# IndexTemp

FOOTNOTE:
There is an apparently naturalized population in CAMP, but this needs to be documented (J. Thieret, pers. comm. to M). It can increase from seed locally in gardens.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum incanum (var. i.)

FOOTNOTE:
These records need to be reexamined for reliable mapping; several should probably be transferred to loomisii, and distinction from pycnanthemoides is also difficult. P. incanum is considered to be a tetraploid species (2n = 76) with a north-central range.


FOOTNOTE:
In addition to rocky woods, especially below limestone cliffs, typical habitats include dusty ground below eaves and similar bared soils. A few depauperate plants (M) have been misidentified as P. praetermissia Hinton or the often confused P. floridana Nutt., which occur further south on the Coastal Plain.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria incana var. i.

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from var. punctata needs to be checked in some cases. Colls. from CLAR and MERC (KY) appear to be hybridized with ovata. A coll. from BULL (DHL) has unusually small leaves, with short petioles, suggesting hybridization with parvula or a related species.


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Leucothoe fontanesiana (editorum, axillaris var. e.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was recently discovered in HARL and MADI (Abbott et al. 2001; BEREA). However, it is possible that plants were persistent from old plantings, at least in MADI (CW; D. Taylor, pers. comm.). The native range of this species is centered on the southern Blue Ridge, but it does extend west to the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mts. in Tenn., and east to the Piedmont (Ch, PL, W).


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ptilimnium nuttallii


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ptilimnium capillaceum


Scientific Name:
Alliaceae [Liliaceae]: Allium canadense (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
The more southwestern A. mutabile Michx. (= A. canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Owenby) was reported by BA, but apparently based on misidentified colls. of ampeloprasum (SIU). A. mutabile does occur in s. Ill. and much of Mo., but it is unknown in Ind., Ky. or Tenn.


Scientific Name:
Alliaceae [Liliaceae]: Allium cernuum (oxyphyllum)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under stellatum, which may have been confused in some cases.


FULL NAME:
Cirsium carolinianum (Walt.) Fern. & Schub.

FOOTNOTE:
In some treatments before 1950 (e.g. B), this widespread southeastern species has been misidentified as C. virginianum (L.) Michx., which occurs just on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It appears to be a relatively conservative remnant of thin woodland and grassland, especially on sandy soils.


FOOTNOTE:
Variation within this species deserves further attention. Across its largely northern range, it generally occurs in rather base-rich wetlands. In Ky. and some other Appalachian localities (within Tenn., N.C., Va., W.Va. and perhaps further northeast based on GH), it usually occurs on relatively mesic sites with medium acid soils, especially along roads and trails on lower slopes in the Rugged Hills of the Appalachian Plateaus. In these hills, it is often more robust, with relatively large heads and less deeply pinnatifid leaves. (A somewhat parallel ecological distinction may exist within Eutrochium maculatum.) Plants with less deeply pinnatifid leaves have been treated as var. subpinnatifidum (Britt.) Fern. (or a forma in F). However, variation may be too continuous across the species range for segregates to be readily recognized.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Foeniculum vulgare

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. of this culinary herb (fennel) from MCLE (KY) and PIKE (EKY), but probably just waifs from nearby cultivation.


FOOTNOTE:
This has escaped locally from plantings in the Louisville area (M) and elsewhere (CW). It may gradually increase. In New England and N.Y. Rhodotypos is becoming a problem, and appears resistant to deer browsing (T. Rawinski, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Oxalidaceae: Oxalis corniculata (ssp. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien was recorded early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). In 1914 Gr noted: "A common weed of no great consequence..." Although widespread in the state, it is largely restricted to horticultural or residential settings, and there are rather few collections.


FOOTNOTE:
This species from northern China is closely related to obtusifolium and may have been confused; CW did not locate any colls. from Ky. Colls. have been reported from BARR (WKY), CART (MDKY), WARR (WKY) and WAYN (MM for WKY).


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Euveronica> officinalis

FOOTNOTE:
This species is supposed by some authors (e.g. F) to have native and alien origins in North America, but there is no known distinction between such plants. In Ky., this species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions, and it does not appear to be particularly weedy. It seems likely that these plants are native.


FULL NAME:
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

FOOTNOTE:
Several uncertain colls. have immature spikelets, but vegetative characters suggest acicularis. This species typically occurs on somewhat stagnant shores with much fine clay and rather low fertility, but with a pH ranging from 3 to 7 (Rothrock & Wagner 1975). The superficially similar tenuis (and its relatives) is somewhat less slender in its culms and rhizomes, and is more confined to acid sites, often with sand.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Lactuca floridana (villosa)

FOOTNOTE:
Many colls. are referable to var. villosa (Jacq.) Cronq., but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments. There does not seem to be a significant difference is distribution.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Lactuca biennis (spicata)

FOOTNOTE:
Records of forma integrifolia (Torr. & Gray) Fern. are included.


FULL NAME:
Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr. ex Hook.) Rydb.

FOOTNOTE:
This upper mid-western species has disjunct eastern populations on limestone clifftops in s. Ohio, c. Ky., c. Tenn., and w. Va. (FNA 25). The record from Panther Rock in ANDE (Bryant 1973) needs to be verified.


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> dentatum var. dentatum (pubescens)

FOOTNOTE:
V. dentatum, broadly defined, includes a polyploid series of plants (2n = 36, 54, 72); see also the closely allied V. recognitum. Var. dentatum may have a widespread southeastern range, but its distinction needs further study (Cr, Y, W). Most records from Ky. are probably referable to var. dentatum, but some in the east may be closer to var. semitomentosum, and some in the west may be referable to true var. deamii; see notes under those names.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum pubiflorum (laeviglume; + var. glabrum)

FOOTNOTE:
All colls. are referable to var. glabrum Vasey ex Scribn., but this is not considered a distinct taxon in recent treatments (FNA 25). Typical var. pubiflorum, less robust and more hairy, is a more southern form.


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is known only from a coll. made in CALL: L. McKinney #4198 (EKY; Naczi et al. 2001). All other previous records of this species were segregated as the new species, cumberlandensis. C. abscondita has ca. 8-13 perigynia (versus 4-8), spirally overlapping (versus distichous) in the spikes, and other differences.


FOOTNOTE:
This species (rye) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from michiganense. The relatively southern or western canadense var. editorum Fern. has been reported from BULL (Gunn 1968) but not confirmed, and this variety is not recognized in most recent treatments. Var. editorum is distinguished (F) by its red flower color (versus yellow to orange), with relatively narrow tube and petals (8-13 mm wide versus 12-20 mm), and leaves elliptic to ovate, scarcely attenuate (versus broadly lanceolate, attenuate).


FOOTNOTE:
This is perhaps the most widespread native species of Brassicaceae in open uplands; see also Cardamine parviflora and Sibara virginica. Gr noted: "Tho a very common and familiar weed everywhere, this plant has not acquired a bad reputation in Kentucky... Caged birds like the seeds and probably poultry feed on the capsules at times."


FOOTNOTE:
This is known only from a coll. of J.T. Thieret in CAMP (KNK). Although widely scattered across northern and western regions of North America, L. perfoliatum is generally rare or absent in southeastern states (PL), but may have been overlooked. Differences from campestre are detailed in Y; both species are diploids (2n = 16).


FULL NAME:
Helenium nudiflorum: H. flespecies uosum


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> prunifolium

FOOTNOTE:
This is often confused with rufidulum, but can be distinguished with close inspection (J). V. prunifolium tends to spread more from underground runners, sometimes forming thickets.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Tholiformes> aboriginum (decor)

FOOTNOTE:
This poorly understood southern taxon, and perhaps trifrons (see notes under hispidus) appear to be the only members in Ky. of the largely northeastern section Tholiformes (F). R. decor Bailey is included here (Davis 1990, M), and was initially known only from western Ky. (F). Tholiformes may be a miscellaneous complex originating from various hybrids of hispidus or its relatives with allegheniensis, setosus (Cr), flagellaris (F) or others. R. aboriginum has also been considered just a somewhat hairy variant in the flagellaris group (Bailey 1943). It may be close to roribaccus, but differs in its usually single flowers (versus 2-8), calyx lobes with a prominent spathulate 1-3 mm tip, leaf margins with jagged-incised (versus regularl serration), and leaf bases less cordate (Widrelechner 1998). R. aboriginum appears to be most frequent in the lower Mississippi Valley, at least west of the river. Some octoploid cultivars have been selected, perhaps allowing further spread.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> indianensis

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. that appear to be this species from HARD (F.L. Johnson & W.J. Anderson K0612 at OKL) and perhaps BATH (M. Medley for WKY). Elsewhere, it is known only from s. Ind. (Bailey 1943, D,F).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Thermopsideae>: Baptisia leucophaea (bracteata* var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
This includes var. glabrescens, which is often mixed with typical plants and does not seem worth distinguishing. There has been some confusion with leucantha.


Scientific Name:
Talinaceae [Portulacaceae*]: Phemeranthus [Talinum] teretifolius

FOOTNOTE:
This Appalachian species is a tetraploid (2n = 48) derived from hybridization of the southern Appalachian P. mengesii (W. Wolf) Kiger and the widespread western P. parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger (FNA 4), which both have diploid and tetraploid races. These two parental species may also be expected in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Talinaceae [Portulacaceae*]: Phemeranthus [Talinum] calcaricus

FOOTNOTE:
This rare species, mostly found on the Interior Low Plateaus, is a tetraploid (2n = 48), and is probably derived from the southwestern P. calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger, which has diploid and tetraploid races (FNA 4).


Scientific Name:
Cactaceae [Portulacaceae]: Opuntia cf. humifusa (compressa)

FOOTNOTE:
Revision by L. Majure (Univ. of Florida) and others is pending (D. Estes, pers. comm.). The common plants of calcareous soils in eastern states appear to need a new name. Typical humifusa occurs mostly on sandy soils, especially in coastal states, and there are several other relatives or segregates in southern states (Sm, W, FNA 4). The plants of calcareous soils differ in their reddish flower centers (versus all yellow), and the rusty-brown (versus tawny-brown) color of the small bristles on pads (known as glochids). Typical humifusa is known from w. Tenn. and may also be expected in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). O. tortispina Engelm. & Bigelow was reported by F, but probably in error; no coll. has been located. O. tortispina is a variable western species with probable hybrid origin, and it has been confused with the more widespread western species, O. macrorhiza Engelm. (Cr), or otherwise misinterpreted (FNA 4).


FOOTNOTE:
This weed was first recorded in the 1930s (B), and it has become widely scattered but not as abundant as Sisymbrium officinale, which is sometimes confused. Some colls. from FAYE and JEFF have strigose fruits.


FULL NAME:
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande

FOOTNOTE:
The first report from Ky. was by Braun (1943), who listed only KENT. Since 1970 this invasive woodland species has increased to become abundant throughout the Bluegrass region, and at many other scattered locations elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Commelinaceae: Commelina erecta var. erecta (elegans)

FOOTNOTE:
This highly variable species ranges south to tropical regions of Central America and West Africa. Most colls. need to be rechecked for var. angustifolia (see notes under that name).


FULL NAME:
Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Brathys> drummondii


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from CARL (especially) and HICK are atypical and may be introgressed with brevicaulis.


FULL NAME:
DAISY: Astranthium (GLADE), Bellis (ENGLISH), Boltonia (DOLL'S), Leucanthemum (OXEYE)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Venosae> ulmifolia (var. u.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is variable, especially in the Ozark region. Most or all plants in Ky. are referable to var. ulmifolia, but colls. from HICK (JC for KY) and UNIO (GH, KY-Agr.) may be transitional to the largely Ozarkian var. palmeri Cronq., with relatively broad and hairy leaves. The coll. from UNIO was misidentified as S. drummondii Torr. & Gray by Shacklett (1937) and Harvill (1941). A few colls. from BREC and BULL (KY) appear to be hybrids with altissima. S. ulmifolia has also been reported to hybridize with rugosa and other species (F), but there has often been outright misidentification, even by expert solidaginists (Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This species of east-central states is most common in open woods and thickets on base-rich soils. However, it appears to be somewhat "conservative" as an indicator of formerly less shady woodland, presumably maintained by browsing or burning. Gr noted that it was "extremely common" in LOGA, where Juniperus virginiana was also unusually abundant; and imbricaria is still a frequent component of young woods in or near the Pennyrhile Karst Plain. There are occasional hybrids with other species, including falcata, rubra, shumardii and velutina.


FOOTNOTE:
Most of these records may not be from truly naturalized plants. The coll. from HICK (MUR) is from a spontaneous plant, and identified as ssp. oleifera (Sm.) Macreight by Clark et al. (2005).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Glechoma [Nepeta] hederacea

FOOTNOTE:
This has been a common weed since early after settlement. Short (1828-29) noted: "abundant on the alluvion bottoms of our creeks and rivers, and in the fence-rows of rich, cultivated fields." Most or all colls. are referable to var. micrantha Moric., which is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Euveronica> americana (beccabunga var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
There are no colls. from after 1950. This is a northern species of base-rich swamps and streambanks. The only records are from BOON (B), JEFF (BT), OLDH (B); and from ROBE or NICH (PH etc., C.W. Short, "Blue-licks").


FOOTNOTE:
This western species appears to be only planted and adventive in Ky. The coll. from LARU (KY) has unusually large leaves with broader segments, suggesting a hybrid.


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Sambucus canadensis var. c. (nigra ssp. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is widespread across North America, except the northwest, and it has been combined as a subspecies with the European S. nigra L.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Antennaria neodioica (neglecta var. n., howellii* ssp. n.)


FULL NAME:
Digitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) Pilger

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Digitaria <Leptoloma> cognata


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from JEFF (KY) was made by C.W. Short in 1840 at Louisville.


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is largely restricted to acid infertile soils in thin woods and grassland. The TODD coll. (PH) was by C.W. Short (ca. 1830-40): "near Elkton, meadows and barrens."


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Spiraea alba (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been found at only two native sites, near opposite extremes of the state: a swampy meadow in BALL (coll. of R. Athey), where it cannot be relocated, and a rocky riverbank seep in PIKE (KY), where a small piece has been taken for cultivation by JC. The plant from PIKE is clearly typical S. alba, not var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel, which may warrant species status (W).


FOOTNOTE:
The only clearly verified record may be from LEWI (KY), and further review is desirable (Trauth-Nare & Naczi 1998; R. Naczi, pers. comm.). These plants of dry grassy openings in northern regions do seem to be distinct, at the species level, from the more broad-leaved plants in relatively mesic woodlands of east-central states that have been called var. latifolia; see P. cf. lonchophylla.


FULL NAME:
Aster: > Doellingeria, Eurybia, Ionactis, Oclemena, Sericocarpus, Symphyostrichum


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this widespread northern species is currently known from a few sites in or near the Cumberland Mts. There are also old colls. reported from LEWI and ROWA (B; check US), and perhaps elsewhere (BA); these colls. need to be located and verified.


FULL NAME:
Aristida longispica Poir. var. longispica

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida longespica var. l. (gracilis)


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by Browne & Athey (1992) and others, but perhaps based on immature pumila (M). There are no clearly identified vouchers. This is a generally northern species, perhaps to be expected in northern and eastern Ky. It is very close to pumila but has less elongate, tuberculate, dark seeds with pale margins (versus smooth and paler brown with raised lines and mottles); also leaves may be less shiny and translucent (W).


FULL NAME:
Ruellia caroliniensis (J.F. Gmel.) Steud.

FOOTNOTE:
Variation deserves further study. The records mapped here include var. parviflora (Nees) Blake, which is not recognized in recent treatments. A coll. from SCOT (DHL) was referred to var. membranacea Fern., which is no longer recognized. Several colls. have been referred to the more southern ssp. ciliosa (Pursh) R.W. Long in the past but these do not appear to be distinct, or in some cases may be transitions to humilis, with which there has been much confusion.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Centotheceae>: Chasmanthium ("Uniola") latifolium

FOOTNOTE:
This tetraploid (2n = 48) is widespread across southeastern states in various habitat. Within Ky. it is especially frequent along the crest of riverbanks, between riparian woods and the open scoured zones. It is also locally abundant in thin woods on rocky slopes, especially on base-rich soils.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Draba <Erophila> verna

FOOTNOTE:
The cosmopolitan winter annual weed has been common in Ky. for more than a century (Gray 1864; Gr), but was not recorded before the Civil War; see Short's note under Cardamine hirsita. Rather like C. hirsuta, D. verna is rare or absent in colder and drier regions of North America, but it does spread more into the northern interior (PL). Although many self-pollinating races with different chromosome numbers (2n = 14 to 64) have been described in Europe since Linnaeus, there has been little attempt to distinguish any of these in North America (Al-Shehbaz 1987; but see St).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <patens group> patens (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
The largely Ozarkian var. patentissimum (Lindl. ex DC.) Nesom has been reported from Ky. (including Cr and FNA 20), but at least some of these reports are based on misidentifications (Jones 1983; M). The southern var. gracile (Hook.) Nesom, has also been reported (B, F), but although there are recent colls. from western Tenn., there are no confirmed records from Ky. (Cr, J).


FOOTNOTE:
This weed has been a serious problem in Ky. since early settlement. Records include forma capsuliferum (as treated by F). The closely related A. cepa L., cultivated onion, is an occasional waif but not persistent.


FULL NAME:
Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. Lamont

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eutrochium [Eupatorium*] fistulosum


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Traganthes> capillifolium

FOOTNOTE:
This is an abundant weed in southeastern states, but just an uncommon waif in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Trifolieae>: Trifolium campestre (agreste, "procumbens")

FOOTNOTE:
This annual ("low hop-clover") has been common in pastures for over a century (Gray 1864; Gr).


FULL NAME:
CLUB-MOSS: Lycopodiella (BOG), Lycopodium clavatum (RUNNING)


FULL NAME:
Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Gamochaeta [Gnaphalium] purpurea


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> caroliniana (var. c.)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> bushii (caroliniana var. cuspidata; triceps)

FOOTNOTE:
Several colls. have been determined as this species (especially by R. Athey on the Coastal Plain), but there has been confusion with carolinana or hirsutella and most records should be rechecked. Circumscription of this largely mid-western species could use improvement. Several supposed colls. from southeastern states do not have the papillose, pubescent perigynia (FNA 23) or strongly cuspidate scales that are described in western states, although perigynia are often relatively large and few per spike, as in typical bushii. It is not clear if distinction from caroliniana should be primarily based on the perigynia and scales (FNA 23), or on the uniformly pubescent leaf-sheaths. Colls. from HICK (EKY, MUR) and TODD (EKY), at least, do appear correctly identified. Also, some colls. from close to Ky. can reasonably be assigned to bushii (e.g., at NY from Grant Co., W. Va., and Cumberland Co., Tenn.).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> shortii (A. camptosorus)

FOOTNOTE:
Occasional plants (at least in BRAK, HENR, MADI & WOOD), suggest hybridization with urophyllum, cordifolium, or other relatives. Also, some western plants have been confused with oolentangiense and might be intermediate (from ALLE, FULT, MCLE, MEAD & WARR).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Paludosae> lacustris (var. lacustris)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species may occur in Ky. but needs to be verified. It is close to hyalinolepis, which has a more southern range. It was reported in J from the Coastal Plain, and there may be a coll. from JEFF (MM for WKY).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> mexicana (americana var. lanata)

FOOTNOTE:
Most plants may not match typical mexicana, which in Ky. at least might well be reduced to a variety of americana. Within eastern North America (Shaw & Small 2004, 2005), there appears to be a cline from the largely southwestern mexicana to the northeastern americana. Typical mexicana reportedly differs (Cr) in its shorter petals (ca. 8-10 mm versus 10-15 mm); sepals hairy on both sides (versus glabrous, at least on lower side); leaves often larger, with more truncate bases (versus attenuate), permanently soft-hairy below (versus hairy to glabrate), the petioles usually with a pair of glands (versus mostly glandless); truncks less thorny and thick-forming, often with more robust tree-like habit. P. americana var. lanata Sudsworth may be the appropriate name for intermediate plants that prevail in Ky. The coll. from BALL (GH) may be relatively close to typical P. mexicana: E.J. Palmer #16511, 20 Sep 1919, low hills, Wickliffe.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Nasturtium (Rorippa) officinale (R. nasturtium-aquaticum)

FOOTNOTE:
Although this species has often been treated in Rorippa, it is much closer to Cardamine (as reviewed in Y). N. officinale is a highly nutritious survival-food ("watercress") that was probably introduced by pioneers. Short (1837) provided the first clear record. It has prospered in calcareous springs, and is avoided somewhat by livestock. Plants are much more widespread in calcareous regions than records suggest. As a hungry student, JC collected it for food much more than for the herbarium. Its perennial decumbent rooting stems should initially be called stolons (Rollins 1993), but they tend to become covered with sediment, then perhaps rhizomatous with age (Y).


FULL NAME:
Proboscidea louisianica (P. Mill.) Thellung

Scientific Name:
Martyniaceae [Pedaliaceae*]: Proboscidea [Martinia] louisianica

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species may be native on some western lowlands and along the Ohio Rv., but adventive elsewhere (FAYE, JESS, WASH); further evaluation of the records and localities is needed. P. parviflora (Woot.) Woot. & Standl. is a more southwestern species that was cultivated for fiber by native people (King 1985).


FOOTNOTE:
This common "white clover" has been present since early after settlement. Counties reported by Vincent (2001) are provisionally included (as for other Trifolium spp.), but his collection data need to be checked. The large form known as "Ladino Clover" (forma giganteum Lagr.-Foss) is widely grown for forage, and often appears quite distinct from the typical plants.


FULL NAME:
Chenopodium berlandieri: see C. buschianum


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> cuspidata

FOOTNOTE:
This bracteate species occurs mostly in prairies of the mid-west and Great Plains (F). It is close to compacta and records from eastern regions should be rechecked.


FULL NAME:
Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.


FOOTNOTE:
J. Kiser recently discovered this widespread northern (circumboreal) species in MCRE (EKY) near Yahoo Falls. The plant is referrable var. ophioides Fern. but this eastern segregate was not recognized in FNA 26. Other records seem to have been based on misidentified pubescens, including a previous coll. from near Yahoo Falls by E.M. & E.T. Browne (EKY).


FULL NAME:
Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. var. terebinthinaceum

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Silphium terebinthinaceum var. t.

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in the upper Mid-west, but with disjunct populations in parts of southeastern states. There may be some hybridization with laciniatum and pinnatifidum; see notes under those species.


FULL NAME:
Habenaria blepharioglottis: see Platanthera integrilabia


Scientific Name:
Oxalidaceae: Oxalis stricta (europaea, fontana var. bushii)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been much confusion with dillenii, which is often hard to distinguish. The native origins and spread of this species remain somewhat obscure (G. Nesom, pers. comm.), perhaps bound up with early human history.


FOOTNOTE:
This Asian vine is cultivated and may occasionally escape. There is a coll. from CALD (KY-Agr.) that needs rechecking for identify and provenance. F. aubertii may just be a form of F. baldschuanica (Regel) Holub (FNA 5).


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is generally restricted to base-rich soils, and is most common in Ky. on subxeric sites. The more southern S. lanuginosum Michx. tends to occur in more mesic to hydric habitats, and may be expected in Ky. and Tenn. It is supposed to have been collected ca. 1979 by R. Hannan & L. Phillippe (KSNPC) at Floyd's Woods in MCLE, but the plant has not been relocated in herbarium or field (M). There has probably been some confusion between these two species in regions of overlap; see Ch, Y and maps currently provided by PL.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread variable eastern species can be easily confused with several other species, and its circumscription could use improvement; see key in FNA 23. It supposedly has greenish perigynia and relatively broad leaves (2.5-6.5 mm wide), with sheaths "conspicuously green-veined adaxially nearly to collar" (appearing mottled against the whitish interveinal tissue). However, these characters are not clear in some colls. from Ky. Compared to molesta and other close relatives, it tends to occur in more mesic sites, often with some shade.


Scientific Name:
Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> obliqua (purpusi; amomum ssp. o.*/var. schuetzeana)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been much confusion with typical amomum, which appears to intergrade in some regions. Some authors have preferred variety or subspecies for obliqua (e.g. J, Y). C. amomum is a largely southeastern species, which generally occurs in Ky. on more hydric soils along slowly moving streams, river pools, sloughs and ponds. C. obliqua is a largely mid-western species, which generally occurs in Ky. on rocky river banks and cobble bars, with rheophytic vegetation. However, both taxa appear to be well-dispersed by birds and can sometimes be found in atypical habitats. Occasional hybrids have also been suspected elsewhere between obliqua and drummondii or racemosa (Y), but these are not documented in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] scribnerianum (oligosanthes var. s.*; helleri)

FOOTNOTE:
This can be considered a southeastern variety or subspecies of the largely mid-western oligosanthes, with which it can intergrade (FNA 25). Typical oligosanthes may not be collected in Ky., but this needs to be checked. From general observations across the ranges of the species (FNA 25), scriberianum may also hybridize with malacophyllum, acuminatum and other species. Some variants have been misidentified as D. wilcoxianum (Vasey) Freckmann (= oligosanthes var. w.), which is an upper mid-western taxon that is probably unknown in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
In its strict sense, this species is restricted to the central Mississippi Valley. Sewell & Vincent (2006) have resurrected P. covillei Wats., a segregate with highly fragmented range: from Mo., Ill. and Ind. (Wabash Rv.); to Ohio (including Lawrence Co. adjacent to Ky.) and W.Va.; to Md., Va. and N.C. It is expected in Ky., and differs from ranunculacea as follows: hairs at mid-stem sparse, mostly appressed/strigose, rarely spreading (versus dense, mostly spreading/pilose, some retrorse), plus a few glands <2 mm tall (versus dense and mostly >2 mm); and terminal leaflets subtending inflorescence with acute-cuneate or nearly attenuate bases (versus obtuse-rounded or truncate). Chromosome number is higher; 2n = 28 versus 12. Habitats are similar, typically on fertile soils in subhydric to mesic, floodplain terrace or toe-slope forests.


FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in the southern Appalachians and Piedmont (PL, W). Reports from POWE and ROWA have not been verified (Gr; Campbell et al. 1989). Plants in Ky. may all have purple stamen filaments, and propagules have been sought after for horticultural use.


FULL NAME:
Aster vimineus: see Symphyotrichum racemosum


Scientific Name:
Campanulaceae: Triodanis [Specularia] biflora (perfoliata var. b.*)


FULL NAME:
Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. macrophylla (Benth.) Blake

Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Tenuifoliae> [Gerardia] tenuifolia var. macrophylla (G. besseyana)

FOOTNOTE:
Further work is needed to separate this taxon from typical tenuifolia. Only Pennell (1929) appears to have distinguished it in Ky. material.


FULL NAME:
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston

FOOTNOTE:
This alien was first reported by Gr in 1914, when it had already become "a very common pasture weed... also in clover and alfalfa meadow. Commonly observed on waste land. Locally abundant."


