small)... The first time found north of Georgia" [det glaucophylla Erickson 1942.]
WARR: (MB) SFPrice Jun1892 Bowling Green; "Clematis viorna"; also w/nodate "Barren River" [these both det as glaucophylla by Erickson 1942].

CARL: (SI) DO'Dell & DWindler-1527 14Jul1962 I mi S of Arlington; !!! seems to be real glaucophylla with subcordate leaflets!!! really glaucous!!! not reticulate veiny!!! base subcordate Cocculus like leaf...

NOW DEstes doubts suspects just shade forms of versicolor; see his 2006 paper re Ozark area "glaucophylla"

NOTE: JC June 2009 colls of "versicolor:" from HART can now be checked; these also seem close to glaucophylla; lso veg plants at Smiths Gove... to be nurtured...

Footnote:
This species is known mostly from scattered localities in e. Miss., Ala., Ga. nw. Fla. and se. Tenn. There is a need to collect more complete material and fresh flowers from some localities in Ky., as well as the disjunct plants that have been referred to glaucophylla from n. La., s. Ark. and se. Okl. (FNA 3; see colls. at MO). Better descriptions and keys are needed. 

   True glaucophylla may not occur in Ky., but the name has been misapplied to some forms (or potential segregates) of versicolor and viorna. Records mapped here as versicolor from BARR, CARL and WARR are based on old colls. of S. Price (MO) and D. O'Dell & D. Windler (Southern Illinois Univ.) that have been determined as glaucophylla based on leaflet texture, following Erickson (1943) and FNA 3. However, Estes (2006; and pers. comm.) doubts these identifications. He has found that fresh sepals of glaucophylla are consistently darker: "cherry red to reddish-purple" (versus "purplish-red to bluish-lavendar, creamy or greenish distally" in versicolor). Its leaflets are relatively thin (versus usually thick, leathery and prominently reticulate); proximal leaflets are often lobed or trifoliate (versus mostly unlobed, occasionally 2-3-lobed).


Comment:
1 = Thompson et al. 1984: planted on stripmine.

Footnote:
This shrub ("cherry silverberry") is closely related to umbellata but differs in its larger fruit, longer pedicels, shorter hypanthium, and perhaps larger leaves. It has occasionally been planted in Ky. after 1970 for so-called reclamation or "wildlife" (with even human use of its fruits), especially in Appalachian regions, but there is no certain record of self-sown plants (M). Naturalized populations have been reported from scattered sites in Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.) and other eastern states (PL).


Footnote:
This recently described species is largely restricted to flat puddling areas of limestone glades or adjacent pastures in n. Ala. and c. Tenn., but with disjunctions as far as c. Tex., n. Ill. and s. Ontario (Estes 2007). It has been confused with neglecta. The only Ky. record is a coll. from SIMP (WKY): M.E. Medley-78-012, 9 May 1978, "wet spot in pasture, E side of road across from the Simpson County Glade, 1/8 mi S from the Warren Co. line on US 31W."


Comment:
The related A. stellatum has been reported but based on misidentifications (M). 

Check CASE (ek) "cernuum" from "forested wetland".

1 = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

SI: BREC.

APSU: CRIT DEstes says he has 2009.

Footnote:
This is a widespread North American species centered in the upper midwest, with outlying southeastern populations in c. Tenn., s. Ill., and perhaps s. Ind. There are only dubious or unverified reports from Ky., where it has often been confused with cernuum (M); D. Estes (pers. comm.) has recently reported it from CRIT. An additional undescribed variant of stellatum is being revealed with deeper study in c. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).

   Compared to typical cernuum (F, W; D. Estes, pers. comm.), stellatum differs in its flowers, opening in Jul-Nov (versus Jun-Aug), stellate with spreading tepals (versus campanulate to almost rotate), and pink-magenta (versus white-pink); scapes are nodding in bud but become erect in late flower to fruit (versus still nodding in fruit); and bulbs are ovoid (versus more elongate).


FullName:
Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Michx.) Engelm. & Gray

Comment:
Cranfill-1561b check KY: HARD sandy area along railroad track on eastern margin of Shawnee Hills.

Footnote:
This stinging perennial occurs mostly on sandy soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain. The only Ky. record is a coll. from a railroad track in HARD (Cranfill 1991).


Comment:
CRIT: Hannan & Phillippe-05744 (EKY) cited by Medley
WARR: Price 1893

Footnote:
This occurs mostly from the Great Plains to Central America. It has been reported from CRIT (KSNPC; check EKY) and WARR (Pr), but verified colls. have not been seen. It is widely scattered on fertile bottomlands along larger rivers in Mo. (Y) and most other states adjacent to Ky. (PL). C. serpens has been confused with maculata and other species, but it is completely glabrous, with small (2-7 mm long), oblong to suborbicular, entire, often reddish-margined leaves and fused scalelike stipules; 2n = 22 (Y). 

   Two related western species may also be expected as adventives in Ky. (W) and have been reported, but apparently in error (M): C. serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small and C. glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small.


Comment:
See Abbott et al. 2001; check BEREA etc.

Footnote:
This perennial has been recently reported from Ky., but data need to be checked (Abbott et al. 2001). The species is typical of cool temperate climates and, in southeastern states it is probably just a rare waif (Cr, PL, W).


Footnote:
In North America, this largely European tetraploid (2n = 28) is commonly sown for lawns and other sites designed for short mowed grass, especially in cool temperate regions of northeastern states. In Ky. capillaris does not appear to be established in the wild, but there are a few scattered records (BALL, ESTI, ROWA) that need further verification (M).


Footnote:
This northern, circumboreal perennial was reported from Ky. by Short et al. (1833), Gl (as var. intermedium DC.), and Cr (without separation of varieties). However, no colls. have been found, and the closest verified plants are in higher mountains of W.Va. and Va. (W). G. boreale is similar to latifolium, but has smaller fruits (ca. 2 mm versus 3-4 mm), flowers white (versus purple) in rather showy cymose panicles (versus groups of 1-4 at upper 1-3 nodes), leaves lance-linear (versus lanceolate to lance-ovate) with rounded apices (versus acute to acuminate), and frequent axillary fascicles of small leaves.


Footnote:
This European species is widely cultivated in flower gardens, but there are only a few records of persisting or escaping plants in northeastern North America (FNA 3). A reported coll. from SHEL (see also PL) has not been located (at EKY or elsewhere).


Footnote:
This southeastern species has been reported from Ky. but colls. have not been located (M; see LYON in FNA 25 & website). In c. Tenn., it is known from counties bordering Ky., and there is a disjunct record from e. Mo. It has been treated as a variety or subspecies of laxum; both are diploids (2n = 24), but there is no evidence of intergradation. It occurs in submesic to xeric woods, in contrast with the subhydric to xerohydric habitats of laxum.

   C. sessilifolium differs from laxum (F, Cr, FNA 25, W) in its fertile lemmas, which are 7-9-veined (versus 3-7) and usually curved or irregularly contorted (versus straight); blades are wider on average (mostly 6-11 mm versus 3-7 mm), basally-concentrated (versus to half-way up the culm); sheaths are villous at least towards the summit (versus glabrous), mostly covering the nodes (versus nodes exerted); culms are up to 2-3.5 mm thick at nodes (versus ca. 1 mm).


FullName:
Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene

Footnote:
This western biennial or short-lived perennial is occasionally cultivated (as a "wallflower"), escaped or adventive in eastern states. But it appears native in s. Ohio, e. W.Va., w. Va. and especially c. Tenn., where it scattered along bluffs of the Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries (D. Estes, pers. comm.). In Ky. there were no records until the recent discovery in an old field of MADI, where it may have been introduced with "wildflower" sowings (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; G. Dandeneau, pers. comm.). Also, it was discovered during 2010 within an apparently native context by T. Littlefield (KSNPC, pers. comm.): in CUMB along an eroding bluff of the Cumberland Rv. E. asperum (Nutt.) DC. is a related species that has been reported from Ky. (E. Carr coll., perhaps at Pine Mt. Settlement School) and some adjacent states, but probably in error (M, Y).


Comment:
EK: EM & ET Browne-5636 29Jun1962 wild on roadside at jct Ky 94 and Ky. 307.

Footnote:
This rhizomatous perennial is sometimes grown for ornament (as "dusty miller" or "old woman"), and has spread along lake-shores and coasts in northeastern regions, but it does not seem to be have become truly naturalized in the Ohio Valley. The only Ky. record is a coll. from HICK, growing wild along a roadside in 1962 (EKY).


Footnote:
This South American tetraploid (2n = 32) is a scattered throughout the southeastern Coastal Plain, but it does not seem to be well-established in the Ohio Valley. There is a recent report from Ky., but details are not available (J). The species has been treated in Coronpus, but that genus now appears to be unnatural and didymum is relatively close to virginicum (Y, FNA 7, W).


Species:
trifoliatum (asteriscus var. t.) without smooth/eastern plants

Comment:
1 = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

GH: ROCK; Short 1837 "Mts. of Ky."

MB: EDMO JThompson 1973 "herb Memphis State Univ." [det asteriscus by JAClevinger].

The circumscription of this southern species has varied; see notes under S. asperimum and var. trifoliatum.


Typical asteriscus may just be a relatively hairy form of S. trifoliatum, which has been combined as S. asteriscus var. trifoliatum (L.) J.A. Clevinger; see FNA 21.

Some of these plants have been identified as the more southern species, S. asteriscus, but no colls. match typical plants of that species. There may be some introgression in western Ky. and elsewhere, but these two species generally appear distinct.


Species:
glabrum (laevigatum, asteriscus/trifoliatum var. latifolium*)

Comment:
GH: several from AL GA etc; also IN Washington Co. Deam coll.
TN: Nesom annotates the following as glabrum: Benton; Carroll; Chester; Coffee; Decatur; Fayette; Franklin; Giles; Grundy; Hardin; Haywood; Humphrey; Lincoln; McNairy; Maury; Montgomery; Perry.

HART: EK Dennison Ferry Rd; MCLE old field & woods bear 1st trib S jct Abe Cr & Green Rv (see also Phlox pilosa; MCRE: KY: !! banks near Blue Heron (RParatley); also fre low slopes, back of boulderbars along BSF down from gagin station road!!!; ?MENI: KY near Clear Creek picnic area; MUHL: JC Tooley Hill; OHIO Rt 69 ca 0.75 mi W Sulphur Springs; ROWA: JC? check colls 2010 Clack Mt and weird hybrid (?) with ?? tereb??; SIMP: ? = KA ("integrifolium var. gattingeri in Harvill) and WK dupe; TRIG: AP det Nesom

EK herb ??transitions to trifoliatum: BELL CLIN JACK LINC
KY herb ??transitions to trifoliatum: NELS MENI CLAY CLARK
mm = Medley 1993 (or MM?) with reported colls. from CALD, CALL and MARS.

TN on Cumberland Mt.; JC for KY) to west (Fort Campbell; D. Estes for APSU). 

[S. confertifolium Small is a closely related species known only from the Black Belt of Ala. It has leaves much reduced from base upwards, the larger ones mostly 3-7 cm wide with petioles up to 2-5 cm long (versus usually 0.5-2 cm).]

AP: GNesom has moved all integrifolium to glabrum!!! incl TRIG & LYON
LYON: dry roadside, Bethlehem Cem--sev plants, some with ternate lvs; Curry Hollow, few plants in mesic woodsa long creek; 
TRIG: road 174, Prior Bay area, old fields and roadsides; prairie N of Golden Pond (WHMartin study); dense fence row alng road near marker 8J7

Footnote:
Although species status for glabrum is reasonable (Sm; G. Nesom, pers. comm.), there has been much confusion with trifoliatum or integrifolium, both of which appear to intergrade with glabrum. Uncertain records mapped here (open dots) are based on apparent transitions to trifoliatum. S. glabrum tends to occur in relatively shady mesic habitats, mostly in calcareous regions of the southern Appalachians, southern Interior Low Plateaus, and central Coastal Plain (Miss. to Ga.), extending north to s. Ind. (D, GH!), c. Ky., w. Va. and perhaps W.Va. (FNA 21). 

   Compared to typical trifoliatum, larger leaves are mostly 4-7 cm wide (versus 1-4 cm) with l/w of 2-3.5 (versus 4-6), broadly cuneate to truncate (versus tapering to a generally less distinct petiole), subentire (versus usually serrate), and all opposite (versus mostly in whorls of 3). Lower leaf surfaces and stems tend to be less scabrous-hispid to glabrate, but this is not diagnostic; stems are largely glabrous. Plants tend to be shorter (ca. 1-1.5 m versus 1.5-2 m), with more compact inflorescences, the longest peduncles at each node mostly ca. 2-5 cm (versus 5-10 cm).


Comment:
EK: LEMcKinney-4195 22May1990 seep along Dalton Road off Ky 280, parallel to lake shore.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain east of the Mississippi Rv. (Miss. to N.Y.), plus disjunct localities in the southern Interior Low Plateaus and southern Appalachians (FNA 23, K). The only Ky. record is a coll. from CALL (EKY): L.E. McKinney #4195 22 May 1990, seep along Dalton Road off Ky. 280, parallel to lake shore. 

   C. venusta differs from debilis in its more crowded spikes, ca. 4-5 mm thick (versus 2-3 mm) and ca. 1-5 cm long (versus 2.5-8 cm), with internodes 1-1.5 (3) mm (versus 2-4 (9) mm); 2n = 42-50 (versus 50-56). Pistillate scales are often tinged reddish-brown along sides (versus whitish), and at least half as long as perigynia (versus less than half). The coll. from CALL has glabrous perigynia.


Footnote:
This is globally rare, known mostly from base-rich outcrops of diverse types in w. Va. and se. W.V., with outliers in w. Md. and nw. N.C. (K, W). It has varied chromosome number; 2n = 28, 44-49, ?56 (Cr, FNA 8). In Ky. there is a possible poor coll. from CART (KY): C. Weller, 3 Aug 1961, limestone ledge, roadside. The coll. is fruiting, with relatively short, straight, ascending inflorescence branches, and basal offshoots bearing a few small glaucous young leaves.


Comment:
JEF; with fragment at PU: WEThomas 3097; 9 Sep 2008; Ohio River bank "floated in from elsewhere"; labeled from Clark Co IN.

Footnote:
This South Asian species has become a problematic invader of impoundments and sluggish riverine pools at scattered sites across southeastern and mid-Atlantic states, especially in Fla. (FNA 22). In Ky. there have been recent colls. from JEFF (at JEF from Indiana shore) and TRIG (at AP from Kentucky Lake, formerly Cumberland Rv.). It has also been reported recently to SE by R. Echols (Ky. Dept. Fish & Wildlife; pers. comm.) from FLOY (Dewey Lake), JOHN (Paintsville Lake) and KNOT (Carr Fork Lake), but colls. are not yet available

   Further south, Hydrilla has become abundant since 1990 within pools of the free-flowing Obed Rv., in Morgan Co., Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). It has also been found in much of the central Ohio Rv. and lower Kanawha Rv. in Ohio and W.Va. (SE). As reviewed by Les et al. (1997), two distinct "biotypes" of this clonally spreading species are known in North America: a female strain, and a monoecious strain.


Footnote:
This southern shrub used to occur mostly on the Coastal Plain until the 1990s, when it began to spread rapidly north across s. Tenn. and elsewhere in eastern states. Adventive plants often occur along major highway, especially where salted during the winter; global warming has also been implicated in the spread. The first record from Ky. was provided by D. Estes (pers. comm.) in MARS during 2008.


Comment:
BALL: Athey 313 (MMedley cites); check EK!!!!!!!!!

sp = sadie price

Footnote:
This is a southeastern subshrub of damp riparian sites (2n = 18). It has reportedly been collected from BALL (R. Athey #313; BA, M), but the coll. has not been relocated (check EKY). There are also old reports from EDMO or WARR (Pr) and perhaps elsewhere (Short et al. 1833). In Tenn. nudiflorum extends north on the Cumberland Plateau to the headwaters of Big South Fork, close to the Ky. border in Fentress Co. on Darrow Ridge (E. Wofford, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This tropical weed has become widely scattered across southeastern states, especially on nitrogen-rich soil in warmer areas (W). It has been found in greenhouses at the Univ. of Ky. in FAYE (JC for KY), but is unknown in the wild. Another expected weed of greenhouses is P. tenellus Roxb. (in subgenus Kirganelia), originially from the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, but now spread through many warmer regions of the world, including southeastern states (W).


Footnote:
This commonly cultivated East Asian species (the pink "resurrection lily") can often persist from plantings, but there are virtually no records of true naturalization in North America (K, PL). There is a coll. from "forested slopes" near a public resort in CLIN (EKY).


Comment:
NOTE: Bruce Sorrie has record from BATH--check with him...

Footnote:
Typical mucronatum occurs mostly to the north and east of Ky., perhaps including some bordering counties of Va. (FNA 26; F, PL, W). There are no confirmed records from the state, but there has been confusion with atlanticum and further review is needed. These are both slender plants (stems ca. 1-2 mm wide) with relatively small capsules, but mucronatum differs in its unbranched stems that dry dull greenish (versus branched, drying mostly straw-colored except for the blackish fruit); 2n = 32.


Comment:
MCRE (EK): RJacobs & SBowling 205801, 23Jul1980, center of long outcropped sandstone shelf at Pitch Rapid, halfway between Pitch and Mulberry Branches on the Cumberland River; in sand between large boulders 2 1 meter from the river's edge ["2 1" sic; not point between].

ew = approx locations from Edgar Wherry 1955 map; not definitive.

The "triiflora" record from CALL (MU) should be checked for carolina.

Footnote:
This rather poorly known segregate of P. carolina is distinguished by having relatively narrow, basally-concentrated leaves. It occurs on damp sandy soils, including open boggy sites and sandy river-banks, from sw. N.C. to ne. Tex. and north to s. Ill. (Wherry 1955; W). Wherry (1955) mapped it on the Coastal Plain within w. Ky. (included here as imprecise uncertain locations), and there appears to be a coll. of this taxon from MCRE, "on sandstone shelf at Pitch Rapid" of Cumberland Rv. (R. Jacobs #205801 at EKY). 

   Wherry noted "late spring" for the blooming period of angusta, but flowering colls. from the Cumberland Plateau are dated much later: Jul 23 (MCRE); Jul 29 (on banks of Daddy's Creek in Cumberland Co., Tenn.); and Oct 10 (on banks on Obed River in Morgan Co., Tenn.); and see other colls. at TENN. P. Zale (pers. comm.) has found a similar range of flowering by ssp. angusta in cultivation.