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> cordifolium (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
Occasional plants appear to be hybridized with undulatum (e.g. NELS & ROWA at KY), urophyllum (JESS at KY), laeve (B), or other species. Some colls. (ADAI & TAYL at Field) are referable to var. polycephalum (Porter) Nesom, which is not recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Hippocastanaceae [Sapindaceae]: Aesculus <Pavia> pavia

FOOTNOTE:
Most or all colls. of this southern species are referrable to var. discolor (Pursh) Gray, which is a largely western segregate (F) with leaves broadly elliptic to oblong-obovate, up to 4-8 cm wide (versus lance-elliptic to lance-ovate, up to 2-6 cm wide), and "velvety to tomentulose" below (versus glabrous to glabrate). However, Hardin (1957a) and others have not recognized this variety. Outlying colls. from FAYE (CW), HENR (KY) and ROWA (KY) may be atypical, and perhaps hybridized with other species. They may have come from cultivated or escaped plants; ee also unverified historical reports from FLOY, MONR and SCOT (Gr). Hardin (1957b) reported hybrids with A. sylvatica Bartr. from BELL (H.A. Gleason #8831 at NY) and "southern Ky." (S.F. Price #2385 at GH), but such crosses seem unlikely. A. sylvatica is a southeastern species (especially on the Piedmont) that extends north in the Ridge-and-Valley region to Granger Co. in e. Tenn. (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> rotundifolia

FOOTNOTE:
Although peduncles are relatively short, more or less equalling petioles, in contrast to hispida and bona-nox, there is considerable variation in this character; see also notes on foliar differences under hispida var. hederifolia. Most colls. are referable to var. quadrangulata (Muhl.) Wood, with angled stems, but that taxon has not been recognized in F or more recent treatments. Nevertheless, variation may deserve further study, since rotundifolia occurs in a wide range of habitats, from swamps to dry upland woods. Two southern wetland species are closely related, sharing relatively short peduncles: S. walteri Pursh (with red versus black berries and prickles concentrated at stem bases) and S. laurifolia L. (with narrower leaves and unilocular ovaries). Reports of those two species from Ky. have been erroneous (M), but walteri is known from nc. and w. Tenn. (Wilbur 1967; Ch).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Synstyleae> setigera var. s.

FOOTNOTE:
Open dots indicate the species but variety is not determined. Although widespread in much of eastern North America, this species is rare or absent in some hilly areas with less fertile soils, as in the Appalachian hills of Ky. and Tenn. (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Sagittaria brevirostra (engelmanniana ssp. b.)


FULL NAME:
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. latifolia

Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Sagittaria latifolia var. l.

FOOTNOTE:
Records of var. obtusa (Engelm.) Wieg. are included.


FOOTNOTE:
Reported colls. from POWE (MICH) by Wharton (1945), and from HENR (not at KY) by Gentry (1963), are believable but need to be verified. There are also unverified, somewhat dubious reports from WOLF and WOOD (M).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> viridiflorum

FOOTNOTE:
There appear to be occasional hybrids with glabellum or perplexum.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Agaloma> corollata (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under pubentissima. Plants known previously as E. corollata var. mollis Millsp., based on their hairiness, are frequent but may not be worth recognizing. The epithet mollis may have been misapplied anyway; it has been listed as a synonym of pubentissima (K, W).


FULL NAME:
Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) O.E. Schulz

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is often confused with hirsuta; both are diploids (2n = 16) but hybrids are unknown. Typical parviflora does not occur in North America, and our plants may deserve species status (as reviewed by W).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Acinos [Satureja] arvensis (S. acinos)

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by Heineke (1987), apparently based on a coll. of R. Athey from MARS (or CALL; check EKY). This alien is scattered though northeastern and some northwestern states (PL).


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Thaspium trifoliatum (atropurpureum)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern taxon, mostly found in Appalachian regions, is distinct from aureum, which is mostly west of the highest Appalachian mountains and widespread in mid-western regions. See notes under aureum.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Conyza [Erigeron] canadensis (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
As with the earlier flowering Erigeron annuus, this annual weed appears to have increased greatly to become a major problem after settlement. In 1914, Gr noted: "in cultivated ground and in grass land of almost any sort... often exceedingly common... difficult to get rid of because it is so prolific..."


Scientific Name:
Melastomataceae: Rhexia mariana (var. m., leiosperma)


FULL NAME:
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. var. virginiana

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Physostegia virginiana* var. v. (P. denticulata)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. need to be rechecked for praemorsa.


FULL NAME:
Sporobolus ozarkanus: see S. vaginiflorus


FULL NAME:
Oenothera rhombipetala: see O. clelandii


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Lentago> cassinoides (nudum var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs mostly along streams, from rocky banks of larger river to swampy sites along smaller streamheads. It is also found rarely on sandstone clifftops.


FOOTNOTE:
This circumboreal species was reported by Short et al. (1933), but no coll. has been located. It does occur in the southern Appalachians, and it may be expected in the Cumberland Mts. of Ky.


Scientific Name:
Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus cruentus (paniculatus, hybridus ssp. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a cultivar (known as blood, red or purple amaranth) that occasionally escapes, but it does not appear to be persistent.There are records from BOON, FAYE (KY), JESS and PIKE (M). It originated from A. hybridus (FNA 4). A similar cultivar, A. caudatus L. (loves-lies-bleeding), may also be expected.


Scientific Name:
Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Acnida> arenicola ("torreyi")

FOOTNOTE:
This native of the Great Plains appears to be native on sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. It is close to palmeri; identification is difficult and records should be rechecked. In staminate condition, it is also confusable with tuberculatus (FNA 4).


FOOTNOTE:
This appears native on or near sandy banks of the Mississippi and lower Ohio Rivers. It was originally native in southwestern regions, but has become widespread elsewhere in North America. See also arenicola.


Scientific Name:
Apocynaceae: Apocynum androsaemifolium x cannabinum (X floribundum, medium)

FOOTNOTE:
The few uncertain records of pure A. androsaemifolium L. are included here: from ROWA (MDKY; Campbell et al. 1992) and perhaps elsewhere (Gr; "not uncommon about meadows and in open woodland in western Ky."). Introgression with A. cannabinum needs further study in Ky. A. androsaemifolium has a relatively northern range but it does extend south in or near the higher Appalachians to c. Ga. (W).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> occidentalis (var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 34), but variation needs further study. Some colls. (KY, WKY) appear to be hybridized with hirsutus (MEAD), mollis (HARD) or perhaps silphioides (CALL). See also dowellianus for notes on the disjunct eastern colls. from PULA.


Scientific Name:
Typhaceae: Typha domingensis (angustifolia var. virginica)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern (pantropical) species has been reported from the state (J), but details are not available. It was recently found in w. Tenn. (Stewart Co.) about 10 miles from CHRI (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
The only record is a coll. from a roadside in FULT (SIU): O'Dell & Windler #542, 30 Jun 1962; see also Mohlenbrock et al. (1966). This species of dry western regions may just be adventive in eastern states (F).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Tanacetum [Chrysanthemum] vulgare

FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated herb ("tansy") appears more or less naturalized in some residential areas and old home sites.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] maxima (?anomala, ?incisa)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon has not been clearly defined or recognized in much of its reported northeastern range (F, Cr), especially in southern sections. It is often considered to result from hybrids of diphylla and laciniata (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). In Ky., some colls. mapped here may represent a stable taxon, but others may represent diphylla in a depauperate condition, or may be hybrids of diphylla and heterophylla. Similar uncertainties exist in Tenn., where there are very few records (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Spicata> ginnala (tataricum ssp. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This small shrubby tree ("Amur maple") is occasionally cultivated and has become locally naturalized in BULL (KY) near the arboretum at Bernheim Forest, and perhaps in OLDH (DHL). Further monitoring is needed to report the spread or control of this potential problem.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Kummerowia [Lespedeza] striata

FOOTNOTE:
This annual has been widely sown for at least a century (Gr), and it has also become widely naturalized; known as "Japanese" clover or bush-clover. After early trials, Gr noted that colder climate in northern Ky. appeared to limit its success there, but the species had become "especially common" in some western counties (HICK, HOPK, LOGA).


FOOTNOTE:
This recently described species is difficult to distinguish from nigromarginata (Werier 2006), and some colls. appear intermediate. It supposedly differs in its usually narrower widest leaf blades (ca. 1.2-2.2 mm versus 2.3-4.5 mm); its usually shorter (and often relatively uniform) longest culms (mostly 2-10 cm versus 6-40 cm); its pistillate scales with reddish color usually no more than submarginal (versus often reddish-black from margins to the stripes beside mid-veins); and its somewhat less extensive staminate spikes (usually no more than 3-4 mm above lateral spike apices, versus often up to 5-7 mm). It tends to occur in relatively deep woods on slightly richer moister soils, but there is much overlap. Its relatively narrow leaves and short culms also suggest umbellata, but it lacks the uniformly basal spikes of umbellata and rugosperma. C. reznicekii is distributed from the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain (especially Va.) to the Ozarks, and may be expected in much of Kentucky.


FULL NAME:
Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var. pinnata

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Sisymbrieae>: Descurainia pinnata var. p.

FOOTNOTE:
There is a recent coll. from under limestone cliffs in MERC (M; WKY) and an old coll. by R. Peter (NY, May 1834) from "Kentucky River", assumed to be in FAYE. This southern variety and the more widespread northern var. brachycarpa are typical of dry disturbed places, and appear widely scattered along trails, roads or railroads with dry base-rich soils. Both may be native or considered waifs from afar.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely distributed over northeastern states, this species is generally restricted to streambanks on relatively acid inertile soils. Records from the Bluegrass and Shawnee Hill lowlands were mapped by Argus (1986) and CW, but further verification is needed.


FULL NAME:
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. adpressipilis (M. Hopkins) Rollins

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Arabis hirsuta var. adpressipilis

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs mostly in the Ozarks, southern Interior Low Plateaus and upper midwest.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> texanum (drummondii var. t.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely southwestern taxon has been treated as a species (Cr), subspecies (M), or variety (FNA 20, J) of drummondii, and it is also close to urophyllus. It is virtually unknown east of the Mississippi Rv., except in Miss. and perhaps Ala. It may not even be verified in Mo. (Y). There have been several reports from Ky. (M), but these are erroneous or remain dubious.


Scientific Name:
Salicaceae: Salix <Vetrix> occidentalis (tristis, humilis var. microphylla)

FOOTNOTE:
This is generally distinct from typical humilis, but some colls. are difficult to determine and variety status may be preferred. Its ecology is similar but in Ky. at least it tends to be more restricted to acid infertile soils. Its range is similar locally and globally, but it is less extensive and less weedy.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> pubescens (polygamum, perelegans)


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Dilatatae> coccinioides

FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western species is not confirmed in Ky. There is a coll. with this name that needs further study, from BOYD (GH): T.N. McCoy, 7 Sep 1936, "Reservoir Hill". There are confirmed colls. from s. Ill. (MO), but not Ind. (D).


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone glabra var. glabra

FOOTNOTE:
Variation may deserve further study. Some Appalachian records might be switched to var. elatior; a coll. from CALL (WKY) is referable to var. linifolia Coleman; several scattered colls. have been referred to forma tomentosa (Raf.) Pennell.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone glabra var. elatior (C. montana)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from typical glabra may not be clear in some cases; W concluded that these taxa intergrade too much for easy recognition. Nelson et al. (1998) found only diploid chromosome numbers within this species (2n = 28).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens connata {or suggested: tripartita var. c.}

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to comosa, and may have originated from hybridization with frondosa (Crowe & Parker 1981). It may be typical of damper sites (F, Cr). Colls. of connata have been reported from CALL (MUR), HICK (Grubbs 1989) and KENT (B), but further study is needed. These few colls. may be referred to the relatively southern var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw., but that taxon has not generally been recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia <Poinsettia> dentata (var. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread southern species; see notes under the closely related  davidii.


FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. recorded from JEFF (DHL), but the label data were minimal (M), and it may have been mislaid. This commonly cultivated alien ("wall rockcress") is not reported as naturalized anywhere in eastern North America.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] flava var. f.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Gigantei> giganteus

FOOTNOTE:
This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 34) typical of damp thickets and edges. In Ky. there may be rare hybrids with mollis (= X doronicoides Lam.), and others may be expected (FNA 21).


FOOTNOTE:
It is not clear if this southern species is native as far north as the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys (Y, W). There was some early ornamental use (F, Cr). The first report from Ky. was in 1914 (Gr). I. hederifolia L. is a closely related tropical American species that has been reported erroneously from Ky. (M) and nearby states (Y).


Scientific Name:
Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea <Quamoclit> quamoclit (Q. vulgaris)

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from FAYE (KY-Agr.) and MADI (BEREA) that may be from persistent plantings or locally escaped. In 1914, Gr noted: "An old ornamental, sometimes found holding its own in out-of-the-way places." Horticultural hybrids with coccinea may also be expected (Y, W).


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Silene latifolia (pratensis; Lychnis alba)

FOOTNOTE:
S. alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause is closely related and often treated as a subspecies in Europe. In North America, intermediate plants predominate and the name latifolia takes precedent (FNA 5), but plants have often been named Lychnis alba Mill. in older literature. Another closely related, intergrading species, S. dioica (L.) Clairville (= Lychnis d.), has been reported from Ky., but no coll. has been located (M). There has also been confusion in nomenclature with S. vulgaris.


FULL NAME:
Aristida curtissii (Gray ex S. Wats. & Coult.) Nash

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida curtissii (dichotoma/basiramea var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
In addition to the coll. of R. Athey from MCRA (MUR), there are old general reports from Ky. by Hitchcock & Chase (1950) and others. This taxon has been treated as a variety of the largely mid-western basiramea (Cr), or of the broadly southeastern dichotoma (FNA 25). Its morphology and distribution may be somewhat intermediate between those two species.


FOOTNOTE:
This tropical weed has become widely scattered across southeastern states, especially on nitrogen-rich soil in warmer areas (W). It has been found in greenhouses at the Univ. of Ky. in FAYE (JC for KY), but is not expected to spread in the wild. Another expected weed of greenhouses is P. tenellus Roxb. (in subgenus Kirganelia), originially from the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, but now spread through many warmer regions of the world, including southeastern states (W).


Scientific Name:
Amaryllidaceae <Lycorideae> [Liliaceae]: Lycoris squamigera

FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated East Asian species ("resurrection lily") may persist in woodlands, but there are no definite records of naturalized plants. There is a coll. from "forested slopes" near a public resort in CLIN (EKY).


Scientific Name:
Iridaceae: Sisyrinchium mucronatum (var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
Typical mucronatum occurs to the north and southeast of Ky. (FNA 26; W), but there are no confirmed records from the state. There has been confusion with atlanticum, and further review is needed..


FOOTNOTE:
This southwestern species was recently reported from Ky. (Mears 1999, J), but details of colls. are unknown. It was not treated at all by F or Cr in their northeastern floras.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported from Ky. by RAB and M, but it has not been verified; there has been confusion with boyntonii. R. viscosa is native to the Blue Ridge and nearby mountains, but has also been widely cultivated (W).


FULL NAME:
Lycopodium obscurum: see Dendrolycopodium obscurum & D. hickeyi


FOOTNOTE:
Although records are widely scattered over the states, this southeastern species is concentrated along major river valleys, especially in western regions. It has spread locally onto uplands, probably after forest clearance. The northern limit is close to the Ohio Rv. in Ill., Ind. and Ohi, and further east there are only a few records north of S.C. (PL).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca subverticillata (obtusa, "nutans")


FOOTNOTE:
First recorded in 1880-1893 (M), this tall annual weed became "one of the unquestionably dangerous plants" in 1914, due to its toxic saponins (Gr). Gr noted: "it grows among small grains and not among corn (maize). It is frequently seen also along roadsides and in fence corners." However, in 1943 B added: "no longer common." Today, it is widely scattered but generally infrequent to rare. This decline has presumably been due to changes in agricultural practices.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Lychnis coronaria (Silene c.)

FOOTNOTE:
The first record of this alien was a coll. in 1942 from LIVI (KY-Agr. Sch.), and the species is known only from two adjacent counties (R. Athey colls., probably at Memphis). See R.K. Rabeler in Y for notes on generic treatment.


FULL NAME:
Monolepis nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) Greene

FOOTNOTE:
During recent decades, this western species of subalkaline clays has spread to disturbed areas as far east as Ind., Ohio and Ky. (FNA 4; NatureServe website; A. Cusick, pers. comm.). This species flowers and fruits relatively early for a chenopod, in Apr-May, and it has often been found on compacted soils in fairgrounds and similar sites, before mowing for the annual summer events. The only Ky. record so far is a coll. from a muddy horse show ring at the fairgrounds of OLDH: A. Cusick #36043, 2002 Apr16 (Miami University).


FOOTNOTE:
This close relative of densiflorum has been recently reported from Ky. (NatureServe website), but details are not yet available. It is widely scattered in Mo. (Y), Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and probably other states adjacent to Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This species (corn, maize) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
This species ("Job's Tears") is often cultivated and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from gardens, but it is not independently naturalized.


FULL NAME:
Hybanthus concolor (T.F. Forst.) Spreng.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread southern species generally occurs at field edges and along rights of way, and it is not clear what its original habitats were. It may have spread north after settlement. Ga's report in 1914 may be the earliest record, but he noted: "common plant in Kentucky, growing by waysides and along fences, wherever a strip is left without cultivation."


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Ericoideae>: Rhododendron <Azalea> cumberlandense ("bakeri")

FOOTNOTE:
This southern Appalachian species is variable, and there has been some confusion with calendulaceum, which has a more widespread Appalachian range; these two species may intergrade. R. cumberlandense differs in its usually smaller, more reddish flowers (versus strictly orange); its usually later flowering in June versus May (after leaves have expanded); its usually smaller, blunter, less hairy leaves, which tend to dry with a blackish hue; and its usually shorter stature, with more rhizome development (W). More analysis is needed. The coll. from BOYL (KY) is notable for its disjunction and historical interest: H. Garman, 19 Jun 1892, Junction City. Gr's unverified report of calendulaceum from ADAI is also intriguing.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria neglecta (media ssp. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is closely related to media and pallida (FNA 5, Y). It differs from these species in its sepals 5-6.5 mm long (versus usually 3-5 mm); stamens 8-10 (versus usually 1-5); seeds 1.1-1.7 mm wide (versus 0.5-1.3 mm), with tubercles usually taller than broad (versus broader than tall), and with apex usually acute (versus obtuse). It is usually cross-pollinated, while media is both cross- and self-pollinated; pallida is self-pollinated or sometimes cleistogamous. S. neglecta has spread rapidly through North America since the 1980s, but there are still few available records from the Ohio Valley and the mid-west (e.g. Y). FNA 5 reported it from Ky., and there may be a coll. from FRAN to be checked (M. Medley & J. Thieret for WKY). It remains unknown in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
Several records suggest that this cultivated herb (caraway) has become locally naturalized in western regions.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Aethusa cynapium

FOOTNOTE:
This common weed of Europe is naturalized in northeastern states, but does not seem to be spreading within Ky. The few records date only from 1893 (Pr) to 1947 (or perhaps an unverified record in 1975).


FULL NAME:
THISTLE: Carduus (PLUMELESS), Cirsium, Cnicus (BLESSED), Onopordum (SCOTCH)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> albopilosa

FOOTNOTE:
This species is known globally from only 80-90 sites under sandstone cliffs in the Red Rv. Gorge, where some populations have been eliminated by excessive recreational disturbance (White & Drozda 2006). It is a tetraploid that probably diverged from typical flexicaulis; 2n = 36 in both species.


FOOTNOTE:
This common winter annual was not fully documented until the 1930s, when B reported it only from two northeastern counties (CART, ELLI). It may have been present earlier, but it appears to have been confused with Planodes virginica in the 18th Century Floras (e.g. Gray 1864). Although hirsuta has become widespread in moist temperate regions, it is just diploid (2n = 16), and it is curiously rare to absent across north-central regions of North America with more extreme winters and summers (PL). Even within the lower Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys, it becomes less common towards the north and west (e.g. Y). There has, however, been confusion with parviflora and pensylvanica and some data need to be rechecked.


FOOTNOTE:
Records of the related western species, A. cylindrica Gray, appear to have been erroneous (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern species of wet meadows and shores has disappeared from Ky. There are only old records from FAYE (C.W. Short, PH, "on Elkhorn near Lex[ington]" and BOON (Nelson 1919), plus a doubtful recent record from HARD (cited in M).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris hirsuta (squarrosa var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species (W), or variety of squarrosa, is disjunct further east from Miss. to Ga. It may occur in Ky. (F) and Tenn., at least in western regions, but colls. that have been called var. hirsuta (Rydb.) Gaiser in Ky. do not appear distinct using recent treatments (Cr, FNA 21, Y, W). Involucral bracts of hirsuta mostly have abruptly contracted apices (versus usually more tapering); outer ones are relatively short and spreading-reflexed for less than 2 mm (versus similar to inner ones). Hairs on leaves and stems of hirsuta are relatively straight and spreading; those on typical squarrosa are "bent or curled, appressed to loosely matted" (Y). Hairy plants in Ky. are scattered with typical plants, with no clear difference in distribution, and they are combined here pending further analysis.


FULL NAME:
MIMOSA: Albizia (TREE-), Desmanthus (PRAIRIE-), Mimosa


FULL NAME:
NETTLE: Boehmeria (FALSE-), Laportea (WOOD-), Urtica (STINGING)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> albolutescens ("straminea")

FOOTNOTE:
This is a relatively distinct species, widespread in wet woods across Ky. and other south-central states. A coll. from PULA (DOV) is unusually robust.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> longii ("albolutescens")

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to albolutescens; to a lesser extent, brevior and festucacea. There has been nuch confusion (FNA 23). C. longii often occurs in more open habitats than albolutescens, and is more frequent in southern regions. Although widely scattered across eastern states, it seems generally uncommon except on the Coastal Plain from Texas to Flo. (PL).


FOOTNOTE:
This species is closely related to the more northern C. straminea, but with a wide south-central range, mostly near the coast but also scattered inland. In Ky., the only records are colls. from marshy places in TODD (AP). It has also been collected from nearby counties in Tenn. (Montgomery and Robertson); see APSU and Ch.


FULL NAME:
Physalis pruinosa: see P. grisea and P. pubescens


FULL NAME:
Polygonum caespitosum: see Persicaria longisetum


FULL NAME:
Kuhnia eupatorioides L. var. eupatorioides

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Kuhnia [Brickellia*] eupatorioides var. e.

FOOTNOTE:
Some records may be closer to var. corymbulosa.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Triplinerviae> canadensis (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
Further checking in Ky. is needed for potential transitions to altissima or other variants. However, it is reasonable to treat canadensis and altissima as distinct species (FNA 20; Y, W). S. canadensis is a diploid (2n = 18 versus 36 or 54), with a northern range. It differs in its stems glabrate or sparsely hairy distally (versus usually hairy throughout); mid- to distal cauline leaves clearly serrate (versus minutely serrate to entire), usually glabrous or sparsely hairy below (versus densely hairy); inflorescence broadly pyramidal (versus narrow to broadly); involucres 1.7-2.5 (3) mm long (versus 2.5-4.5 mm), usually produced in Aug-Sep (versus Sep-Oct); insect galls are usually lacking (versus common). Colls. from HENR (KY) and perhaps elsewhere (CARL, FULT & HICK at MUR) have been referred to the relatively hairy var. hargeri Fern., which often resembles altissima. That variety is prevalent in some mid-western regions, including most of Mo. (Y).


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] densiflora ("glabra")

FOOTNOTE:
This native of the Coastal Plain and further south is close to P. glabra (Willd.) M. Gomez of Asian and Pacific regions, and was combined in FNA 5. There is only one confirmed Ky. record, from MADI (BEREA) in an artificial reservoir. Other colls. may exist but have not been located (BT, M).


Scientific Name:
Colchicaceae [Liliaceae]: Uvularia puberula (var. puberula, pudica)

FOOTNOTE:
There is a rather incomplete coll. of this species from BELL (TENN): L. Pounds CG85-31.5, 24 Apr 1985, Cumberland Gap National Historic Park, Ridge Trail near Butcher Gap. Also, J. Kiser (pers. comm.) has recently collected it (for EKY) from LETC in Pine Mountain Wildlife Management Area at Scuttlehole Gap. U. puberula occurs in the southern Appalachians (var. puberula) and eastern Coastal Plain (var. nitida), and is common in e. Va. close to Ky. (F, Cr, HW+, FNA 26). It differs from sessilifolia in its styles, which are separate to well below the middle (versus only in the upper 1/3 or 1/4); ovaries, sessile (versus distinctly stipitate); leaves, bright green on both sides (versus glaucous beneath); stems, puberulent in lines (versus glabrous); and rhizomes, very short with clustered roots (versus elongate, with scattered roots). It grows in upland woods, whereas sessilifolia typically is in damp lowland woods.


FULL NAME:
Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb. ex Spreng.) Beauv.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species probably occurs in Ky., but documentation is inadequate, and there has been confusion in nomenclature with M. frondosa. FNA 25 maps it close to the northern borders of the state. There is a coll. of C.W. Short (KY) with two labels; (1) "alluvium of the Ohio", Ky. 1840; (2) "rocky woods... map" (initially determined as Agrostis lateriflorus). Also, plants that may be this species have been recently found along wooded streamheads in LAUR (JC for KY), but flowering has not yet been observed.


FULL NAME:
Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. var. aberrans (Larisey) M. Mendenhall

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Thermopsideae>: Baptisia australis var. aberrans

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon of calcareous glades in southeastern states appears somewhat intermediate between B. australis and B. minor Lehm., a more western species. The coll. from HARD (KSNPC) appears closer to typical australis. Given the striking disjunction in habitat from typical australis, on rocky river banks, variety status may not be sufficient, but the taxonomy has been confused enough already (W). A similar situation exists in Physostegia virginiana versus P. praemorsa.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Poa angustifolia (pratensis var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants may be better treated as P. pratensis ssp. angustifolia (L.) Lej. (FNA 24). They differ from typical pratensis in their consistently narrow leaves 0.4-1 mm wide (versus often 1.5-4.5 mm), which often have sparse hairs (versus rarely). They are frequent in old-fields, especially in the Bluegrass region; see also notes of Gr.


FOOTNOTE:
F indicated native status for this species in North America, at least to the north, but R. Soreng (in FNA 24) considered it all introduced from Europe. Further clarification could come from research into early colls. and any records of planting for pasture. Anderson (1924) noted: "rare in Kentucky, and perhaps not established." It is now locally abundant in thin woods along streams, especially in the Bluegrass Region and other areas with fertile soils.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien is known only from a coll. on the Univ. of Ky. campus (FAYE). The species is widely established across northern regions but remains rare or absent in southeastern states, except Va. (PL).


FOOTNOTE:
This mysterious mycotrophic species is widespread in the eastern U.S.A. but rarely seen. It occurs in mesic forests (broadly defined), but mostly on rotted logs, along paths, near wetland margins, or in other interruptions of the ground vegetation, "usually developing only at remote periods" (F). Flowering appears generally sporadic from year to year, but sometimes occurs in mass about two days after large drops in temperature during July and August (Dister 2005). In Ky., most records come from Appalachian regions, especially in recent decades. The coll. from FAYE (NY) was secured by R. Peter in Jul 1833, "in grassy thin woods near Lexington".


FOOTNOTE:
There are records from ADAI, OWEN, WAYN and perhaps elsewhere that may be referred to the relatively northern var. hypomaculatum Fern. However, it is not clear if this variety is worth recognizing.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> polita ("didyma")

FOOTNOTE:
This may not be clearly distinct from agrestis; colls. should be rechecked (Abbott et al. 2004). All records are from after 1970. In North America, it appears to have been virtually unknown before Pennell (1935) and F, appearing first on ballast at ports.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Lamium dissectum (hybridum*; purpureum var. incisum)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon is reported to be an allopolyploid derived from purpureum and probably amplexicaule (Mennema 1989).


FULL NAME:
Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz var. procumbens

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Chaerophyllum procumbens var. p.


FULL NAME:
Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz var. shortii Torr. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Chaerophyllum procumbens var. shortii

FOOTNOTE:
This variety seems distinct from typical plants, and perhaps concentrated in the central Ohio Valley (but see Y). Further research is needed to clarify its status.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Conium maculatum

FOOTNOTE:
First reported in 1914 (Gr), this tall alien biennial had already "spread over much or all of the best agricultural sections, and... likely to be found by roadsides and pastures anywhere in Kentucky." It was concentrated in the Bluegrass region initially but become much more widely abundant after 1980, especially along major roads. Attempted control with herbicides in May-June is often too late to prevent seeding, and may actually improve the ground for germination in the fall (especially where crown-vetch is killed).


FULL NAME:
Houstonia nigricans (Lam.) Fern. var. rupestris (Raf.) new comb. ?

Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Stenaria> [Hedyotis] nigricans* var. rupestris? {broad-leaved variant}

FOOTNOTE:
Based on a review of colls. at GH, MO, NY and elsewhere, this variant of nigricans appears largely restricted to limestone cliff-tops along the Kentucky River Palisades, the Cumberland Rv. in Ky. and Tenn., and perhaps the Sequatchie Valley in Tenn. (KY,  APSU, TENN). The largest leaves in each plant (generally at mid-stem) are ca. 3-6 mm wide, and there is less reduction into the inflorescence; axillary fascicles of narrow leaves are lacking. In typical nigricans, the largest leaves are usually 1-2.5 (3) mm wide; leaves are much reduced into the inflorescence; and axillary fascicles are usually present at mid-stem. The broad-leaved variant also appears to have a more decumbent, spreading habit and less congested inflorescences, with about 5-10 flowers per square cm in pressed specimens; typical nigricans has about 10-20 flowers per square cm. More analysis is needed to determine the degree of distinction.


FOOTNOTE:
Although present in North America before 1900 (Y and his citations), this robust alien weed (known as "musk" or "nodding" thistle) was not properly documented in Ky. until about 1970 Meijer (1972a). As in several other North American regions, this species has increased during recent decades to become one of the most abundant thistles.


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from glomerata, and should be rechecked; see notes under that species.


FOOTNOTE:
This large-flowered species of the Ridge-and-Valley region and nearby has been reported from Ky. by several authors (M), but not verified. Wells (1984) excluded pubescens from the state. There is an old mysterious coll. at GH that appears close to typical pubescens, with "Kentucky" written directly on the sheet (also "Heuchera reniformis Raf." and "Raf. in H. Durand"). Some reports refer to H. pubescens var. brachyandra Rosend., Butt. & Lak. (= H. alba Rydb.), with stamens included or barely exerted, which was not segregated by Wells. Some of these reports appear to be based on misidentified colls. of longiflora (e.g. at GH), another large-flowered species that can rarely hybridize with americana (B; Wells 1984). However, there also appears to be a broad, ancient zone of introgression between americana and pubescens, and Wells suggested that H. americana var. hispida (Pursh) Wells originated from such introgression. Var. hispida differs from typical plants in its large flowers, with free hypanthium 1.5-1.9 mm long (versus < 1.5 mm), its generally purplish, fimbriate petals (or perhaps paler in Pa.; see GH), and its generally glabrous leaves. Although hispida is concentrated in or near the Ridge-and-Valley region, like pubescens, there may be outlying colls. from Ohio (Scioto Co., GH), Ky. (to be researched further), and even Ark. (Montgomery Co., GH).


FULL NAME:
Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook.


FULL NAME:
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. var. speciosa (Sweet) Gray

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Physostegia virginiana* var. speciosa

FOOTNOTE:
These colls. may not be reliably separated from virginiana or praemorsa. They are mostly from roadsides and some may be escapes from cultivation. Further research on variation in Physostegia is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
Variation deserves further study. The coll. from GALL (M. Medley #15061-86 at KNK & WKY) is referable to ssp. bipinnatum Tour., which has not been reported widely in North America (if at all).


FOOTNOTE:
The only reliable record of this southeastern species is a recent coll. by E.W. Chester from LYON (APSU, EKY), as reported by CW. S. grandifolius has been also been reported from WHIT (sight record of R. Jacobs) and perhaps collected elsewhere (Cr), but some data may be doubted. No plants have been relocated at the sites reported by Gonsoulin (1974), as reviewed by Palmer-Ball et al. (1988), Chester (1991) and M. However, it is known from nearby counties in s. Ill., s. Ind., se. Ohio, w. Va. and across Tenn. (PL).


FULL NAME:
Symphyotrichum concinnum (Willd.) new comb. ?

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> concinnum (laeve var. c.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern taxon is close to the largely mid-western laeve but considered a distinct species in some treatments (F, Cr). It is not clear if there is intergradation in Ky., as reported by B. These plants may prove to be a somewhat miscellaneous group of narrow-leaved variants adapted to local conditions, especially on non-calcareous (or highly leached) soils. Relatively extensive and distinctive populations occurs on rocky sandstone banks of the Rockcastle, Cumberland and Big South Fork Rivers.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Tanacetum [Chrysanthemum] parthenium

FOOTNOTE:
Although sometimes persistent after cultivated, this herb ("feverfew") does not appear truly naturalized.


FULL NAME:
Heuchera americana L. var. nov. {glabrate-leaved variant}

Scientific Name:
Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Americanae> americana var. nov. {glabrate-leaved variant}

FOOTNOTE:
These Appalachian plants differ from typical H. americana in having almost completely glabrous leaves, except for their ciliate margins and minutely glandular-puberulent petioles; there may also be subtle differences in texture and color. In contrast, var. americana generally has hairs on both leaf surfaces (strigose above), although either surface can be thinly hairy or glabrate in some cases. The plants mapped here deserve further study for potential description as a new variety. At GH, there are colls. of similar plants from DC. Ga., N.C., S.C., Tenn. and Va. The name "Heuchera glauca Raf." is written on a few of the older colls., and should be researched further; the type is unknown (Wells 1984). H. americana var. hispida (Pursh) Wells also has generally glabrous leaves, but its larger flowers with purple petals are distinct; for more notes, see H. pubescens.


FULL NAME:
Lonicera sempervirens L. [yellow flowered form]

Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> sempervirens {yellow form}

FOOTNOTE:
The flowers of these plants differ from typical sempervirens in their orange-yellow, and perhaps slightly irregular shape, with one lobe longer pointed. They have been confused initially with flava.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <cordifolium group> drummondii (A. sagittifolius var. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species may occasionally hybridize or introgress with urophyllum, cordifolius, shortii and undulatus, but it is generally distinct (Cr; FNA 20, Y). Introgression with cordifolius at least may have increased after settlement in Mo. (St). Compared to urophyllus, drummondii is densely hairy (versus thinly); green tips of phyllaries tend to be elongate-rhombic (versus very narrow); and rays are usually bright blue (versus pale bluish, lilac or white),


FULL NAME:
SAXIFRAGE: Boykinia (BROOK), Chrysosplenium (GOLDEN), Saxifraga


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Padus> pensylvanica

FOOTNOTE:
There are several old records, but no convincing colls. have been located (M). Little (1977) mapped it in SHEL and there is a verified coll. from JEFF (GH), but in a possibly horticultural context: D. Blumer-Whultermuth [?] #258, "wild red cherry", 2 Apr 1933, cliff, lakeside, Louisville. This northern species occurs along the Blue Ridge, and it is possible that it occurs in the Cumberland Mts. The related mid-western plant, P. pumila L. var. depressa (Pursh) Gleason, was indicated by Short et al. (1833) and others, but no colls. are traceable to Ky. (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This is known only from colls. in JEFF (MM) and ROWA (MDKY). Colls. from ROWA appear to include both var. arvensis and var. glabrescens (Gunth.) Grab. & Wimmer (= ssp. uliginosus (M. Biebertein) Nyman; FNA 19, Y). S. arvensis is much more common in more northern and western regions, where it can be a persistent weed due to its perennial running roots.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] pectinata (pedicularia var. pectinata*)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been occasional confusion with pedicularia, and some records need to be rechecked.


FOOTNOTE:
The extent of naturalization is not clear from available data. There are only old colls. from KENT (NCU) and LYON (NY); both were verified by Argus (1986). However, the hybrid with alba (X ehrhatiana) does seem to be established.


Scientific Name:
Anacardiaceae: Toxicodendron [Rhus] pubescens (R. toxicodendron, toxicarium)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely southeastern species (the eastern "poison oak") is known from s. Mo, c. Tenn. and s. W.Va. (Gillis 1971). In Ky., it has been reported from BRAC, HARR and MARI (EKY), but colls. were not complete enough for verification (Clark & Bauer 2001; CW). T. pubescens differs from radicans (F, Cr, W) in its strictly shrubby stoloniferous habit, only 0.5-6 dm tall (versus often high-climbing with aerial roots). Its leaves are "approximate on long erect petioles at summit of stems and branches, thus appearing falsely verticillate" (versus alternately scattered). Leaflets usually have 2-4 blunt lobes or deep teeth (versus acutely shallow-lobed, dentate or entire). Its fruits, lower leaf surfaces and petioles usually have dense hairs, but radicans is highly variable in pubescence.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been collected during recent decades in CART (KY) and MCRE (EKY). There are also unverified older reports from BARR/EDMO (Hussey 1876), FAYE (M. Flynn, pers. comm.), and perhaps elsewhere; Gr (1914) noted "not a common plant in Kentucky." T. vernix is widely scattered across eastern North America, but largely restricted to regions with extensive boggy wetlands; it is generally rare in the Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys (PL).


FULL NAME:
Carex laxiculmis Schwein. var. copulata (Bailey) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Careyanae> laxiculmis var. copulata

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon has been considered a hybrid of laxiculmis and digitalis (F), but such origin is not supported by recent evidence. It is currently treated as a variety of laxiculmis (A. Reznicek et al. in FNA 23), and potential evidence for species status is being studied further (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Leaves of var. copulata are usually bright green (versus glaucous) and narrower (5.3-8.3 mm versus 6.4-11.8 mm); its staminate spikes tend to be longer (the longest per plant usually 6-20 mm versus 12-25 mm). However, overall ranges and typical habitats do not seem to differ much in Ky. or elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Euveronica> anagallis-aquatica (glandifera)

FOOTNOTE:
Although this species may have been native in North America, plants of probable European origin have become widespread (F, Cr). These plants may have replaced native plants of this species, or the closely related catenata and americana, especially in disturbed habitats..


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> aggregata (sparganioides var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a distinct species, widespread in open woods and fields on damp fertile soils, but it can appear intermediate between sparganioides and either gravida or muhlenbergii (especially plants that have been called var. enervis); further revision of this group is needed. C. aggregata differs from sparganioides in the fronts of its sheaths, with firm yellow-brown summits (versus fragile, whitish) and often reddish-dotted surfaces (as in gravida); well-developed leaves are narrower (ca. 3-5 mm wide versus 5-10 mm); also (as in gravida), its spikes tend to be more condensed, with generally larger scales, perigynia and anthers. Tentatively included here are several colls. that have been referred to muhlenbergii, but which differ in their perigynia with consistently ovate-lanceolate bodies (versus often suborbicular) and relatively long beaks (1/3-1/2 of length versus 1/4-1/3); their somewhat looser sheaths, the backs usually mottled and more green-striped, the front usually more deeply concave at the summit and less often cross-puckered; and their leaves wider on average. As in sparganioides, the spikes of aggregata are sometimes slightly compound at the base, which has then led to confusion with species in section Vulpinae (F, Cr, FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Galium tinctorium (trifidum var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
Old reports of G. trifidum L. are referable to tinctorium (M); these species were combined in earlier treatments.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Arundinarieae>: Arundinaria gigantea (macrosperma)

FOOTNOTE:
Records from sight or living colls. at Griffith Woods are included here; further verification is needed for the thinly scattered remnants in northern counties.
This southeastern species formerly grew in large "canebrakes" on bottomlands across most of the state, and, especially in the Bluegrass Region, on some fertile uplands. Clearance for farmland, followed by browsing by livestock, has greatly reduced it (Gr, Anderson 1924, Campbell 1989). The recently described A. appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark is known from the southern Appalachians (Tenn., N.C., Ala., Ga., S.C.), where it occurs in relatively dry woods with oaks, hickories, pines and blackgum (Triplett et al. 2006). In Tenn., it is known from the southern Cumberland Plateau, but its northern limit seems to lie just south of Ky. and Va. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). A. tecta (Walt.) Muhl. has been erroneously reported from Ky. (M), but it is restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain from Md. to Miss.


FOOTNOTE:
It is not clear if this species is truly naturalized in Ky. A tree formerly grew by a branch of Jessamine Creek near Wilmore in JESS (KY), and the species was reported from BOON by Nelson (1919). S. purpurea is naturalized across northeastern regions, but it is rare to absent in southeastern states (Argus 1986; PL).


Scientific Name:
Commelinaceae: Tradescantia ohiensis (canaliculata, reflexa)

FOOTNOTE:
This can hybridiize with other species; see notes under virginiana.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widely scattered in eastern states, but it has been rarely reported in Ky., and all colls. should be rechecked. There have been several misidentifications. It has nearly equal calyx lobes that lack long jointed bristles at the tips, small heads, and short (0-3 mm) petioles.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely southern Appalachian species also occurs in scattered disjunct localities westward to Ark. It is generally rare and deserves global listing for protection.


FOOTNOTE:
Ga noted: "Everywhere along pikes, railroads, and about old premises... It is one of the old-time ornamentals belonging to the period of the Star-of-Bethlehem, periwinkle and blackberry lily."


Scientific Name:
Amaryllidaceae <Narcisseae> [Liliaceae]: Leucojum aestivum

FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated species ("snowflake") can persist for decades at abandoned sites. It is not clear if there is true naturalization in Ky., with new establishment from seed, though in northeastern states such spread is reported (F). There are records from FULT (MUR), LYON (APSU), OLDH (DHL), TRIG (APSU) and probably elsewhere. It is a large relative of Galanthus nivalis L. ("snowdrop"), which is not known to persist significicantly or to spread in Ky.


FULL NAME:
Packera anonyma (Wood) W.A. Weber & A. Löve

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] anonyma (S. smallii)


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Anemonella [Thalictrum] thalictroides


FOOTNOTE:
There are some old records, but no coll. has been located (M). It seems possible that this northern species could occur in the Cumberland Moutains, as reported by Kearney (1893). However, there has been some confusion with pubescens, and verified colls. of striata are unknown in Va, N.C. or S.C., even at high elevation (W).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Ceratochloa> catharticus (unioloides, willdenowii)

FOOTNOTE:
This South American species has been widely cultivated for forage in warmer regions, but there are only a few obscure unverified records from Ky. (Gr; RAB; Wharton & Barbour 1991; J). If present, this species is probably just planted or an occasional waif.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria arguta (saxatilis var. pilosior)

FOOTNOTE:
This Southern Appalachian taxon is known also from Va., Tenn., N.C. & Ga. It may intergrade with typical saxatilis, which is somewhat more widespread, from the Appalachians north to Ind., Pa. & Del. S. arguta has more pubescent stems and petioles; also, more acute and sharp-toothed leaves. Some colls. have been hard to assign, and further study is needed. Data from Ky. suggest that arguta usually occurs on drier, mesic to subxeric slopes; saxatilis is on mesic slopes and terraces, usually on talus or logs.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia umbrosa (fulgida var. u.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely southern Appalachian species is close to typical fulgida, but its leaves are distinctly broader, with truncate-subcordate bases at least low on stems, and have more prominent nipple-like teeth. Rays tend to be larger, but not as a clearcut character. R. umbrosa is largely restricted to mesic shady sites. It has also been confused with speciosa in some treatments, and better keys are needed (J. Campbell, in prep.). Sm and F accepted umbrosa as a species, but Cr treated umbrosa as a variety, with notes such as "growing near var. fulgida but without apparent intergradation" (Cronquist #4040 at NY. from Highland Co., Ohio). Extensive examination of colls. from Ky. and elsewhere has revealed virtually no intermediate plants. Some colls. from relatively open banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its Big South Fk. tend to have relatively narrow leaves, suggesting transitions to fulgida, but they are probably just robust plants of umbrosa that lack basal leaves in the colls. A few disjunct colls. from western regions have suggested umbrosa, but may be closer to fulgida var. palustris (or perhaps acuminata): from CALL (NCU) and CALD (KY).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Nemorales> radula

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Ozarkian species was reported with a well documented coll. (Cranfill & Medley 1981, M), but the coll. cannot now be located, and the area has been revisited with no success. Nevertheless, Cronquist (Cr) may have confirmed the coll. since he included w. Ky. in the range.


FOOTNOTE:
Disjunct western records deserve further verification. There is a coll. from ANDE (EKY): M. Wharton #9612, 13 Oct 1955, "mesophytic woods" [but with no other data]. There is a report from EDMO (L. McKinney et al., pers. comm.; see also CW). There may be a coll. from MUHL (MM for WKY) or adjacent counties with native Pinus strobus.


FOOTNOTE:
This species (barley) is widely grown and plants sometimes establish from seed scattered away from fields, but it is not independently naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Synstyleae> wichuraiana

FOOTNOTE:
In overall form, this commonly cultivated scrambling species ("memorial rose" or "rambling rose") is similar to multiflora, and some colls. should be rechecked. Flowers vary in size and color, from deep rose-pink to white. However, the common form in southeastern states ("Dorothy Perkins") is usually pink with numerous petals (RAB); it may be confused with X centifolia; see notes under gallica.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered, this weedy annual may be concentrated on sandy soils, including some river bottoms (e.g. Gr). It is generally absent on rich calcareous soils.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia <Podosemum+> capillaris (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is widely scattered but rare in Ky., and seems restricted to better remnants of native grassland on relatively dry, infertile soils (though sometimes perched on cherty substrates above limestone outcrops). Before B rediscovered it in the 1930s, capillaris was known only from a coll. of C.W. Short in 1835 from the "barrens" (at KY before fire; see Anderson 1924).


FULL NAME:
SORREL: Oxalis {large-flowered spp.} (WOOD), Oxalis {small-flowered spp.} (FIELD)


FULL NAME:
POPPY: Eschscholtzia (CALIFORNIA), Papaver, Stylophorum (WOOD)


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Barbarea vulgaris (stricta, arcuata)

FOOTNOTE:
Most material matches var. arcuata (Opiz ex J.& K. Presl) Fries, but that taxon is not recognized in most recent treatments. A coll. from FAYE (KY-Agr.) matches the typical variety, in its strict sense.


FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs mostly on sedimentary rocks in the central-southern Appalachian Plateaus (Ala., Tenn., Ky., Ohio, W.Va., Va.) and in some adjacent regions. In Ky., it is confined to acid soils on sandstones and shales. The disjunct western colls. from EDMO and WARR (WKY) are somewhat distinct in having strigose upper leaf surfaces (versus thinly strigose to completely glabrous), and pubescent veins below (versus thinly hispid to glabrous). These plants might deserve variety status, but a broader revision of this species across its range is needed. The disjunct population around Hot Springs in N.C. also includes relatively hairy plants (MO), and occurs mostly on base-rich soils (W).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Monarda cf. media {didyma x fistulosa/other species}

FOOTNOTE:
This poorly understood taxon of scattered northern and Appalachian localities is considered to have originated from hybrids between (a) didyma and (b) fistulosa or clinopodia. It has also been confused with the apparent fistulosa-clinopodia intermediates (see below). Introgression of fistulosa into didyma can occur within a few decades of road-building through forests (Egler 1973). The few Ky. colls. of media are clustered in the Red River Gorge area (MENI, POWE, WOLF at KY, EKY), and could have horticultural origins, perhaps from didyma planted at old home sites then hybridizing with local fistulosa. Some anomalous colls. may be M. sp. nov. (cf. russeliana) x media (MADI at GH, MENI at NY) or clinopodia x media (BELL & HARL at GH). F combined media (with 3 colls. at GH) with fistulosa var. rubra Gray (with only 1 coll. at GH), which has been reported from Ky. by McClintock & Epling (1942), but with no known coll. However, var. rubra may be native only in the Southern Appalachians (Scora 1967, W); it has relatively narrow leaves and more hairy flowers, compared to media, and may have resulted from introgression with didyma.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported by Pr (addenda) and BA (citing a coll. at KY-Agr. which cannot be found). A. hispida is a northern species that extends south in the Appalachians to w. N.C., but it is unlikely in Ky. (M). It may have been confused with racemosa.


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Asclepias <Acerates> hirtella (longifolia var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
Typical hirtella is centered in the upper mid-west, and occurs mostly on drier ground, often on limestone. The closely related to A. longifolia Michx. has been reported (BA) but not verified; it occurs mostly in wet pine savannas the Coastal Plain in southeastern states. Plants named hirtella on seasonally wet acid soils in PULA (BEREA), with disjunct Gymnopogon brevifolius, also typical of wet pine savannas, should be rechecked for possible integradation with longifolia. The Ozarkian relative, A. stenophylla Gray, has also been reported (BA) but apparently in error (M).


FOOTNOTE:
The plants in GRNP (KNK) were escaped from cultivation.


FULL NAME:
Eleocharis pseudoptera Weatherby ex Sven.

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleocharis> pseudoptera (tenuis var. p.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern taxon is close to verrucosa and tenuis, but can be distinguished by its more robust stems and several other characters (FNA 23); also, 2n is reportedly 38 or 39. It was reported (as a variety) from Ky. in FNA 23, but details need to be documented. A coll. from the Murphy's Pond area in HICK (KY) has been annotated "var. ?pseudoptera" by S.G. Smith, and there are also records from adjacent w. Tenn. (Ch). Further analysis is needed to circumscribe this taxon better within the Ohio Valley..


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Ageratina [Eupatorium] aromatica


FULL NAME:
Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Ageratina [Eupatorium] altissima (E. rugosum, urticaefolium)

FOOTNOTE:
Some relatively pubescent colls. have been identified as var. tomentellum (B.L. Robbins.) Blake (from BULL), or as forma villicaule Fern. (from NELS, OWEN, WHIT). However, these taxa are not recognized in recent treatments. A few colls. from the Cumberland Mts. may tend towards var. roanensis; see below.


FULL NAME:
Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. var. parviflora (Small) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Waldsteinia fragarioides var. parviflora (ssp. doniana)

FOOTNOTE:
Further study is needed, but this variety appears somewhat distinct in its flower size and relatively southern distribution.


Scientific Name:
Malvaceae: Malvastrum <Sidopsis> [Sphaeralcea] hispidum (Sph. angusta)

FOOTNOTE:
This mostly occurs in Mo. and Kans., plus parts of adjacent states. There are disjunct eastern clusters of records from the Nashville Basin of c. Tenn., the liimestone barrens of w. Ky. and rocky pastures in the Inner Bluegrass of nc. Ky. (Hill 1982; PL). In Ky., most records are pre-1970 and the species seems to have been generally reduced due to succession or various artificial developments. Although usually found on rocky sites in Ky., it is known from alluvial sites further west. Malvastrum is a widespread, rather weedy genus of wet tropical regions, and hispidum is anomalous in several characters; it may deserve treatment as the monotypic genus, Sidopsis (Hill 1982; p. 169).


FOOTNOTE:
The name S. sarrachoides Sendtn. has been applied to this species, but may best be reserved for a more southern, tropical relative.


FULL NAME:
Gnaphalium helleri: see Pseudognaphalium micradenum


FULL NAME:
Rudbeckia triloba L. var. beadlei (Small) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia triloba var. beadlei ("pinnatiloba")

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from EDMO (E.L. Braun #3620 at US), MCRE (JC 14 May 1989 at KY) and MERC (M. Wharton #9255 at KY) have been tentatively referred to this largely southern Appalachian taxon (Cr, M, W, FNA 21). Whether these pinnatifid plants should be treated at the variety or even species level, remain questions for further study. The earlier name, var. pinnatiloba Torr. & Gray, refers to similar plants from Ala., Fl., La. and Tex, that may deserve distinction.


FOOTNOTE:
The only verified records are from Black Mt. or nearby (HARL, LETC). For JACK, there is only a sight record of L. Pounds (pers. comm.) ca. 1980, from a "spring fed creek along War Fk near Turkey Foot Campground." There have also been erroneous reports of the closely related S. caroliniana Gray (M), which is restricted to the Blue Ridge.


FOOTNOTE:
This species of calcareous woods and glades in south-central states was recently reported from MADI by McKinney et al. (2000): R. Mears, 11 May 1995, calcareous roadside and open rocky areas, N of Berea along the east side of Hwy 25 just S of junction with Ky. 1983. C. cherokeensis is superficially similar to davisii and oxylepis, but has tough coarse creeping rhizomes (versus very short or lacking).


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> persica ("tournefortii", "buxbaumii")

FOOTNOTE:
The earliest record is from McFarland (1942); B did not include it. Under various synonyms, this species was first reported in North America by Rafinesque in 1832 (Pennell 1935), then by Gray (1887-89) as "rare in Atlantic states".


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Argutae> arguta var. a.

FOOTNOTE:
Further study of colls. is be needed to clarify separation of varieties in this largely diploid (2n = 18) species; see also, notes on the polyploid relatives, harrisii (2n = 36) and faucibus (2n = ca. 90).


Scientific Name:
Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Villosae> macrorhiza (villosa* var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This deserve recognition as a species, although often combined with the largely Appalachian H. villosa. H. macrorhiza is largely restricted to calcareous cliffs in the Interior Low Plateaus. It differs (Small 1898, F) in its relatively short, broad bractlets, which are densely long-ciliate (versus narrowly lanceolate to subulate, glabrous to thinly ciliate); bracts are oblong to spathulate, and at least the lower ones toothed (versus linear, mostly entire); its stems are "shaggily" villous (versus loosely); leaves are hirsute below, with long soft hairs along veins (versus glabrous to thinly hairy, with appressed stiff hairs along veins); leaf lobes are all shallow, much broader than long (versus deep and sharp, especially the terminal); rhizomes are ca. 1-2 cm thick (versus 5-9 mm). F stated that var. intermedia Rosend., Butt. & Lak. "is possibly recognizable", as an intermediate. However, in Ky. virtually all colls. of H. macrorhiza are distinct from typical H. villosa. The coll. from CALL (MUR) was initially misidentified as H. missouriensis Rosendahl (see notes under H. puberula).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> laudatus (praepes, congruus, condensiflorus)

FOOTNOTE:
Included here are records of R. condensiflorus Bailey, R. congruus Bailey and R. praepes Bailey, which have been considered synonymous with R. laudatus by Davis et al. 1969, 1990 (as followed by M and K). R. laudatus is apparently well known to such rubological connoisseurs, who have mapped it widely in Ky., W.Va. (SC) and other eastern states. It is retained here pending further study, but the claimed differences from pensilvanicus may be rather inconsistent: i.e., its irregularly lobulate terminal primocane leaflets (Bailey 1945, F), and its more leafy (D) or racemiform (SC) inflorescence. There do not appear to be notable differences in range or habitat. Variety status may be more appropriate.


FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from FAYE and MADI (EKY), but probably from persistent plantings rather than self-sown escapes. Although widely grown since early settlement, and sometimes escaping near gardens (Gr), this species has not spread significantly over the landscape.


Scientific Name:
Agavaceae [Liliaceae]: Yucca filamentosa (var. fi.)

FOOTNOTE:
Typical filamentosa is native to the southeastern Coastal Plain (centered in Va. to Ala.), but it is also cultivated inland, and has become widely naturalized. The common name "beargrass" has been applied to this species in recent times, but to other coarse grass-like plants in earlier literature; it cannot be used to indicate historical distributions. See also notes under flaccida.


Scientific Name:
Agavaceae [Liliaceae]: Yucca flaccida (smalliana, filamentosa var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon's native range is centered on the Gulf Coastal Plain (especailly Ga. to Miss.), but it has also been widely cultivated and naturalized, perhaps as far north as filamentosa (FNA 26; J, W). It has often been combined or confused with filamentosa, and may best be treated as a variety. Colls. generally need to be reexamined. Y. flaccida differs in its smaller flowers (with tepals ca. 3-5 cm long versus 5-7 cm) and pubescent (versus glabrous) inflorescence branches. Also, its leaves tend to be narrower (ca. 1.5-4 cm versus 2-6 cm), thinner and more pliable, flat (versus concave upwards), and with the apex attenuate to a spinose point (versus acute to obtuse).


Scientific Name:
Agavaceae [Liliaceae]: Manfreda [Agave] virginica

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from FLEM (KY-Agr.), LEWI (B), ROBE (B) and perhaps HARD (KY) are referable to var. tigrina Engelm. (as named within Agave), with purple-maculate leaves. That taxon was considered a species by Sm but is not recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> carolina ssp. angusta

FOOTNOTE:
There appears to be a coll. of this taxon from MCRE (R. Jacobs #205801 at EKY), and Wherry (1955) mapped it on the Coastal Plain within w. Ky. (included here as imprecise uncertain locations). Ssp. angusta is a rather poorly known segregate of P. carolina distinguished by having relatively narrow basally-concentrated leaves. It occurs on damp sandy soils, including open boggy sites and sandy river-banks, from sw. N.C. to ne. Texas and north to s. Ill. (Wherry 1955; W). Wherry noted "late spring" for the blooming period of angusta, but apparent flowering colls. from the Cumberland Plateau are dated much later: Jul 23 (MCRE on sandstone shelf at Pitch Rapid); Jul 29 (on banks of Daddy's Creek in Cumberland Co., Tenn.); and Oct 10 (on banks on Obed River in Morgan Co., Tenn.); see also TENN.


FULL NAME:
Ascyrum hyperidoides: see H. hypericoides & H. stragalum


FOOTNOTE:
This is largely Appalachian but disjunct to the west as far as La., Mo. and Iowa (Y, PL). Disjunct records in w. Ky. are all confirmed. See also note about possible confusion under minor.


FOOTNOTE:
This is distributed mostly on the Coastal Plain and around the Great Lakes. Although absent from most of the southern Appalachians (W), it does occurs locally on the Cumberland Plateau (see also Ch) and in the Cumberland Mountains (but not found by B), on sandy soils in open pine woods or their disturbed remnants. It has probably been confused occasionally with racemulosa and colls. under that name should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Erectae> [Gerardia] skinneriana

FOOTNOTE:
This globally rare species is known from scattered localities across the upper mid-west. In Ky. it is known only from a few records, mostly colls. made during 1930-1980, but most of these have been uncertain or dubious (M). There has been confusion with other species, especially gattingeri.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca trachyphylla ("duriuscula"; "ovina")

FOOTNOTE:
This alien has often been sold under the names "sheep's fescue" or "hard fescue" as a durable turf grass and soil stabilizer (FNA 24). Mapped colls. may come from truly naturalized plants, but persistence from plantings cannot be ruled out. There has been much confusion with ovina and rubra, and further checking of identifcations may be needed. F. trachyphylla differs from ovina in its more distinctly ribbed blades and its generally larger spikelets; see FNA 24 for details.


FOOTNOTE:
This name has generally been applied to trachyphylla, and it possible than virtually no true ovina occurs wild in Ky. or elsewhere in southeastern states. F. ovina has been introduced for turf in North America, but it no longer used in the seed trade (FNA 24). The closely related F. glauca Vill. ("blue fescue") is widely grown as an ornamental, but is not known to have escaped in North America; see FNA 24 for notes on this and other potentially introduced species.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely recorded across North America, at least as adventive, this cosmopolitan weed of tropical to warm temperate regions species is rare in southeastern states (FNA 19; W; PL). Almost all records in Ky. date from 1840 to 1940 (M). In 1914, Gr noted: "frequent throughout the western half of the State, and it is noticeable among our species of cockleburs because of its large, yellow, three-forked spines, the latter often as much as three-fourth inch in length." Was the disappearance of this species associated with the decline of sheep or other changes in farming?


FULL NAME:
Viburnum dentatum L. var. semitomentosum Michx.

Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> dentatum var. semitomentosum (V. carolinianum)

FOOTNOTE:
These largely Appalachian plants are considered by some authors (W) to be a distinct species, V. carolinanum Ashe. They have often been misidentified as the more eastern var. venosum (Britt.) Gleason or the more southern var. scabrellum Torr. & Gray. All three taxa have more or less subcoriaceous, suborbicular leaves that have lower surfaces densely stellate-pubescent and with "raised veins" (W). But var. semitomentosum typically has upper surfaces with appressed, simple hairs (versus densely pubescent erect, stellate hairs in the other two), and it usually has relatively large rounded leaves. There has also been confusion with the more western var. deamii (Rehd.) Fern., and combination has been suggested (W).


FULL NAME:
Solidago flexicaulis L. var. flexicaulis

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> flexicaulis var. f.

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. need to be studied further for careful separation of the apparent "Appalachian variant" (cf. latifolia; see below). The typical plants mapped here may correspond to the generally more western tetraploid race of flexicaulis that has been identified in Canada and perhaps elsewhere (Chmielewski & Semple 1985; Cr, FNA 20).


FULL NAME:
Lycopodium flabelliforme: see Diphasiastrum digitatum


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> tetragona var. t. (ambigua, ?longistipata)

FOOTNOTE:
Deeper revision is needed (W). Typical tetragona is a taxon of dry or damp woods and edges in northeastern states. It is close to O. fraseri but with flowers usually smaller (petals 12-25 mm long, versus 20-35 mm), and leaves narrower (ca. 5-10 mm wide, versus 10-30 mm). There is probably some intergradation between tetragona and fraseri, but in Ky. most or all material that has been named tetragona appears closer to fraseri. B's (1943) records of tetragona are provisionally grouped here with fraseri; those of Munz (1937, 1965) need also to be reexamined. Plants known as var. longistipata (Pennell) Munz may appear transitional to fruticosa (F), and are combined in some recent treatments (K); some plants from Appalachian riverbanks can key to this taxon. There is an obscure 1836 coll. of what seems to be tetragona by C.W. Short (GH), apparently sent from Ky., with a note: "Oenothera fraseri/fruticosa? I am most perplexed by this genus. Have you any well-determined species in Florida?"


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Atrorubentes> atrorubens (var. a.)


FOOTNOTE:
This largely southwestern species is considered native at scattered sites in the Interior Low Plateaus. Ky. records are mostly from weedy situations but in or near former glades and barrens.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum pilosum (verticillatum var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species is unknown in Appalachian regions of the state, However, plants were recently discovered on the Blue Grass Army Depot in MADI (JC for KY) on dolomitic foothills in the Knobs region.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] integrilabia (blepharioglottis var. i.)

FOOTNOTE:
A 1949 coll. attributed to WHIT (KY, NCU) has only "bog, Cumberland Falls" as the locality, and it might have come from adjacent MCRE. However, this species was also discovered in WHIT (KY) a few miles northeast of Cumberland Falls during 1993 (Campbell et al. 1994).


Scientific Name:
Anacardiaceae: Rhus copallinum* var. latifolia

FOOTNOTE:
Var. latifolia is widespread in eastern North America; var. copallinum is restricted to the Atlantic states (PL). The spelling copallina is incorrect (Y, W).


Scientific Name:
Anacardiaceae: Rhus <Lobadium> aromatica (canadensis)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread variable eastern species. Records include var. illinoensis (Greene) Rehd., with colls. from PULA and perhaps CART (B).


FULL NAME:
Tragia urticifolia: see T. betonicifolia


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Cynanchum louiseae (nigrum)

FOOTNOTE:
This occasionally cultivated species is known from only one coll.: from a "dry roadside thicket at Lake Louisville" in 1957 (JEFF at DHL). There is little evidence that this species is truly naturalized in the Ohio Valley or central Mississippi Valley, but records are scattered widely in northeastern regions (PL).


FULL NAME:
Viburnum dentatum L. var. deamii (Rehd.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> dentatum var. deamii (?indianense)

FOOTNOTE:
This name has been applied to octoploid plants (2n = 72) ranging from Pa. to Mo., but morphological distinction remains somewhat unclear (D, St, Cr, Y, W). Var. deamii as well as the relatively smooth-leaved var. indianense (Rehd.) Fern. (in just Ohio, Ind. & Ill.) have been distinguished by their frequent stipules and stipitate glands on petioles, which are glabrous like the twigs (suggesting transitions to the molle group). Like var. dentatum, they have tend to have relatively elongated, thin-textured leaves, which are sometimes only thinly pubescent below (versus suborbicular, subcoriaceous and densely pubescent in vars. semitomentosum, venosum and scabrellum). Several colls. in Ky. may be at least transitional to vars. deamii or indianense, but most of these are not clearly distinct (?BALL, CART, CASE, CLAR, FLEM, LAUR, MCRE, ROWA, TRIG). Their distribution is similar to var. dentatum and they are combined in this Atlas.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with vulgata, and colls. should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis terniflora (dioscoreifolia, paniculata var. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien has been widely planted and it may establish from seed (CW).


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Solanum <Lycopersicon> lycopersicum (L. esculentum)

FOOTNOTE:
Replacement of the "tomato" genus (Lycopersicum) into the "potato" genus (Solanum) must surely be one of the most useful acheivements of cladistic thought so far! Despite much cultivation and occasional escapes of tomatoes from gardens across the state, this species does not seem to have become independently naturalized. Many cultivars are known, and the "cherry tomato" is often treated as var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen (= L. esculentum Miller var. leptophyllum (Dunal) D'Arcy). This variety tends to reseed itself rather frequently within gardens, but does not spread significantly away from gardens.


FOOTNOTE:
Although cultivated for over a century (Pr) and somewhat persistent, this ornamental ("matrimony vine") has not become well-established. Gr noted: "frequently observed about old premises. Sometimes escaping and growing in out-of-the-way places."


FULL NAME:
Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. var. pubescens (Rydb.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Spiraeeae>: Aruncus dioicus var. pubescens

FOOTNOTE:
Further study of colls. is needed; there may be some intergradation with the typical variety.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> pubescens ("purgans"; ciliatus var. purgans)

FOOTNOTE:
Mapped records of this variable species may include transitions to latiglumis or nottowayanus. A thorough revision is needed. Typical pubescens appears to have rather few (ca. 4-6) dull greyish-green leaves, blades glabrous to villous, sheaths glabrous to densely canescent (but usually without a distinct ring or tuft at summit), nodes partly exposed, second glumes usually 3-veined, lemma awns 2-8 mm, and anthers 2.5-5 mm long. Forms with glabrous sheaths (forma laevivaginatus Wieg.) or glabrous lemmas (forma glabriflorus Wieg.) are widespread and probably do not deserve recognition.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread across the Great Plains, and disjunct in scattered regions of more eastern states with xeric calcareous glades (FNA 25).


FOOTNOTE:
This species of the southern Great Plains is only adventive in eastern states.


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. are reported in herbarium databases from EDMO (NY) and ROCK (NCU), but these need to be rechecked. This species, with distinctive reddish-purple flowers, mostly occurs on the Coastal Plain, but does extend north to w. and c. Tenn., including Stewart Co., adjacent to Ky. (APSU; Ch).


FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from hisutus can be difficult (Pennell 1935, Clements et al. 1998). P. tenuiflorus differs in its pubescent leaves (versus essentially glabrous), remotely serrate to entire (versus usually with numerous teeth), relatively firm and gray-green (versus thin and bright green); flower buds are yellow (versus yellow-purple), the corolla creamy white at anthesis (versus violet-purple with white lobes); sepals are 2-5 mm long (versus 3-8 mm). P. tenuiflorus is restricted to calcareous glades and prairie remnants in the southern Interior Low Plateaus and Black Belt. P. hirsutus occurs mostly in mid-western to northeastern regions, and generally occurs on limestone clifftops. Both species are differ from others in the genus in their relatively closed corolla throats, without darker lines (often present in others); also, their stems usually have dense, long-curling, mostly glandular hairs (versus mostly glabrous to canescent, with non-glandular hairs except in inflorescences).


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species may have been present in southeastern states before settlement (W). The first report for Ky. was by Rafinesque (1936; as Cleiemera hirsuta). Some colls. with entire leaves from CARL (MUR), FAYE (KY-Agr.) and perhaps elsewhere are referable to the more southern var. integriuscula Gray, but this may not deserve recognition (Cr, Y, W and their citations).


FOOTNOTE:
This species was recently described by Naczi et al. (2002b). It is apparently widespread in east-central states, but data need to be accumulated. Superficially, kraliana appears intermediate between albursina, laxiflora and blanda. Most colls. in herbaria have been previously named blanda, but kraliana differs in its upper lateral bracts broader and hiding spikes (like albursina), and its perigynium less bent (more like laxiflora). Lower leaves are generally similar to laxiflora. C. laxiflora var. serrulata F. J. Herm. was considered a synonym of kraliana in some initial work, but it should be included with typical laxiflora (R. Naczi, pers. comm.).


FULL NAME:
Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz


Scientific Name:
Liliaceae: Streptopus lanceolatus (roseus var. perspectus)

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species has often been treated as S. roseus Michx. var. perspectus Fassett. Reports of the southern Appalachian S. roseus var. roseus and the upper mid-western var. longipes (Fern.) Fassett appear to be erroneous (M).


Scientific Name:
Ruscaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilacina [Maianthemum*] stellata


Scientific Name:
Solanaceae: Petunia X hybrida ("violacea")

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. are from HOPK, PIKE and ROWA, but probably from near old home sites and not truly naturalized. These plants are considered a variable hybrid taxon, derived from P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thellung and P. axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P.


FULL NAME:
Scutellaria nervosa Pursh var. calvifolia Fern.

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria nervosa* var. calvifolia

FOOTNOTE:
This somewhat northern or western variety (without hairs on upper leaf surfaces) may be worth recognizing, but more comprehensive revision is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
This may be collected from ROWA (MDKY), but the label data are doubted (Campbell et al. 1992); this northwestern species is unlikely in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium album (vars. a. +  lanceolatum)

FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan weed probably originated in Eurasia, but it has been combined in various treatments with some native species, especially missouriense; both are hexaploids (2n = 54). It has also been considered close to the native berlandieri complex; see notes under bushianum. These plants have all had an ancient association with mankind, providing useful food in cooked greens and ground seeds. Plants referable to C. lanceolatum Muhl. ex Willd. (= C. album var. lanceolatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Coss. & Germ.) have been combined with typical album in most recent treatments, but may warrant at least informal recognition (FNA 4) or suggest introgression with boscianum (Y). They differ from typical album (F, St, FNA 4) in the leaves, which are usually lanceolate to narrowly ovate, entire, dark green, glabrous (versus broader rhombic, toothed, glaucous, farinose); inflorescences are more interrupted, with pedicels below some flowers (versus sessile); and seeds are smaller (1-1.2 mm versus 1.3-1.5 mm long). In contrast to album, lanceolatum may be native in North America, and is often associated with vacant lots and roadsides (versus cultivated fields), often with a more sprawling habit. In Ky, these plants do appear distinct sometimes (e.g. JC from HARR for KY), but may be also associated with stress or regrowth after mowing.


FULL NAME:
Solidago flexicaulis L. var. latifolia (L.) new comb. ?

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> flexicaulis var. ?latifolia {tentative name}

FOOTNOTE:
Compared to typical flexicaulis, these Appalachian plants have more tapered leaf bases, generally less hairy foliage, and often more extended terminal inflorescences (see also B). They mostly occur on slopes with medium acid soils in woods with beech and tulip poplar; typical flexicaulis mostly occurs on toe slopes and terraces with more base-rich soils, often with trees such as sugar maple and white ash. The Appalachian plants deserve at least variety status, and may correspond to the diploid race of flexicaulis (see note under var. flexicaulis). The type specimens of flexicaulis, latifolia, latissimifolia, flaccidifolia and others need to be rechecked in order to determine correct names.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Hepatica [Anemone] acutiloba (nobilis var. acuta)

FOOTNOTE:
See W for notes on taxonomic choices and habitats for the two Hepatica species.


FULL NAME:
Minuartia cumberlandensis (B.E. Wofford & Kral) McNeill

FOOTNOTE:
Plants discovered by M. Medley and J. Thieret during 1984 along Rock Cr. in sw. MCRE (KNK) have not been refound, despite several attempts. However, A. Risk discovered a good stable population during 1994 close to the Big South Fork in n. MCRE (MDKY). This globally threatened species is known only from under sandstone cliffs of the Cumberland Plateau in n. Tenn. and se. Ky.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Trigonobrathys> virgatum (denticulatum var. recognitum)

FOOTNOTE:
This has also been erroneously called H. denticulatum Walter or H. harperi R. Keller, but the nomenclature has now been clarified (W). Unchecked records of H. denticulatum are suspect.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] schreberi

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to macrophylla but generally distinct. Like macrophylla, plants often spread clonally in the shade, with little or no flowering. Cr noted that schreberi (2n = 54) may have originated through hybridization between macrophylla (2n = 72) and divaricatus (2n = 18).


FOOTNOTE:
This species (with varieties) is native to coastal regions of the North Atlantic, and it may rarely spread inland. There is a collection from FAYE (KY-Agr.) that appears to represent a waif.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> carolinianus (hispidus var. nitidus)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread southern and midwestern diploid (2n = 32) species has been confused with the northern tetraploid species (2n = 64), R. caricetorum (F, FNA 3). Both are wetland plants, with distinctive long repent to stoloniferous branches often produced after flowering, and they are usually less hairy than their upland relatives, hispidus and fascicularis (both diploids). Despite revision of most Ky. colls., some records remain tentative. R. carolinianus differs from all these species in its relatively short (ca. 3.5-5 mm long versus 5-11 mm), reflexed sepals (versus spreading or tardily reflexed); and its typically less numerous, larger achenes (ca. 3.7-5 mm long versus 2-4.3 mm), with a wider marginal wing (0.4-1.2 mm versus 0.1-0.2 mm).


Scientific Name:
Plantaginaceae: Plantago major (var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien has been reported, but often confused with the native species, rugelii. It has been collected from a railroad yard in JEFF (M. Medley 6666-82 for WKY), and Gr noted occasional seeds found in forage seed samples. It is locally common in s. Ohio, and should be expected across n. Ky. along larger roads and railroads. It is much more common in northern states, where it was reportedly known as "whiteman's foot" by native people (F). Although largely alien, there are native varieties, especially along shores and rivers (F, W). P. rugelii is often abundant in the same kind of mowed or trampled sunny eutrophic sites as major, and these two species are often mixed in northern regions. However, major is generally absent from more mesic shady trailsides, where rugelii can still be quite common.


FOOTNOTE:
B noted that var. asperula Farw. can often be distinguished but that intermediates occur; that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Typhaceae: Typha angustifolia x latifolia (X glauca)

FOOTNOTE:
These apparent hybrids are locally abundant, and deserve to be mapped, but some colls. should be examined more closely to make sure they are distinct from either of the parent species. There could also be confusion with domingensis, if this is present.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> caesia (var. ca.)

FOOTNOTE:
In Appalachian regions, there is sometimes confusion with S. curtisii, and intermediates may occur. A few scattered colls (e.g. from FLOY, HICK, HARL; EKY) appear to be simple hybrids or introgressants with flexicaulis. The southern var. zedia R.E. Cook & Semple probably does not occur as far north as Ky. (FNA 20; Y), but it may resemble broad-leaved plants of caesia or hybrids of caesia with flexicaulis.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Thyrsiflorae> buckleyi

FOOTNOTE:
This globally rare species is known mostly from the Ozarks Mts. of Ark. and Mo., but there are disjunct populations in s. Ill., s. Ind. and w. Ky.; perhaps n. Ala. and n. Ga. (Nesom 1990; FNA 20; W). The eastern plants appears to be introgressed with S. speciosa (to the north), S. petiolaris Ait. (to the south) or similar species. The correct name remains somewhat uncertain, since the type consists of fragments from n. Ala.


FULL NAME:
Boechera burkii (Porter) Windham & Al-Shehbaz ?

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] cf. burkii (laevigata var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants fit the traditional description of laevigata var. burkii, with cauline leaves not at all auriculate or sagittate-clasping at the base (F). This largely central Appalachian taxon has recently been promoted to species by Windham & Al-Shehbaz (2007), but the status of disjunct plants in c. Ky. remains somewhat uncertain; see also W. There has been some confusion with plants of the shales barrens in Va. and W.Va., now known as B. serotina (Steele) WIndham & Al-Shehbaz.


FOOTNOTE:
This is known only from sandy banks of the Ohio River in BALL (EKY,  WKY),  and the Mississippi River in FULT (JC for KY).


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Zigadenus leimanthoides (densus* sensu lato)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported from Ky. (Cr, FNA 26), apparently based on a coll. not yet located (A. Cronquist, pers. comm. to MM). Z. leimanathoides is known mostly from the southeastern Coastal Plain and southern Appalachians, but in Tenn. there are disjunct records from the Cumberland Plateau and adjacent oak barrens. It may be expected in se. Ky. The closely related Z. densus (Desr.) Fern. is restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain (Cr, FNA 26).


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> peregrina var. p.

FOOTNOTE:
Early after settlement, this native became "abundant in gardens and cultivated fields" (Short 1828-29).


FOOTNOTE:
Varieties in this widespread eastern species need more study. Most colls. from Ky are referable to var. americanus, but there may at least be intergradation with other varieties. Some of B's colls. from FLEM (check US) and GRAV (GH) have been identified as var. intermedius (Pursh) K. Koch., which is known primarily from the southeastern Coastal Plain and may be unlikely in Ky. That variety generally has smaller leaves (ca. 2-4 x 1-2 cm versus 4-10 x 2.5-6 cm) and other differences (F). A coll. of R. Athey (check EKY) from LIVI has been identified as var. pitcheri Torr. & Gray, which is known primarily from the central Mississippi Valley and adjacent hills; its leaves are generally blunt or rounded (versus acute or acuminate) and pilose above (versus glabrous).


FOOTNOTE:
Some uncertain counties mapped here are based on historical references. This species used to be widely scattered in some western and central regions of Ky. It became rare by 1900 (Gr), and is currently known from only one or two localities near Mammoth Cave (EDMO), in hills between the formerly burned "Big Barrens" on the karst plain and the Green Rv. Hussey (1876) noted that it "occurs in several localities between the railroad and Mammoth Cave...  I mention it because I have never found so many specimens in any one locality before, and also to make a note of the fine rose-pink color it everywhere had." Although still secure in some southern states (Texas to S.C.), T. reflexum has virtually disappeared from the Ohio Valley within the past 50-100 years (Campbell et al. 1989). In s. Ind. (Perry & Posey Cos.) two populations are known in burned post oak woods, and in se. Ohio (Pike Co.) one population is known, also in a burned woods (D. Boone & M. Homoya, pers. comm.). Variation in pubescence and flower color needs further study. Though not recognized in current treatments, the mid-western var. glabrum Loja may be distinct in its lesser pubescence and paler flower color. Some colls. from Ky. (HOPK, LYON) and perhaps all from Ind. have white flowers.


FULL NAME:
Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. ssp. pectinatum (Bieb.) Tzvelev

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Agropyron cristatum* ssp. pectinatum

FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported in Ky. by Gr and others (M), but no coll. has been located. It is a Eurasian species, but widely planted in western North America.


FULL NAME:
Clinopodium vulgare L. var. neogaea (Fern.) C.F. Reed

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Clinopodium [Satureja] vulgare var. neogaea

FOOTNOTE:
F distinguished North American plants from Eurasian (var. vulgare) as follows: flowers lilac-pink to white (versus purple-red); leaves larger (?), glabrous or only sparsely strigose on upper surfaces (versus copiously strigose-villous); and more upright habit (?),


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Lepidieae>: Microthlaspi [Thlaspi*] perfoliatum

FOOTNOTE:
This annual was first recorded in the 1930s (B), and has now become a widespread weed, especially along dry roadsides.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys hispida (tenuifolia var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a highly variable species, with transitions to tenuifolia. It seems most distinct and frequent near major rivers, especially in the lower Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. It is uncommon in mid-Atlantic states (W).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Stachys pilosa (palustris var. pilosa)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported by Grubbs (1989) from HICK (recheck MUR) and by McFarland (1942), but colls. have not been located or confirmed. It is a northern and western species, reported to be adventive in southeastern states, especially on banks of shallow impoundments for waterfowl (W).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Draba aprica (brachycarpa var. fastigiata)

FOOTNOTE:
Except for the one record in Ky., this globally rare species of siliceous outcrops and gravelly roadsides is known only from the Ozark region (Ark., Mo., Okl.) and the Piedmont or adjacent mountains of Ga. and S.C. (Y, W). D. aprica is closely related to the more widespread southeastern species, brachycarpa. It usually flowers a month later (April versus March), and is more restricted to rocky sites (Y). The coll. by Woods (1983) from a sandstone outcrop near a road in CALL (GH) has been verified, but plants cannot be relocated at the site.


FOOTNOTE:
A patch of about 30 plants was discovered in 1994 by J. Kiser (KY), on a roadside by a large powerline on uplands at Duck Run in se. MCRE. Some plants had white flowers. These have not reappeared in recent years; fire or soil disturbance is probably required to allow fresh establishment.