Footnote:
This cryptic taxon is closely related to apoda, and combined or reduced to ssp. eclipes (W.R. Buck) Skoda in some treatments. It occurs mostly in regions around the Great Lakes, and is also scattered through the Ozark region (FNA 2, Y). Although recently collected from Habersham Co., Ga. (P. Hyatt #11533 at GA), it has generally not been recognized in southeastern states (W). In Ky. the only record is a coll. from Eastview Barrens in HARD (KY), identified by Cranfill (1980, 1991). 

   S. eclipes differs from apoda in its median leaves with long attentuate to bristled, veined and frequently recurved apices (versus acute to attentuate, usually keeled but with vein not extending almost to tip); lateral leaves tend to be smaller (ca. 1-2 x 0.5-1.3 mm versus 1.4-2.2 x 0.8-1.3 mm); its megaspores are usually larger, relatively shiny, and more coarsely reticulate (Buck 1977; Haines 2003). It is usually reported from calcareous substrates, where apoda is virtually absent.


Footnote:
The close relative of pensylvanicum occurs in the Great Plains, east to c. Mo. and s. Ill. The only known coll. from Ky. was made by D. Demaree in MCRA (6 Oct 1951; at PU). Horton (1972) did report it from Ky. but details are unknown. P. bicornis differs from pensylvanicum (FNA 5) in its consistently pink and heterostylous flowers (versus white to roseate and homostylous); its achenes with "an obscure or prominent hump in the center of one face"; and its frequently narrower leaves (ca. 1-2.3 cm versus 1-4.8 cm).


Footnote:
This southern Appalachian taxon may be a hexaploid derived from hybridization of V. simulatum and V. altomontanum Ashe (a lowbush blueberry from higher altitudes). The only Ky. records of constablaei are colls. of B from CLIN, ELLI and PULA (perhaps at US); these need to be rechecked. Soltis et al. (2008) did map the range of such hexaploids close to se. Ky.


Footnote:
This weedy biennial is thinly scattered across northeastern and northwestern regions (especially Wash.), but it is not much established in North America. The only record from Ky. is the obscure report by McMurtrie (1819). A. caucalis M. Bieb. is a European annual that may be expected (Ch, J, Y); it has more hispidulous leaves and prickly fruits (2n = 14 versus 16).


Footnote:
In North America, this Caucasian alien is largely restricted to northern regions. The only record from Ky. is the note of Gm: "seen in cultivation, or as an escape." The frequently cultivated plant known as "Russian comfrey" is a robust vigorous hybrid between officinale, which is a variable species (2n = 20 to 56), and asperum, which is more uniform (2n = 32). This hybrid is named S. X uplandicum Nym., and usually has 2n = 36 or 40. It has been confused with typical asperum in North America; see Gadella (1984) for details.


Footnote:
This widespread northern and western perennial was reported from Ky. by Gray (1864), Linney (1882), Britton & Brown (1897) and Gm, but no coll. has been located. It does occur at higher elevation in w. Va. (W).


Footnote:
This perennial is widely established across northern North America, but rare or absent in southeastern states. Although often considered alien, there may have been native plants in the northeast (Cr). It has been reported from a few western counties (CARL, GRAV, HICK, etc.) by Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) and perhaps others (CASE, FAYE); see Gray (1864), BA, Gm and M. However, colls. have not been located.


FullName:
Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex Reichenbach.

Footnote:
This is a distinct polyploid (2n = 64), closely related to typical officinale, but sometimes treated as a variety (e.g. F). It has been reported from Ky. by Rollins (1993), but colls. have not been located. It is scattered in cooler regions of eastern states (F, Cr, W; Al-Shehbaz 1988b). Compared to officinale (2n = 32), microphylla has narrower siliques (1-1.5 mm versus 1.8-3 mm), with seeds in one row (versus two); seeds have more polygonal depressions on each side (ca. 75-175 versus 25-60); flowers are slightly larger (petals ca. 6 mm versus 4 mm).


Footnote:
This is often cultivated and has become somewhat weedy in northeastern and northwestern regions, but it remains rare to absent in southeastern states. There have been a few reports from Ky., from C.S. Rafinesque (under various synonyms) to FNA 5, but colls. have not been located (M). See R.K. Rabeler in Y for review of generic treatment.


FullName:
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschakei (Murr.) Murr. ex Asch.

Footnote:
This species is a variable tetraploid (2n = 36) that is widespread across much of North America, but uncommon to absent in most southeastern states (Cr, St, FNA 4, Y). The berladieri group (including buscianum) has seeds clearly roughened with cellular reticulation (when viewed at x 10-20), versus smooth or obscurely roughened in the album complex. They also tend to have more open, slenderly branched inflorescences, with more distinct larger glomerules (ca. 4-7 mm wide versus 3-4 mm), and larger stigmas (ca. 0.3-0.5 mm versus 0.2-0.3 mm). 

   Var. zschackei is widespread in western and central North America, but perhaps only adventive in eastern states (FNA 4, W). It is locally frequent in sw. Ohio (D. Boone, pers. comm.), and a coll. from CAMP (KNK) in Ky. appears transitional from var. zschackei to the more eastern C. buschianum. Seeds of zschackei are smaller (ca. 1.1-1.5 mm long versus 1.5-2.3 mm), with thicker coats; style bases are distinctly yellowed; its leaves are generally less bright green; and plants tend to have an unpleasant odor. 

   Var. boscianum (Moq.) Wahl is a narrow-leaved relative with even smaller seeds that occurs mostly in coastal counties from Tex. to Va.; reports of it from Ky. (M) are probably based on standleyanum (see notes under that name).


Comment:
1 = Plants website citing M.H. Mayfield 1997 PhD Univ of Texas Austin; see also Y.

Footnote:
This is closely related to dentata, but tetraploid (2n = 56, versus 28 as in most native Euphorbias) and not readily forming hybrids. Its lower leaf surfaces are more hispid pubescent; its seeds are more angled and more coarsely wrinkled-warty (see Y for a detailed key based on M.H. Mayfield (1997, Ph.D., Univ of Tex.). It has recently been resurrected as a species, but most previous manuals have not recognized it, even as E. dentata var. gracillima Millsp. It reportedly has a more northern range, but with much overlap. Data mapped here for Ky. are from PL (citing Mayfield).


Footnote:
This species from southeast Europe is the most commonly cultivated member of the genus in North America. Although escapes have been widely reported across southern and coastal states, it does not appear to have become invasive north of the Gulf Coastal Plain (K, SE). For Ky. there is only an old obscure report by Linney (1882). 

   P. crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem, from the Himalayas, is another commonly planted species. It was recently reported from TAYL (CW), and needs to be assessed for potential naturalization as well.


Footnote:
This alien has been promoted in horticulture as an ornamental, and it is also becoming naturalized from initial introduction in eastern Canada (FNA 23). A coll. from NELS was recently det. by R.L. Naczi: M.E. Medley #78-031, 11 May 1978; Cedar Glade just west of Bardstown High School on north side of stream just north of Smith Avenue.


Footnote:
This subshrub occurs mostly on the Atlantic and southeastern Coastal Plain, but it also extends into s. Tenn. and s. W.Va. (Ch, PL, W). It was reported from WARR by Pr, but no coll. has been located.


Footnote:
This favorite ornamental shrub from southeastern Europe is widely naturalized in northeastern states and adjacent Canada. In Ky. is frequently planted, and can persist at old-home sites, but seedlings have not been found; CW mapped it in CALL, LEWI, SHEL and WOLF.


Footnote:
This tree of the high central Appalachians was reported from Ky. by DeFriese (1884) and Gm, but no colls. have been located. P. pungens does occur in s. W.Va. and w. Va., within 50 miles of Ky. (PL).


Footnote:
This is widely distributed in midwestern regions, and occurs in some counties of Ill. and Ind. that are adjacent to Ky, also c. Tenn. It is uncommon to rare or absent in southeastern states. No colls. from Ky. have been located, but there are old reports by Rafinesque (1820, 1824) from "knob hills of Ky."; by Greenwell (1935, Gunn 1968b) from NELS; and by FNA 20. A. plantagineum appears to have been associated with tall grasslands on damp base-rich soils, which are now generally converted to farmland.


Comment:
WAT: the BULL coll is similar to WAT coll from MO (St Francois Co.) with 2n = 48.

The BULL coll was det "cf depauperatus" by AGJones in 1973; "demotus x pilosus/demotus" by JC; clearly smaller than typical demotus/pringlei; seems to have stolons/rhizomes; more/less glabrous stems; petiolate basal leaves.

Footnote:
This small-headed species is centered in the Ozark region of Okl, Mo., Kans., Iowa and Ill. It is mostly diploid (2n = 16) but occasional polyploids (2n = 32, 48) have been found, especially to the northeast of its core range. A coll. from BULL (KY) appears to be this species, and appears similar to hexaploid colls. from further west (J.C. Semple, pers. comm.): C.R. Gunn #587, 24 Oct 1955, Bernheim Forest, path around Lake Nevin at Cove. Further investigation of this record is needed.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. dumosum

Comment:
This taxon, if distinguished from var. coridifolium (see below), is concentrated on or near the Atlantic Coastal Plain, from Ga. to Me. (F). Pending revision of the species by J.C. Semple (pers. comm.), its occurrence in Ky. remains uncertain. There is highly distinct coll. from BELL (KY) that appears to be referrable here.


Comment:
See also arkansanas: Rick Gardner says Pat Lawless has from Jackson Purchase of Ky--check with him!!!

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the Ozark region and lower Mississippi Valley. Although reported from Ky. in FNA 23, verified colls. have not yet been seen. Cranfill's (1991) report was apparently based on misidentified muhlenbergii. C. austrina may still be expected in Ky., at least as an adventive (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Disjunct plants that appear adventive do occur in Ohio (pers. comm. from R. Gardner, Ohio Divsion of Natural Areas) and in other eastern states (K, W). 

   Compared to muhlenbergii, the pistillate scales of austrina are wider (at least 2 mm versus often less than 2 mm), almost covering perigynia (versus much less wide); awns are longer (1.5-4 mm versus usually 0-1.5 mm), and culms are more divergent (at ca. 45 degrees versus almost upright).


Footnote:
This northeastern tree ("red spruce") occurs at high elevation in the Appalachians. It has not been recorded from Ky., but it might have occurred here before settlement. There is a curious historical reference to 2,226 thousand board-feet of red spruce lumber produced in Ky. during 1909 (Murphy 1917: Tables 1 and 3). Presumably mills used trees floated down into the Big Sandy Rv. from Va. and W.Va. There are records of red spruce from ca. 50 miles away in those states (HFG, HW+, PL). There may also have been confusion with Tsuga canadensis, which was known as "spruce pine" in pioneer Ky. The Norway spruce--P. abies (L.) Karst.--is widely planted but seedlings rarely establish, and it does not seem to become naturalized (M).


Comment:
LYON: APSU WHEllis 256 29Jun1965; 100 yds w of marker 303 on Ky 522, damp sandy loam, oak-sycamore complex; var. croleolanata!!! JC

MB: MCRA EJPalmer 22498 3May1923 margins of small upland stream near Paducah; slender shrubs 1.5-2 m tall; EJPalmer 23741 15Sep1923 open woods along small upland stream near Paducah; shrubs 1-1.5 m tall.

MB: MARS RAthey 3027 22May1975; Little Cypress, Tennessee Rv banks at mouth of Cypress Creek.

Footnote:
This is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley, and occurs on base-rich soils along relatively small streams, often persisting in partial shade (based on published descriptions and colls. at APSU, MO, TENN, etc.). Colls. from LYON (APSU), MARS (MO, WKY), MCRA (MO) and probably elsewhere in Ky. are referable to this taxon. It was treated by Sm and Gl as a species; by F as A. fruticosa var. croceolanata (P.W. Wats.) P.W. Wats. ex Mouille. Although largely distinct from typical fruticosa of Ky. and Tenn., it may intergrade in some areas. 

  Compared to fruticosa, croceolanata has fruits with hort stramineous hairs (versus glabrous), and tend to have fewer prominent glands or sometimes none (versus distinct). Its leaflets are usually less numerous, larger (mostly 2.5-6 x 1-4 cm versus 1.5-4 x 0.5-1.5 cm), and less elongated (l/w 2-2.5 versus 2.5-3). Their lower surfaces, as well as young stems, have dense to scattered, long-sinuous spreading, pale stramineous hairs (versus more short-appressed, greyish hairs or glabrate); they are not clearly glaucous (versus often glaucous), and tend to have fewer prominent glands or sometimes none (versus consistently prominent). Mature, flowering stems are generally shorter (mostly 1-2 m versus 1.5-5 m).


Footnote:
This small shrub occurs mostly in coastal regions of mid-Atlantic states, but it extends inland to some Appalachanian Mts., including the Ridge and Valley region of w. Va. (FNA 8, K, W). There are several old reports from Ky., starting with Gray (1889) and Pr, which might be based on colls. to be located at GH or elsewhere (M). 

   The related species, Gaylussacia ursina (M.A. Curtis) T. & G. ex Gray, is probably restricted to the southern Appalachians south of the Asheville Basin (W). It was reported from Ky. by Kearney (1893) and others, based apparently on T.H. Kearney #550 from Pine Mt. in BELL, but that coll. was redet. as Lyonia ligustrina by Fernald (M). G. ursina has also been reported recently from Cumberland Gap National Park in BELL (M. Pyne, pers. comm. to KSNPC). Further work may be needed to clarify the taxonomic and geographic limits of species within the "baccata group" (sect. Decamerium).


Comment:
JESS? JC scrap coll 2009 from Reed Road to mouth of Jess Gorge; check more.
See also MM: Susan Studlar rep from BOYL

Footnote:
This northeastern species may well occur in Ky. (see PL), but provisional records from BOYL (MM) and JESS (JC) have not been confirmed. It resembles nutans in several characters, but plants are generally smaller and more hairy, with more sharply angled seeds (F, Cr).


FullName:
Rudbeckia sullivantii C.L. Boynt. & Beadle

Comment:
Note this coll was labelled sullivantii by Ahles!!!!!

Footnote:
This taxon occurs mostly in the Ozark region, midwestern Till Plains and the Alleghenies. It has been much confused with speciosa and with fulgida var. palustris, both of which may intergrade. R. sullivantii might be reasonably treated as a variety of speciosa, as might the closely related R. deamii Blake in central and southern Ind. The only wild record of sullivantii from Ky. is a coll. from BARR: H.A. Ahles #7559 (Mississippi State University); 22 Aug 1953; "woodland, Mammoth Cave Park National Forest." However, in recent decades, a cultivar of sullivantii known as "Goldsturm" has become widely grown in flower-beds and it may locally escape.


Footnote:
This has often been confused with leptocephala, graminifolia, or other species (Sieren 1981; Cr, FNA 20, W). E. gymnospermoides occurs widely in the midwest from Ontario to Louisiana, Most records from the Ohio River watershed may be erroneous, as are all records from Atlantic coastal states (W). Records of BA and PL from Ky. are apparently based on misidentified colls. of leptocephala at MEM (M).


Footnote:
This pantropical rhizomatous weed spread from se. Asian islands in assocication with horticulture and agricultural development (FNA 2). It is spreading across southeastern states (W), and was recently collected in TODD (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This southeastern segregate of purpurea was recently described by Nesom (2004; see also FNA 19). It does occur in Ky., but details have not yet been accumulated for mapping. G. argyrinea differs from purpurea in its smaller involucres (ca. 3-3.5 mm high versus 4-4.5 mm), with oblong-rounded to apiculate inner phyllaries (versus triangular-acute); and generally with more bisexual florets (usually 4-6 versus 3-4). Also, cauline leaves are just oblanceolate to obovate (versus often spathulate), and plants are rarely taprooted (versus often). It is often associated with frequently mowed areas.


Footnote:
Gray (1884) included Ky. in the range of this northeastern shrub, but other editions of his manuals did not, and no colls. from Ky. have been located. Yet D. lonicera is known from within ca. 30-50 miles of the state line in Ind., Ohio, W.Va., Va. and Tenn. (K, PL), and it can be expected in Ky. The related East Asian species, Weigelia floribunda (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch, is commonly cultivated but not known to escape.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 16) has showy pink panicles and lacks bulblets. It is endemic to the east-central Appalachians, and occurs within 20-50 miles of the state line in W.Va., Va. and Tenn. R. Cranfill (pers. comm.) has found plants that might be native at Pine Mt. State Park (BELL). However, it is possible that people have transplanted this species into Ky. Also, D. formosa (Howarth) Walpers is a species of Pacific coastal regions that has been widely cultivated and artificially hybridized with eximia. 

   The related northeast Asian species, Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara (= Dicentra spectabilis) is also cultivated and may escape to a limited degree. There is a coll. of L. spectabilis from CALL (MUR) that might be from an escaped plant.


Footnote:
This European plant is sometimes cultivated for food but it does not persist in the wild. Rafinesque (1836) listed Rumex integrifolia Raf., which might be interpreted as acetosa (M). But it is likely that the related native species, R. hastatulus Baldwin, does occur in Ky. That species is widely scattered across southeastern states, usually in disturbed areas on sandy soils (FNA 5; W).


Footnote:
This is known mostly from the "Driftless Area" of sw. Wisc. and adjacent states, but there are also scattered reports from Mo., Ky., W.Va. and Pa. (F, Cr, PL). Records from W.Va. are based on meadia, according to FNA 8. The only potential Ky. record is a coll. at GH with little data: Lesquereaux s.n., "Kentucky near the Ohio River"; det. N.C. Fassett (F, M). The identity and context of that coll. needs further study. Distinction of amethystinum from frenchii and meadia has been based simply on its capsules, which have thinner walls when fully mature ("pliable" versus "rigid"), and tend to be lighter reddish brown to yellowish (versus dark reddish brown). It is restricted to relatively mesic sites, usually below calcareous cliffs.


Footnote:
Although widely cultivated (as "butterfly bush"), there are few reports of this Chinese shrub escaping in eastern North America (PL, W). In southeastern states, it may be increasing in Appalachian regions. JC recently collected a seedling at the edge of woods on a sandy ridge in PULA. It also been reported from PIKE (SE).


Comment:
JC--looks like obtusifolium could be intermediate between quihoi and sinense?

This Chinese species is becoming locally naturalized across southeastern states (PL, W). Compared to sinense and vulgare, quihoi has distinctively narrow leaves (l/w = ca. 3 versus 2-2.5), usually widest above the middle. Its inflorescences are relatively dense and cylindric.


FullName:
Chenopodium album L. var. lanceolatum Muhl. ex Willd.) Coss & Germ.