FULL NAME:
Phlox maculata L. var. pyramidalis (Sm.) Wherry

Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> maculata var. pyramidalis (purpurea)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further attention. Most plants in Ky. are clearly referrable to var. pyramidalis. Some may be transitional to the more northern var. maculata, but that taxon may not be clearly distinguishable in Ky. Wherry (1955) indicated that the ranges of these varieties overlap extensively in Ky. Some plants appear unusually robust, with thick stems, broad subcordate leaves and large flowers, including colls. from LAWR, MENI, PULA and WOLF (EKY); these are provisionally mapped with more definitive records of var. maculata. Some plants lack purple spotting on the stems, and have been confused with glaberrima, but may be otherwise similar to var. pyramidalis; these appear concentrated in southeastern counties (HARL, JACK, MCRE and WAYN at EKY).


FULL NAME:
Calystegia fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) Brummitt

Scientific Name:
Convolvulaceae: Calystegia [Convolvulus] fraterniflora (silvatica ssp. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction of this common native species from sepium needs to be reviewed; apparent hybrids have been documented in Mo. (Y). The taxonomy and biogeography of this group has remained uncertain (F, Cr), despite significant contributions by Brummitt (1980) and Mohlenbrock (1982). C. fraterniflora is supposedly native to eastern North America, especially in mid-western regions. It is distinguished from sepium by its "sac-shaped, overlapping, obtuse bracteoles" (versus keeled, separate, acute to subobtuse); sharp-angled leaf lobes (versus sharp to blunt), the quadrangular sinus with nearly parallel sides (versus U or  V shaped); and flowers consistently white (versus usually pink in eastern states). It is close to the Mediterranean C. silvatica (Kit.) Griseb., and has been treated as C. silvatica ssp. fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) Brummitt. Brummitt (1980) described related Chinese plants as ssp. orientalis.


FOOTNOTE:
Although generally absent from the Bluegrass, there are a few records from sandy terraces of the Kentucky River in JESS, FRAN and OWEN.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species has varied chromosome numbers; 2n = 16 to 48. However, segregates have not been generally recognized.


FULL NAME:
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descourtils

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior

FOOTNOTE:
The typical var. artemisiifolia is native to the northeastern Coastal Plain, and remains unknown in Ky., despite some reports (M). The southern var. paniculata (Michx.) Blank. is more likely, and has also been reported (BA) but not confirmed.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Microcephali> microcephalus

FOOTNOTE:
This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 34), widespread in thin woods and edges across eastern and southeastern states. There may be occasional hybrids with hirsutus and other species.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> sessilifolium

FOOTNOTE:
There may be occasional hybridization with album and pubescens. See also comments under godfreyanum regarding possible recognition of sessilifolium var. brittonianum.


FULL NAME:
Lycopodium: > Dendrolycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Huperzia, Lycopodiella


FOOTNOTE:
This common "tobacco" has been occasionally collected for herbaria, but it is not truly naturalized. It became widely cultivated after settlement. N. rustica L. ("Aztec Tobacco") was reported by Webb & Funkhauser (1936) from excavations of native american sites in MENI; that species originated in Peru.


FOOTNOTE:
Currently, the only known plants are along a dirt road on Pine Mt. in LETC (MM for WKY). The coll. attributed to ROWA (PH) was made in 1834 by Clarendon Peck from "Licking River marshes." That historic record is supported by the extraordinary colored map of Oct 1834 ("A Picter of Peck's Travels on Licking"), which was discovered by A. Risk among the materials of  C.W. Short in the Southern Historical coll. at Duke University. That map shows "Pogonia & Drosera" in "marshes" on "High Flat Land" near the current Rowan County airport (Campbell et al. 1992).


FOOTNOTE:
This has been frequent for at least a century, especially along roadsides; there is no record of cultivation (Gr).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] ashei (commutatum var. a.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Although close to commutatum and perhaps intergrading in some cases, D. ashei is generally distinct in its narrower upper leaves (ca. 5-10 mm wide versus 10-20 mm) and slightly shorter spikelets (on average); see also Anderson (1924). Also, typical commutatum tends to have blades increasing markedly up the culms, and the culms tend to be more spreading. Moreover, ashei is consistently found in subxeric to xeric woods on acid infertile soils, while commutatum occurs in more mesic-tending woods. The combinations ssp. ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) Freckman & Lelong and var. ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) Mohlenbrock are available, but species status may be warranted.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Erianthus [Saccharum*] giganteus

FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from PULA (KY) may be atypical in its narrow spike, dark shiny seeds, and rather short basal hairs in the spikelets. This coll. has been called E. contortus Ell. (S. brevibarbe var. c.), but E. giganteus remains the better identification.


FOOTNOTE:
This is locally abundant in low fields and stream corridors within northern counties bordering the Ohio Rv., but it has not yet been found elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <subulatum group> divaricatum (subulatum var. parviflorum, A. "exilis")

FOOTNOTE:
This was recently discovered in FULT (EKY), growing in wet fields (Clark et al. 2005).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Doellingeria [Aster] infirma


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Doellingeria [Aster] umbellata


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Vesicariae> baileyi (lurida var. gracilis)

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern and Appalachian species is generally distinct from lurida, but several colls. are difficult to assign. There do seem to be disjunct colls. from acid swamps and seeps in western regions (CALL, HICK, MUHL, NELS), but further study is needed. The best characters for distinction of baileyi (FNA 23) are its narrower spikes (usually 9-13 mm versus 15-22 mm), which tend to be relatively elongated (l/w mostly = 2-5 versus 1-3), and its narrower widest leaves (usually 2.4-4 mm versus 4.5-13 mm). Its perigynia are usually shorter (ca. 4.8-6.6 mm versus 6.5-10.8 mm) with relatively long beaks (0.7-1.3 times body versus 0.7-0.9 times); but these are less reliable differences. Plants of lurida that are immature or depauperate, with unusually narrow spikes and leaves, are easily confused with baileyi.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Corispermum americanum ("hyssopifolium")

FOOTNOTE:
The only records are colls. of R. Athey and E.T. Browne (for possible accession at EKY), from sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. in FULT. These plants have been erroneously reported as var. rydbergii Mosyakin or C. villosum Rydb. (BA). C. americanum is a northern and western species that appear native along the Mississippi Rv., but more eastern records may be adventive (FNA 4). The genus has previously been considered native only in Eurasia (e.g. Cr), and the name C. hyssopifolium L. was misapplied to much American material.


FOOTNOTE:
This was mapped in Ky. by Reed (1961), but no colls. have been located (M); check Reed's references and sources.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely southeastern species is virtually restricted to thin woods and edges along the banks of larger streams and rivers, often growing into fresh fertile alluvium. It is generally described as a stoloniferous perennial, but there may be variation in its life-form (Y).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha X piperita (aquatica x spicata)

FOOTNOTE:
This is the most widely naturalized mint. Menthol content is higher in this hybrid (2n = 72, 84, 108) than in either of its parent species, aquatica (2n = 96) and spicata (2n = 48).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus virginicus var. v.

FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. (e.g. from EDMO, by MM for WKY) may be transitional to var. jejunus.


FOOTNOTE:
Records from JEFF (DHL, KSNPC) are old (1938, 1940, 1957) and perhaps from adventive or planted populations, but there were large natural ponds in this county before settlement.


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. (EKY, KY) are referable (following F) to the partly yellow forma luteum Clute (GRAY, UNIO) or the completely yelliow forma shayi Palmer & Steyerm. (GRAV, LYON, TRIG, UNIO).


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this widespread North American species is generally restricted to mesic forests, especially in ravines with base-rich soils. It is rare to absent in w. Ky. and w. Tenn., but does occur further west and south in similar habitats.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Centotheceae>: Chasmanthium ("Uniola") sessiliflorum (laxum ssp./var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species has been reported but colls. have not been located (M; see LYON in FNA 25 & website). In c. Tenn., it is known from counties bordering Ky., and there is a disjunct record from e. Mo. C. sessilifolium differs from laxum (F, Cr, FNA 24, W) in its fertile lemmas, which are 7-9-veined (versus 3-7) and usually curved or irregularly contorted (versus straight); blades are wider on average (mostly 6-11 mm versus 3-7 mm), basally-concentrated (versus to half-way up the culm); sheaths are villous at least towards the summit (versus glabrous), mostly covering the nodes (versus nodes exerted); culms are up to 2-3.5 mm thick at nodes (versus ca. 1 mm). It has been treated as a variety or subspecies of laxum; both are diploids (2n = 24), but there is no evidence of intergradation. It occurs in submesic to xeric woods, in contrast with the subhydric to xero-hydric habitats of laxum


FULL NAME:
Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell

Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> peregrina var. xalapensis

FOOTNOTE:
This does not seem to be a clearly distinct variety; mixed populations do occur.


FOOTNOTE:
This rather uncommon species is centered in the central Mississippi Valley, typically on heavy clay soils in somewhat hydric flatwoods or associated openings. There are disjunct sites in e. Tenn., se. Ohio (Gardner et al. 2004), and elsewhere. It can be confused with frondosa, and some records should be rechecked. According to FNA 25, the specific epithet should be "glabrifloris", but this spelling may be considered an orthographic variant, and "glabriflora" is used by F, Cr, J, W and others.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Acrocystis> nigromarginata (var. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. need to be reassessed for segregation of reznicekii; see under that name.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Erianthus [Saccharum*] contortus (S. brevibarbe var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
There are a few reports of this southeastern species, but verified colls. have not been located or confirmed; see notes under giganteus and alopecuroides.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Filaginella [Gnaphalium] uliginosa

FOOTNOTE:
This was assumed by B to be native, but is now considered to be a European weed.


FULL NAME:
Thermopsis villosa (Walt.) Fern. & Schub.

FOOTNOTE:
This largely southern Apppalachian species was discovered by J. Thieret on a roadside at the head of the Green Rv. valley in CASE (KNK). It appeared native at this locality, but villosa is sometimes cultivated and can escape. Its original range and habitats remain somewhat mysterious (W).


FOOTNOTE:
This is easily confused with virginicum; both are tetraploids (2n = 32) but hybrids are not documented (Y). Most colls. of both species need rechecking. L. densiflorum differs in its petals lacking or rudimentary (versus at least as long as sepals); silicles ca. 2.5 mm long (versus 2.5-4 mm); the arrangment of its cotyledons (F); and its more condensed inflorescence. It appears to have a more western range originally. It has spread into eastern states to become about as common as virginicum in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Loteae>: Lotus corniculatus (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been much used in recent decades for showy roadside plantings, and it has spread locally into mowed areas. There is also a coll. of L. tenuis Waldst. & Kit ex Willd. (= L. corniculatus var. tenuifolius) from a stripmine in BREA (DHL), perhaps established from sown seed. Curiously, Lotus spp. were not used in early forage trials at the Univ. of Ky. (Gr). The related Anthyllis vulneraria L. was tried and recommended but has not become naturalized.


FULL NAME:
Phlox glaberrima L. var. interior Wherry

Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> glaberrima var. interior

FOOTNOTE:
All material of this species in Ky. seems to be var. interior, which occurs largely on the Interior Low Plateaus and adjacent glacial plains, especially in Ind. and Ill. However, colls. should also be rechecked for possible confusion or intergradation with carolina and triflora.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> glaberrima var. g. (melampyrifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
Wherry (1929-34) did initially map this taxon in MARS and MCRA, and F indicated a broad southern range including w. Ky. These and other reports of var. glaberrima or var. melampyrifolia (Salisb.) Wherry appear to be erroneous (M). Further revision is needed, but this taxon now appears to be largely centered on the Piedmont further east (Va., N.C. & S.C.), disjunct from var. interior (Wherry 1955; W).


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> triflora (glaberrima* var. t., carolina var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian taxon has been treated as a variety of the east-central glaberrima or the more southern carolina, but it appears to be generally distinct in Ky. Further revision is needed. It may be closest to glaberrima, based on its "subcampanulate" calyx (W); see note under carolina. It generally differs from both species (Wherry 1955) in its smaller inflorescences (with ca. 12-25 flowers versus 15-125), and its flower parts tend to be larger, on average. It is a relatively short plant (ca. 4-6 dm) with only ca. 7-9 leaf-bearing nodes and moderately narrow leaves (ca. 5-10 mm wide), but the other two species vary much in these characters. The clearest differences from glaberrima (W) may be its less elongated leaves (l/w averaging ca. 6 versus 12), shorter sepals (8-12 mm versus 7-9 mm), and smaller ultimate cymules (with 3 versus 5-7 flowers). The habitat for triflora is sometimes indicated to be mostly "wet" (like glaberrima), but in Ky. these plants are generally on well drained sites (like some carolina). Records from the Shawnee Hills of w. Ky. and s. Ind. are verified (see also D), but other disjunct western colls. should be rechecked for transitions to glaberrima or carolina. Curiously, triflora is unknown in the Cumberland Mts. (at least in Ky.) and elsewhere in the higher central Appalachians (where latifolia is centered); however, its range wraps around from east to south to west (Wherry 1955; W).


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Ovatae> maculata var. m.

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping here is tentative; see notes under var. pyramidalis. Most of the definitive  records come from B, who consulted with Wherry (1929-34, 1955).


FULL NAME:
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. var. brauniae Fern.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Erigeron pulchellus var. brauniae

FOOTNOTE:
This is generally distinct in appearance and habitat, being largely restricted to the wooded edges of sandy riverbanks along the Appalachian Cliff Section of Ohio, Ky. and Tenn.


FOOTNOTE:
This species from eastern Europe has become a troublesome weed in parts of the upper mid-west, but does not appear to be spreading significantly in southeastern states (Al-Shehbaz 1987).


FULL NAME:
Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G. Sm.

Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Sagittaria platyphylla (graminea var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
The only confirmed records are from FULT (perhaps all at EKY): R. Athey and KSNPC colls. from Fish Pond and Reelfoot Lake. There has been confusion with graminea and rigida; records from MCRA (KY-Agr.) and especially JEFF (BT) should be rechecked. This species is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley and reaches its northern limits in or near s. Mo (F), nw. Tenn. (Ch) and w. Ky.


Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Sagittaria graminea (var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from platyphylla or rigida, and should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <concolor group> concolor


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. boscii

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] boscii var. b.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been planted in some residential areas since 1960 or earlier, but there has been rather little naturalization. It is has become locally abundant across much of northern North America, but remains virtually unknown in southern states (PL). There has been some confusion with davurica; see notes under that name.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Porocystis> complanata (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to hirsutella, and there has been some confusion, even among experts. It is more southern and generally occurs on damper lowland sites, but differs little in appearance. The most obvious difference is that leaves are glabrescent, at least abaxially, whereas hirsutella has leaves pilose on both surfaces (FNA 23). C. complanata may also have less distinct nerves on perigynia (Cr). It has also been confused with caroliniana, due to its relatively smooth leaves.


FULL NAME:
Cleistes bifaria (Fern.) Catling & Gregg

Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Pogoniinae>: Cleistes bifaria (divaricata var. b.)


FULL NAME:
Lobelia spicata Lam. var. leptostachys (A. DC.) Mackenzie & Bush

Scientific Name:
Campanulaceae: Lobelia spicata var. leptostachys

FOOTNOTE:
This is known mostly from calcareous regions of east-central states (PL), and is reported to be typical of drier sites than var. spicata (F, Cr). However, no clearcut differences in distribution or habitat have been noted yet in Ky., Mo. (Y) and further east (W).


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from JEFF (DHL) is referable to var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, which is not generally recognized in current treatments.


FULL NAME:
Cystopteris fragilis: see C. protrusa; C. tennesseensis; C. tenuis


FULL NAME:
Lycopodium selago: see Lycopodiella appressa


Scientific Name:
Fagaceae: Quercus <Erythrobalanus> texana (nuttallii, shumardii var. t., palustris forma n.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs in the lower Mississippi Valley, especially on slackwater flats with subhydric clayey alluvium that dries out during summer-fall. It is rare at the northern edge of its range in se. Mo., w. Ky & s. Ill. (FNA 3). Colls. from CALL (EKY; Clark et al. 2005), HICK (KY) and MARS (MUR) are vegetative but identification is fairly certain. There is also a coll. with acorn from BALL that is probably texana or perhaps a transition to shumardii. In overall form and size of acorns, leaves and buds, texana seems intermediate between palustris and shumardii (FNA 3). But it is distinct from both in its acorn cups, which are uniformly pubescent on the inner surface (versus glabrous except around the scar), and deeper (covering 1/3-1/2 versus 1/4-1/3), with the acorn often more elongated (versus often globose in palustris, but variable in shumardii). Also, its leaf blades tend to be relatively glossy above, drying to dark greyish or blackish (versus bright pale green to pale brown in palustris; deep green to maroon or brown in shumardii).


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Angelica group>: Angelica venenosa (villosa)


FOOTNOTE:
This highly variable northern (circumboreal) species is known to hybrizide with several other species, and is often difficult to distinguish from illinoensis. It was mapped in Ky. by FNA 22, but no verified colls. have been seen. It was reported from Ky. by Short et al. (1833) and Kellerman (1965). There is supposed to be a coll. of C.W. Short at PH, but this needs checking. An 1837 coll. of C.W. Short (GH) previously filed under gramineum (and originally labelled "heterophyllum") appears to be tennesseensis instead.


Scientific Name:
Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton nodosus (americanus)


FOOTNOTE:
This species appears to intergrade with paniculata at the Hazel Dell site in PULA, and occasional intermediates are reported in other states (Gillett 1959). Both are fairly widespread eastern species, but restricted to acidic boggy soils in sun, especially virginica, or shade, especially paniculata.


FOOTNOTE:
This bad weed was first reported in 1914, when Gr noted: "The Canadian thistle is more often seen in newspapers than in our fields... it occurs locally in the State... but for some reason disappears again... its seeds frequently come to Kentucky in imported forage seeds..." It was rarely recorded until after 1950 (Harvill 1941), but increased greatly after 1970. Since 1990 C. arvense has become much more widespread than colls. indicate. Ky. is near the southern edge of its range in North America. It has been expanding towards the south, especially along major highways, but has increased much less in Tenn. (Sudbrink et al. 2001). C. arvense is an unusual thistle, with perennial running roots and imperfectly dioceous flowers. Most or all plants may be var. horridum Wimmer & Grab. (see also W), but varieties are not generally recognized in North America.


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by McFarland (1942) but any coll. at KY was probably lost in the fire of 1948.


FOOTNOTE:
This rarely persists or spreads from cultivation; there are scattered records from the Bluegrass region (BOON, FAYE, SCOT).


FOOTNOTE:
Although tried for forage production ca. 1894-1914, this species ("alsike clover") did not prove useful (Gr). However, since then it has spread widely into farmland and roadsides around the state.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread and locally abundant, this infamous species ("poison ivy") is curiously infrequent at some west-central localities within the state. It is eaten by livestock, and it may have been largely eradicated by intensive farming at such sites. Variation may deserve further study. Most plants are relatively glabrous, matching the largely mid-western var. negundo (Greene) Reveal. Var. radicans is more common east of the Appalachians, especially on the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Cr), but probably scattered widely in Ky., with colls. reported by Gillis (1971) from BELL to TRIG (Mich. State Univ.). Slightly shrubby forms of radicans have often been confused with the southeastern T. pubescens Miller, or with the western and northern T. rydbergii (Small) Greene, which does occur at high elevation in the Blue Ridge area. Both of these "poison oaks" differ in their completely shrubby habit, without any aerial roots, and their leaflets tend to be less pointed, especially in pubescens; see notes under than name.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum setaceum var. se.

FOOTNOTE:
Closer inspection of the two reported colls. for reliable identification: from BELL and LETC (B; see US). Due to its short spikelets (only 1.5-1.7 (1.9) mm long), var. setaceum has been considered close to longepedunculatum in older treatments. Both taxa have relatively southern ranges, and are most common on the Coastal Plain. Var. setaceum is also close to var. stramineum, with the key difference being its relatively narrow, more hairy, and more grayish-green leaves (versus yellowish- tor dark green in var. stramineum).


FULL NAME:
Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. stramineum (Nash) D. Banks

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum setaceum var. stramineum

FOOTNOTE:
This variety is reported to have a relatively western range, but the few records in Ky. are from only central counties. FNA 25 indicates that it is close to var. muhlenbergii, but its spikelets are generally shorter, paler and more hairy. F and Hitchcock & Chase (1950) state that its blades are minutely puberulent, but this character is omitted in FNA 25; further revision or explanation is needed.


FULL NAME:
Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. muehlenbergii (Nash) D. Banks

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum setaceum var. muhlenbergii (P. pubescens)

FOOTNOTE:
This hairy variety appears to be relatively frequent in the state. It extends more frequently to northern regions, compared to other varieties, but with no clear difference in habitat.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] villosissimum (ovale ssp. v., acuminatum var. villosum; + praecocius)

FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. The records mapped here include colls. that can be referred to the largely mid-western species, praecocius, which has shorter spikelets, narrower blades, and narrower culms. These two taxa can intergrade, and both can be reasonably treated as subspecies of the southeastern species, ovale (which in its typical form is unknown in Ky.). They can also intergrade with acuminatum (FNA 25).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Flagellares> whartoniae

FOOTNOTE:
This species may be relatively distinct in form and habitat (Medley 1986). However, H.A. Davis (pers. comm.) indicated that the coll. from CLAR cited as a paratype in Bailey's description is in fact the superficially similar species, roribaccus. Typical whartoniae is known only from the Knobs region of Ky. and from e. Tenn. (Claiborne Co.). Similar plants in Md. and elsewhere in eastern states have been included by some authors but probably in error.


FOOTNOTE:
This annual or biennial weed became established early after settlement. Short (1928-29) noted: "An exotic originally, now so thoroughly naturalized as to be met with every where in cultivated grounds and neglected wastes." The related Eurasian species, M. rotundifolia L. and M. parviflora L., may be expected, especially in western or southern regions. The latter was reported by BA but no coll. has been found.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with true retrofractus (dipsaciformis); several colls. need to be rechecked. An apparent hybrid with lupulinus was collected in BALL (R. Mears at EKY).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> tuberosus

FOOTNOTE:
This variable hexaploid (2n = 102) is widespread in east-central states, and sometimes confused with decepetalus, trachelifolius, hirsutus or other species (FNA 21). Occasional hybridization is suspected, especially with hirsutus. Pubescence varies considerably; some plants have stems that are virtually glabrous, causing confusion with other species. In some eastern states, tuberosus is considered introduced from further west, but in Ky. and Ind. at least it appears generally native on fertile floodplains and locally on uplands. In the Bluegrass region tuberosus is especially frequent, sometimes growing in relatively dry upland woodland edges and old fields. It was cultivated by some native people in Atlantic states, selecting for larger tubers. These plants were developed further in Europe to become widely grown for food, then returned to North America (C.B. Heiser in Ford 1985; Heiser et al. 1969); the "sunchoke" is an artificial hybrid with annuus. Cultivars with large tubers are often densely pubescent, and may be named var. subcanescens Gray (F). However, wild plants in Ky. do not generally have enlarged tubers; neither do plants in Ind. (D).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Liatris microcephala ("graminifolia")

FOOTNOTE:
Within Ky. this southern Appalachian species is known only from sandstone outcrops in the southern Cliff Section. Records from MENI and WARR are unverified and dubious (M). The name L. graminifolia Willd. has been misapplied to these plants in older literature. Also, reports of graminifolia (or its segregates) from FLEM (MO) and ROWA (MDKY) were apparently based on misidentified  spicata or erroneous label data (Campbell et al. 1992). The graminifolia group is restricted to the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont.


Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia [Hedyotis] serpyllifolia (He. michauxii)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens polylepis {or suggested: aristosa var. involucrata/retrorsa}

FOOTNOTE:
This is often hard to distinguish from aristosa but has been maintained in some recent treatments (FNA 21). B. polylepis differs in its "calyculi" (bracts or bractlets around phyllaries), which are usually more numerous (ca. 12-21 versus 8-12) and broader (ca. 8-12 mm versus 5-7 mm); also, its disc florets are usually more numerous (ca. 60-100 versus 20-40); and its inner seeds (cypselae) are usually longer (7-8 mm versus 5-7 mm), with appended pappi (if developed) retrorsely barbed (versus antrorsely or retrorsely). The two taxa appear to intergrade, and some authors have suggested varietal status (St, Cr) or combined them completely, as in Ark. and Mo. (Y), but a range-wide analysis is still needed. The central native range of polylepis is considered to be somewhat more southern and western than aristosa. It may also be less shade tolerant (Cr) and more concentrated on wet ground (FNA 21). Some plants with awns retrorsely barbed were transferred to aristosa as var. retrorsa (Sherff) Wunderlin (1972), but the nomenclature remains uncertain. Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. may be the correct basionym for the whole complex.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Agrostideae>: Deschampsia glauca (caespitosa var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is known only from rocky limestone banks of the Kentucky Rv. in the central Palisades ravine. This taxon seems to warrant at least subspecies status due to its smaller overall dimensions (including ligule), and its frequent base-rich habitats (at least to the south). It has a broad native range in North America, except for the southeast, whereas typical caespitosa mostly occurs in western regions; see also F and W.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> speciosa var. s.

FOOTNOTE:
This has been combined with var. rigidiuscula and S. erecta in some recent treatments (K, J), but these are fairly distinct taxa (Cr, FNA 20).


FULL NAME:
Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. rigidiuscula Torr. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> speciosa var. rigidiuscula (angustata)

FOOTNOTE:
This western segregate of speciosa has leaves that are distinctly narrower, sometimes more scabrous, and less persistent at the plant base (Cr). However, no other differences have been discovered. There is no overlap in range within Ky., and closer examination across its range is needed to determine if full species is warranted.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Lamioideae>: Physostegia praemorsa (virginiana* ssp. p., var. arenaria)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon is similar to typical virginiana, especially var. speciosa, and some records are uncertain, but the plants mapped here are generally distinct in appearance and habitat.


FULL NAME:
Physostegia intermedia (Nutt.) Engelm. & Gray

FOOTNOTE:
There is  coll. of C.W. Short (PH, GH) from "barrens of Ky." in the 1820s; this was probably made near Hopkinsville in CHRI (M).


Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) ciliata


FOOTNOTE:
It is not clear if this is truly naturalized or an rare escape from cultivation; there are records from CAMP and MADI (KNK).


FOOTNOTE:
A. Cusick's disjunct coll. (# 28309) from BATH should be rechecked; it comes from Sand Road (Ky. 1269) west of Hedrick Church, together with Orbexilum onobrychis.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species was reported from the Coastal Plain of Ky. by BA, but colls. have not been found. This species and the closely related L. intercursum are concentrated on the Costal Plain to the south and east, respectively. However, disjunct occurences do occur to the north in both cases.


FULL NAME:
Linum medium (Planch.) Britt. var. texanum (Planch.) Fern.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Pauciarticulata> marilandicum


Scientific Name:
Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> amomum (ssp. a.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Further revision is needed; see notes under obliqua.


Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia [Hedyotis] pusilla (patens, He. crassifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
These records include H. minima Beck from ALLE (WKY), HICK (MUR), FULT (MUR), ?MCRA (Terrell 1996) and WARR (WKY). F considered H. minima to be distinct, due to its larger calyx lobes; also it tends to have smaller leaves and a lower, more sprawling habit. However, Terrell indicated that this largely midwestern taxon intergrades extensively with the more widespread southern H. pusilla, and should not be segregated. In Ky., there is no clear difference in range or habitat, but perhaps it could be recognized as a variety. A more distinct, southwestern relative is H. rosea (Raf.) Terrell, with white to pink flowers; this is known from se. Mo., close to Ky. (Terrell 1996).


FULL NAME:
PRIMROSE: Calylophus & Oenothera (EVENING-), Ludwigia (WATER-)


FOOTNOTE:
Although this widespread eastern species is distributed across Ky., it was probably much more restricted to riparian zones before clearance of the land. Barton's (1919) data indicate that it was most common on western and southern lowlands; also along the upper Licking Rv. and upper Ky. Rv. It was not a significant component of original woodland across the Bluegrass region (Campbell 1989), where riparian zones were apparently dominated by box-elder (Acer negundo) instead.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> crepidinea

FOOTNOTE:
Several old colls. of C.S. Rafinesque (PH) were referenced by M. This largely mid-western species appears to have declined a lot, but it is easily overlooked and has been rediscovered in several parts of the state. It usually grows in rather weedy, thin woods and edges on damp fertile soils near streams. Like altissima, crepidinea can form colonies with short offsets from its rootstocks. Unless exposed to sun for much of the day, no flowering occurs at all and leaves disappear completely during Jun-Jul. Plants from GRAV (EKY) and adjacent Tenn. (Stewart Co.) have whitish flowers, but those from elsewhere have yellowish flowers.


FOOTNOTE:
As in Gr's time, this species is still more common in western regions. It is often considered adventive in Appalachian and Atlantic regions (W).


FULL NAME:
Solidago rugosa Ait. var. aspera (Ait.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Venosae> rugosa var. aspera

FOOTNOTE:
Variation within this species needs further attention. Var. aspera (often treated as a subspecies) is more common to the south, but both this and var. rugosa are widespread eastern taxa. Reports of the southern var. celtidifolia (Small) Fern. (which has lax leafy panicles) from the Ohio Valley appear to be based on atypical var. aspera (GH, M, FNA 20). The "Fireworks" cultivar, which has recently become popular in gardens across eastern states, was selected from the southeastern Coastal Plain via the North Carolina Botanical Garden.


FULL NAME:
Orbexilum pedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. var. psoralioides (Walt.) Isely

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Psoraleae>: Orbexilum [Psoralea] pedunculatum var. psoralioides

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern variety is somewhat distinct, with a more glandular inflorescence. Further search is needed in the field and herbarium. It is known only from sandy river banks and uplands of MCRE (KY) and WHIT (MM/JC).


FOOTNOTE:
This weed may not have become widespread in eastern North America until after the mid-1800s, when Gray (1864) noted the range as just "Ind. to Kan." It was not recorded in Ky. until 1914, when Gr noted: "common locally along rivers and at the edges of cities elsewhere."


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is widespread along larger streams and rivers with scoured shrubby banks, but generally absent along smaller streams.


FOOTNOTE:
In addition to its original swampy habitats, this species has become widespread around artificial impoundments, along roadside ditches, and similar places. Its twigs can easily break off, which may lead to local clonal spread.


Scientific Name:
Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> racemosa (foemina ssp. r.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been confused with obliqua and foemina, and hybrids may be expected (see also Y). Dubious records, due to confusion in nomenclature, possible non-native status or other problems, have not been mapped. The coll. from OHIO (MDKY) has been considered intermediate between racemosa and foemina. Seedlings of this species have been widely distributed by Kentucky Division of Forestry, using material propagated from Mo. The probable native records mapped here indicate that racemosa is rare in the state. Other species of Cornus should be preferred for general restoration.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with plants known as berchtoldii; see notes under that name. Further study is needed.


FULL NAME:
SUMAC: Rhus, Toxicodendron vernix (POISON-)


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Taenidia integerrima


FOOTNOTE:
Although this widespread southeastern species ranges across most of Ky., it is much less frequent in eastern regions. Barton's (1919) data indicates two strong concentrations: in HARD, HART and adjacent counties; also in CRIT, LYON and adjacent counties. Q. stellata was probably promoted by frequent fires before settlement, and it has declined greatly with fire suppression after 1900. There are occasional hybrids with alba and probably other species. A few colls. from JEFF (DHL) suggest introgression from lyrata.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> torreyanum (hyssopifolium var. laciniatum*)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants are probably derived from hybrids of hyssopifolium with another species (Cr, FNA 21, W; perhaps E. semiserratum). They are reportedly all polyploids (2n = 40 mostly), whereas hyssopifolium includes just triiploids (2n = 30) and diploids (2n = 20). Species status is justified (W).


FULL NAME:
Acer saccharum Marsh. var. schneckii Rehd.

Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Saccharina> saccharum var. schneckii (?rugellii)

FOOTNOTE:
This tentatively distinguished variant may be distinguished from typical saccharum by its densely pubescent lower leaf surfaces and petioles, and by its relatively blunt leaf lobes with few secondary teeth (St, Y). Some of these trees may just be transitional to nigrum or floridanum. Var. schneckii is centered in mid-western regions, but even there it may not be clearly distinct. Unusual forms with small leaves, including some that have been named var. rugelii (Pax) Rehd. (at least transitional to floridanum), are probably not worth taxonomic recognition (Cr).


FULL NAME:
BEAN: Apios (POTATO-), Phaseolus, Rhynchosia (SNOUT-), Strophostyles (WOOLLY)


FULL NAME:
VETCH: Astragalus (MILK-), Coronilla (CROWN-), Vicia


FOOTNOTE:
This highly invasive shrub appears to have been first planted in Ky. during the 1950s, and it began to spread widely after 1970. L. maackii is now much more widespread than colls. indicate. It was initially attractive to the nursery industry, and was also promoted by the USDA from the 1960s into the 1980s (Luken & Thieret 1996).


Scientific Name:
Selaginellaceae: Selaginella <Lycopodioides> eclipes (apoda ssp. e.)

FOOTNOTE:
This cryptic taxon is closely related to apoda, and combined or reduced to ssp. eclipes (W.R. Buck) Skoda in some treatments. It occurs mostly in regions around the Great Lakes, and is also known from the Ozark region (FNA 2). However, it has generally not been recognized in southeastern states (W). In Ky., the only record is a coll. from Eastview Barrens in HARD (KY); see Cranfill (1980, 1991). S. eclipes differs in its median leaves with long attentuate to bristled, veined and frequently recurved apices (versus acute to attentuate, usually keeled but without midrib extension); its megaspores are usually larger, relatively shiny, and more coarsely reticulate (Buck 1977, Haines 2003). It is generally reported from calcareous substrates, in contrast to apoda.


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] bicornis (longistyla)

FOOTNOTE:
The close relative of pensylvanicum occurs in the Great Plains, east to c. Mo. and s. Ill. Horton (1972) did report it from Ky. but details are unknown. It differs from pensylvanicum (FNA 5) in its consistently pink and heterostylous flowers (versus white to roseate and homostylous); its achenes with "an obscure or prominent hump in the center of one face"; and its frequently narrower leaves (ca. 1-2.3 cm versus 1-4.8 cm).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Cyanococcus> constablaei

FOOTNOTE:
This is southern Appalachian taxon that may be a hexaploid derivative from hybrids of V. simulatum and V. altomontanum Ashe (a lowbush blueberry from higher altitudes). For Ky. the only records of constablaei are from CLIN, ELLI and PULA (B; perhaps at US); they remain dubious and need to be rechecked. However, Soltis et al. (2007) did map the range of such hexaploids close to se. Ky.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Anthriscus sylvestris

FOOTNOTE:
This alien was reported by M'Murtrie (1819) but there are no other records. Although thinly scattered in northeastern and northwestern regions (especially Wash.), A. sylvestris is not much established in North America. A. caucalis (with more hispidulous leaves and prickly fruits) is another European species that may be expected (Ch, J, Y).


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Polemonium reptans var. r.

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may be transitional to var. villosum.


FULL NAME:
Polemonium reptans L. var. villosum E.L. Braun

Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Polemonium reptans var. villosum

FOOTNOTE:
Uncertain records lack the long glandular hairs of typical var. villosum, and mostly occur west of Appalachian regions.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hirtae> pellita (lanuginosa, lasiocarpa var. latifolia)


FULL NAME:
Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood

FOOTNOTE:
This only wild record of this cultivated species ("childing pink") is a coll. of B from roadsides in ROBE. It does not appear to have become truly naturalized in Ky., but it can become a weed further north.


FULL NAME:
BALM: Collinsonia (HORSE-), Melissa (LEMON-), Monarda didyma (BEE-)


FULL NAME:
Verbena species  hybrida: Glandularia x  hybrida


FOOTNOTE:
This is a truly amazing plant, with great potential for restoration, aesthetics, food, medicine and poison; JC has personally experienced all of these uses.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha canadensis (arvensis var. c.*, villosa)

FOOTNOTE:
Most or all colls. are referable to var. glabrata Benth., but that taxon is not generally recognized. Records of typical arvensis, a European species, should probably be reassigned to canadensis, of North America and East Asia. M. canadensis is considered to be a "relict amphidiploid [2n=96] of the mixed mesophytic flora of the Lower Tertiary" that probably originated from hybridization of arvensis [2n=72] and longifolia [2n=24] (Tucker & Chambers 2002).


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may be referable to the rather poorly defined, southern or western var. pendula (Rydb.) Waterfall, but this is not confirmed. BA reported the closely related Ozarkian P. missouriensis Mack. & Bush, but no colls. have been verified. P. angulata has often been confused with subglabrata, but differs in its annual (versus rhizomatous) habit; its more coarsely dentate largest leaves (versus sinuate-dentate); and its smaller fresh flowers (ca. 4-10 x 6-15 mm versus 11-17 x 15-25 mm), which lack purple maculations.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Subulatae> subulata var. australis

FOOTNOTE:
Var. australis is known only from central Appalachian regions furher east (sometimes combined with var. brittonii in var. setacea), plus the disjunct western margins of the Appalachian Plateaus in Ohio and Ky. (Wherry 1955, Cr). This unusual distribution pattern is similar to Paxistima canbyi and Solidago harrisii Campbell et al. (1993). Typical var. subulata is more northern. Records mapped here are from plants that appear native, excluding the generally more robust cultivars that occasionally persist along roadside banks. These cultivars include hybrids of subulata with bifida, some of which are known as 'Stellaria' (Wherry 1955). Hybrids of subulata with P. nivalis Lodd. ('Frondosa') and P. stolonifera Sims ('Amoena') may also be cultivated.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Subulatae> bifida var. b.

FOOTNOTE:
This midwestern taxon is known only from two disjunct sites in Ky.: on a gravelly ridge in CALL (MUR) and on limestione clifftops along the Green River in HART (KY). The latter plants appear somewhat transitional to var. cedaria.


FULL NAME:
Phlox bifida Beck var. cedaria (Brand) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Subulatae> bifida var. cedaria (ssp. stellaria*)

FOOTNOTE:
This variety is known only from c. Tenn., c. Ky. and s. Ind. In Ky., it is known only from a few populations on clifftops of narrow points along the Kentucky River Palisades. It is distinguished by its relatively glabrous, eglandular inflorescence, but there is much variation in pubescence and flower shape that needs to be studied further.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> divaricata var. d.


FULL NAME:
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. pubescens (Muhl. ex Nutt.) J.G. Sm.

Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Sagittaria latifolia var. pubescens

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern variety needs to be reassesed using recent treatments (W). The coll. from CALL (MUR) does appear correctly determined.


FULL NAME:
Physaria globosa (Desv.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Physaria [Lesquerella*] globosa

FOOTNOTE:
This unusual globally endangered biennial (or winter annual) was reportedly "growing abundantly on waste land along railroads, etc." a century ago (Gr). In Ky., it is now largely restricted to a few sites in rocky woods of the central Bluegrass region, where thin or eroded soil supports small populations. Only a few waifs in landscapes with deeper soils have been found in recent decades. Elsewhere, it occurs in similar sites around in c.Tenn., and there is a remarkable disjunct roadside population in the flatlands of sw. Ind. Old records from Ark., Mo., and Ohio remain unverified (Gray 1887, F, Al-Shehbaz 1987). It seems likely that animal trails or other disturbance promoted this species before settlement, but that reduction in wilder lands plus the invasion of European Brassicaceae has now led to its precarious position. See O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz (2002; and other citations in W) for support of generic realignments.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Dentaria [Cardamine] laciniata (C. concatenata)

FOOTNOTE:
There appear to be rare hybrids with heterophylla (e.g. a coll. from MORG at KY), perhaps diphylla and other species.


FOOTNOTE:
The first records were by Pr (1893), Nelson (1919), Slack (1941) and B (1942). It is not clear if some records are from truly naturalized plants, but this species does seem to be spreading slowly along major rivers. S. alba is abundantly naturalized in more northern regions, but much less common in southeastern states (PL). Some colls. from DAVI, HEND, FAYE, FRAN and MADI have been determined as hybrids with fragilis (X rubens Schrank) by Argus (1986). Some colls. from FAYE,  HENR (KY) and elsewhere (CW) appear to be hybrids with babylonica (X sepulcralis Simonkai). See also X ehrhatiana.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Cynareae>: Centaurea transalpina (dubia, nigrescens)

FOOTNOTE:
This is known only from colls. of the late J.W. Thieret (KNK). It is similarly distributed in North America to jacea, but much less common..


FOOTNOTE:
This was probably present early after settlement, and has been a frequent favorite for making hay (Gr).


FOOTNOTE:
The FAYE (KY-Agr.) coll. may be from cultivation.


FOOTNOTE:
This was collected by Abbott et al. (2001) in TRIG (BEREA), at the entrance to the Elk-Bison exhibit at Land-Between-the-Lakes, where various grasses have been seeded. This species may have been introduced by accident along with such seeding.


FOOTNOTE:
All material may be referred to var. americana (DC.) Fern. & Grisc. Typical plants are European (F). However, this distinction is not followed in recent treatments.


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium ravenelii (Scribn. & Merr.) Gould

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] ravenelii


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread on eastern North America, but concentrated on fertile base-rich soils. In Ky. it is much more abundant in the Bluegrass region than elsewhere; this pattern also existed in the original woodland (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989). It was probably also concentrated locally in or near lowlands of the Pennyrhile Karst Plain, where remnants of Juglans-Aesculus woodland can still be found, similar to those in the Bluegrass.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> serpyllifolia

FOOTNOTE:
This alien became established early after settlement. Short (1828-29) noted: "common in grass lots."


FOOTNOTE:
Some western records need to be rechecked for possible transitions to illinoensis, which is mixed with grandis in s. Ind. (Heikens 2003) and c. Ky. (e.g. the colls. from BREC at KY).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Verbesina <Pterophyton> helianthoides

FOOTNOTE:
B's sight record from PULA is mapped here but may be questioned. There are no confirmed records from eastern regions, but this species does occur in se. Ohio (Adams Co.), and it might be expected in adjacent LEWI.


FOOTNOTE:
A few plants have been initially identified as G. rotundifolium L., but are probably G. molle.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia commutata (frondosa f. commutata)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon appears intermediate between frondosa and bushii, suggesting potential origin from hybrids.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria media (ssp. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
Introduced during early settlement, this virtually iniradicable annual has become a pervasive weed on damp rich soil in woods and fields. Colls. of this variable tetraploid (2n = 40, 42, 44) need to be rechecked for pallida and neglecta, which are closely related diploids (2n = 22) that are easily overlooked (FNA 5, Y, W). There is no evidence of interbreeding between these three species.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria australis (parvula var. a.)


FOOTNOTE:
Probably all wild records are for the typical var. ampeloprasum, with relatively small umbels superficially similar to mutabile. There is a likely cultivated coll. of var. atroviolaceum (Boiss.) Regel from JEFF (DHL).


FOOTNOTE:
In several cases, it is impossible to distinguish colls. from persistent plantings versus those from truly spontaneous plants. This species (the commonly cultivated garlic) may not be widely established independently of plantings.


FOOTNOTE:
This recently described species is known only from s. Ill., s. Ind., w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (Schwegman 1982; Heikens 2003; D. Estes & G. Nesom, pers. comm.). In Ky. only a few colls. have been referred to this species, but there has not yet been a thorough revison of Oxalis colls. There may be a little intergradation with grandis, but illinoensis usually differs in its single, terminal, fleshy fusiform tubers connected by relatively slender rhizomes (versus more continuous rhizomes). Its leaflets are usually rather pale yellowish-green and lack purplish margins (versus usually deeper green and purple-margined), more or less straight-edged above the base (versus clearly concave), and with relatively shallow, less acute terminal notches. Its peduncles are mostly shorter, with flowers usually among the leaves (versus clearly extending above). There has also been some initial confusion with priceae, but that species now appears clearly distinct in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha virginica (var. v.; digyneia)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. suggest hybridization with rhomboidea or gracilens, but there has been no proof than virginica forms hybrids anywhere in its broad eastern range (Y).


FULL NAME:
Aristida longispica Poir. var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida longespica var. geniculata (intermedia)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from var. longespica is sometimes unclear; colls. from ROWA (MDKY) and TODD (EKY) appear intermediate. Var. geniculata may be a reasonable western segregate, but variation has not been assessed in detail; some plants superficially suggest transitions to the perennial relative, purpurascens.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Aristideae>: Aristida purpurascens (var. p., A. affinis)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under virgata. The record from FAYE (EKY) probably came as a waif from transported hay to the Horse Park.


FOOTNOTE:
This appears to be native along sandy banks of the Mississippi Rv. in BALL (DHL).


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Vaccinium <Batodendron> arboreum


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from GRAN, KENT and perhaps elsewhere are referable to var. glabra Ledeb., but that taxon is not generally recognized in current treatments.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Trigonobrathys> mutilum


FOOTNOTE:
In earlier literature, this eastern species appears to have been misidentified as the more northern or circumboreal species, A. geniculatus L. (Short et al. 1833, Gr, Anderson 1924), which is unknown in Ky. (FNA 24).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> longifolium (rigidulum var. pubescens)


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> pentagona

FOOTNOTE:
This quasi-tetraploid  (2n = 56) is widespread in North America and the most commonly collected species of Cuscuta in Ky., on a wide variety of hosts in diverse habitats. See notes under the closely related campestris.


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> campestris (?arvensis)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread southern species, ranging into tropical regions, is close to the more eastern pentagona and gronovii; mapping here is provisional. C. campestris may be predominant in states south of Ky. (e.g. Ch). Although combined with pentagona in some recent treatments, Costea et al. (2006a; in prep. for FNA) have confirmed its distinction. It differs in its larger flowers, more broadly triangular corolla lobes, and less imbricate calyx lobes (F); see also Y, with comparison to gronovii. Like pentagona, it occurs on a wide range of herbaceous hosts, and is often abundant in cultivated fields on uplands.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Maxillarieae>: Corallorhiza maculata (var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern species was discovered by the dear, departed Mary Rogers around an old camp-fire near Pine Mt. Settlement School in HARL (EKY). It has also been found within half a mile of the Ky. state line in Scott Co., Tenn. (JC coll. at KY). BA's report from LOGA was based on a misidentified immature Hexalectris spicata (EKY). [Note: the genus has sometimes been spelled Corallorrhiza, but that is now incorect; FNA 26.]


FOOTNOTE:
This species ("winter-aconite") is widely cultivated due to its showy yellow flowers in early spring. It has slowly become naturalized at some wooded sites within east-central states, especially in suburban areas and associated parks (FNA 3). It has become abundant at a site in JEFF (M. Medley #19934-94 for WKY).


FOOTNOTE:
This European species is sometimes cultivated and may escape locally. The only record is a mapping in south-central Ky. by Hulten & Freis (1986); see also K.


FULL NAME:
Dioclea multiflora (Torr. & Gray) C. Mohr

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Phaseoleae>: Dioclea [Galactia] multiflora (G. mohlenbrockii)


FOOTNOTE:
This was recently found by JC (for KY) in BELL at the crest of Pine Mt. on the Golden tract (later transferred to the Ky. Div. of Forestry), and J. Kiser (pers. comm.) collected it (for EKY) from LETC, in a sandstone glade on the Pine Mt. Wildlife Management Area. An obscure report from Ky. of the hybrid between A. humilis Wieg. and A. laevis (Wiegand 1912) is also noted here; humilis is closely related to sanguinea and sometimes included. A. sanguinea is a largely northeastern species that occurs south along the higher Appalachians to Ga. In Tenn., it is also scattered along banks of the Obed Rv. and elsewhere on the Cumberland Plateau (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from BELL (B), LIVI (R. Athey #253) and perhaps elsewhere may be referred to the relatively southern var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & Gray. Further study is needed to decide whether that variety is worth recognizing.


FOOTNOTE:
Although this may have spread from the west, Gr considered it native: "a rather common weed in Kentucky meadows" including clover fields.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Silene dichotoma (ssp. d.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely distributed across North America, especially northern states, this may generally be just "an occasional adventive weed" (FNA 5).


FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated species has been recently recorded from CUMB, HARL, MADI and MENI (Abbott et al. 2004; CW), but it is not clear if this species is becoming truly naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
There are several wilder records of this cultivated species, but most or all may be from persistent plants at old home sites rather than self-seedings. Related species of Spiraea are also cultivated, including S. thunbergii Siebold, S. chamaedryifolia L.; see also S. X vanhouttei.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium missouriense ("paganum", album var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread across much of North America, but perhaps native only to the Great Plains and mid-west. Distinction from the closely related album and standleyanum needs further study. It differs (Cr, St., FNA 4) from album in its generally wider leaves (the lower ones with l/w up to 1.5 versus 1.5-2+); stems with purple nodes; inflorescence less compact, more delicate and flexuous; and smaller seeds (ca. 0.9-1.2 mm versus 1-1.5 mm long). It is reported to flower only during Sep-Oct (versus May to Oct). Although perhaps associated with archaeological sites of Woodland age in east-central states, identification of seeds needs more work (KIng 1985). There is no evidence of domestication, as in buschianum, which is found much more frequently in Woodland sites.


FULL NAME:
Paysonia lescurii (Gray) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Paysonia [Lesquerella*] lescurii

FOOTNOTE:
This globally rare species is known mostly from bare soils on riverbottoms and calcareous glades in c. Tenn. Records from Ky. and Ala. have been considered adventive (Al-Shehbaz 1987), but their status deserves further investigation. See O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz (2002) for support of generic realignments.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Alysseae>: Camelina sativa (ssp. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This weed from eastern Europe is much less common in southeastern states than the closely related species, microcarpa, which is often confused (Al-Shehbaz 1987). There are recorded colls. from KENT (PH; see B), JEFF and SIMP (colls. of MM in processing at WKY), but these need to be rechecked before mapping.


FULL NAME:
Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. var. xanthocarpa (Kükenth.) Wieg.

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Multiflorae> annectens var. xanthocarpa

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively western taxon may not be consistently distinguishable from typical annectans, and is combined by some caricologists (R. Naczi, pers. comm.). Some colls. have only tentative assignment.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> fraseri (fruticosa ssp. glauca*; vars,/ssp. in tetragona)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a largely Appalachian taxon that appears to deserve species status. There has been much confusion with typical tetragona and fruticosa, partly due to complex nomenclature and conflicting treatments; see notes under those species. O. fraseri and allies in the tetragona group may all be tetraploids (2n = 28), while the fruticosa group is often hexaploid or octoploid (Cr).


FOOTNOTE:
This is a distinct diploid of seasonally dry sandy soils in southeastern states. It is generally uncommon east of the Mississippi, where adventive status is suspected in some areas (W). In Ky. the species appear to be relative conservative and associated with remnants of xeric or xerohydric grassy openings.


FOOTNOTE:
This western species may not be native, but it is often cultivated as an attractive wildflower. Some records may come from plantings, but it has become locally naturalized. The earliest record is from Gr in 1914: "sometimes seen growing abundantly in pastures. Local and not common, taking the State as a whole. Native."


FULL NAME:
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. {Ozark-Ouachita group and transitions}

Scientific Name:
Rubiaceae: Houstonia <Chamisme> [Hedyotis] longifolia* variant {Ozark-Ouachita group and transitions}

FOOTNOTE:
These plants need further study. They appear more robust and stiffly erect than plants known as H. tenuifolia in Appalachian regions, and perhaps part of a somewhat distinct western taxon centered in the Ozarks. They are tentatively referred to Terrell's (1996) "Ozark-Ouachita group" of longifolia, which he described as having "stems usually puberulent, internodes 4-7, usually longer than in the other groups (20-70 mm long); inflorescence sometimes diffuse; flowering determinate with plants flowering principally in April May and early June." However, he also noted that this group often grades into plants that resemble H. tenuifolia.


FOOTNOTE:
There is a possible poor coll. of this species from CART (KY): C. Weller, 3 Aug 1961, limestone ledge, roadside. The plant is fruiting, with relatively short, straight, ascending inflorescence branches, and basal offshoots bearing a few small glaucous young leaves. S. glaucophyllum is known mostly from base-rich outcrops in w. Va. and se. W.V., with outliers in w. Md. and nw. N.C. It has the lowest chromosome number of the genus in eastern North America: 2n = 12.


FULL NAME:
Helianthus laetiflorus: see H. pauciflorus


FULL NAME:
Rhus tospecies icodendron: Toxicodendron pubescens


FULL NAME:
Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. pauciflora

FOOTNOTE:
It may be reasonable to consider this a variety of ciliata; see also Cr.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this widespread species in eastern states (except northeastern regions) is generally restricted to remnants of native grassland on medium acid soils with rather low fertility.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia fulgida var. f. (?spathulata, ?acuminata, ?palustris)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in southeastern states on medium-acid soils. A few colls. have been tentatively segregated as var. spathulata or var. palustris; see notes under those names. There has also been much confusion with umbrosa, tenax and other species.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Vernonieae>: Vernonia glauca (noveboracensis var. tomentosa)

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs in dry fields and marshes from the Ridge-and-Valley to the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and has no confirmed record in Ky. It is close to noveboracensis, but differs (Cr, FNA 19) in its "bright stramineous or pale tawny to nearly white pappus" (versus brownish-purple or sometimes merely dark-tawny), with outer bristles or scales grading into inner ones (versus distinct outer scales and inner bristles); leaves are relatively broad (with l/w usually 2.5-3.5 versus 4-6). There is an obscure unverified record from WARR (Pr, in handwritten addenda). A more recent coll. from ROWA (KY) may be a hybrid between gigantea and glauca.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been recently reported and data need to be checked (Abbott et al. 2001). It is typical of cooler climates and, in Ky., it is probably just a rare waif (Cr).


Scientific Name:
Myrsinaceae [Primulaceae*]: Lysimachia (Steironema) radicans


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Penstemon brevisepalus {canescens* var. b. suggested comb.}

FOOTNOTE:
This has been combined with canescens in some treatments (e.g. J) or with pallidus in others (e.g. K), and it appears intermediate in some characters; see notes under those species.


FULL NAME:
Carex digitalis Willd. var. macropoda Fern.