Footnote:
These plants have been combined with typical album in most recent treatments, but may warrant at least informal recognition (FNA 4) or suggest introgression with boscianum (Y). They differ from typical album (F, St, FNA 4) in their leaves, which are usually lanceolate to narrowly ovate, entire, dark green, glabrous (versus broader rhombic, toothed, glaucous, farinose); inflorescences are more interrupted, with pedicels below some flowers (versus sessile); and seeds are smaller (1-1.2 mm versus 1.3-1.5 mm long). In contrast to album, lanceolatum may be native in North America, and is often associated with vacant lots and roadsides (versus cultivated fields), often with a more sprawling habit. In Ky, these plants do appear distinct sometimes (e.g. JC from HARR for KY), but may be also associated with stress or regrowth after mowing.


FullName:
Prunus pumila L. var. depressa (Pursh) Gleason

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon was listed as P. depressa for Ky. by Short et al. (1833) and Riddell (1835), but no known colls. are traceable to Ky. (M). It is verified from c. W.Va. and e. Tenn. (PL, W).


Footnote:
This has been collected from WARR (MM #9964-84), but it is typical of cold humid climates and probably not persistent in Ky. or other southeastern states (PL, W). It is a cytologically variable species: 2n = 7-42, versus 14 for all other Eurasian Lathyrus in Ky.


Comment:
True eplingii is not in KY OR TN according to JBN (despite much prior annotation by him/others suggesting); it has narrower leaves and really short or absent petioles; more of a wetland hydric site species. It occurs in Piedmont of Carolinas etc. JC: ?series from (?floridana)...eplingii to nuttalii to cordata.. (?to clingmanii?)?
These all (except sometimes clingmannii) share glandular calyx tubes (versus non/little in ten/his). Includes misapplied "nuttallii" of earlier literature. 
MEAD (PH) is by Short, "Barrens of Meade Co."; see also Nelson (1981). 
Braun recorded "nuttallii" only from BELL; 
This taxon was considered closer to the northern S. palustris. 
This species has a scattered distribution mostly in the Appalachians, but also west to the Ozarks; needs further study.This rare species of mesic to hydric sites in the central and southern Appalachians has been poorly understood until recent work of J. Nelson (2008; see also W). S. eplingii differs from cordata in its deltoid calyx lobes (versus lanceolate), more numerous flowers per vertical row (8 or more versus 6), and its obtuse to rounded leaf bases (versus cordate), with petioles only 2-5 mm (versus 10-50 mm). There has also been nomenclatural confusion with S. nuttallii Shuttlew. ex Benth (see notes under cordata), S. hyssopifolia Michx (of the southeastern Coastal Plain), and perhaps S. aspera Michx. (= S. hyssopifolia var. ambigua Gray). Similar plants in the Ozarks (with less glandular and more elliptic leaves) have recently been named S. iltisii J. Nelson (Nelson 2008). In Ky. eplingii is known only from a few colls. in the Cumberland Mountains (BELL, HARL), and perhaps disjunct 1840s colls. of C.W. Short (GH, ?MO, PH) from "barrens" in MEAD. The latter were initially det. as aspera by Short; then hyssopifolia var. ambigua by F; then included in eplingii by Nelson (1981); but see also notes under hispida.


Comment:
1 = Perkins 1938

MM notes: "This prairie species was reported by Price (1893a in handwritten addenda) from Warren County on the Highland Rim.  It is known from Tennessee just south of Christian County.  The reference in Perkins (1938) is based on a specimen that Short exchanged to Rafinesque while Short was living in Hopkinsville in Christian County.  The only recent record (cited above) was from a roadside in Trigg County on the western Highland Rim."
Polytenia n. sp.   Perkins 1938.
[Ellis 01300 (APSC) Trigg Co. Det. by E. Wofford, and by R. Kral]

Perkins, S. E. III. (Transcriber & Introduction). 1938.  Letters by Rafinesque to Dr. Short in the Filson Club Archives. Filson Club Hist. Quart. 12: 200-239.

Footnote:
In Ky., this midwestern species of the tall-grass prairie is known only from a few old records: (1) C.S. Rafinesque (1836, 4:32 as Phaiosperma trifida), "discovered in 1823 in the Western glades of Kentucky"; (2) C.W. Short from CHRI (Perkins 1938); (4) Pr (addenda) from WARR; (5) a 1971 coll. from a roadside in TRIG (R.H. Ellis at APSU; Chester & Wofford 1992). P. nuttallii also occurs in some adjacent counties of Ill., Ind. and Tenn. Within southeastern states, the largest concentration is in or near the Black Belt of Miss. and Ala.


Footnote:
This commonly cultivated species has been collected from ADAI (FI; Gibson 1971).


Comment:
PD: JEFF loc fre dry poor soil in Iroquois Park; 1 = Nesom 2010

KY: May 2011: lvs somewhat hairy (at least along midrib)  but virtually glabrous rachis, petioles, twigs; frts larger; bud shallow sunk/flat...
GALL-frt!!! JESS-flw ELLI CALD BREA BULL WOOD MADI GARR-frt MENI LEWI WOLF FAYE-flw BOUR GRAY-flw MCLE MARI JEFF LAUR
CLAR-frt?? Beckett 444: hairy lvs but small frts [but only June 14)
CLAR-frt!? Becket 443: largely smooth lvs but larger frt!!!
Short coll : "white ash. Leaflets petiolate, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly toothed, glaucous beneath, flowers at middle of April and is abundant on richer land throughout the state. Lexington"; 4/21

EK: JUN 2011; PERHAPS MORE PURPLISH-BLACK TWIGS WHEN FRESH?
generally these are intermediate in pubescence pattern; or unclear; gen more or less generally hairy lvs at least on main veins; but little/no rach/twig; some pub in lines/side on rach NOT dense
CLIN X 5; CLAY X 3; CART* CARR CAMP CALL BUTL BRAC ADAI HENR GRAV GARR FRAN JACK JESS KNOX*flw LAUR LAWR X2 LEE LESL LETC LEWI LINC X2 MADIX4 MART* MASO* MCRE METC MUNR MUHL NELS NICH
OHIO* OWEN PERR PIKE* POWE ROBE ROCK RUSS TRIM WOODX2; 5/54

NK: Aug 2011 larger lflts bluer gen at least thin hairs below but some only on veins; some small frts!!; only OWEN LEWI*small PEND*small BRAC*; 3/4?????

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional; see also notes under americana and biltmoreana. F. smallii is reported to range widely across eastern states south of the Great Lakes and New England (Nesom 2010c). Compared to biltmoreana, it has largely glabrous twigs, petioles and rachises (versus sparsely to densely hairy); fruits are smaller, on average (up to 44 mm long versus 54 mm). In Ky. leaflets are usually pubescent below, relatively large and bluish (like biltmoreana but unlike americana), but there is much variation in these characters. Although Nesom (2010c) indicated that smallii is tetraploid, recent testing with flow cytometry by R. Olsen (National Arboretum, pers. comm.) has shown that all submitted specimens of smallii so far are hexaploids, as in biltmoreana; these include four by JC from south-central Ky. It may be more reasonable to treat these trees as a relatively smooth variety of biltmoreana.

   Initial mapping here is based partly on Nesom's data (triangles), pending further study of variation in the americana group. Uncertain records (open dots) are based on colls. without fruits but that generally match smallii based on leaves and twigs. F. smallii appears to be widespread in Ky. and at least twice as frequent as typical americana. However, fruiting or flowering specimens form a much smaller percentage of colls. (EKY, KY): ca. 10-20% versus 60% of americana.


Footnote:
This northern species was reported from Ky. by Mulligan (1980), but details remain unknown (Cr, M). There are also records of uncertain status from Va., N.C. and Fla. (W). C. bulbifera is clearly distinct from maculata, with plants producing bulbils in axils of upper leaves and flowers usually aborting; also, leaf segments are narrowly linear (versus linear to lanceolate).


Footnote:
This East Asian species (as an apogamous triploid) is established at scattered sites in southeastern states, usually in old mortar of brick walls (FNA 2, K, W). It was recently discovered on rocky ground at the base of limestone cliffs along the Green Rv. in HART (WKY; A. Hulsey & A. Meier, in prep.). There is also a recent report from Jennings Co., Ind. (herbarium of Ind. Univ. SE).


Comment:
WOOD: DBoone for NC; JC got photo from Joe Lacefield May 2010.

Footnote:
A few plants of this unusual clover were discovered along Clear Cr. in se.  WOOD by Joe Lacefield (Ky. State Dept. of Fish & Wildlife) during 2010. It is clearly close to typical reflexum but differs in being unusually prostrate and early flowering (ca. 5-25 May versus 23 May-31 Jul for reflexum in Ky.). Also, flowers are creamy white (resembling stoloniferum) and leaves lack any 'chevron' markings. While reflexum usually occurs in woods on moderately dry or infertile (often sandy) soils, the habitat in WOOD is browsed eutrophic woods more typical of stoloniferum, though with rather thin rocky soil on limestone. M. Vincent (pers. comm.) is studying variation within native clovers, and indicates that our plant is probably a distinct undescribed taxon.


Footnote:
This has been cultivated in North America but does not appear to be generally naturalized in eastern states. The few records from Ky. are somewhat obscure, and might just come from plantings (M).


Comment:
Medley: "According to an old forester from western Kentucky, "Cork bush" grew on the natural levees of the Mississippi River in Fulton County on the Coastal Plain before the flood dikes were built (Raymond Athey 1983 pers. comm.).  Rejected until verified."

Footnote:
This unique, largely dioecious root-suckering shrub, with unusually light wood, is known from scattered disjunct localities in thin marshy woods and shores along rivers and sloughs on the Gulf Coastal Plain (K). It is documented as far north as se. Mo., but no colls. are known from Ky. or Tenn. According to an "old forester" from western Kentucky, "cork bush" used to grow on natural levees of the Mississippi River in FULT before the flood dikes were built (R. Athey, pers. comm. in 1983 to M). There is also an old unverified report from near Memphis, Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Polygonella americana (Fischer & Meyer) Small

Footnote:
This is widely scattered on sandy soils in southeastern states, but mostly on the Coastal Plain; 2n = 36 (FNA 5, W). The only potential record from Ky. is Rafinesque's (1836, 3:41) description of his Plerostena serotina, which has been considered a synonym of Polygonella americana: "a small shrub 2 or 3 feet high woody only at the base... growing in fields and glades in Kentucky... flowers green 2 to 5 together on short peduncles." It is possible that he was referring to Polygonum ramosissimum or proloficum instead (M)


Comment:
JC: NOT filipes; seems to match description; narrow lvs; short curly hairs dense on stems; fruits as in boo, but with dense short erect more/less glandular hairs--is that known for the species?--check MUnz Raven etc.

Footnote:
This is a widespread western perennial ("spreading by roots") that spreads rarely as a waif into eastern state, but it is virtually unknown in southeastern states (F, Cr, W), There is a coll. from CALL by R. Athey (EKY): #2623, 29 Sep 1973, dry upland openings in Croppie Hollow Subdivision off Ky. 614. This locality is well known for other rare plants, and the uplands probably have a history of open grassy woodland before settlement. Native status is possible for the plant here.


Footnote:
This Chinese crabapple is becoming widely planted in eastern states and it occasionally escapes (Cr, PL, W). There is no definite evidence of naturalization yet in Ky., but an apparently self-sown tree was recently seen by JC in a wild garden of FAYE. M. prunifolia has relatively large fruit (ca. 2 cm) with persistent calyx, relatively broad unlobed glossy leaves, and pubescent twigs. A related species. M. floribunda Sieb. ex Van Houtte ("Japanese crab"), is also expected; it has deeper red fruit and less glossy leaves.


Footnote:
This ornamental Japanese tree ("Toringo Crabapple") is widely planted in eastern states and it has occasionally escaped (Cr, PL, W). An apparently self-sown tree was recently found by JC in a wild garden of FAYE. M. sieboldii is a variable species, often with 3-4 styles (versus usually 5 in Malus), relatively small fruits (ca. 5-8 mm), and relatively narrow leaves that are often deeply lobed on long shoots.


Species:
dichotomus (tenuis var. d.; J. platyphyllus)

Comment:
NOW: JC thinks dichotomus here (see FNA KY!) = some "secundus/interior"
MADI (EKY), WHIT (EKY)

NK: ???separated from "interior" of McKinney etc by more congested look
these two taxa may intergrade???????
PIKE MADI PEND CAMP ROWA

F: dich sheaths purplish!! auricles firmer > ten drab-fuscous ca. as broad as long;
dich and plat inner firm sheaths purple tinged, outer brown (only basal ones in plat); 
plat auricles ca as long as broad firm-membra (versus dich  firm cartilag short rounded; flws like ten!!! partitions about half way to axis versus less in ten

B67: 
plat only 1.5-3 dm tall; sheaths pale yellowish gray; sev Appalachian counties;

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This species occurs mostly on acidic soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. It was reported from Ky. in FNA 22,  but details are not available. Colls. mapped here may be transitional to interior or tenuis; they are mostly from artificial lake shores, strip-mines and construction sites. 

   J. dichotomus is close to interior (see below) but differs in its usually deeper brown capsules (with "reddish", "castaneous" or "shining mahogany" tint), leaves almost terete to slightly channeled (versus flat), and sheaths deeper brownish or the inner ones often purplish (F, Cr, FNA 22, Y). Primary bracts are sometimes relatively short in both taxa (as in secundus), but this character is inconsistently reported. 

   Plants of Ohio and Ky. match those initially described as J. dichotomus var. platyphyllus Wieg., which has been considered a distinct species of eastern regions, inland to the Appalachian Plateaus (F, Braun 1967). That taxon tends to have more flattened  leaves, longer auricles, paler sheaths and paler capsules, suggesting a transition to tenuis.


Footnote:
This annual occurs mostly in south-central states and has become adventive to the west and east. Since 2010 it has been reported from roadsides in BOON and MCRE by D. Boone (pers. comm.). E. contracta is similar to acuminata, and "intermediate forms can be found"; 2n = 36 in both taxa (FNA 25).


Comment:
JEFF: PD will send to EK soon (2011).

Indiana: Floyd Co at Ind SE herb (JF)

Footnote:
This alien from Central Asia is well-established in arid western regions of North America, but only a waif in eastern states (FNA 7). It was recently discovered in Ky. by P. Haragan (pers. comm.) at Oxmoor Farm in JEFF, growing in a fallow field.


Footnote:
This pantropical floating aquatic is widely used in aquaria. It sometimes escapes into warmer waters across North America, persists only in more southern states (PL, W). There is a coll. from JEFF in Ky. (herbarium of Ind. Univ. SE).


Comment:
Vincent: larger-fruited trees that may be transitional to P. betulifolia Bunge or He citedfrom BULL (MUR, WKY) and CAMP (KNK, MUR). Similar trees have been seen by JC during recent years in METC, MONT and WHIT.

Footnote:
This name has been tentatively applied to naturalized trees that are similar to calleryana but have larger fruit, ca. 1-3 cm in width. P. bretschneideri is a variable taxon of possible hybrid origin (2n = 34, 51, 68), perhaps involving P. pyrifolia, P. betulifolia Bunge or other species; see Vincent (2005) and Flora of China Vol. 9). It is possible that some cultivars presumed to be calleryana have such hybrid origin, and that there is segregated expression of a non-calleryana parent in the naturalization of these plants. Vincent cited the colls. mapped here from BULL and CAMP; the other records come from recent observations of JC. These records all date from after 1990.


Footnote:
This is widespread in dry sandy woodlands across southern states, but unknown in the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. Rafinesque (1833) reported a "Stillingia montana" from Ky., and Short (1840) reported "Styllingia sylvatica, rare--barrens of Kentucky." No colls. have been located to link with these mysterious reports. It is possible that those well-versed botanists were referring to some other species in Euphorbiaceae, but there are no clear candidates.


Footnote:
This variable species (2n = 14 to 56) is generally considered to have originated in south-central Europe, and spread to temperate regions of North America after 1492, with records concentrated in coastal states (Nesom 2010a). The historical record suggests that officinalis became widely cultivated for medicinal use during the early period of settlement, then locally naturalized but declined somewhat during the past century. However, it remains possible that some native plants similar to European officinalis existed in North America before 1492. 

   There are distinctive native allies of officinalis in more southern and western regions (Nesom 2010a). Some additional segregates in east-central states were recognized by early botanists, but combined by Nesom. These include V. spuria L., which Short (1840) reported from Ky. along "roadsides in the barrens, in common with V. angustifolia [= simplex]"; see also V. riparia Raf. of riverbanks in Va., N.C. and Tenn. (Cr, K, W). Other than Short's record, there are no other records of officinalis or its segregates from Ky.


# Index

Line:
This tall alien annual weed was present early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; M), and became a common weed in cultivated ground (Gr).


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


Line:
|BAcalypha deamii (Weatherby) AhlesB|   	889


Line:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha deamii (rhomboidea var. d.)


Line:
This species is easily overlooked and confused with typical rhomboidea; there may be occasional intermediates. A. deamii differs in its fruits, which have two seeds, (2) 2.5-3 mm long (versus three seeds, (1) 1.6-1.8 (2) mm long). Vegetative differences may not be clear cut (F, Y; Levin 1999b, Becus 2003): its larger mid-cauline leaves are usually broadly ovate (versus lance- to rhombic-ovate) and (1) 5-10 (12) cm long (versus 1-10 cm), so,metimes with abruptly drooping blades (versus usually spreading), and usually rather bright green (not reddish/coppery). It is probably more widespread than records suggest, but generally restricted to disturbed ground in damp fertile woodland, especially on levees near larger streams and rivers but also along some smaller streams in calcareous landscapes. It is known from scattered localities across east-central states (from Ark. and Mo. to Pa. and Va), especially in the Ohio Valley (G. Levin, pers. comm.).


Line:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha gracilens (var. g.)


Line:
This widespread eastern species is close to virginica and monococca (and somewhat intermediate), but all three taxa appear to be distinct species (Y).


Line:
|BAcalypha monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & GandhiB|   	893 T


Line:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha monococca (gracilens var. m.)


Line:
This is a largely Ozarkian species known from adjacent se. Mo. and s. Ill. (Levin 1999a,b). Records from Ky. are at least partly based on misidentifications, but further study of material filed under gracilens is desirable (M).


Line:
This is widespread across southern states but largely restricted to calcareous or other base-rich soils. Original habitats are not clear, but it has become locally abundant in roadsides, crop fields, gardens and similar sites. It may have increased much since settlement; the first records from Ky. were in the 1880s (Linney 1882; Pr).


Line:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha rhomboidea (virginica var. r.)


Line:
This widespread eastern species is the most common species of the genus in Ky. There is an ecological series of related species from mesic to xeric sites: deamii, rhomboidea, virgininica, gracilens, monococca. All of these may be distinct species, but further revision is needed (Y).


Line:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha virginica (var. v.; digyneia)


Line:
Some colls. suggest hybridization with rhomboidea or gracilens, but there has been no proof than virginica forms hybrids anywhere in its broad eastern range (Y).


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Platanoidea> campestre


Line:
This is occasionally cultivated and has been reported as an escape in MADI (CW), but details are not yet available. It is becoming locally naturalized on base-rich soils in northeastern states, including the Greater Cincinnati area (pers. obs.) and other parts of Ind. and Ohio (PL).


Line:
|BAcer drummondii Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.B|   	630


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Rubra> drummondii (rubrum var. d.)


Line:
This southeastern species has been reported from scattered western locations in Ky. near larger rivers (M, CW), but few if any colls. are complete enough to allow certain verification. It has been reported with more certainty from s. Ill. and s. Ind. (ML, D, PL). A. drummondii appears somewhat intermediate between rubrum and saccharinum in samara size (2.7-5 cm long) and in the depth of leaf-lobes, but with mature leaves usually tomentose below (versus less densely pubescent to glabrate in the other two). The possibility of intergradation among these three taxa needs to be reassessed; see also rubrum var. trilobum.


Line:
|BAcer floridanum (Chapman) PaxB|   	620


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Saccharina> floridanum (barbatum, saccharum var. f.)


Line:
Open dots are based on colls. that appear to be at least transitional to typical A. saccharum or perhaps its var. schneckii. See also Clark et al. (2005; CW) for recent collection data. A. floridanum is a southeastern taxon that may intergrade with typical saccharum in a clinal fashion (W). It has smaller leaves (3.5-11 cm wide versus 8-20 cm), often relatively blunt-lobed, and always densely pubescent below (versus usually smooth). Mature trees tend to be smaller, usually with smooth gray bark (versus increasingly plated with age, grayish-brown to "pinkish"). Pedicels, flowers and fruits are reportedly smaller (F), but these are rarely collected in Ky. Relatively pure populations appear to occur in the loess bluffs along the Mississippi Rv., but even these do not generally have leaves as small and as tomentose as typical plants in more southern states. W has accepted Ward's (2004) insistence that floridanum be selected rather than barbatum as the appropriate name.


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Spicata> ginnala (tataricum ssp. g.)


Line:
This small shrubby tree ("Amur maple") is occasionally cultivated and has become locally naturalized in BULL (KY) near the arboretum at Bernheim Forest, and perhaps in OLDH (DHL). Further monitoring is needed to report the spread or control of this potential problem.


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Negundo> negundo


Line:
This is widespread across North America, especially along riparian zones, but it is generally uncommon to absent on infertile acid soils. In Ky., some western material is referable to var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger (with twigs glabrous, often glaucous), or to var. texanum Pax (with pubescent twigs, leaflets and fruits). However, these taxa are not generally distinguished in eastern states.


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Saccharina> nigrum (saccharum var. n.)


Line:
There been some confusion with saccharum and floridanum, and further revision is needed in Ky. A. nigrum is often treated as a subspecies or variety of saccharum, and transitions are locally frequent, especially in the Bluegrass region, where Gr noted that nigrum was typical of the old woodland pastures. However, nigrum is usually distinct and concentrated on relatively moist or fertile sites. In the mid-west, nigrum appears to intergrade more extensively with saccharum (with some so-called  "var. schneckii" as intermediates), and it is often reported from relatively dry or fire-prone sites (Y). In addition to the more obvious foliar characters, nigrum can often be distinguished by its dark brown or blackish bark, becoming furrowed in larger trees (F, W). Typical saccharum has grayish-brown bark, or often slightly pinkish in older trees. remaining platy in larger trees.


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Macrantha> pensylvanicum


Line:
In Ky., this northeastern species is known only from upper slopes of the Cumberland Mts. and in ravines of the South Fork of Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries.


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Platanoidea> platanoides


Line:
This occasionally establishes from self-seedings, but it may not yet be completing life-cycles in the wild. The more certain records mapped here (with solid dots) are from contexts that suggest true naturalization is under way, but details are lacking in several cases.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 7? D? 2?.   |BABU B| +5*.


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Spicata> pseudoplatanus


Line:
There may be rare self-seedings from cultivated trees, but this is not known to be truly naturalized. There is a coll. of dubious status from JEFF (DHL).


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Rubra> rubrum var. rubrum


Line:
This widespread eastern species is relatively variable, and includes high chromosome numbers; 2n = 78, 91, 104. Moreover, there are occasional hybrids with saccharinum, which is a tetraploid; 2n = 52. Other native species of Acer in Ky. are diploids; 2n = 26.


Line:
|BAcer rubrum L. var. trilobum Torr. & Gray ex K. KochB|   	629


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Rubra> rubrum var. trilobum


Line:
This variant typical of wet sites is usually distinct.


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Rubra> saccharinum


Line:
This widespread eastern species was originally native to riparian zones, but it became much used on uplands for residential plantings at least a century ago (Gr). Open dots include colls. with uncertain native versus adventive status, as well as the unverified historical data of Gr and B. There are possible hybrids with rubrum from JEFF (KY, DHL) and probably elsewhere; see also potential confusion with drummondii.


Line:
|BAcer saccharum Marsh. var. saccharumB|   	618


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Saccharina> saccharum var. sa.


Line:
This widespread eastern species needs further revision for precise mapping of its segregates and relatives; see also floridanum and nigrum.


Line:
|BAcer saccharum Marsh. var. schneckii Rehd.B|   	619


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Saccharina> saccharum var. schneckii (?rugellii)


Line:
This tentatively distinguished variant may be distinguished from typical saccharum by its densely pubescent lower leaf surfaces and petioles, and by its relatively blunt leaf lobes with few secondary teeth (St, Y). Some of these trees may just be transitional to nigrum or floridanum. Var. schneckii is centered in mid-western regions, but even there it may not be clearly distinct. Unusual forms with small leaves, including some that have been named var. rugelii (Pax) Rehd. (at least transitional to floridanum), are probably not worth taxonomic recognition (Cr).


Line:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Spicata> spicatum


Line:
This northeastern species is clearly rare in Ky., and it cannot be relocated at some localities. Several records are rather obscure, and further verification is needed. The only plants that have been documented since 1990 are in CARTand ELLI; see also KSNPC database.


Line:
|BAchillea millefolium L. agg.B|   	2251


Line:
Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Achillea millefolium (sensu lato)


Line:
Although this weed has often been considered alien in eastern states (Gray 1864; Gr), most or all Ky. plants may be referred to the North American tetraploids (2n = 36) known as ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper, "with narrower leaf-segments disposed in various planes." The European hexaploids (2n = 54) known as ssp. millefolium tend to have flatter, smoother, greener leaves (Cr). However, a practical treatment is still needed, based on the complex variation that has been revealed by molecular analysis (Guo et al. 2008). There has been little attempt to subdivide the species in recent North American floras (e.g. FNA 19)


Line:
|BAchyranthes japonica (Miq.) NakaiB|   	415


Line:
This Japanese species is spreading along the Ohio River banks and adjacent riparian woods, but rarely elsewhere in North America (Medley et al. 1985, Abbott et al. 2004). These plants may be referred to var. hachijoensis Honda.


Line:
|BAcinos arvensis (Lam.) DandyB|   	1891 R


Line:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Acinos [Satureja] arvensis (S. acinos)


Line:
This was reported by Heineke (1987), apparently based on a coll. of R. Athey from MARS (or CALL; check EKY). This alien is scattered though northeastern and some northwestern states (PL).


Line:
Most records are from small patches, and these are widely scattered. It has disappeared from some areas in Ky., and from its only known location in Ind. (D).


Line:
Recent research (FNA 22) suggests that all or most Ky. plants are sterile triploid hybrids to be included in var. calamus, which is said to have been introduced from Europe. The native var. americanus (Raf.) H.D. Wulff. (= A. americanus Raf.) is said to include only fertile diploids, to have a less developed midvein, and to occur in more northern regions.
.


Line:
Ranunculaceae <?Actaeeae>: Actaea pachypoda ("alba")


Line:
Ga noted: "growing in rich woods and sometimes in partially cleared woodland pasture" (see also Cimicifuga racemosa and Podophyllum peltatum).


Line:
This southern, pantropical species of sunny, seeping, calcareous outcrops is concentrated in the central Cumberland Rv. and Green Rv. systems. It has not been rediscovered at some localities with older colls: from POWE at "Natural Bridge" (MUR: T.N. McCoy, 6 Dec 1959); from CART (1899; "Carter Caves") and WHIT (1883; "cavernous cliffs, Cumberland Falls"), both mounted on one sheet at GH (A. Risk, pers. comm.). The location in WHIT may be doubted; downstream, PULA has the largest cluster of records in the state. The record from NELS is also old and possibly from adventive plants; details need checking (Cranfill 1980).


Line:
|BAdlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene ex B.S.P.B|   	241


Line:
This is an extraordinary biennial herbaceous vine of rocky woods, usually on sandy soils. Some records suggest association with fire or other disturbance. It is rare through much of its northeastern range, at least in the southern Appalachian extensions. In Ky., it is known only from a few old records in the Cumberland Mountains; the last may have been in 1984.


Line:
This species was supposedly collected by C.W. Short in the "barrens" of western Kentucky, based on old correspondence (M). It is a frequently cultivated species and has been reported as an escape in several regions of North America, but in Ky. it has not taken hold in the wild.


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Aegilops [Triticum] cylindrica


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Aegopodium podagraria


Line:
This commonly cultivated species, especially the variegated form (var. variegatum Bailey), can spread vegetatively into adjacent woodlands, and there also appears to be occasional dispersal over greater distances. The coll. from LEWI (BEREA) is from Manchester Island in the Ohio River.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| h-4,7? D? 3.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
Hippocastanaceae [Sapindaceae]: Aesculus <Pavia> flava (octandra)


Line:
Unverified historical data of Gr are included here as uncertain records (open dots). More good colls. of this species are needed to document the western extent of its range, where it is usually confined to steeper slopes and bottoms along larger streams. There are narrow western extensions in Ky. along the Ohio Rv. downstream to at least OLDH; along the Kentucky Rv. downstream to at least ANDE; and in the Green Rv. watershed downstream to at least HART. Within these extensions, there is considerable evidence of introgression with glabra; see notes under that species.


Line:
Hippocastanaceae [Sapindaceae]: Aesculus <Pavia> glabra


Line:
Without flowers or fruits, this largely mid-western species is often hard to distinguish from the largely Appalachian flava. Moreover, Hardin (1957b) considered that some colls. of glabra scattered west of the Appalachians, in Ky. (BULL, FAYE, CLAR, MADI at GH), Tenn, Ohio, Ind., Ill., Mo. and Io. exhibit introgression from flava; see also Beatley (1979). However, in many cases this conclusion was based just on the presence of stipitate glands on pedicels and perianths. Evidence of introgression is clearest close to the Appalachians, often with stamens more exserted, greater differences between upper and lateral petals, and fruit spines relatively small or irregular. The occurrence of glabra within the rugged Appalachian hills remains uncertain. CW mapped it in CLAY and LAUR, but details are not yet available; Gr mapped several other counties that are not included here. However, it is known nearby from site in s. W.Va., and more frequently in the Ridge and Valley of Tenn. and Va. (PL).


Line:
Hippocastanaceae [Sapindaceae]: Aesculus <Pavia> pavia


Line:
Most or all colls. of this southern species are referrable to var. discolor (Pursh) Gray, which is a largely western segregate (F) with leaves broadly elliptic to oblong-obovate, up to 4-8 cm wide (versus lance-elliptic to lance-ovate, up to 2-6 cm wide), and "velvety to tomentulose" below (versus glabrous to glabrate). However, Hardin (1957a) and others have not recognized this variety. Outlying colls. from FAYE (CW), HENR (KY) and ROWA (KY) may be atypical, and perhaps hybridized with other species. They may have come from cultivated or escaped plants; ee also unverified historical reports from FLOY, MONR and SCOT (Gr). Hardin (1957b) reported hybrids with A. sylvatica Bartr. from BELL (H.A. Gleason #8831 at NY) and "southern Ky." (S.F. Price #2385 at GH), but such crosses seem unlikely. A. sylvatica is a southeastern species (especially on the Piedmont) that extends north in the Ridge-and-Valley region to Granger Co. in e. Tenn. (Ch).


Line:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Aethusa cynapium


Line:
This common weed of Europe is naturalized in northeastern states, but does not seem to be spreading within Ky. The few records date only from 1893 (Pr) to 1947 (or perhaps an unverified record in 1975).


Line:
|BAgalinis decemloba (Greene) PennellB|   	1745


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Erectae> [Gerardia] decemloba ("obtusifolia")


Line:
This occurs on foothills and plains around the central and southern Appalachians. It is close to A. obtusifolia Raf., a species of the southeastern Coastal Plain that has been sometimes combined or confused, and thereby reported from Ky. There has also been confusion with gattingeri, to which colls. from CALL are here reassigned (Woods 1983; M).


Line:
|BAgalinis fasciculata (Ell.) Raf.B|   	1740


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Purpureae> [Gerardia] fasciculata


Line:
|BAgalinis gattingeri (Small) SmallB|   	1743


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Erectae> [Gerardia] gattingeri


Line:
This has often been confused with other species and overlooked. Some records from the Coastal Plain in Ky., on relatively damp sites, have been tentatively transferred from skinneriana. Further study of Agalinis is needed in general.


Line:
|BAgalinis purpurea (L.) PennellB|   	1739


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Purpureae> [Gerardia] purpurea


Line:
Variation needs further study. This species is close to fasciculata, and there may be intermediates. A coll. from ROWA seems to be var. parviflora (Benth.) Boivin (= A. paupercula (Gray) Britt.), but the label data are dubious (Campbell et al. 1992).


Line:
|BAgalinis skinneriana (Wood) Britt.B|   	1744


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Erectae> [Gerardia] skinneriana


Line:
This globally rare species is known from scattered localities across the upper mid-west. In Ky. it is known only from a few records, mostly colls. made during 1930-1980, but most of these have been uncertain or dubious (M). There has been confusion with other species, especially gattingeri.


Line:
|BAgalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. macrophylla (Benth.) BlakeB|   	1742


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Tenuifoliae> [Gerardia] tenuifolia var. macrophylla (G. besseyana)


Line:
Further work is needed to separate this taxon from typical tenuifolia. Only Pennell (1929) appears to have distinguished it in Ky. material.


Line:
|BAgalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. tenuifoliaB|   	1741


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Tenuifoliae> [Gerardia] tenuifolia var. t.


Line:
Further study of variation is needed; however, reports of var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell are probably erroneous (M).


Line:
|BAgastache foeniculum (Pursh) KuntzeB|   	1857 R


Line:
This was reported by Lint & Epling (1945), but no coll. has been located. It is native to western North America, cultivated as an ornamental, and reportedly naturalized at scattered locations in the east (W).


Line:
|BAgastache nepetoides (L.) KuntzeB|   	1856


Line:
|BAgastache scrophulariifolia (Willd.) KuntzeB|   	1855


Line:
There has been some confusion with nepetoides. The coll. by D. Noe from ROCK (for EKY but still not processed) was confirmed. Other records need to be checked: BATH (Wharton 1945) and JACK (D. Taylor, pers. comm.).


Line:
|BAgeratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins.B|   	2465


Line:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Ageratina [Eupatorium] altissima (E. rugosum, urticaefolium)


Line:
Some relatively pubescent colls. have been identified as var. tomentellum (B.L. Robbins.) Blake (from BULL), or as forma villicaule Fern. (from NELS, OWEN, WHIT). However, these taxa are not recognized in recent treatments. A few colls. from the Cumberland Mts. may tend towards var. roanensis; see below.


Line:
|BAgeratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. roanensis (Small) Clewell & Woot.B|   	2466 T


Line:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Ageratina [Eupatorium] altissima var. roanensis (E. rugosum var. r.)


Line:
A coll. from HARL (widely distributed, with a duplicate at MDKY) has been assigned to this variety by Clewell & Wooten (1971): F.T. McFarland #29, 28 Sep 1940, Black Mt. top, common in woods. Also, a coll. of T.H. Kearney from BELL (NCU) has been labeled with this name. These plants do not seem to be as distinct from var. altissima as in the Blue Ridge (M), where var. roanensis mostly occurs. Clewell & Wooten noted: "grading into var. altissima at lower elevations and in peripheral geographic areas."


Line:
|BAgeratina aromatica (L.) SpachB|   	2464


Line:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Ageratina [Eupatorium] aromatica


Line:
|BAgeratina luciae-brauniae (Fern.) King & H.E. Robins.B|   	2467


Line:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Ageratina [Eupatorium] luciae-brauniae (deltoides ined.)


Line:
Although locally common, this species is known only from sandstone rockhouses in the central Cumberland Plateau of Ky. and Tenn. (in Fentress, Pickett, Scott & Morgan Cos.; Ch).


Line:
This is a northern and montane species (also in the Rockies) than extends south at high elevation in the southern Appalachians, including the Cumberland Mts. of Ky. The disjunct record from MADI (BEREA) is verified: J.S. Bergen, 6 Jul 1925, damp woods, [Berea] College woods. However, some other western records have been erroneous.


Line:
Rosaceae <Sanguisorbeae>: Agrimonia microcarpa (pubescens var. m.)


Line:
This is a fairly widespread southern species, reported from Ky. by F and others. It is close to pubescens, and some colls. may be somewhat intermediate. Although Wessel & Thieret (2000) doubted the identification of this species in the state, there are colls. from MADI (G.W. Libby OB-725, EKY),  JEFF (P. Haragan, Olmstead Parks herbarium). OLDH (H. Peterson, DHL), and ROWA (A. Risk, MDKY) that do fall within its traditional circumscription.


Line:
Rosaceae <Sanguisorbeae>: Agrimonia pubescens (var. p.)


Line:
There are some old records, but no coll. has been located (M). It seems possible that this northern species could occur in the Cumberland Moutains, as reported by Kearney (1893). However, there has been some confusion with pubescens, and verified colls. of striata are unknown in Va, N.C. or S.C., even at high elevation (W).


Line:
|BAgropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. ssp. pectinatum (Bieb.) TzvelevB|   	3279 R


Line:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Agropyron cristatum* ssp. pectinatum


Line:
This has been reported in Ky. by Gr and others (M), but no coll. has been located. It is a Eurasian species, but widely planted in western North America.


Line:
First recorded in 1880-1893 (M), this tall annual weed became "one of the unquestionably dangerous plants" in 1914, due to its toxic saponins (Gr). Gr noted: "it grows among small grains and not among corn (maize). It is frequently seen also along roadsides and in fence corners." However, in 1943 B added: "no longer common." Today, it is widely scattered but generally infrequent to rare. This decline has presumably been due to changes in agricultural practices.


Line:
|BAgrostis alba: A. stolonifera and see A. giganteaB|


Line:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis capillaris (tenuis; alba var. vulgaris)


Line:
In North America, this largely European species is commonly sown for lawns and other sites designed for short mowed grass, especially in cooler regions to the north. In Ky., capillaris does not appear to be established in the wild, but there are a few scattered records (BALL, ESTI, ROWA) that need further verification (M).


Line:
|BAgrostis elliottiana J.A. SchultesB|   	3212


Line:
This species of northwestern North America has been collected from a stripmine bench in LESL (JC for KY), but it is probably not truly naturalized. It was probably a waif in plantings of other seed for reclamation.


Line:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis gigantea ("alba"; stolonifera var. major)


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No doubt introduced early after settlement, this became a "valuable pasture grass, cultivated extensively, and growing wild in all parts of the state" (Anderson 1924). See also Short et al. (1833), Gr and other early records under various synonyms (M).


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|BAgrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P.B|   	3215


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis hyemalis (var. h.; "scabra")


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This widespread eastern species has been confused with scabra in earlier literature.


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|BAgrostis perennans (Walt.) TuckermanB|   	3210


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis perennans (var. p.)


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Some colls. from CARL and FULT are referable to var. aestivalis Vasey, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.  A. perennans var. elata Trin. was reported by Kearney (1893), but no colls. have been located. Var. elata is a synonym of A. altissima (Walt.) Tuckerman, which occurs in bogs on the Coastal Plain from N.J. to Flo. to se Miss. and is very unlikely to occur in Ky. (FNA 24).


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis scabra (hyemalis var. tenuis/scabra)


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This widespread northern and western species is known from CALL (EKY) and probably other colls. to be located and verified (LOGA, ?MADI, TODD, WARR; see M for details). Some reports were based on misidentifications of perennans. The key in F has been misleading; the "copiously spinulose-scabrous" panicle branches of scabra and hyemalis are usually distinct from the "slightly scabrous" or "scabridulous" (FNA 24) branches of perennans, but the other differences should be sought as well.


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|BAgrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.B|   	3207


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (alba var. p.)


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Most of these colls. appear distinct from var. stolonifera (which has shorter stolons, shorter leaves, and more open panicles), but this needs checking. The coll. from EDMO (WKY) may be var. stolonifera. A. stolonifera is a widespread northern (circumboreal) and western species, supposed to be native in northern states but perhaps not Ky. (F). Much material may be escaped from plantings for lawns, especially golf course greens.


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|BAgrostis stolonifera L. var. stoloniferaB|   	3208 T


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Agrostis stolonifera var. s. (alba var. a.)


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|BAilanthus altissima (P. Mill.) SwingleB|   	604


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This infamous Chinese tree was grown initially as an exotic ornamental, but has become widely naturalized in thin woods or along edges, especially where repeated cutting or browsing occurs. The first report that suggests naturzalized status was by Hussey (1876).


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This occasionally escapes from garden areas, but it is not clear if all records are from truly naturalized plants in wilder sites.


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|BAkebia quinata (Houtt.) Dcne.B|   	157


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This has spread locally from cultivation, especially in Louisville (JEFF).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 7,5? D? 3?.   |BABU B| +4.


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Some records may come from planted trees, but this species from tropical Asia is clearly naturalized in many areas, especially on medium-acid soils. The first published record for Ky. was in 1950 (F). B did not record it during her extensive field work during 1920-1950, including many parts of Appalachian regions where the species is now so common.


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-8,10 C 4.   |BABU B| +6*.


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In some cases, it is not clear if plants are truly naturalized.


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|BALEXANDERS: Angelica (PALE), Zizia (GOLDEN)B|


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Alismataceae: Alisma subcordatum (plantago-aquatica var. parviflora)


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Alismataceae: Alisma triviale (plantago-aquatica var. americana)


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This widespread northern and western species was reported by Pr as A. plantago-aquatica L. var. americana J.A. Schultes, and by Gunn (1968) as A. triviale. However, no coll. has been located. This species remains unknown south of the Ohio Rv. and east of the lower Mississippi Rv. (PL).


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|BAlliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & GrandeB|   	731


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The first report from Ky. was by Braun (1943), who listed only KENT. Since 1970 this invasive woodland species has increased to become abundant throughout the Bluegrass region, and at many other scattered locations elsewhere.


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Probably all wild records are for the typical var. ampeloprasum, with relatively small umbels superficially similar to mutabile. There is a likely cultivated coll. of var. atroviolaceum (Boiss.) Regel from JEFF (DHL).


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 ::? D 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BAllium burdickii (Hanes) A.G. JonesB|   	2714


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Alliaceae [Liliaceae]: Allium burdickii (tricoccum var. b.)


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This was neglected in Ky. until the 1980s, and it may be more widespread than records suggest. Although still treated as a variety by some authors (Cr, FNA 26), it generally seems distinct from tricoccum (Jones 1979; J). More investigation is needed to see if there are intermediate plants. A. burdickii differs in its umbels, with fewer flowers (ca. 10-18 versus 30-55), on more erect, shorter pedicels (ca. 10-15 mm versus 15-25 mm), with shorter spathe bracts (ca. 1-2 cm versus 2-3 cm); its scapes are usually shorter (ca. 13-16 cm versus 25-35 cm); its leaves are usually narrower (ca. 2-4 cm versus 5-8 cm), without a distinct petiolar base, the base white (versus with a distinct reddish/pink petiole); its bulbs are usually narrower (ca. 1-1.5 cm versus 2-3 cm); it flowers usually in Jun, with the leaves (versus Jul, after the leaves). The two species have similar northern and Appalachian ranges, but burdickii is locally predominant in midwestern regions, especially on drier base-rich soils. Both species may have significant disjunctions in hilly regions of c. Ky. and c. Tenn. (Ch), but further checking is desirable across their ranges.


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Alliaceae [Liliaceae]: Allium canadense (var. c.)


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The more southwestern A. mutabile Michx. (= A. canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Owenby) was reported by BA, but apparently based on misidentified colls. of ampeloprasum (SIU). A. mutabile does occur in s. Ill. and much of Mo., but it is unknown in Ind., Ky. or Tenn.


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Alliaceae [Liliaceae]: Allium cernuum (oxyphyllum)


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See notes under stellatum, which may have been confused in some cases.


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This has been reported from old fields and disturbed areas in HICK and JEFF (M), but colls. have not been confirmed. This is a wild uncultivated garlic of Europe; it is rarely adventive in North America.


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In several cases, it is impossible to distinguish colls. from persistent plantings versus those from truly spontaneous plants. This species (the commonly cultivated garlic) may not be widely established independently of plantings.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| R-10 ::? D 5.   |BABU B| +5.


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|BAllium stellatum Nutt. ex Ker-Gawl.B|   	2719 T


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This has probably been confused with A. cernuum, a another complex species that is widespread across North America. A. stellatum is centered in the upper mid-west, with outlying southeastern populations in c. Tenn., s. Ill, and perhaps s. Ind., but there are only dubious reports from Ky. (M). Compared to typical cernuum (F, W; D. Estes, pers. comm.), stellatum differs in its flowers, opening in Jul-Nov (versus Jun-Aug), stellate with spreading tepals (versus campanulate to almost rotate), and pink-magenta (versus white-pink); scapes are nodding in bud but become erect in late flower to fruit (versus still nodding in fruit); and bulbs are ovoid (versus elongate). An additional undescribed variant of stellatum is being revealed with deeper study in Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


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Alliaceae [Liliaceae]: Allium tricoccum (var. t.)


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This is close to burdickii, and some colls. need to be rechecked.


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This weed has been a serious problem in Ky. since early settlement. Records include forma capsuliferum (as treated by F). The closely related A. cepa L., cultivated onion, is an occasional waif but not persistent.


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|BAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.B|   	1361 C


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There have been reports that this alien tree is escaping from plantings, especially on strip mines (CW; T. Kimmerer, pers. comm.). Several colls. were mapped by CW, but details are not yet available.


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|BAlnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.B|   	1360


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Although generally absent from the Bluegrass, there are a few records from sandy terraces of the Kentucky River in JESS, FRAN and OWEN.


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The coll. from CARL (MUR) is confirmed: L.M. Wilson #1568. This is a northern and western (circumboreal) species, also known in Ind., Ill. and Mo.


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|BAlopecurus arundinaceus Poir.B|   	3224 W


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This European species has been collected once, on a revegetated stripmine in BELL (BEREA; Thompson & Thieret 1986). This may have been a waif with other planted seed, and has rarely been reported elsewhere in North America.


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In earlier literature, this eastern species appears to have been misidentified as the more northern or circumboreal species, A. geniculatus L. (Short et al. 1833, Gr, Anderson 1924), which is unknown in Ky. (FNA 24).


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|BAlopecurus myosuroides Huds.B|   	3220 W


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Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Alopecurus myosuroides (agrestris)


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Two colls. were in FAYE (KY-Agr. Sch.), dated 1890 and 1894, probably from waifs in plantings at the Agricultural Experiment Station (Anderson 1924). This alien is "occasionally found in fields and waste places at scattered stations" in northeastern states (Cr). It does not appear to be increasing in Ky.


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In North America, this alien is most frequent in northeastern and northwestern regions (FNA 24). Although present in Ky. since 1890 or earlier (Gr), it remains uncommon to rare, and is restricted to the Bluegrass region or adjacent lowlands.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 ::? D 5.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BAlternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.B|   	416


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|BALI B| SA.   |BHAB B| 2 ~ D? 5.   |BABU B| +5.


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This European ornamental has escaped to become locally abundant at a few sites in the Bluegrass region, including the Red Bridge Ridge adjacent to Benson Creek (FRAN). At that site, misidentification of non-flowering plants as Lesquerella globosa caused severe embarassment for JC, many years ago.


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Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Albersia> albus ("graecizans")


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This is native to North America, but it has become a widespread "tumbleweed" and the original range is uncertain. There has been confusion with the more southwestern A. blitoides. Also, the related species A. viridis L. (from South America) and A. blitum L. (a pantropical weed) can be expected (FNA 4). Further review of colls. is desirable.


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|BAmaranthus arenicola I.M. JohnstonB|   	426


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Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Acnida> arenicola ("torreyi")


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This native of the Great Plains appears to be native on sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. It is close to palmeri; identification is difficult and records should be rechecked. In staminate condition, it is also confusable with tuberculatus (FNA 4).


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|BAmaranthus blitoides S. Wats.B|   	417 W


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Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Albersia> blitoides ("graecizans")


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This western species may just be a rare adventive, but there has been some confusion from misuse of the name "graecizans" for both this species and A. albus. The only confirmed record is a coll. from BALL (KY): F.T. McFarland #233, 15 Sep 1949, near La Center.


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Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus cruentus (paniculatus, hybridus ssp. c.)


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This is a cultivar (known as blood, red or purple amaranth) that occasionally escapes, but it does not appear to be persistent.There are records from BOON, FAYE (KY), JESS and PIKE (M). It originated from A. hybridus (FNA 4). A similar cultivar, A. caudatus L. (loves-lies-bleeding), may also be expected.


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|BAmaranthus graecizans: see A. albus & A. blitoidesB|


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This is said to have originally been a "riverside pioneer in eastern North America" (FNA 4), but is now a cosmopolitan weed. There has been confusion among retroflexus, powellii and cruentus, which have proven to be distinct species; hybrids may occur but are generally sterile. It appears that retroflexus became "very common" during the 18th century; that hybridus (as "paniculatus") was "frequent in good ground, but not as common" in 1914 (Gr); and that hybridus is now the more abundant species.


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This appears native on or near sandy banks of the Mississippi and lower Ohio Rivers. It was originally native in southwestern regions, but has become widespread elsewhere in North America. See also arenicola.


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Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus powellii (retroflexus var. p.)


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This is closely related to hybridus (with possible hybrids) and has probably been overlooked in eastern states, where it is adventive from southwestern states and Mexico (FNA 4; W). A. powellii differs from hybridus in its longer bracts (4-7 mm versus 2-4 mm), and in its inflorescences, which are usually stiff with erect branches (versus usually soft and lax with spreading branches). In Ky., the only record is a coll. from HICK (MUR; Grubbs 1989). A. powellii may also hybridize with dioecious taxa in subgenus Acnida (FNA 4).


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This was originally native in central and eastern North America, but is now a cosmopolitan weed. There has been much confusion between this species and hybridus, and there may be some hybridization (FNA 4). Further checking is needed among these and other congeners; see also powellii and arenicola. Some keys are difficult to use, especially if distinguishing supposedly monoecious species (including the retroflexus-hybridus group) from strictly dioecious species (including the tuberculatus group in subgenus Acnida).


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Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Acnida> rudis ("tamariscinus")


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This sometimes appears transitional from tuberculatus to arenicola or palmeri; these species are hard to distinguish. A. rudis may just be a western form of tuberculatus, originally centered in the Great Plains (FNA 4, Y).


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This may have been present early after settlement; in 1914, Gr noted that it was "very common everywhere in Kentucky."


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|BAmaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) SauerB|   	429


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Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Acnida> tuberculatus (Ac. altissima, subnuda)


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This species may have originated in northern regions, from the Ohio Rv. to the Great Lakes, but is now a widespread weed in North America. The mapped records include var. subnudus S. Wats., which is not recognized in recent treatments. See also rudis.


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|BAmbrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) DescourtilsB|   	2244


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior


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The typical var. artemisiifolia is native to the northeastern Coastal Plain, and remains unknown in Ky., despite some reports (M). The southern var. paniculata (Michx.) Blank. is more likely, and has also been reported (BA) but not confirmed.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Ambrosia trifida (var. t.)


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This widespread North American species is generally known as "giant ragweed" but the old common name "buffalo-weed" (F) suggests a prehistoric association with ungulates. In 1914 Gr called it "horse-weed" and stated that it was "often cut for horses, and said to be a remedy for slobbering... sometimes cured and ground for feed... being rich in nitrogenous material." There is also evidence that seeds were eaten, cultivated and even selected for larger size by native people in some regions (as cited by Y); see also Ford (1985). Varieties have been described and hybrids with other Ambrosia spp. may be expected, but we lack a definitive analysis. Var. integrifolia (Muhl.) Torr. & Gray was reported from BALL by Anderson (1947; check Iowa State Univ.). Var. texana Scheele could be expected as an adventive from the southwest, but the only Ky. report appears to have been erroneous (M).


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|BAmelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.B|   	1098


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Amelanchier arborea ("canadensis"; alabamensis)


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The name A. canadensis (L.) Medik (? = A. intermedia Spach.) has been misapplied to arborea in older treatments, causing continuing confusion in academia and horticulture. Typical canadensis is a more shrubby species, with narrower leaves and more ascending racemes of relatively small flowers (F). It occurs in wetlands from northeastern regions to the higher Appalachians in Ga., and it has been reported on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.). Although canadensis or its hybrids may sometimes be planted, there is no evidence that it is native or naturalized in Ky. One coll. from a "river terrace field" in BOON (B) has been identified as the hybrid of arborea with canadensis; the identity and origin of this coll. needs to be checked (E.L. Braun #857 at US).


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Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Amelanchier laevis (arborea var. l.)


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Some material is difficult to distinguish from arborea; there may be introgression in some regions. A. laevis is a northeastern species, extending south along the Appalachians. It is reported (F, Cr) to flower a little earlier, with leaves already about half-grown (versus usually much less than half); leaves are glabrous or nearly so (versus tomentose at least when young), deeper green "with a  prominent coppery-red cast that disappears before maturity"; fruits become relatively dark and juicy, on pedicels up to 2.5-5 cm (versus mostly 1-2 cm). Large distinct populations may not be well-developed in Ky., in contrast to higher elevations of the Southern Appalachians, where trees can reach 10-15 m tall.


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|BAmelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC.B|   	1101


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This was recently found by JC (for KY) in BELL at the crest of Pine Mt. on the Golden tract (later transferred to the Ky. Div. of Forestry), and J. Kiser (pers. comm.) collected it (for EKY) from LETC, in a sandstone glade on the Pine Mt. Wildlife Management Area. An obscure report from Ky. of the hybrid between A. humilis Wieg. and A. laevis (Wiegand 1912) is also noted here; humilis is closely related to sanguinea and sometimes included. A. sanguinea is a largely northeastern species that occurs south along the higher Appalachians to Ga. In Tenn., it is also scattered along banks of the Obed Rv. and elsewhere on the Cumberland Plateau (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


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|BAmelanchier stolonifera auct. p.p. non Wieg.B|   	1102


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This northeastern species was found by JC at the northwest end of the knob north of Ravenna, together with Paxistima canbyi (Campbell et al. 1989). The range and habit of stolonifera is similar to sanguinea, but it is generally a smaller shrub more restricted to xeric open sites. The name A. spicata (Lam.) K. Koch has been misapplied to both species in some older literature.


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|BAmianthium muscitoxicum (Walt.) GrayB|   	2641


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This southeastern species is largely restricted to acid infertile soils in thin woods and grassland. The TODD coll. (PH) was by C.W. Short (ca. 1830-40): "near Elkton, meadows and barrens."


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More material may be transferred to robusta, following closer study.


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|BAmmannia robusta Heer & RegelB|   	516


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This species has often been confused with A. coccinea, and further study is needed for reliable separation of records (Graham 1985; Cr). A. robusta has similar broad southern range and wetland habitat, though apparently concentrated along larger rivers (Cusick 1989). It differs in its lower chromosome number (2n = 34 versus 66); its paler petals (pale lavender versus rose-purple) and anthers (pale versus deep yellow); and its shorter peduncles (0-1 mm versus 0-4+ mm) and pedicels. Its leaves tend to be relatively large on healthy plants (up to ca. 5-10 mm wide and ca. 5-7 cm long), but those on branches and smaller plants are often smaller (ca. 3-5 mm wide and 2-4 cm long).


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Uncertain records (mapped as open dots) may result from plantings; details of context are sometimes missing from colls. In addition to its native habitat along riverbanks, this species was "common in cultivation" a century ago (Gr), and it is still being widely planted. Varieties are not recognized in recent treatments but may deserve further study. Most material tends to var. tennesseensis (Shuttl. ex Kuntze) Palmer. Colls. from MCRE and PULA (KY) match var. fruticosa. A coll. from MARS (WKY) has been referred to var. croceolanata (P.W. Wats.) P.W. Wats. ex Mouille.


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This is a rather uncommon southern species that can easily be confused with fruticosa; further revision of Amorpha colls. may be warranted across its range.


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|BAmpelopsis arborea (L.) KoehneB|   	495


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In Ky. this southern species is locally common along the Mississippi Rv., lower Tennessee Rv. and lower Cumberland Rv. It is generally rare elsewhere except for a cluster of records along the central Ky. Rv. or nearby. Some disjunct records may be escapes from cultivation; see also Duncan (1967).


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|BAmpelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.B|   	493


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Mapped records of this frequently cultivated alien come from parks, roadsides and a cemetary where it has escaped. In Louisville, it became locally dominant in Cherokee Park after the 1974 tornado, and it is now easy to confuse with cordata (P. Haragan, pers. comm.).


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|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| 8,7? D? 4.   |BABU B| +4*.


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Although records are widely scattered over the states, this southeastern species is concentrated along major river valleys, especially in western regions. It has spread locally onto uplands, probably after forest clearance. The northern limit is close to the Ohio Rv. in Ill., Ind. and Ohi, and further east there are only a few records north of S.C. (PL).


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|BAmphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt.B|   	2344


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Asteraceae <Astereae>: Amphiachyris [Gutierrezia] dracunculoides


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This southwestern prairie species has disjunct occurrences in c. Ky. and c. Tenn., where it was treated in Xanthocephalum by Ch. It is unknown if these eastern populations are relictual from presettlement glades and grasslands, or if they are more recently adventive. Further east, this species is considered probably adventive, sometimes appearing as waifs at wool-combing mills (W).


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|BAmphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. bracteataB|   	1297


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Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Amphicarpaea bracteata var. b.


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Further study of these records is needed to distinguish var. comosa more clearly.


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|BAmphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. comosa (L.) Fern.B|   	1298


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Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Amphicarpaea bracteata var. comosa


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This taxon needs further study; it often seems distinct, and appears to be associated with richer soils.


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Apocynaceae: Amsonia salicifolia (tabernaemontanum* var. s. & gattingeri)


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This species is distinct from typical tabernaemontanum in its denser inflorescence, narrower leaves (ca. 1-3 cm wide versus 3-6.5 cm), denser clonal growth, and preference for more sunny conditions. Differences are clear in cultivated plants grown side by side. The name A. tabernaemontanum var. gattingeri Woodson has been applied to plants of the Interior Low Plateaus that differ from salicifolia in their generally pubescent, green lower leaf surfaces (versus glabrous, glaucous), and perhaps denser inflorescence (F). Such plants include colls. from HOPK (KY), MCRA (NCU) and perhaps elsewhere. However, there does not seem to be enough phenotypic, ecologic or biogeographic difference to justify recognition (see also Y). The largely Ozarkian A. illustris Woodson is more distinct, and may occur in c. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Not mapped here are colls. from CAMP (KNK, NCU) initially referred to illustris, which were probably spread from cultivation; their identify and provenance remain uncertain.


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Apocynaceae: Amsonia tabernaemontana (var. t.)


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The coll. from JEFF (DHL) may be from a cultivated plant. This species could be more broadly defined to include close relatives; see notes under salicifolia.


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|BAnagallis arvensis L. var. arvensisB|   	1464


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Anagallis arvensis var.a.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BAnagallis arvensis L. var. caerulea (Schreb.) Gren. & Godr.B|   	1465


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Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea (ssp. foemina*)


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This segregate of arvensis has been treated as a forma, variety, subspecies, or distinct species, and its status still seems uncertain. It is occasionally scattered with the typical plants but much less common, and perhaps concentrated on the most fertile soils.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon gerardii (furcatus)


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This is widely scattered across most of the state, and was formerly dominant in some native grasslands. However, in the Bluegrass region it is known only from a few low rocky ledges along the Kentucky Rv. and a few peripheral sites in transitions to the Knobs. It is also rare or absent in most Appalachian regions, except locally in the southern Cumberland Plateau and in some western transitions. It probably varies much among its varied and often disjunct habitats across the state: glades, deeper soils, and riverbanks on diverse substrates. However, no definitive analysis has been undertaken.


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|BAndropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. var. glomeratusB|   	3440


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> glomeratus var. g. (virginicus var. abbreviatus)


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|BAndropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. var. hirsutior (Hack.) C. MohrB|   	3439


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> glomeratus var. hirsutior (virginicus var. h.)


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There are two colls. from LAUR that are clearly referable to this taxon. Other colls. should be searched for under glomeratus and virginicus. Var. hirsutior has been treated under both species, and appears to be intermediate, but W and others have considered it to be a distinct species.


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> gyrans ("elliottii")


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|BAndropogon saccharoides: see Bothriochloa lagurioidesB|


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> ternarius


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|BAndropogon virginicus L. var. decipiens C. CampbellB|   	3438


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> virginicus var. decipiens


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This southern variety occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain (FNA 25), but apparently also inland. Its inflorescence differs in having slender sheaths (ca. 2.4-3.1 mm wide versus ca. 3.3-4.4), typically with only 2 branches (versus 2-5), which are often exserted on relatively long peduncles. A dense population occurs in PULA (JC for KY) at the Hazel Dell meadow, and probably at other seasonally dry sites. Further comparison with var. virginicus is needed across the state. Var. decipiens can also be casually confused with Schizachyrium scoparius.


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|BAndropogon virginicus L. var. virginicusB|   	3437


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Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> virginicus var. v.


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Variation needs further study. These records include var. tetrastachys (Ell.) Hack., which is not recognized in recent treatments. There appears to be some intergradation with A. glomeratus.


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|BAnemone blanda Schott & KotschyB|   	224 R


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This European species is widely cultivated in flower gardens, but there are only a few records of persisting or escaping plants in northeastern North America (FNA 3). A reported coll. from SHEL (see also PL) has not been located (at EKY or elsewhere).


Line:
This widespread northern species of wet meadows and shores has disappeared from Ky. There are only old records from FAYE (C.W. Short, PH, "on Elkhorn near Lex[ington]" and BOON (Nelson 1919), plus a doubtful recent record from HARD (cited in M).


Line:
This largely mid-western species was listed for west-central Ky. by Hussey (1876) and Linney (1880, 1882). However, no colls. of these early geobotanical explorers have yet been located (perhaps at Purdue). The species is known from se. Mo., c. Tenn. and other disjunct localities in southeastern states (FNA 3; W).


Line:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Anemone lancifolia (quinqufolia var. l.)


Line:
Colls. of B (US), M (WKY) and others (EKY) need further examination to clarify the status of this Appalachian taxon. Inexplicably, it was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 3. It is sometimes treated as A. quinquefolia var. lancifolia (Pursh) Fosberg, since there can be intergradation in zones of overlap.


Line:
Distinction of the hairier var. bifolia Farw. (= var. interior Fern.) is not clearcut, and there appears to be little or no geographic separation in Ky., but further study may be warranted. See also lanceolata.


Line:
Records of the related western species, A. cylindrica Gray, appear to have been erroneous (M).


Line:
|BANEMONE: Anemone, Anemonella (RUE-), Enemion (SPREADING RUE-)B|


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|BAnemonella thalictroides (L.) SpachB|   	218


Line:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Anemonella [Thalictrum] thalictroides


Line:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Anethum graveolens


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There are colls. from BULL (DHL) and ROWA (MDKY), but this commonly cultivated herb (dill) may not be truly naturalized.


Line:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Angelica atropurpurea


Line:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Angelica triquinata (curtisii)


Line:
Records from HARL (KY) and probably LETC (KSNPC) are well-documented. There is a 1939 coll. labelled as from ROWA (MDKY), but the data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992). There is a 1950s coll. from ADAI (F) that has been verified by R. Cranfill (pers. comm.). There is also a report from WARR by Pr that may be supported by a coll. (but not found at MO).


Line:
|BAngelica venenosa (Greenway) Fern.B|   	2049


Line:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Angelica venenosa (villosa)


Line:
|BAnoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.B|   	593


Line:
|BAntennaria howellii: see A. neodioicaB|


Line:
Variation and nomenclature needs to be checked. The coll. from HARD (NCU) appears to be the typical sexual diploid (2n = 28), A. neglecta. However, the colls. from BREC (KY), JEFF (DHL) and LAWR (Beyer & Stebbins 1987) may be the largely apomictic, non-staminate polyploid (2n = 56, 84), A. neodioica (including A. neglecta var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq.). Cr treated the latter as A. neglecta var. neodioica (Greene) Cronq., but FNA 19 treated it as A. howellii Greene ssp. neodioica (Greene) Bayer. Both neglecta and neodioica are widespread in northern regions, with no clear differences in habitat, but neodioica tends to flower later, in late May-July (versus late April-June).


Line:
|BAntennaria neodioica GreeneB|   	2435 T


Line:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Antennaria neodioica (neglecta var. n., howellii* ssp. n.)


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Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Antennaria parlinii (plantaginifolia var. arnoglossa)


Line:
Mapping here is provisional. A. parlinii has been treated as an intergrading variety of plantaginifolia (Cr), with the most obvious difference being the glabrate or glabrous upper surface of its basal leaves (versus persistently tomentose). However, parlinii reportedly consists of largely apomictic, non-staminate polyploid plants (2n = 56, 84, 70, 112), with various hybrid origins from the diploids (2n = 28) plantaginifolia, solitaria and racemosa Hook. (FNA 19). Although several colls. from Ky. have been determined by authorities as parlinii (e.g., from FLEM and LEWI at NCU), few if any have the distinctly longer involucres (7-13 mm long versus 5-7 mm) that are described in manuals. Typical parlinii is also supposed to have longer staminate corollas (3.5-5 mm versus 2-3.5 mm) and pistillate corollas (4-7 mm versus 3-4 mm), and glandular upper stems. Several colls. (perhaps most) could be transferred to plantaginifolia var. ambigens; see notes under that name.


Line:
|BAntennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. var. ambigens (Greene) Cronq.B|   	2432


Line:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Antennaria plantaginifolia var. ambigens (parlinii ssp. fallax*)


Line:
Mapping here is provisional. This taxon is often included with A. parlinii ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins, but appears somewhat intermediate between typical plantaginifolia and parlinii (Cr. FNA 19, W). It differs from typical parlinii in its basal leaves, with upper surfaces initially tomentose and "more tardily glabrate" (versus glabrous or nearly so even when young). Also, summits of young flowering stems are usually glandless (versus usually with purple glandular hairs). Further examination of colls. is needed to clarify the degree of distinction among these three or more taxa in Ky.


Line:
|BAntennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. var. plantaginifoliaB|   	2431


Line:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Antennaria plantaginifolia var. p.


Line:
See notes under parlinii. Both species are widespread in eastern North America, and often confused. A. plantaginifolia may occur in drier or more open habitats, on average, but there is little evidence of ecological difference. Curiously, Y did not recognize this species in Mo., but reported A. parlinii and its ssp. fallax (including ambigens) across most of that state, within the same habitats.


Line:
This is a sexual diploid species (2n = 28), largely restricted to east-central states in relatively mesic woods (FNA 19; W).


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|BAntenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & VautierB|   	309


Line:
Polygonaceae: Antenoron [Polygonum*, Tovara] virginianum


Line:
Like cotula, this weed has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1933). Most or all material may be var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC., but that taxon is not recognized in most recent treatments. A. arvensis has often been misidentified as cotula, and some records need to be rechecked. BA's report of A. tinctoria L. was based on misidentified arvensis (M).


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


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This alien barnyard annual has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). Some colls. need to be rechecked for arvensis, which has been confused.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
|BAnthoxanthum aristatum Boiss.B|   	3228 W


Line:
This was collected by Abbott et al. (2001) in TRIG (BEREA), at the entrance to the Elk-Bison exhibit at Land-Between-the-Lakes, where various grasses have been seeded. This species may have been introduced by accident along with such seeding.


Line:
The FAYE (KY-Agr.) coll. may be from cultivation.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 C 5.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
|BAnthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.B|   	2014 R


Line:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Anthriscus sylvestris


Line:
This alien was reported by M'Murtrie (1819) but there are no other records. Although thinly scattered in northeastern and northwestern regions (especially Wash.), A. sylvestris is not much established in North America. A. caucalis (with more hispidulous leaves and prickly fruits) is another European species that may be expected (Ch, J, Y).


Line:
|BApera spica-venti (L.) Beauv.B|   	3205


Line:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Apera [Agostis] spica-venti


Line:
This alien was collected from a weedy roadside in CAMP (KNK). It is "sparingly introduced in waste place" across northeastern regions (Cr), but does not seem to be spreading much in Ky. or other southern states.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? D 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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|BAphanes microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm.B|   	1019


Line:
Rosaceae <Sanguisorbeae>: Aphanes [Alchemilla] microcarpa


Line:
This has been recently found on mowed ground in MADI (Abbott et al. 2001) and CALL (Poindexter & Thompson 2008).


Line:
This species may have been used extensively for food by native people, but there is no clear evidence of cultivation; see C. W. Cowan in Ford (1985).


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This globally threatened species occurs mostly at the base of rocky slopes and along nearby edges in s. Ill., w. Ky., c. Tenn., n. Miss. and n. Ala (Woods 2005). It has disappeared from much of the northern part of its range, except for a few sites in or near the Land-Between-the-Lakes of Ky. (LYON, TRIG) and Tenn. (Stewart & Montgomery Cos.). It needs to be cultivated for recovery, and for its large edible tubers of possible ethnobotanical interest.


Line:
|BAplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.B|   	2805


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|BApocynum ×floribundum Greene (pro sp.)B|   	1611


Line:
Apocynaceae: Apocynum androsaemifolium x cannabinum (X floribundum, medium)


Line:
The few uncertain records of pure A. androsaemifolium L. are included here: from ROWA (MDKY; Campbell et al. 1992) and perhaps elsewhere (Gr; "not uncommon about meadows and in open woodland in western Ky."). Introgression with A. cannabinum needs further study in Ky. A. androsaemifolium has a relatively northern range but it does extend south in or near the higher Appalachians to c. Ga. (W).


Line:
Apocynaceae: Apocynum cannabinum (var. c.)


Line:
These records include var. glaberrima A. DC. and var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) Woods, which are not generally recognized.


Line:
Apocynaceae: Apocynum sibiricum (cannabinum* var. hypericifolia)


Line:
This has often been treated as distinct northern species (e.g. F, W), but there may be some intergradation with typical cannabinum in Ky. and elsewhere along its southern borders. Variety status is often preferred (Cr) or even complete combination (Y, J). Colls. often lack main stem leaves, which have characteristically short petioles (ca. 0-3 mm versus 5-10 mm) and rounded to cordate bases (versus cuneate to rounded).


Line:
|BArabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al-ShehbazB|   	737


Line:
Brassicaceae <Sisymbrieae>: Arabidopsis [Sisymbrium; Arabis] lyrata


Line:
This widespread northern species has been collected from PIKE (NCU): F. Levy, 19 May 1982, "dry thin soil on rock outcrop outside Pool Pt R.R. bridge near Breaks." There are also records based on unverified colls. from CALL (Woods & Fuller 1989), ESTI (Anderson 1947; check Iowa State Univ.), "knobs" of GRNP (Hopkins 1937), and "edge of woods near Louisville"  in JEFF (Hopkins 1937). Transfer from Arabis to Arabidopsis is supported by recent research (e.g. O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz 2003).


Line:
|BArabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.B|   	736


Line:
Brassicaceae <Sisymbrieae>: Arabidopsis [Sisymbrium] thaliana


Line:
This weedy winter annual of fallow fields is found mostly on relatively infertile, worn-out soils. It has been locally abundant since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gr).


Line:
There is a coll. recorded from JEFF (DHL), but the label data were minimal (M), and it may have been mislaid. This commonly cultivated alien ("wall rockcress") is not reported as naturalized anywhere in eastern North America.


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|BArabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. adpressipilis (M. Hopkins) RollinsB|   	711


Line:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Arabis hirsuta var. adpressipilis


Line:
This occurs mostly in the Ozarks, southern Interior Low Plateaus and upper midwest.


Line:
|BArabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) RollinsB|   	710


Line:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Arabis hirsuta var. pycnocarpa


Line:
This is widespread across western North America.


Line:
|BArabis: > Boechera, Planodes, Turritis; @ Arabidopsis, SibaraB|


Line:
This has been reported by Pr (addenda) and BA (citing a coll. at KY-Agr. which cannot be found). A. hispida is a northern species that extends south in the Appalachians to w. N.C., but it is unlikely in Ky. (M). It may have been confused with racemosa.


Line:
In Ky. this widespread northern species is currently known from a few sites in or near the Cumberland Mts. There are also old colls. reported from LEWI and ROWA (B; check US), and perhaps elsewhere (BA); these colls. need to be located and verified.


Line:
This is widely scattered over eastern and central North America, but generally restricted to relatively undisturbed mesic woodlands on acid soils.


Line:
Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Arctium minus (lappa var. minus)


Line:
This common barnyard weed has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). Reports of typical A. lappa L. and A. tomentosum P. Mill. cannot be confirmed and may be erroneous (M), but those species are known in adjacent states north of Ky.  All three taxa were treated as varieties of lappa in early literature (e.g. Gray 1864).


Line:
|BArenaria groenlandica: see Minuartia glabraB|


Line:
|BArenaria leptoclados (Reichenb.) Guss.B|   	360


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Arenaria leptoclados (serpyllifolia var. tenuior, ssp. l.)


Line:
The only known coll. of this largely northeastern species may be from WOOD (DHL+; Wharton 1945, FNA 5). It is diploid (2n = 20), in contrast to the closely related tetraploid, serpyllifolia (2n = 40), which has larger leaves and flowers. The latter is much more widespread in temperate regions, but colls. need to be rechecked for leptocladus. Although generally considered alien, the status of both taxa may be somewhat uncertain.


Line:
Caryophyllaceae: Arenaria serpyllifolia (var s.)


Line:
This southeastern weedy species ("prickly poppy") may just be a rare escape from cultivation or adventive waif, and it is probably not persistent (J,W). It occurs mostly in open sandy sites on the Coastal Plain. There is a coll. from FAYE (Ky.-Agr.). The more tropical species, A. mexicana L., may also be expected as a waif or escape.


Line:
|BArgyrochosma dealbata (Pursh) WindhamB|   	50


Line:
Pteridaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Argyrochosma [Notholaena] dealbata


Line:
This species was collected in ADAI (Fi) during 1971, by D. Gibson & Watson: #722, from "exposed limestone rocks along Buffalo Cliff above Green River 8 miles N of Columbia."  This area was searched unsuccessfully in 1991 by R. Cranfill, M. Medley and J. Campbell.


Line:
|BArisaema dracontium (L.) SchottB|   	2576


Line:
|BArisaema pusillum (Peck) NashB|   	2573


Line:
Araceae: Arisaema pusillum ("triphyllum"; triphyllum ssp. p.*)


Line:
Distinction of this diploid taxon from typical triphyllum needs further research; identification in the herbarium is difficult. Treatment as subspecies may be preferred, but genetic integradation is unknown (FNA 22; W). A. pusillum has a largely southeastern range, and is particulalrly distinct on the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain. In Ky. populations of these rather small late flowering plants may be associated with relatively damp and acid soils, especially in flatwoods and streamheads of the Mississippian and Appalachian Plateaus.


Line:
|BArisaema quinatum (Buckl.) SchottB|   	2575


Line:
Araceae: Arisaema quinatum (triphyllum ssp. q.*)


Line:
|BArisaema stewardsonii Britt.B|   	2574 R


Line:
Araceae: Arisaema stewardsoniii (triphyllum ssp. s.*)


Line:
This northeastern taxon has been reported from BELL by Treiber (1980) and others, but no coll. has been located. It is close to pusillum; both are diploids (2n = 28).


Line:
|BArisaema triphyllum (L.) SchottB|   	2572


Line:
Araceae: Arisaema triphyllum (atrorubens; triphyllum ssp. t.*)


Line:
This is mostly tetraploid, with 2n = 56. Forms with purple (typical), striped (forma zebrina) and green (forma viride) flowers are all scattered widely through the state. Colls. need to be studied more closely for potential segregation of pusillum; see also stewardsonii and quinatum.


Line:
|BAristida basiramea Engelm. ex VaseyB|   	3150 R


Line:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida basiramea (var. b.)


Line:
This was mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock (1950), but verified colls. have not been located. Confusion may arise from different treatments of curtissii: as a variety of basiramea or dichotoma. Typical basiramea has a largely mid-western range.


Line:
|BAristida curtissii (Gray ex S. Wats. & Coult.) NashB|   	3151


Line:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida curtissii (dichotoma/basiramea var. c.)


Line:
In addition to the coll. of R. Athey from MCRA (MUR), there are old general reports from Ky. by Hitchcock & Chase (1950) and others. This taxon has been treated as a variety of the largely mid-western basiramea (Cr), or of the broadly southeastern dichotoma (FNA 25). Its morphology and distribution may be somewhat intermediate between those two species.


Line:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida dichotoma (var. d.)


Line:
This annual is most common on disturbed rocky or eroded ground, growing in acid soils with low fertility. A coll. of C.W. Short dated Sep 1835 (at KY before fire) stated: "Throughout Barrens" (Anderson 1924).


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|BAristida longispica Poir. var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern.B|   	3154


Line:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida longespica var. geniculata (intermedia)


Line:
Distinction from var. longespica is sometimes unclear; colls. from ROWA (MDKY) and TODD (EKY) appear intermediate. Var. geniculata may be a reasonable western segregate, but variation has not been assessed in detail; some plants superficially suggest transitions to the perennial relative, purpurascens.


Line:
|BAristida longispica Poir. var. longispicaB|   	3153


Line:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida longespica var. l. (gracilis)


Line:
|BAristida palustris: see A. purpurascensB|


Line:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida purpurascens (var. p., A. affinis)


Line:
See notes under virgata. The record from FAYE (EKY) probably came as a waif from transported hay to the Horse Park.


Line:
|BAristida ramosissima Engelm. ex GrayB|   	3149


Line:
|BAristida tuberculosa Nutt.B|   	3148 R


Line:
This was reported from Ky. by Hitchcock (1924), based only on a coll. of C.W. Short (GH) without locality. It was not included by Hitchcock & Chase (1950). This species occurs on dunes and similar sandy sites along the east coast and in the upper mid-west. It is unlikely but possible in Ky.


Line:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida virgata (purpurascens var. v.)


Line:
Colls. from LAUR (US) and PULA (KY, BEREA) have been called affinis, virgata or palustris, but do not exactly match any of those taxa. They have awns that do not diverge as much as typical purpurascens, and might be transitional from purpurascens to virgata. C.W. Short's (CINC) coll. (perhaps under "palustris") from "barrens of Ky." still needs to be checked (M). There has been confusion in nomenclature (FNA 25). A. affinis (J.A. Schultes) Kunth is not considered distinct from typical purpurascens in recent treatments, but virgata may best be treated as a southern variety. A. palustris (Chapman) Vasey ("affinis" misapplied) is restricted to the Coastal Plain and unknown in Ky. or Tenn.


Line:
|BAristolochia durior: see Isotrema macrophyllaB|


Line:
|BArmoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.B|   	715 C


Line:
There are records from OLDH and TODD (M), but perhaps just persistent from old gardens. This infamously pungent plant ("horseradish") spreads slowly from root branches, but rarely makes fertile seed. It is self-incompatible and probably originated as a cultivated hybrid of ancestral species in Eurasia (Al-Shehbaz 1988b).


Line:
|BArnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H.E. Robins.B|   	2280


Line:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Arnoglossum [Cacalia] atriplicifolium


Line:
|BArnoglossum muehlenbergii (Schultz-Bip.) H.E. Robins.B|   	2279


Line:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Arnoglossum [Cacalia] muehlenbergii (reniforme)


Line:
The correct name should be A. reniforme (Hook.) H.E. Robins., according to L.C. Anderson (FNA 20); but, hopefully, a proposal to conserve will be made.


Line:
|BAronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers.B|   	1065


Line:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Aronia [Pyrus] arbutifolia


Line:
This is widespread on acid soils in eastern North America, but absent in the mid-west. Putative hybrids with melanocarpa have been collected in CALL (WKY), LETC (B), MCRE (CW) and PULA (CW). Such plants are reported to form distinct populations in states east of Ky., sometimes treated as a distinct species, with a broad northeastern range (PL, W): A. prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd. [= Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) E.B. Phipps). Aronia has been included by K.R. Robertson & J.B. Phipps within the genus Photinia (as followed by K and PL), but if these genera are merged Aronia has priority (as reviewed in W).


Line:
|BAronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.B|   	1067


Line:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Aronia [Pyrus] melanocarpa


Line:
This is widespread on acid soils in most of eastern North America, including the parts of the mid-west, but excluding regions west of the Mississippi Rv. (PL). See further notes under arbutifolia.


Line:
|BArrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J.& K. PreslB|   	3242


Line:
This was introduced at least a century ago, and considered exceptionally useful. Gr noted: "Among 40-50 forage plants kept growing at the Ky. Experimental Farm for a number of years, this has always, winter and summer, been one of the finest in appearance..." It was widely cultivated through the 1920s (Anderson 1924), but has now become rather uncommon or rare, since its agricultural role has been replaced by Festuca arundinacea. The coll. from SIMP (KY-Agr.) is referred to var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner, and needs to be investigated further.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10,8 D 5.   |BABU B| +5<.


Line:
It is unclear if the single coll. from Ky. (BALL at MUR) represents a wild population or a rare garden-escape. This "common wormwood" has long been cultivated for its biochemical properties, but it has only become widely naturalized in northern regions (PL).


Line:
This weed may not have become widespread in eastern North America until after the mid-1800s, when Gray (1864) noted the range as just "Ind. to Kan." It was not recorded in Ky. until 1914, when Gr noted: "common locally along rivers and at the edges of cities elsewhere."


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| G-10 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +6.


Line:
Although this aggressive western weed is widely adventive in eastern states, there are only three old (1828-1937) records from Ky. (M).


Line:
The coll. from JEFF (DHL) is referable to var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, which is not generally recognized in current treatments.


Line:
This species is known only from a coll. of  R. Athey #1333, along a "sandy fencerow" in BALL (EKY; check for accession). It is native to northeastern U.S.A. and adjacent Canada, but perhaps not Ky. It has sometimes been planted as an ornamental and has locally escaped (FNA 19).


Line:
|BArtemisia stelleriana Bess.B|   	2262 C


Line:
The only record is a coll. from HICK, growing wild along a roadside in 1962 (EKY). This East Asian species is sometimes cultivated (as "dusty miller" or "old woman"), and has spread along lake-shores and coasts in northeastern regions, but it does not seem to be have become truly naturalized in the Ohio Valley.


Line:
Colls. from GRAN, KENT and perhaps elsewhere are referable to var. glabra Ledeb., but that taxon is not generally recognized in current treatments.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 ::? D 6?.   |BABU B| +6.


Line:
|BArthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) MakinoB|   	3444


Line:
This Japanese species has increased rapidly across southeastern states during recent decades. In Ky., it was first observed ca. 1980 (Woods 1983; M). It is now widely scattered, and locally abundant on damp acid soils in open disturbed areas.


Line:
|BAruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. var. dioicusB|   	930


Line:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Aruncus dioicus var. d.


Line:
Western material should be rechecked for var. pubescens.


Line:
|BAruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. var. pubescens (Rydb.) Fern.B|   	931


Line:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Aruncus dioicus var. pubescens


Line:
Further study of colls. is needed; there may be some intergradation with the typical variety.


Line:
|BArundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.B|   	3131


Line:
Poaceae <Arundinarieae>: Arundinaria gigantea (macrosperma)


Line:
Records from sight or living colls. at Griffith Woods are included here; further verification is needed for the thinly scattered remnants in northern counties.
This southeastern species formerly grew in large "canebrakes" on bottomlands across most of the state, and, especially in the Bluegrass Region, on some fertile uplands. Clearance for farmland, followed by browsing by livestock, has greatly reduced it (Gr, Anderson 1924, Campbell 1989). The recently described A. appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark is known from the southern Appalachians (Tenn., N.C., Ala., Ga., S.C.), where it occurs in relatively dry woods with oaks, hickories, pines and blackgum (Triplett et al. 2006). In Tenn., it is known from the southern Cumberland Plateau, but its northern limit seems to lie just south of Ky. and Va. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). A. tecta (Walt.) Muhl. has been erroneously reported from Ky. (M), but it is restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain from Md. to Miss.


Line:
This giant grass from the Mediterranean region may just be persistent from old ornamental plantings, but at least in some Appalachian river valleys, it seems to be remarkably aggressive locally along roads and woodland edges.


Line:
|BAsarum canadense L. var. canadense {incl. var. acuminatum Ashe)B|   	144


Line:
Aristolochiaceae: Asarum canadense var. c. {or var. acuminatum}


Line:
This mapping is provisional; further study will be needed after current revision by D. Estes (pers. comm.),  A. Weakley and others. True var. acuminatum (with exceptionally long calyx lobes) may be another distinct taxon common across Appalachian regions or perhaps restricted to higher elevations (as in BELL and HARL).


Line:
|BAsarum canadense L. var. reflexum (E.P. Bickn.) B.L. Rob.B|   	146


Line:
Aristolochiaceae: Asarum canadense var. reflexum


Line:
Mapping here is provisional, but this taxon does appear to be usually distinct and concentrated from the upper mid-west to the southern Ridge-and-Valley and Piedmont. Treatment of reflexum remains controversial, from combination with the more northeastern canadense (FNA 3; Kelly 2001) to full species status (Sm; D. Estes, pers. comm.). It differs from most other canadense (F, W) in its calyx lobes 5-10 (12) mm long (versus 10-35 mm), strongly reflexed to often more or less appressed back against the calyx tube (versus spreading to ascending from the base), and acute or acuminate (versus acuminate with caudale inrolling tips 4-20 mm long). Also, leaves are more kidney-shaped, with broad lobes and a blunt apex (versus more acute to acuminate). Somewhat intermediate plants known as var. ambiguum (Bickn.) Farw. occur mostly at intermediate elevations in the Southern Appalachians, and are confirmed in sw. Va. (along the Tazewell Rv. in Lee Co.), but perhaps not in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Line:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias exaltata (phytolaccoides)


Line:
|BAsclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woods.B|   	1632


Line:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias <Acerates> hirtella (longifolia var. h.)


Line:
Typical hirtella is centered in the upper mid-west, and occurs mostly on drier ground, often on limestone. The closely related to A. longifolia Michx. has been reported (BA) but not verified; it occurs mostly in wet pine savannas the Coastal Plain in southeastern states. Plants named hirtella on seasonally wet acid soils in PULA (BEREA), with disjunct Gymnopogon brevifolius, also typical of wet pine savannas, should be rechecked for possible integradation with longifolia. The Ozarkian relative, A. stenophylla Gray, has also been reported (BA) but apparently in error (M).


Line:
Some colls. from HICK, ROWA and probably elsewhere may be referrable to var. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Pers. (or treated as a ssp. by Woods.). However, more work is needed to determine if that hairier northeastern taxon can be consistently distinguished in the state.


Line:
Although widely scattered, there are few recent records of this largely northeastern species. It may have been typical of thin woods and edges on fertile lowlands, now increasingly influenced by agriculture and colonized by the closely related weedy species, syriaca. In 1914, Gr noted that purpurascens was "common on low ground, along streams and ditches." Since 1980, it has been found (pers. comm.) by D. Boone & R. Cassell on roadsides north of Mammoth Cave (EDMO/HART); by D. White along a trail at Big Bone Lick (BOON); and by D. Estes along a road in MCRE. In 30 years of field work, JC and MM have recognized this species on only two or three occasions.


Line:
|BAsclepias sullivantii Engelm. ex GrayB|   	1621 R


Line:
There are one or two colls. that have been reported with this name, but their identification is suspect (M). This mid-western species is unlikely in Ky.


Line:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias syriaca (intermedia)


Line:
This widespread weedy species may form hybrids with other species (as reviewed by Y), but none are known in Ky.


Line:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias tuberosa (including var. interior)


Line:
Most Ky. material seems to be the western var. interior (Woods) Shinners or intermediate. However, colls. that are closer to the more eastern var. tuberosa are also scattered widely over the state. These taxa, often treated as subspecies, may not be worth separating in Ky. (but see Y to west and W to east). Woodson's research (culminating in 1964) indicated that their distinction became reduced due to migration and mixing along roadsides during the 20th Century.


Line:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias <Acerates> viridiflora


Line:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias <Asclepiodora> viridis


Line:
|BAscyrum hyperidoides: see H. hypericoides & H. stragalumB|


Line:
This small useful eastern tree is widely distributed in mesic to submesic woods on fertile soils, and it is especially abundant in thin woods and edges with moderate disturbance. It is generally avoided by deer, but does not usually survive with livestock. In FAYE and nearby, Short (1828-29) noted: "This portion of Kentucky was once the paradise of pawpaws, where immense orchards of large trees were every where met with; but cultivation and the ravages of cattle have greatly lessened the number." There is much variation in fruit characteristics, and at Ky. State Univ. Pomper et al. (2008) have been engaged in a national program to make selections for human use.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 D 5.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
Hybrids with montanum (X wherryi) and pinnatifidum (X gravesii) are occasionally found.


Line:
Hybrids with montanum and platyneuron are occasionally found, and locally frequent in some cases.


Line:
|BAsplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. var. bacculum-rubrum (Featherman) Fern.B|   	66


Line:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium platyneuron var. bacculum-rubrum


Line:
|BAsplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. var. platyneuronB|   	65


Line:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium platyneuron var. p.


Line:
The hybrid with rhizophyllum (X ebenoides) is occasionally found. Also, a few colls. are referrable to forma hortonae and forma serratum (following F).


Line:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium <Camptosorus> rhizophyllum


Line:
|BAsplenium ruta-muraria L. var. cryptolepis (Fern.) WherryB|   	61


Line:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium ruta-muraria var. cryptolepis


Line:
|BAsplenium ruta-muraria L. var. lanceolum ChristB|   	62


Line:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium ruta-muraria var. lanceolum (ohionis)


Line:
This taxon may not be tenable as a variety, but it is at least a distinct form. Atypical plants from MCRE (MM for WKY), on the ridge at the mouth of Little South Fork, have ususual filiform pinnules, and may deserve taxonomic attention (M). Note that hybrids of ruta-muraria with rhizophyllum or other species are "exceedingly rare" in North America (FNA 2).


Line:
This species is generally restricted to sandstone cliffs, but it occurs on limestone along the Kentucky River Palisades (FAYE, GARR, MERC). It is likely that the Palisades plants are ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyer, which is distinguished by its larger spores (37-43 versus 27-32 micrometers) and higher chromosome number (2n = 144 versus 72). It is known only on calcareous rocks, mostly in northeastern regions, but with a few disjunct occurrences further west (FNA 2).


Line:
|BAsplenium X kentuckiense T.N. McCoy (pro sp.)B|   	59 R


Line:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium pinnatifidum x platyneuron (X kentuckiense)


Line:
The type of this taxon is from CALL (UC), but plants could not be refound at that locality by Cranfill and others. Cranfill (1980) reported colls. from BOYD, JOHN, POWE (at KY) and ROWA, but these have not been seen.


Line:
|BAsplenium X trudellii Wherry (pro sp.)B|   	58


Line:
Aspleniaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Asplenium pinnatifidum x montanum (X trudellii)


Line:
These plants of hybrid origin are relatively frequent with the parents.


Line:
|BAster kentuckiensis: see Symphyotrichum priceaeB|


Line:
|BAster pilosus: see Symphyotrichum pilosum & S. juniperinumB|


Line:
|BAster sericeus: see Symphyotrichum pratenseB|


Line:
|BAster simplex: see Symphyotrichum lanceolatumB|


Line:
This cultivated species occasionally escapes, but it may not be truly naturalized.


Line:
|BAster vimineus: see Symphyotrichum racemosumB|


Line:
|BASTER, GOLDEN-: Chrysopsis, Heterotheca, Pityopsis (GRASS-LEAVED)B|


Line:
|BAster: > Doellingeria, Eurybia, Ionactis, Oclemena, Sericocarpus, SymphyostrichumB|


Line:
|BASTER: Aster (OLD-WORLD), Doellingeria & Eurybia (FLAT-TOPPED), Ionactis (STIFF-LEAVED), Oclemena (NODDING), Sericocarpus (WHITE-TOPPED), Symphyotrichum (NEW WORLD)B|


Line:
|BAstilbe biternata (Vent.) Britt.B|   	438


Line:
This is probably widespread in Appalachian regions. but there are remarkably few recent colls. The only records from the Bluegrass region are old colls. (KY-Agr.) from ANDE and FAYE that seem to be valid. The record from EDMO (McKinney et al. 1990) needs to be confirmed.


Line:
Most records are from before 1950; there are only 3 or 4 records from after 1980. Most Ky. plants may be referrable to the eastern var. carolinianum (L.) M.E. Jones, with a more open raceme. Typical var. canadensis is centered in the Mississippi Valley (Barneby 1964). However, this taxonomic distinction may be unclear, and it is not accepted in most recent treatments (Isely 1990; K, W).


Line:
|BAstranthium integrifolium (Michx.) Nutt.B|   	2421


Line:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Astranthium [Bellis] integrifolium (var. i.)


Line:
There has been much confusion with the distinct, disjunct, southwestern species, A. ciliatum (Raf.) Nesom (Neson 2005; FNA 20). A. integrifolium, redefined, has a rather small range. It is locally abundant in calcareous regions of c. Ky. and c. Tenn., but elsewhere rare and known only in c. Miss., ne. Ala., nw. Ga. and perhaps n. W.Va. (see also PL and W). Its original habitats may have been thin woodlands and grasslands maintained by seasonal flooding, browsing or drying. Now it is mostly found in old rocky pastures and roadsides, often dominated by alien grasses.


Line:
|BAthyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eat.B|   	79


Line:
Woodsiaceae [Polypodiaceae]: Athyrium asplenioides (felix-femina ssp. a.*)


Line:
A few plants are referrable to forma subtripinnatum (following F).


Line:
This weed is scattered in northeastern and northwestern regions, but rare to absent in southeastern states. There have been a few reports from Ky., from C.S. Rafinesque (under various synonyms) to FNA 5, but colls. have not been located (M). See R.K. Rabeler in Y for review of generic treatment.


Line:
|BAtriplex glabriuscula EdmondstonB|   	406 W


Line:
This species (with varieties) is native to coastal regions of the North Atlantic, and it may rarely spread inland. There is a collection from FAYE (KY-Agr.) that appears to represent a waif.


Line:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Atriplex patula (var. p.)


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
|BAtriplex prostrata Bouchér ex DC.B|   	408


Line:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Atriplex prostrata (patula var. hastata)


Line:
|BALI B| EU?.   |BHAB B| F-9 :::: E 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
|BAureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. flavaB|   	1734


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] flava var. f.


Line:
|BAureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. macrantha PennellB|   	1735


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] flava var. macrantha


Line:
This relatively western variety may not be clearly distinct in some cases. There may be little difference in range (D, St), but eastern outliers should be rechecked. Superficially, these larger flowered plants may suggest a transition to the distinct western species, grandiflora.


Line:
|BAureolaria laevigata (Raf.) Raf.B|   	1733


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] laevigata


Line:
The outlying western colls. should be rechecked carefully.


Line:
|BAureolaria patula (Chapman) PennellB|   	1731


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] patula


Line:
This species occurs only on calcareous slopes along larger streams in s. Ky., c. Tenn., n. Ala. & n. Ga. It has been largely overlooked until recent decades. It resembles the more western species, grandiflora, which has been reported from Ky. but probably in error (M). Without flowers or fruits, patula can be distinguished from other species in Ky. by its sparse stem pubescence (versus dense in virginica and glabrous in the others).


Line:
|BAureolaria pectinata (Nutt.) PennellB|   	1738


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] pectinata (pedicularia var. pectinata*)


Line:
There has been occasional confusion with pedicularia, and some records need to be rechecked.


Line:
|BAureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. austromontana PennellB|   	1737


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] pedicularia var. austromontana


Line:
Some records are old and perhaps dubious, but ths taxon is well known to be scattered along Pine Mt. in BELL, HARL and LETC. Typical pedicularia has been reported in error (M).


Line:
|BAureolaria virginica (L.) PennellB|   	1730


Line:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] virginica


Line:
This species, like others in the genus, may be more frequent than colls. indicate, because it is much browsed by deer. At Mammoth Cave National Park, for example, the high deer popilations rarely allows a plant to complete its flowering and seeding (R. Seymour, pers. comm.).


Line:
This is close to sativa (the cultivated oats); it is the wild progenitor of sativa, and it can intergrade. Some colls. need rechecking.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| H-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
Most colls. of this species (oats) are probably from sowings that may self-seed for a short time but do not persist.


Line:
The closely related western species, A. mexicana Presl., is known in adjacent Mo. (Y), and is expected in far western counties of Ky. It differs from caroliniana in the larger size of its fronds (ca. 10-15 mm wide versus 5-10 mm), and in its glochidia (appendages of microspore packets) with several cross-walls (versus none).


Line:
The first Ky. record of this southern species was provided by D. Estes (pers. comm.) in MARS during 2008. This southern shrub used to occur mostly on the Coastal Plain until the past 10-20 years, when it has rapidly spread north across s. Tenn. and elsewhere. It mostly occurs along major highway, especially where salted during the winter; global warming has also been implicated.


Line:
|BBacopa caroliniana (Walt.) B.L. Robins.B|   	1671 R


Line:
This was reported in Ky., disjunct from its main range on the Coastal Plain, by RAB and Cr, but no coll. has been located.


Line:
|BBacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst.B|   	1672


Line:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Bacopa <Hydranthelium> rotundifolia


Line:
|BBALM: Collinsonia (HORSE-), Melissa (LEMON-), Monarda didyma (BEE-)B|


Line:
|BBaptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. var. aberrans (Larisey) M. MendenhallB|   	1174


Line:
Fabaceae <Thermopsideae>: Baptisia australis var. aberrans


Line:
This taxon of calcareous glades in southeastern states appears somewhat intermediate between B. australis and B. minor Lehm., a more western species. The coll. from HARD (KSNPC) appears closer to typical australis. Given the striking disjunction in habitat from typical australis, on rocky river banks, variety status may not be sufficient, but the taxonomy has been confused enough already (W). A similar situation exists in Physostegia virginiana versus P. praemorsa.


Line:
|BBaptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. var. australisB|   	1173


Line:
Fabaceae <Thermopsideae>: Baptisia australis var. a.


Line:
Historical records indicate that this widely scattered eastern species was formerly abundant along several larger streams and rivers, but it is now common only along rocky banks of the upper Cumberland River system. Records from FRAN and GARR are historical references without known colls. M. Bender discovered a plant on banks of the Kentucky River in MERC, which is the only one known to remain in that watershed. A piece of this plant was taken for cultivation by JC; it flowers about two weeks later, in the same garden, than plants from the Cumberland River drainage.


Line:
|BBaptisia bracteata: see B. leucophaeaB|


Line:
|BBaptisia leucantha Torr. & GrayB|   	1175


Line:
Fabaceae <Thermopsideae>: Baptisia leucantha (lactea, alba var. macrophylla)


Line:
This has been confused with typical alba, which does not occur in Ky. but has been misleading introduced from southeastern states as a supposed wildflower. The record from CAMP is probably correct, being a sight record of R. Naczi (pers. comm.), but the plant is not yet collected or photographed. There has also been confusion with leucophaea. Both species have broad mid-western ranges but B. leucantha tends to grow in more base-rich soils, often on dry uplands with remnants of native grassland, but sometimes also on lower ground in thin woods bordering swamps.


Line:
Fabaceae <Thermopsideae>: Baptisia leucophaea (bracteata* var. l.)


Line:
This includes var. glabrescens, which is often mixed with typical plants and does not seem worth distinguishing. There has been some confusion with leucantha.


Line:
|BBaptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.B|   	1172


Line:
This species occurs mostly on sandy soils in Appalachian and east-coastal regions, from Me. to Ga. plus scattered localities in the Great Lakes region. The coll. from TODD (steep wooded SW-facing slope, Ky 181 2.6 mi S of Ky 107) is one of only two records in the Interior Low Plateaus. The other is from Maury Co. of c. Tenn. (Ch).


Line:
|BBarbarea verna (P. Mill.) Aschers.B|   	723


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Barbarea vulgaris (stricta, arcuata)


Line:
Most material matches var. arcuata (Opiz ex J.& K. Presl) Fries, but that taxon is not recognized in most recent treatments. A coll. from FAYE (KY-Agr.) matches the typical variety, in its strict sense.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| F-10 :::: D 6.   |BABU B| +6.


Line:
|BBartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl.B|   	1602


Line:
|BBartonia virginica (L.) B.S.P.B|   	1601


Line:
This species appears to intergrade with paniculata at the Hazel Dell site in PULA, and occasional intermediates are reported in other states (Gillett 1959). Both are fairly widespread eastern species, but restricted to acidic boggy soils in sun, especially virginica, or shade, especially paniculata.


Line:
|BBassia hyssopifolia (Pallas) KuntzeB|   	405 W


Line:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Bassia hyssopifolia (Kochia h.)


Line:
This species from saline habitats in Eurasia is widespread in western North America, but only a rare waif in most of the east. There is a coll. from a roadside in CARR (MDKY).


Line:
|BBEAN: Apios (POTATO-), Phaseolus, Rhynchosia (SNOUT-), Strophostyles (WOOLLY)B|


Line:
|BBEGGAR-TICKS: Bidens {without showy flowers}B|


Line:
|BBelamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.B|   	2751


Line:
This was widely planted as an ornamental early after settlement, and has persisted or spread at many sites, especially on rocky ground. [Compare also Ga's notes on Saponaria officinalis.]


Line:
|BALI B| AS.   |BHAB B| f-12,10 D 4.   |BABU B| +5.


Line:
|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| S-10 D 6.   |BABU B| +4.


Line:
This largely central Appalachian species is also disjunct in s. Mo., c. Ill. and n. Ind.; it is generally associated with rocky riverbanks and glades. At least in northern regions, it suffered locally from thorough eradication efforts along with B. vulgaris L. (a cultivated alien), since both species are hosts for the black stem rust of wheat (D, FNA 3, Y). In Ky., canadensis has been found at two sites on open bouldery banks of the Big South Fork (Devil's Jump and Big Shoals). There is also an old obscure report from JEFF or nearby by M'Murtrie (1819), and it has been reported from CALL by Woods & Fuller (1968) but their coll. has not been located. FNA 3 mapped it in n. Ky. and s. Ind., for unknown reasons. This species may also be expected in the Cumberland Mts., since it is known from adjacent parts of Appalachian states; e.g. in "The Cedars" of Lee Co., Va. (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


Line:
This Japanese species has had widespread ornamental use after 1950 (Davies 1955; M). It has often escaped, but does not seem to become abundant in the wild (yet). The European B. vulgaris L. appears to have very little use in the state, with no evidence of naturalization, but it became abundant in northern regions before extensive eradication during 1920-40 due to the wheat rust that it supports. B. thunbergii is resistant to the rust (as reviewed by Y).


Line:
|BBerchemia scandens (Hill) K. KochB|   	1103


Line:
This species from eastern Europe has become a troublesome weed in parts of the upper mid-west, but does not appear to be spreading significantly in southeastern states (Al-Shehbaz 1987).


Line:
|BBetula alleghaniensis Britt. var. alleghaniensisB|   	1355


Line:
Betulaceae <Betuloideae>: Betula allegheniensis var. a. (lutea)


Line:
This northeastern species has several disjunct populations along southwestern portions of its range; see notes under var. macrolepis.


Line:
|BBetula alleghaniensis Britt. var. macrolepis (Fern.) BrayshawB|   	1354


Line:
Betulaceae <Betuloideae>: Betula alleghaniensis var. macrolepis


Line:
Although this relatively western variety is not recognized in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 3), further study is desirable. There does seem to be some distinction in the disjunct plants of the Shawnee Hills in western Ky. and in Crawford Co., Ind. (D, F).


Line:
This is generally restricted to Appalachian regions. Early reports from western counties are dubious (Gr). Barton's (1919) data indicate that this species (or perhaps locally allegheniensis) was a significant component of the original forests only in or near the Cumberland Mts.


Line:
Although widespread across much of the southeastern states, this species is uncommon to absent in calcareous regions. Reports from the Bluegrass region need verification: CARR (Gr), FRAN (Little 1971), GALL (Gr), KENT (CW) and SPEC (Gr). Barton's (1919) data indicate that it was a significant component of original forests only in the Mississippian Embayment.


Line:
Betulaceae <Betuloideae>: Betula pendula (verrucosa)


Line:
There are colls. of this commonly planted alien tree from JEFF (NCU), LAUR (CW), OLDH (DHL) and PIKE (CW), but it is not clear if these were from truly naturalized plants.


Line:
|BBidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt.B|   	2202


Line:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens aristosa (var. a.)


Line:
This may intergrade with polylepis; both are diploids (2n = 24). Some colls. are referable to var. fritcheyi Fern. (with awns retrorsely barbed) or var. mutica Gray (wiith awns rudimentary), but these taxa have not been recognized in recent treatments. B. aristosa is considered to have a largely mid-western native range that has expanded to the east after clearance (F, Cr). In 1914, Gr considered it native, but he noted it only in CRIT "and other points along the Illinois Central Railroad."


Line:
This cosmopolitan weed may have originated in eastern North America and eastern Asia (FNA 21). Although somewhat varied in morphology and chromosome number (with 2n = 24 and 72), segregates have not been recognized in recent literature; see, for example, var. biternatoides Sherff).


Line:
This is cosmopolitan and variable (with 2n = 24 and 48), but segregates have not been recognized in recent treatments. In some early literature (e.g. Gr), it has been misidentified as laevis, which is a less variable southern species (2n = 22, 24).


Line:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens comosa {or suggested: tripartita var. c.}


Line:
There has been some confusion with connata and tripartita, and all three species have been combined to various extents by some authors (e.g. FNA 21, Y). B. comosa appears to be much more common in Ky. than the other two taxa, but further revision is desirable. FNA 21 indicated that North America plants in thiscomplex are all tetraploids (2n = 48), but in its broader global sense tripartita may include a wider range of chromosome numbers (Y).


Line:
|BBidens connata Muhl. ex Willd.B|   	2194 T


Line:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens connata {or suggested: tripartita var. c.}


Line:
This is close to comosa, and may have originated from hybridization with frondosa (Crowe & Parker 1981). It may be typical of damper sites (F, Cr). Colls. of connata have been reported from CALL (MUR), HICK (Grubbs 1989) and KENT (B), but further study is needed. These few colls. may be referred to the relatively southern var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw., but that taxon has not generally been recognized in recent treatments.


Line:
|BBidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) Britt.B|   	2196


Line:
This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 24) that is generally associated with swamp forests and marshy transitions to open water. It can also disperse into small pond margins. Although largely western within Ky., discoidea has a wide eastern range and may be expected in suitable habitat anywhere in the state.


Line:
There has been some confusion with vulgata, and colls. should be rechecked.


Line:
There have been several reports of this southern species in Ky., but no verified colls. have been seen (M). Cr noted a record from POWE, but also stated that laevis is "chiefly but not wholly coastal" and "passes into" cernua. Similar confusion has occured in Mo. (St, Y), and it may be reasonable to combine the two species (FNA 21).


Line:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens pilosa {sensu lato}


Line:
The only known coll. appears to be from a rare waif: J.W. Thieret, 3 Oct 1977, weed among low planted junipers, rest area of Interstate 75 between Berea & Richmond (KNK). B. pilosa has been treated as a widespread variable species of tropical to warm-temperate regions, but a narrower concept may be warranted (FNA 21, W, Y). If the coll. from Ky. is var. radiata, it could be transferred to B. alba (L.) DC. var. radiata (Schultz-Bip.) Ballard ex T.E. Melchert (2n = 48), which may extend north more frequently than B. pilosa, sensu stricto (2n = 72).


Line:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens polylepis {or suggested: aristosa var. involucrata/retrorsa}


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This is often hard to distinguish from aristosa but has been maintained in some recent treatments (FNA 21). B. polylepis differs in its "calyculi" (bracts or bractlets around phyllaries), which are usually more numerous (ca. 12-21 versus 8-12) and broader (ca. 8-12 mm versus 5-7 mm); also, its disc florets are usually more numerous (ca. 60-100 versus 20-40); and its inner seeds (cypselae) are usually longer (7-8 mm versus 5-7 mm), with appended pappi (if developed) retrorsely barbed (versus antrorsely or retrorsely). The two taxa appear to intergrade, and some authors have suggested varietal status (St, Cr) or combined them completely, as in Ark. and Mo. (Y), but a range-wide analysis is still needed. The central native range of polylepis is considered to be somewhat more southern and western than aristosa. It may also be less shade tolerant (Cr) and more concentrated on wet ground (FNA 21). Some plants with awns retrorsely barbed were transferred to aristosa as var. retrorsa (Sherff) Wunderlin (1972), but the nomenclature remains uncertain. Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. may be the correct basionym for the whole complex.


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|BBidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britt.B|   	2201


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens trichosperma ("coronata*")


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Until recently, this widespread eastern species has been known incorrectly as B. coronata (L.) Britt.; see FNA 21. A few colls. (B) have been referred to the northern var. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff, but segregates have not been recognized in recent treatments. There has been occasional confusion with depauperate plants of aristosa, and some colls. should be rechecked.


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Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens tripartita (var. t.)


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This alien species is close to connata and comosa, and is combined by some authors. A coll. from the banks of the Rockcastle Rv. in PULA (KY) does appear to be typical tripartita, but further revision is advisable.


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|BALI B| EU.   |BHAB B| 1? :: C? 6?.   |BABU B| +4.


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This is sometimes confused with frondosa, but these taxa appear to be distinct species. Both have widespread ranges across North America, and vary in chromosome number; 2n = 24, 48 or (in frondosa) 72.


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This is the only native evergeen vine in Ky., with a northern limit just north of the Ohio Rv. It occurs on warmer slopes in s. Ohio and sw. W.Va. but it has not yet been recorded in adjacent Ky. counties, where north and east aspects prevail along the major river valleys.


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|BBlephilia ciliata (L.) Benth.B|   	1881


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Variation needs further study. Some Ky. plants appear to have unusually rampant stolons with glabrous leaves, but may not be genetically distinct (e.g. those labelled "var. repens Simmers" from FRAN & OWEN at GH). Plants with unusually broad leaves (up to  5-6 cm wide), somewhat sharper serration, and more rounded bases, occur in relatively damp habitats of Kans., Okla., Mo., Ill. (GH) and reportedly Ky. (Cr). Rare hybrids with hirsuta do occur, but are not verified in Ky. B. subnuda Simmers & Kral (1992) was recently described in Ala. and Tenn., but determinations in Ky. and elsewhere have been erroneous. B. subnuda is intermediate between ciliata and hirsuta in several characters, but has calyx tubes puberulent with distinctively shorter hairs (< 0.6 mm), glabrate lower leaf surfaces, and glabrate lower stems.