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Careyanae> digitalis var. macropoda

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern taxon is generally distinct and may deserve species status. It differs from typical digitalis in its terminal (staminate) spikes usually exceeding upper bracts (versus the upper bracts exceeding the spikes), with longer well-developed peduncles (usually 8-15 cm versus 1-7 cm); perigynia usually have fewer nerves per face (7-10 versus 11-15); and well-developed leaf blades are usually narrower (2-2.9 mm versus 2.7-4.5 mm). It is locally abundant in relatively mesic woods of LYON, TRIG (WKY) and nearby, often without typical digitalis. Some colls. (CALL & CARL at MUR) may be at least transitional to var. asymmetrica Fern., which is combined with the more southern var. floridana (L.H. Bailey) Naczi & Bryson in FNA 23 and otherwise unknown in Ky. Further analysis of this complex is needed.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Vicia villosa (ssp. v.)

FOOTNOTE:
This annual ("hairy vetch") has been promoted for forage since before 1900. In 1914, Gr noted (for this species or dasycarpa): "Its vigorous growth is a pleasure to see when other plants are suffering from unfavourable weather." See also dasycarpa, which has been combined with villosa by some authors.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Fabeae>: Vicia dasycarpa (villosa ssp. varia*)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with typical villosa, which is more hairy, but some taxonomic recognition is justified (Cr). These plants are often sown for forage, and some records may come directly from plantings.


FOOTNOTE:
This widely scattered alien was reported recently from an open area in MADI (BEREA) by Abbott et al. (2001). It has also been collected from PULA (M. Medley for WKY). In North America, this species is most common on the southeastern Coastal Plain.


FULL NAME:
ASTER: Aster (OLD-WORLD), Doellingeria & Eurybia (FLAT-TOPPED), Ionactis (STIFF-LEAVED), Oclemena (NODDING), Sericocarpus (WHITE-TOPPED), Symphyotrichum (NEW WORLD)


FULL NAME:
BEGGAR-TICKS: Bidens {without showy flowers}


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> radiata (rosea var. ra.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northeastern species is close to rosea and appalachica, and difficult to distinguish in some cases, especially with immature specimens. C. radiata has relatively straight stigmas except for the basal reflex (versus clearly coiled); its perigynia have broad subtruncate bases (versus cuneate to rounded), with achenes well above the spongy bases (versus subsessile), and they tend to be reflexed when ripe; its lowest bracts tend to be relatively short, on average (Cr, FNA 23). C. radiata is typical of damp acid soils. It does occur on somewhat siliceous stream terraces in hilly parts of the Bluegrass region, but is virtually absent from the largely calcareous plains of this region.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> cephalophora (var. c.)


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Scitae> flacca (glauca)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien has been promoted in horticulture as an ornamental, and it is also becoming naturalized from initial introduction in eastern Canada (FNA 23). A coll. from NELS was recently det. by R.L. Naczi: M.E. Medley #78-031, 11 May 1978; Cedar Glade just west of Bardstown High School on north side of stream just north of Smith Avenue.


FULL NAME:
Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter ssp. torreyana (Steud.) Allred & Gould

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Bothriochloa [Andropogon] laguroides ssp. torreyana ("saccharoides")

FOOTNOTE:
During the past 30 years, this western plant has spread through much of Ky. along roadsides, especialy interstate highways. It is much more widespread than indicated by the colls. mapped here. Typical ssp. laguroides and B. saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb. are more southern taxon in Central and South America.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum tenuifolium ("flexuosum")

FOOTNOTE:
Although this species is generally glabrous, a few colls. have hairy stems, but there is no clear evidence of hybridization with other species. Both diploid and tetraploid races are known across its range (W). There has been nomenclatural confusion with P. flexuosum (Walt.) B.S.P., which occurs in southeastern states, mostly on the Coastal Plain (W).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Carolinae> carolina var. c. (humilis)

FOOTNOTE:
The typical variety (including var. glandulosa (Crepin) Farw.) is predominant. Open dots indicate the species, but variety is not checked.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a widely scattered Eurasian annual weed, especially in or near urban areas, but it does not appear to be as generally successful across the landscape as the native perennial, scandens. There has been much confusion with scandens, especially var. cristata. In addition to its annual habit, convolvulus differs (F) in its granular-puberulent calices (versus mostly smooth); its minutely roughened achenes (versus all lustrous); its flowers up to 3.5-5 (8) mm in fruit (versus up to 4-10 mm), on relatively short pedicels; the usually undeveloped keels on its calices (occasionally up to 0.4-1 mm versus usually 0.5-3 mm); and the more acute sagittate lobes of its typically narrower leaves. Plants known as var. subulatum Lej. & Court resemble scandens var. cristatum in their relatively large winged calices (F).


FOOTNOTE:
This South American species has been widely sown for forage.


FULL NAME:
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.


FULL NAME:
Juncus subcaudatus (Engelm.) Coville & Blake

Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Septati-a> subcaudatus (canadensis var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely northeastern and montane species is close to the more widespread species, canadensis; some colls. need to be rechecked, especially if they are somewhat immature.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Crus-galli> crus-galli (armata, wilkinsonii)

FOOTNOTE:
Several varieties and segregates of this widespread eastern species have been described, but their treatment remains uncertain. The map includes early records of C. armata Beadle (CAMP), C. wilkinsonii Ashe (BOON), and other names that are generally considered synonyms in some recent treatments (Cr, M). Although widely recorded, this species, like several other hawthorns, may be declining due to the abandonment or conversion of rougher rocky pastures and invasion of Juniperus virginiana. Extensive colonies, as still reported in some other states (Lance 2006), are now virtually unknown in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] punctata {+ vars. confertifolia, leptostachya}

FOOTNOTE:
Although several varieties have been proposed, some recent treatments have not considered these distinct enough to recognize (FNA 5). Most colls. from Ky. have been referred to var. confertifolium (Meis.) Fassett, within Polygonum, but further study is needed. The typical variety has been reported from CALL, HICK and MERC (M); it may be distinguished (Cr) by its rhizomatous habit (versus mostly annual), inflorescences less interrupted and terminating branches (versus often interrupted and branching from lower nodes), and achenes mostly trigonous (versus lenticular).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Microcarpae> marshallii

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is known from only two colls., in CALL (MUR) and MCRA (JC fo KY); both were from rights-of-way. These are about the most northern records in the Mississippi Valley (Phipps 1998; PL).


FOOTNOTE:
This northern, circumboreal species of wet meadows and open woods on base-rich soils is rare in Ky. and Tenn. There has been some confusion with graminea.


FULL NAME:
Persicaria amphibia (L.) S.F. Gray var. stipulacea (Coleman) Hara

Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] amphibia var. stipulacea (Pe. hartwrightii, Po. natans)

FOOTNOTE:
In some recent treatments, this northern taxon is combined with typical Eurasian amphibia and the more southern segregate, coccinea (FNA 5; W). It is more aquatic than coccinea. The only known coll. is from WHIT (BEREA); see also, Abbott et al. (2001) and McFarland (1942).


FULL NAME:
Persicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) Greene

Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] coccinea (amphibia var. emersa)

FOOTNOTE:
In some recent treatments, this widespread North American species has been combined with the Eurasian species, amphibia (FNA 5), but it should probably be recognized (W) at least as P. amphibia var. emersa (Michx.) Hickman.. Morphological and genetic differences may be small and gradual, but deeper analysis is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
Most records are old; despite much searching, the only population currently known is in HARD (KY).


FULL NAME:
Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.

FOOTNOTE:
This extends from the Rockies to the Alantic but is most common in the Great Plains and Midwest. In Ky., it is locally abundant on banks along the Ohio River and along some tributaries. It is much less common inland, but does appear to be native in some remnants of native grassland or open woodland along smaller streams and on adjacent uplands with base-rich soils. Some records along rights-of-way may be adventive. Recent local increases might have been alllowed by reduction in livestock or deer, especially in developed lowlands or suburban areas where browsing previously limited the species (Gr; R. Seymour, pers. comm.). D. illinoensis is well known to be preferred browse.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phyllostachyae> willdenowii (var. w.)

FOOTNOTE:
Botanists in Ky. did not recognize this species until Wharton (1945) and Anderson (1947), but it had been described over a century before. Section Phyllostachyae has continued to provide suprises.


Scientific Name:
Polemoniaceae: Phlox <Divaricatae> amoena var. nov. {upper Cumberland River type}

FOOTNOTE:
This is a distinct variety of amoena that is known only from open boulder-cobble bars along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv. (in MCRE. Ky., and Scott Co., Tenn.), and along the Obed Rv. (Morgan Co., Tenn.). [These plants were initially referred (M) in error to P. pilosa var. detonsa (Gray) Wherry, which is a glabrous plant of pine woods further south.] Typical P. amoena occurs on adjacent uplands, but is generally absent on the river bars. In plants on the bars, leaves below the inflescence are largely glabrous, except for the margins of petiolar bases; stems are thinly hirsute. In typical amoena, leaves and stems are densely hirsute. Local adaptation to stream-scouring (rheophytic) conditions is also known in P. pilosa ssp. sangamonensis Levin & D.M Smith of c. Ill., and in P. pilosa var riparia Wherry on the Edwards Plateau in Tex. (Wherry 1955; Cr).


FULL NAME:
Crataegus flabellata: see C. macrosperma & C. iracunda


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Vernonieae>: Vernonia gigantea (altissima)

FOOTNOTE:
This has become by far the most common ironweed in the east-central states, and the other species seem to have "suffered" somewhat from introgression or "contamination" with it (Cr).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia bushii (brachyphylla)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with plants named commutata. The only colls. that clearly match typical bushii may be from BALL (MUR).


FOOTNOTE:
This species of woods and glades in calcareous east-central regions has been recently described by Naczi (2001). It is close to jamesii, but has shorter perigynium beaks, shorter staminate sections in the spikes, wider bright green leaves, red-purple shoot bases, and often more open tussocks; see also FNA 23. Further exploration is needed to determine if the two initial clusters of records in Ky. reflect real disjunctions.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Isolepis [Scirpus] carinata (S. koilolepis)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Packera [Senecio] aurea


Scientific Name:
Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton spirillus (dimorphus)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been reported by Kellerman (1959) and others, but verified colls. have not been seen. It was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 22. There are colls. labelled as this species from FULT (KY-Agr.), JEFF (DHL) and UNIO (GH, KY-Agr.), but these are probably diversifolius. P. spirillus is close to diversifolius and can easily be confused.


FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated species sometimes persists at old home sites, but it generally does not seem to spread ino the wild. There are colls. of this species or the closely related F. viridissima Lindl. from persistent or escaped plants in BALL, DAVI, JEFF, LYON, MCRE and TRIG (M, CW; APSU).


FULL NAME:
Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.

FOOTNOTE:
This species occurs mostly on sandy soils in Appalachian and east-coastal regions, from Me. to Ga. plus scattered localities in the Great Lakes region. The coll. from TODD (steep wooded SW-facing slope, Ky 181 2.6 mi S of Ky 107) is one of only two records in the Interior Low Plateaus. The other is from Maury Co. of c. Tenn. (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> laeve (var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
There appear to be occasional hybrids with undulatus, cordifolius, and probably other species.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> nutans (biennis* var. austromontana)

FOOTNOTE:
This large-flowered, relatively glabrous species is widespread in northeastern regions and the southern Appalachians above 800 m; also scattered west to Ky., Ind. and Mo. (Dietrich et al. 1997, W). Colls. have been reported from HARL (Univ. of Colorado), MADI (Univ. of Kansas), MENI (B, check US), and perhaps CALL (Dietrich et al. 1997). Further study of colls. filed under biennis and parviflora is needed.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] lindheimeri (acuminatum ssp. li.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon has been treated as a subspecies of acuminatum, but it may be relatively distinct in Ky., often concentrated on somewhat xerohydric flats. Some colls. from western regions (e.g. CALL at KY-Agr.) appear transitional to the closely related longiligulatum. FNA 25 indicated that intergradation with acuminatum var. fasciculatum and var. implicatum can also be expected.


FOOTNOTE:
This infamous weed (the "Scotch thistle") is a widespread problem in more northern regions, but it does not extend south of the central Ohio Valley and central Appalachian regions (FNA 19, W). In Ky. it was first reported in 1914, when Gr noted: "at the edges of cities this striking thistle has become established in dense patches on waste ground and along railroads." However, it has remained generally uncommon and largely restricted to northern counties.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Aronia [Pyrus] arbutifolia

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread on acid soils in eastern North America, but absent in the mid-west. Putative hybrids with melanocarpa have been collected in CALL (WKY), LETC (B), MCRE (CW) and PULA (CW). Such plants are reported to form distinct populations in states east of Ky., sometimes treated as a distinct species, with a broad northeastern range (PL, W): A. prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd. [= Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) E.B. Phipps). Aronia has been included by K.R. Robertson & J.B. Phipps within the genus Photinia (as followed by K and PL), but if these genera are merged Aronia has priority (as reviewed in W).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Ranunculus <Ranunculus> caricetorum ("septentrionalis", hispidus var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under the frequently confused carolinianus; further revision of colls. is desirable. This tetraploid appears somewhat intermediate between the diploids, carolinianus (similar in decumbent habit) and hispidus (with smaller achenes). It may be distinguished by its lower leaves "all ternately compound, with petiolulate 2-3-cleft and incised ovate to rhombic large leaflets... and stipules conspicuous, rounded at summit" (F). In the other two species, lower leaves, especially the basal ones, are usually much smaller than upper leaves, merely dentate to 3-cleft, and stipules tend to be less conspicuous.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported from BRAC (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and BOON (Poindexter & Thompson 2008). S. procumbens is a widespread weedy Eurasian species, but it may be native in some northern regions (FNA 5).


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Planodes [Arabis; Sibara*] virginica

FOOTNOTE:
This winter annual is widespread across southeastern states, Mexico and Ca. It has similar ecology to the aliens, Draba verna and Cardamine hirsuta. It was generally confused with C. hirsuta in early literature (M). See Y for notes on generic placement. Based in FAYE, Short (1828-29; see also PH) noted: "Cardamine virginica? This little plant excites no other interest than that arising from the early period at which it blooms; being here, as the Draba verna in the Eastern states, the earliest harbinger of spring... In cultivated fields abundant; flowering from the middle of February. ...towards the last of February..."


FULL NAME:
Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. var. erostellata Catling

Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata (?montana)

FOOTNOTE:
These plants could be considered a distinct species (perhaps = S. montana Raf.). Var. erostellata is the only member of the genus to lack a well-developed rostellum and viscidulum, structures in the flower that oppose self-pollination (Catling 1983; FNA 26). Also, it has shorter sepals (ca. 3.5-5 mm versus 4-6.1 mm); flowers appear earlier but do not fully open, and the ovaries are simultaneously (versus progressively) swollen on each flower. It is widespread in eastern states, while typical ovalis is restricted to the Gulf Coastal Plain, with little overlap in range.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern Appalachian and east-coastal species has been reported from Ky. by RAB and FNA 26, but no coll. has been seen. Plants known as var. austrina Fern. occur in the oak barrens of southern Tenn.


FOOTNOTE:
Plants known as var. drummondiana (Weddell) Weddell are generally not recognized in Ky., and may just be a sun-grown form (F).


FOOTNOTE:
This is species is rarely adventive from subtropical America on the Coastal Plain (W).There are colls. from JEFF (KNK) and MADI (EKY), as weeds associated with potting soil. It is probably not truly naturalized in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is locally abundant in woods on dry acid soils in two regions of the state, with almost none in between: on gravel hills along the lower Tennessee and Cumberland River, and on ridges in the southern Appalachian Plateaus.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> serotinum

FOOTNOTE:
See also perfoliatum for note on hybrids.


FULL NAME:
Fleischmannia incarnata (Walt.) King & H.E. Robins.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Fleischmannia [Eupatorium] incarnata


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Conoclinium [Eupatorium] coelestinum


FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with nepetoides. The coll. by D. Noe from ROCK (for EKY but still not processed) was confirmed. Other records need to be checked: BATH (Wharton 1945) and JACK (D. Taylor, pers. comm.).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> aspera

FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western species is unknown across southeastern states except in wc. Ky. and c. Tenn. There mas been some confusion with barbata, and some records should be rechecked.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Oxyacanthae> monogyna

FOOTNOTE:
There are colls. from BATH and FAYE (KY) that appear to be from self-seeded plants, but this occasionally cultivated European species does not seem to have become truly naturalized. The coll. from FAYE may be hybridized with phaenopyrum (Phipps 1990).


FOOTNOTE:
Included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gr and B. This widespread northeastern tree species is now much declined due to bark disease. Documentation in herbaria is poor. Twigs can be distinguished from nigra by their longer terminal buds, ca. 12-18 mm (versus 8-10 mm), and the upper sides of bud scars straight (versus notched), with a distinct velvety fringe; pith is dark brown (versus light brown). Leaves usually have 11-17 leaflets (versus 15-19), hirsute beneath with 4-8-rayed fascicled hairs (versus single and 2-rayed hairs).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> racemosum (A. fragilis/vimineus var. subdumosus)

FOOTNOTE:
Although perhaps mostly diploid (2n = 16), this is a variable species of diverse damp open habitats, and it needs further revision (FNA 20, Y). In Ky. most plants are probably referable to var. subdumosus (Wieg.) Nesom, which sometimes appears transitional to lanceolatum (see also Y). However, the distinction of that largely mid-western variant from typical racemosum has been doubted. Several atypical colls., including a some formerly identified as typical "A. vimineus Lam." (from BATH, CAMP, GARR & ROWA), may be hybridized with lateriflorum, dumosum, or pilosum.


FULL NAME:
Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Laut.

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under sinensis, which has probably been confused..


FOOTNOTE:
This species mostly occurs on the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains. The only record in Ky. is a coll. from CALL (EKY): L.E. McKinney #4195 22 May 1990, seep along Dalton Road off Ky. 280, parallel to lake shore. C. venusta differs (FNA 23) from debilis in its more crowded spikes, ca. 4-5 mm thick (versus 2-3 mm) and ca. 1-5 cm long (versus 2.5-8 cm), with internodes 1-1.5 (3) mm (versus 2-4 (9) mm). Pistillate scales are often tinged reddish-brown along sides (versus whitish), and at least half as long as perigynia (versus less than half). The coll. from CALL has glabrous perigynia.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> arvensis

FOOTNOTE:
This Eurasian weed has become common across eastern North America since the late 19th Century, when it was "rather rare" and confined to coastal states (Gray 1864, 1887-89). In Ky., the first record was in 1914, when Gr noted it was common in pastures and meadows, and had probably been introduced among forage seeds.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> agrestis

FOOTNOTE:
This is similar to V. polita, and colls. should be rechecked. It was reported by Short (1828-29; see also Short et al. (1833): "Cultivated fields and pastures common." However, all known colls. are from after 1970. In the late 19th Century, it was still mostly (or perhaps only) "near the coast" (Gray 1864, 1887-89).


FOOTNOTE:
This has sometimes been confused with shumardii, leading to spurious reports from calcareous districts, perhaps even by B and Little (1971). However, records from BRAC (EKY), CAMP (JC for KY) and OLDH (DHL) are confirmed, coming from very small populations on old high terraces or acid shales. Introgression has been suggested with rubra and shumardii (CW).


FOOTNOTE:
Seed of this Mediterranean annual grass has been imported to feed canaries and other birds for a century or more (Gr; Anderson 1924). The few records may just represent waifs from spilled or discarded seed.


FOOTNOTE:
During the Woodland era, this species appears to have been widely used for its edible seed in the central Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, including the Red River area of MENI and nearby, where it is unknown today (King 1985). However, there may be a need to check the identification of archaeological material; P. arundinacea is another possibilty in some cases. There is no evidence of selection for seed size or other characters.


FOOTNOTE:
The status of this widespread, circumboreal species needs clarification. It is considered native in northern and western regions of North America, but European cultivars have been introduced for forage and soil stabilization (Merigliano & Lesica 1998). P. arundinacea is often an invasive plant in wetlands (whether native or alien); but is this behavior partly due to reduction of large herbivores in such habitats? In Ky. it was first reported by Riddell (1835; as "americana Ell."), but it was omitted by Anderson (1924) and rarely collected before the 1970s. It often appears native, being locally abundant along marshy margins of large or small streams, and in remnants of natural wetlands. But it also occurs in mined areas, roadside ditches or similar disturbed sites with no obvious natural quality. There is little or no recent record of planting for forage or other purposes, but seed was apparently distributed for sale a century or more ago (Gr). The cultivar known as "ribbon-grass" occasionally persists or escapes from gardens; this has been named forma variegata (Parnell) Druce, and probably originates from Europe.


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Symphytum officinale (ssp. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated plant ("comfrey") sometimes persists in old gardens, but it is not known to be truly naturalized (Gr, M).


FOOTNOTE:
There are a few records of persistent plants after cultivation, but this species does not appear to have become truly natualized. A coll. from GRAV (R. Athey #2310; check EKY) is identified as G. byzantinus P. Mill., which has been combined with communis or treated as a subspecies. Cultivars may be derived from hybrids involving several different taxa.


FOOTNOTE:
In some cases, it is uncertain whether the plants were originally planted, but this species is clearly persistent on rocky site; 2n = 72.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with virginianum, which mostly occurs further west in the state. P. torreyi has a relatively small range in east-central states. It appears intermediate between tenuifolium (of seasonally damp grasslands) and pilosum (of drier grasslands), suggesting hybrid origin. It has tetraploid (2n = 80) or hexaploid (2n = 120) chromosome numbers (Chambers 1993). The spelling "torrei" can be considered an orthographic variant (W).


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Hypericum> perforatum


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Rubra> saccharinum

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species was originally native to riparian zones, but it became much used on uplands for residential plantings at least a century ago (Gr). Open dots include colls. with uncertain native versus adventive status, as well as the unverified historical data of Gr and B. There are possible hybrids with rubrum from JEFF (KY, DHL) and probably elsewhere; see also potential confusion with drummondii.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> pilosum (verbenaefolium, rotundifolium var. saundersii)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species (extending up the Atlantic Coast) includes a polyploid series (2n = 20, 30, 40), and may be derived from hybridization of rotundifolium and album. However, it appears distinct in Ky. and elsewhere in southeastern states (W), with concentration on relatively wet sites.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with tragus, which is a distinct species (FNA 4). It is a less problematic weed, and generally rare to absent outside the Great Plains.


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on dry sandy soils east of the Mississippi Rv., especially areas with history of frequent fire. Reports from calcareous regions in Ky. (CW) are probably erroneous. C. pallida can be difficult to distinguish from tomentosa or other species, and some records need checking using more detailed keys (e.g. W). Fruits are typically smaller, ca. 2-4 cm long (versus 3.5-5 cm in tomentosa), and distinctively yellowish-lepidote (versus smooth); the nuts are ridged (versus 4-angled), with thinner shells (2-3 mm versus 5-6 mm). Lower leaf surfaces have dense lepidote, peltate scales of varied size and shape (absent in tomentosa except for scattered small round scales), appearing silvery when fresh, without hairs (versus densely hairy). Leaflets are typically smaller, but can be large on vigorous sprouts. Terminal buds are smaller, 4-11 mm long (versus 10-20 mm), reddish-brown, with silvery-lepidote scales (versus grayish and pubescent). There are erroneous reports of the closely related C. texana Buckley, which is a more southwestern species, but a few colls. from CALL (MUR), HARD (KY), MCRA and elsewhere (M) may be transitional. C. texana is virtually unknown east of the Mississippi River, except in s. Ill. and sw. Ind., where it appears to intergrade with pallida (FNA 3). It differs in the more frequent rusty-brown color of its peltate scales; also, its petioles and rachises are relatively glabrous, without concentrations of hairs near leaflet insertions (as found in pallida).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens trichosperma ("coronata*")

FOOTNOTE:
Until recently, this widespread eastern species has been known incorrectly as B. coronata (L.) Britt.; see FNA 21. A few colls. (B) have been referred to the northern var. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff, but segregates have not been recognized in recent treatments. There has been occasional confusion with depauperate plants of aristosa, and some colls. should be rechecked.


FOOTNOTE:
Varieties have not generally been recognized within eastern states, but further study is needed. Most or all plants in Ky. may be assigned to the relatively hairy, small-headed var. integrifolium. More hairy forms have sometimes been misidentified as S. asteriscus L.; see notes under trifoliatum. Harvill (1941) reported var. deamii Perry (from GRAV), which has glandular phyllaries, and var. gattingeri Perry (based on the coll. from SIMP at KY). BA and J reported the largely western var. laeve Torr. & Gray, now assigned by G. Nesom (pers. comm.) to S. trachopus Raf. (= S. speciosum Nutt.), which is less hairy and has larger heads. However, var. laeve has probably been confused with var. gattingeri, a poorly known entity that was described from c. Tenn. and deserves further attention (R. Kral & D. Estes, pers. comm.). The coll. from LIVI (MUR) may be a hybrid with trifoliatum.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> hyssopifolium (including var. calcaratum)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species, as treated here, includes var. calcaratum Fern. & Schub. ("linearifolium"), which seems to be just the narrow-leaved extreme of variation from torreyanum to hyssopifolium (FNA 21). Colls. referred to var. hyssopifolium in its strict sense (F) appear to be intermediate (BARR, LAUR, MCRE, PULA). A thorough analysis of colls. is needed, partly to see if narrow-leaved plants have been spreading north in recent decades, as in Mo. (Y). In Ky., the first reports referable to var. calcaratum were in the 1940s (M).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Kummerowia [Lespedeza] stipulacea

FOOTNOTE:
This annual has been widely sown since the 1930s or earlier (B), and it has also become widely naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> altissima (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of eastern woods often forms dense colonies with short offsets from its tuberous rootstocks (Y); in deeper shade, most offsets do not flower and leaves often disappear in dry warm seasons. A coll. from CARL (MUR) is referable to the southwestern var. cinnamomea Fern., but this taxon is not generally recognized. A few colls. have been misidentified as the high Appalachian species, P. roanensis (Chickering) Chickering (= P. cylindica (Sm.) E.L. Braun), which remains unknown in the state.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered in North America, this alien does not appear to be well established in Ky. The only records may be colls. of M.E. Wharton ca. 1940 from BATH (MICH) and MADI (KY); but see also sativus. Gr noted: "occasional plants observed among young alfalfa, where probably introduced with the alfalfa seeds..."


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this southern species is locally common along the Mississippi Rv., lower Tennessee Rv. and lower Cumberland Rv. It is generally rare elsewhere except for a cluster of records along the central Ky. Rv. or nearby. Some disjunct records may be escapes from cultivation; see also Duncan (1967).


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Osmorhiza longistylis


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Chaerophyllum tainturieri

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species has probably been confused with procumbens, especially in early records (e.g. Gr). The first reliable records of tainturiei are from the 1930s (Greenwell 1935; B), and it seems possible that it spread north into Ky. after settlement. It is often associated with roadsides.


FOOTNOTE:
This is known from some artificial ponds in PULA (KNK), where it may have been introduced with cultivated water lilies. Although omitted by Cr, this European species has become "firmly established" at several localities in North America, especially in the mid-west, and it may be increasing (FNA 23). It is easily confused with purshianus.


FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species has been reported from Ky. (Muenscher 1944; F; FNA 23). There is a verified coll. of C.W. Short (check PH) made in 1830, which may be from Ky. but with an uncertain locality. Across much of the southern and western range, it is generally imperiled, and several other old state records remain uncertain. Its habitat is: "emergent in fresh ponds and marshes, often with fluctuating water levels" (FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] pungens ("americanus")

FOOTNOTE:
The name Scirpus americanus Pers. was misapplied to pungens in some older treatments (e.g. F). The name Scirpus olneyi Gray was applied to true americanus, which is a largely southern species of alkaline or saline marshes, unknown in Ky. (FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce [Euphorbia*] nutans (preslii, "maculata")

FOOTNOTE:
This was formerly called maculata, in error, due to confusion in nomenclature.


FULL NAME:
Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Sisymbrieae>: Arabidopsis [Sisymbrium; Arabis] lyrata

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern species has been collected from PIKE (NCU): F. Levy, 19 May 1982, "dry thin soil on rock outcrop outside Pool Pt R.R. bridge near Breaks." There are also records based on unverified colls. from CALL (Woods & Fuller 1989), ESTI (Anderson 1947; check Iowa State Univ.), "knobs" of GRNP (Hopkins 1937), and "edge of woods near Louisville"  in JEFF (Hopkins 1937). Transfer from Arabis to Arabidopsis is supported by recent research (e.g. O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz 2003).


FOOTNOTE:
This species of the Old World tropics has recently been found at scattered roadsides and other disturbed sites in Ky. (Mears & Libby 1995, Libby et al. 1997). It a bad weed of rice fields, and has begun to spread through southern and western states in recent decades (Lipscomb 1980).


FOOTNOTE:
Although widespread across much of the southeastern states, this species is uncommon to absent in calcareous regions. Reports from the Bluegrass region need verification: CARR (Gr), FRAN (Little 1971), GALL (Gr), KENT (CW) and SPEC (Gr). Barton's (1919) data indicate that it was a significant component of original forests only in the Mississippian Embayment.


FOOTNOTE:
Some records may be from plantings; see also bicolor.


FOOTNOTE:
This South Asian species has become a problematic invader of impoundments and sluggish riverine pools, especially in Fla. (FNA 22). There is a recent coll. from TRIG (Kentucky Lake, formerly Cumberland Rv.). It has also been reported duing recent years by R. Echols (Ky. Dept. Fish & Wildlife; pers. comm.) from FLOY (Dewey Lake), JOHN (Paintsville Lake) and KNOT (Carr Fork Lake), but colls. are not yet available. Further south, Hydrilla has become abundant since 1990 within pools of the free-flowing Obed Rv., in Morgan Co., Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
The first Ky. record of this southern species was provided by D. Estes (pers. comm.) in MARS during 2008. This southern shrub used to occur mostly on the Coastal Plain until the past 10-20 years, when it has rapidly spread north across s. Tenn. and elsewhere. It mostly occurs along major highway, especially where salted during the winter; global warming has also been implicated.


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this highly acrid alien is recorded mostly from the northern Bluegrass, but it may be much more widespread. It is reported from much of Tenn. (Ch). It is easily confused with P. punctata (F; FNA 5), but differs in its seeds, which are minutely roughened and dull (versus smooth, lustrous). Also, its calices are mostly greenish or pink-purplish (versus whitish). Its inflorescences are generally more condensed, with axillary branches sometimes enclosed in ocreae (versus never) and subtended by regular leaves.


FULL NAME:
Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers (sensu lato)

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Taraxacum officinale (palustre var. vulgare)

FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan weed ("dandelion") has been common since early after settlement, when Short (1828-29) noted: "No portion of the Union is more completely overrun by this naturalized foreigner than this section, being so abundant as to give a yellowish hue to pastures in early spring." Many apomictic microspecies have been named in Europe, but such nomenclature has not been applied in North America and the correct name for our common plants remains somewhat uncertain (FNA 19, Y, W).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Taraxacum erythrospermum (laevigatum)

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely reported across North America, this species was not mapped in Ky. by FNA 19 and there has been uncertainty about its identification and nomenclature. T. erythrospermum is close to officinale, but differs in its leaves lacerate (versus usually just lobed or toothed, at least in lower leaves), with petioles slightly winged distally (versus broadly winged); also, seeds are brick red, reddish-brown or purple (versus olive, olive-brown, tan or gray). It has been reported from Ky. (M), and several colls. have been noted with reddish seeds (from BULL, CALL, FAYE, FLEM, FRAN & SHEL). However, most or all of these lack the distinctive "hooded appendage near the tip" of the inner involucral bracts (Cr); they may just be forms of officinale.


FOOTNOTE:
This common weed has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833).


FOOTNOTE:
Unverified historical data of Gr are included as open dots; his data from Appalachian regions may be doubted, but the species does occur at low density in major valleys throughout most Appalachian regions (PL). It extends across most of temperate North America, except the northwest. However, it is particularly common on base-rich fertile soils, as in the Bluegrass Region of Ky., and generally rare to absent in more hilly non-calcareous regions. The fruits are consumed more or less whole by larger herbivores, including deer (but see Y). See also notes under aquatica.


FOOTNOTE:
This is largely restricted to swamps on the southeastern Coastal Plain, extending upstream to bottomlands of the central Mississippi, lower Ohio and lower Wabash rivers (PL). In Ky. there are several old or uncertain records that need verification, including those of Gr as far as TRIM. Without fruit, aquatica can be hard to distinguish from triacanthos, which occasionally occurs along the margins of swamps. Hybrids appear to occur in several areas across the range (Y), including Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a very variable species, but segregates are not readily defined.


Scientific Name:
Phrymaceae (Scrophulariaceae*): Mazus pumilus (japonicus)

FOOTNOTE:
This East Asian species is a common weed of rice fields and other disturbed damp areas in warmer regions, and it may only be occasionally adventive in Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
First reported in 1914, when Gr noted: "A small patch of this weed has recently been noted at the edge of Lexington." It is now widely scattered on the best soils, but generally rare in the hills.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Angustifolii> angustifolius

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively uniform diploid (2n = 34) species is widespread across southeastern states in open habitats. In Ky. it may be loosely associated with diverse remants of thin woodland or grassland in southern regions, but it also seems to be spreading along rights-of-way. It was not recorded before the 1930s (B), and it may be increasing in the state.


FOOTNOTE:
Leaves of the "crane-fly" orchid appear about the time that sand-hill cranes fly over in Nov.


FOOTNOTE:
This weed has invaded northeastern states during recent decades. It was first reported in Ky. during the 1970s (M), and it is spreading, especially along major highways; see also Y.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Eragrostis minor (poaeoides)


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium flexipes (gleasonii)

FOOTNOTE:
Many widely scattered colls. are referable to the purplish forma walpolei (Farw.) Fern., and intermediates also occur. In earlier treatments, this species was confused with the more northern T. cernuum L.


FULL NAME:
KNOTWEED: Antenoron (WOOD), Persicaria, Reynoutria (GIANT)


Scientific Name:
Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> stolonifera ("sericea")

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with other species, and old unverified reports of stolonifera are dubious (e.g. Gr). In the Ohio Valley, this northern species is virtually absent south of the glacial limit, and it does not even extend south along the higher Appalachians (W). However, it is often planted in southeastern states (as "red-osier" or "red-twig dogwood") and it may rarely escape. The frequent promotion of stolonifera as a native species in Ky. is not justified. There are two older colls., but it is not certain that these were from native plants: H. Garman, 23 Aug 1910, from HENR (KY) with no locality; and M. Wharton #1453 from LINC (check MICH). A population of large plants occurs at the Avon Army Depot in FAYE (JC for KY), but this may result from an older planting. CW have provided other recent records. Distinction from amomum may be difficult, and introgression is possible. See Z.E. Murrell in W for a modern treatment; pith color (as used by Gl, Cr and others) may not be a reliable character in some cases.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Poa cuspidata (brachyphylla)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian species is known further west along the Kentucky River Palisades to JESS and MERC, and along the southern Knobs to TAYL. Also, there is only an old record in Ind. from Floyd Co., across the Ohio Rv. from MEAD (D). P. cuspidata flowers relatively early, in April, and is easily overlooked.


Scientific Name:
Chenopodiaceae [Amaranthaceae]: Chenopodium berlandieri (+ vars. boscianum, zschackei)

FOOTNOTE:
These are western and southern plants closely related to bushianum, and consist of several additional segregates that have been treated as species in some treatments (FNA 4, Y). Those that may occur in Ky. are var. zschackei (Murr) Murr ex Asch., which is widespread in western and central North America, and var. boscianum (Moq.) Wahl, which occurs mostly in southern states (especially coastal counties from Va. to Texas). See notes under buschianum for a possible transition to zschackei in CAMP (KNK). In much literature the name boscianum has been misapplied to standleyanum; reported colls. from CARL (check MUR) and FULT (check Memphis) have not been verified (M).


FULL NAME:
Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub var. cristata (Engelm. & Gray) new comb. ?

Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Fallopia [Polygonum*] scandens var. cristata ( "dumetorum")

FOOTNOTE:
These plants should probably be treated as a small-seeded variety of scandens that tends to occur in drier habitats (F, FNA 5, W). Horton (1972) showed that the variation may be continuous, but further study is needed in the field, garden and herbarium. It is notable that these plants often occur in acid subxeric woods with chestnut oak, while typical scandens occurs in fertile lowland woods. F. dumetorum (L.) Holub, in its strict sense, is an alien from Europe that has often been confused with var. cristata and reported from Ky. (B, M, FNA 5), but no verified colls. have been seen. See also notes under convolvulus.


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Agalinis <Erectae> [Gerardia] gattingeri

FOOTNOTE:
This has often been confused with other species and overlooked. Some records from the Coastal Plain in Ky., on relatively damp sites, have been tentatively transferred from skinneriana. Further study of Agalinis is needed in general.


FOOTNOTE:
There is coll. from PEND (KNK) of an apparently self-seeded plant, but this widely planted species does not seem to have become fully naturalized. This coll. was erroneously referred to C. apiculatus Rehd. & Wilson in some previous listings of the Ky. flora. P. Zika (pers. comm.) provided the correct determination.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Cordatae> phaenopyrum

FOOTNOTE:
This distinctive species has been widely planted (as "Washington thorn") and it occasionally spreads by seed; only apparent wild records are mapped here. It is native from the mid-Atlantic region to the Blue Ridge, and some records further west may be from introductions (D, W; Lance 2006). However, Phipps (1998) and others (F, St) have indicated a broader native range, including the Ozark region and southern Interior Low Plateaus. Some colls. from w. Ky. suggest native status: e.g. from CALD ("rocky hillsides") and CHRI ("along small streams") at GH. Moreover, the clustering of records in this relatively undeveloped western region supports native status; much more planting has occurred in more populated regions to the northeast, where escapes have sometimes been found in recent decades (e.g. as mapped with open dot in FAYE).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Discolores> armeniacus ("discolor"; "procerus")

FOOTNOTE:
Though often named "Himalaya-berry" this species appears to have originated from the region around Armenia. It is close to the European species, bifrons, which may be confused. Both have escaped locally in Ky., especially on western lowlands, and may be much more widespread than recorded colls. R. armeniacus is the correct name for what was called R. discolor Wiehe & Nees or R. procerus P.J. Muell., according to  A. Ceska (Botanical Electronic News No. 230, Aug. 25, 1999) and L. Alice (pers. comm.). However, Section Discolores in North America need further revision. They often have canes that live more than two years, and an additional common taxon in Mo. has semi-evergreen 3-foliate leaves (G. Yatskievytch, pers. comm.). These plants have become some of the most popular blackberries in cultivation across Europe and elsewhere.


FOOTNOTE:
This has often been confused with Thaspium trifoliatum.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> planispicata (amphibola var. rigida, grisea var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species was recently described by Naczi (1999). In previous treatments these plants were often considered intermediate between amphibola and grisea, but Naczi showed that it is closer to oligocarpa, which shares the distichous arrangement of perigynia and purplish shoot bases. It differs from oligocarpa in its more elongated perigynia (l/w = usually 2.5-3.3 versus 2.1-2.6) with tapering apices; its achenes relatively short; its longest spikes with more perigynia (usually 7-14 versus 4-8); and its broader leaves (up to 3.5-6.5 mm versus 1.8-4 mm).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> grisea (amphibola var. turgida)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to amphibola and corrugata (FNA 23); there has been much confusion, and some colls. still need to be rechecked. The perigynia of C. grisea are typically wider (usually 2-2.6 mm versus 1.5-1.9 mm), less elongated (l/w = 1.8-2.3 versus 2.5-3.1), and more rounded in cross-section.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> amphibola (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with planispicata, corrugata and other species; some colls. need to be rechecked.


FOOTNOTE:
This species of the high central Appalachians was reported by DeFriese (1884) and Gr, but no colls. have been located. P. pungens does occur in s. W.Va. and w. Va., within 50 miles of Ky. (PL).


FULL NAME:
Chelone obliqua L. var. speciosa Pennell & Wherry

Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone obliqua var. speciosa

FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western variety appears to be generally distinct. However, colls. from GRAV (WKY) and HICK (MUR) should be rechecked; see note under var. obliqua.


FULL NAME:
Eupatorium album L. var. vaseyi (Porter) Cronq.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Eupatorium <Uncasia> album var. vaseyi (monardifolium)

FOOTNOTE:
Tentatively included here is a coll. of R. Athey from CALL (Florida State Univ., TENN) det. by R.K. Godfrey; also Cranfill's (1990) record from HARD, and B's records of var. monardifolium Fern. from EDMO and GRAY. The name var. vaseyi has been applied to apomictic polyploids (2n = 30) with probable origin from hybrids of typical album (2n = 20) with either sessilifolium (2n = 20, 30) or other species (FNA 21). However, there has been confusion with godfreyanum (?= pubescens x sessilifolium); see notes under that name.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Croton capitatus (var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species may have been native, at least in western regions. It has now become a common weed, especially in rocky overgrazed pastures. The first record was by Rafinesque (1825; as "Heptallon capitatum"). See notes under lindheimeri, which is closely related.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of warm temperate to tropical regions extends up the Mississippi Valley to a somewhat disjunct cluster of records in w. Ky. and adjacent Stewart Co., Tenn. (Cr, Ch, FNA 25). There is also a disjunct cluster of largely pre-1950 records in the Tennessee Valley around Knoxville (Ch; E. Wofford, pers. comm.). Although sometimes occurring in farmland, its more natural habitats include sandbars along larger medium-sized streams. P. boscianum is easily overlooked; differences from similar species (especially pubiflorum) include its annual habit (versus perennial), and its dark brown fertile lemmas at maturity (versus stramineous or pale brown), with obovate to orbicular shape (versus variously shaped).


FOOTNOTE:
Although reported by several authors, most or all records appear based on plants persistent or escaped from cultivation, or on misidentified intectus. Hu (1954-55) did not list any wild colls. from Ky., although B had reported a coll. from CUMB (check NY, US), and M reported a coll. of var. grandiflorus from PULA (MO) that was annotated by Hu. There are confirmed colls. from FRAN (EKY), JEFF (DHL), LEE (EKY) and SCOT (US), but these are not mapped here since they are almost certainly from plantings or escapes; records from w. Tenn. also result from cultivation (Ch; see APSU).


Scientific Name:
Hyacinthaceae [Liliaceae]: Camassia scilloides ("esculenta")

FOOTNOTE:
In some midwestern regions, typical habitats include open woods, fields and prairies (e.g. Yatskievych 1999). However, in Ky. Camassia occurs generally in fairly deep shade, often on steep rocky slopes. Occasional plants in more open disturbed areas (e.g. the "Julian Savanna" of FRAN and other old pastures) may well be persistent remnants of more shady woodland.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> venosum

FOOTNOTE:
Varieties are not recognized in recent treatments. Most material is referable to the relatively northern var. nudicaule (Michx.) Farw., which has glabrous upper leaf surfaces. In Ky., the southern var. venosum is scattered in central and eastern regions, with little or no apparent difference in distribution or habitat. H. venosum can hybridize with paniculatum (forming X scribneri Small), gronovii (forming X marianum Willd.) and scabrum. H. X scribneri has been collected from MADI (named "H. venosum ssp. scribneri (Small) Garland ined." at GH). See also notes under marianum.


FULL NAME:
Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters

Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Periclymenum> dioica var. glaucescens (orientalis, dasygyna)

FOOTNOTE:
Varieties of dioica may not be clearcut (as reviewed by Y), but they do occur in diverse habitats and their ranges are somewhat segregated or fragmented in southeastern states (Gl, Cr, W). Var. orientalis Gleason is an eastern taxon, with the type from CART in Ky. (NY). Var. dasygyna (Rehd.) Gleason may be known only from Ind. and Ohio, plus a recent report from CART in Ky. (CW). Both are poorly known and are provisionally combined here with the largely northwestern var. glaucescens. All three have pubescent leaves; var. orientalis is distinguished by its glandular hypanthium; in var. dasygyna, the hypanthium is glandular plus densely long-hirsute. [A somewhat parallel situation exists with Viburnum rafinesquianum.]


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. and Tenn., this northeastern species is largely restricted to Appalachian regions, but there are disjunct plants in wooded ravines on acid soils of the Interior Low Plateaus.


FOOTNOTE:
This is fairly widespread in eastern states, but largely restricted to wooded ravines on calcareous soils.


FOOTNOTE:
There are occasional hybrids with most other species in the white oak group. Those with montana and stellata may be relatively frequent (M).


FOOTNOTE:
There is a coll. by C.W. Short (PH) that is labeled Ky. but with no other data. This northern species of damp calcareous sites extends south into some Appalachian regions. It is known in Adams County, Ohio, adjacent to Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported from a few western counties (CARL, GRAV, HICK, etc.) by Mohlenbrock et al. (1966) and perhaps others (CASE, FAYE; Gray 1864; BA, Gr, M). However, colls. have not been located. It is widely naturalized in northern regions, but rare or absent in southeastern states. Although often considered alien, there may have been native plants in the northeast (Cr).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Verrucoseae> verrucosum


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia truncata (fulgida* var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
Sm treated this as a species along with other segregates of fulgida, and a modified version of his treatment and F's is accepted here (J. Campbell, in prep.). R. truncata is generally distinct in its dense clumps, long narrow basal leaves, narrow truncate cauline leaves, general paucity of hairs, and eciliate bracts of disc florets. Ky. plants are quite similar to the type (NY): J.K. Small, 6-12 Aug 1895, along the Chickamauga Creek near Ringgold, Catoosa Co., Ga. Small's (1898) description notes that it occurs "in the northwestern and little explored part of [Ga.]... quite common in the limestone districts". B's coll. (NY, #2630, 8 Sep 1939) from Cox Bend in PULA was annotated by Cronquist as "correctly identified with R. truncata but no more than a variety, at best, of R. fulgida." This species should be searched for more in Ala. and Tenn. along limestone cliffs around the southern Cumberland Plateau and Ridge & Valley Province. A few colls. from PULA (KY) may be transitional to tenax; see also notes under missouriensis.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] missouriensis (laevigata var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., the only records of this largely mid-western species are from Backusburg Hill, on gravel ridges in CALL (EKY, MUR, NCU).


FULL NAME:
TOADFLAX: Chaenorrhinum (LESSER), Linaria (YELLOW), Nuttalanthus (BLUE)


FOOTNOTE:
Chromosome numbers have a wide range (2n = 12 to 190). No attempt yet in Ky. has been made to separate the largely southern var. acutiflora DC., which has leaves only 1-2 (4) mm wide (versus mostly 5-10 mm), and chromosome numbers based on n = 6 or 7 (versus 8 or more). That variety is known in s. Ill., and expected in Ky. (Lewis & Semple 1977, Cr).


FOOTNOTE:
Chromosome numbers can range from 2n = 16 to 38 (FNA 4).


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C.A. Clark

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] latifolium

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species occurs locally in the Southern Appalachians (W), and the only confirmed records in Ky. are from the Cumberland Mts. B collected it only on Big Black Mt. in HARL (US); see also Hitchcock & Chase's (1950). In Tenn., it is known from a few northeastern counties adjacent to Ky. and Va. (TENN). There have been many erroneous records in southeastern states; most colls. mapped here (and many in FNA 25) need to be rechecked. D. latifolium is close to boscii (spikelets 3.8-5.2 mm) and commutatum (spikelets 2.2-3.2 mm), appearing intermediate in spikelets and other characters (including sometimes slightly bearded nodes). But it has been misidentified most often as clandestinum, especially when incomplete specimens lack lower sheaths. D. latifolium lacks papillose-based hairs on lower sheaths and lower leaf margins (as found in clandestinum); blades are shorter on average (7-18 cm versus 10-28 cm); also on average, spikelets are longer (2.9-4.1 mm versus 2.4-3.6 mm) and first glumes are longer (1.5-2.2 mm versus 1.2-1.8 mm).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] clandestinum


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Repentia> virgatum

FOOTNOTE:
As a native species, this widespread North American species is now largely restricted to river banks or nearby lowlands. Some records suggest that before settlement it may have occurred more widely in seasonally damp grasslands of western regions. However, it is becoming widely sown for wildlife habitat, and a few outlying colls. may result from such activity. Records from probable sowings or escapes are excluded here, but it is becoming increasing difficult to distinguish these.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> anceps (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
Along with Tridens flavus and Andropogon virginicus, this is one of the most common native grasses in pastures and old fields on average soils.


FULL NAME:
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai

FOOTNOTE:
This species (the commonly cultivated watermelon) does not seem to be persistent in the wild but occasional plants do establish from discarded (or spat) seeds.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Hypericum> punctatum

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species varies much in leaf shape, from subclasping or sessile, to oblanceolate and tapering with a distinct petiole. The latter form has been named H. subpetiolatum Bickn., but it has not been segregated in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Negundo> negundo

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread across North America, especially along riparian zones, but it is generally uncommon to absent on infertile acid soils. In Ky., some western material is referable to var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger (with twigs glabrous, often glaucous), or to var. texanum Pax (with pubescent twigs, leaflets and fruits). However, these taxa are not generally distinguished in eastern states.


FOOTNOTE:
This polyploid species (2n = 96) is widespread but varieties are not recognized (F, Cr, FNA 26). A few colls. (e.g. from FLOY at KY) are hard to distinguish from atlanticum (2n = 16, 32), but hybrids between species with different ploidy may be unlikely in this genus.


Scientific Name:
Iridaceae: Sisyrinchium atlanticum (mucronatum var. a., "bermudiana")

FOOTNOTE:
With older treatments, some colls. have been incorrectly named as S. bermudiana auct. non L.


FOOTNOTE:
Flowers are generally white, but some colls. have violet flowers: from ADAI, FAYE, JESS, LEWI and MORG.


FOOTNOTE:
This species has been found in thin woods on fertile bottomlands and adjacent uplands across southeast-central states, but it appears to have declined greatly and is generally rare (W; NatureServe website). Currently, it is virtually unknown to botanists in Ky. Some recent treatments and listings (e.g. K) have combined E. obtusata with E. spathulata Lam., a widespread western species that has smaller seeds (1.5-1.8 mm long versus 2-2.5 mm) with a distinctly alveolate surface (versus smooth or obscurely reticulate). E. spathulata is unknown in Ky. but may be expected across eastern states, at least as an adventive; see also the European relative, E. helioscopia L. (Cr, W).


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] psycodes

FOOTNOTE:
In addition to the well documented occurrences at high elevation on Black Mt. (HARL), there are sight records from MENI, POWE and WOLF by several people (Campbell et al. 1989; KSNPC). However, it is possible that these sight records were based on unusual forms of peramoena with less fringing.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] lacera


FOOTNOTE:
Like cotula, this weed has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1933). Most or all material may be var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC., but that taxon is not recognized in most recent treatments. A. arvensis has often been misidentified as cotula, and some records need to be rechecked. BA's report of A. tinctoria L. was based on misidentified arvensis (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This alien barnyard annual has probably been present since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833). Some colls. need to be rechecked for arvensis, which has been confused.


FULL NAME:
Solidago simplespecies : see S. racemosa & S. arenicola


FULL NAME:
Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. bicolor Deam

Scientific Name:
Vitaceae: Vitis aestivalis* var. bicolor (argentifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This somewhat northern variety may not be worth distinguishing from var. aestivalis; both are widespread in Ky. [A similar situation occurs in Smilax glauca.] Var. bicolor may differ (Moore 1991) in its smaller mature berries (ca. 8-9 mm versus 10-12 mm), as well as its glabrous or glabrate lower leaf surfaces, exposing the glaucous surface (versus arachnoid pubescent); nodes are usually glaucous, with narrower diaphragms (<2 mm diameter).


FOOTNOTE:
Most material appears to be var. trichocarpum Fern. The somewhat more northern var. laciniatum, with glabrous achenes, has been collected in BRAC and LEWI (NCU),  but it is not clear if these taxa are worth separating.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Canadenses> canadensis

FOOTNOTE:
This thornless northern species is known only from Big Black Mountain in HARL (B, M).


Scientific Name:
Lentibulariaceae: Utricularia cf. radiata (inflata var. minor)

FOOTNOTE:
U. inflata Walt. was reported recently from CASE, LAUR (J. Kiser) and POWE (D. Dourson) by T. Barnes (pers. comm.) and others. That species, in its strict sense, is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain (W). It is replaced inland by the closely related U. radiata, which is more widely distributed in southern and eastern states.


Scientific Name:
Lentibulariaceae: Utricularia gibba ("biflora", "fibrosa")

FOOTNOTE:
Plants known as U. biflora Lam. and U. fibrosa Lam. may generally be included in gibba, but further taxonomic work is needed (W). There are no reliable records from Ky. of those other two taxa (M).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> squarrosa

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species has been collected at two sites on Pine Mt., here at the southern edge of its range: in PIKE (US), E.L. Braun #2048, 26 Sep 1938, steep slopes, woods, near Millard; and LETC (MDKY), A. Risk #2013, 11 Aug 1988, Elkins Br., non-forested wetland near head of stream, wet clay soil, elev. 2510 ft. These colls. may be somewhat atypical, and need further comparison with associated species. Braun's coll. was made at the same locality as her colls. of faucibus (#2049/2050); see also patula, which may be easily confused.


FOOTNOTE:
This weedy vine probably occurs throughout Ky., but it is much less common in forested hilly regions.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been reported by BA and other, but not verified. It is unlikely in Ky., and records are probably based on misidentified verticillatus (M).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Griseae> glaucodea (flaccosperma var. g.)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia laciniata var. l.

FOOTNOTE:
This species is widespread in eastern and central North America, but it is generally restricted to larger river valleys. It is almost absent on most of the Mississippian Plateaus in Ky. and Tenn. (Ch).


FULL NAME:
Carex superata Naczi, Reznicek & B.A. Ford

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phyllostachyae> superata (willdenowii var. megarrhynca)

FOOTNOTE:
This recently described species occurs locally in thin subxeric woods on base-rich soils across southeastern states (Naczi et al. 1998). It is close to willdenowii but with perigynia much longer, peduncles more erect, leaves more coriaceous and evergreen (FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> bona-nox var. b.

FOOTNOTE:
The northern limit of this southeastern species is fairly abrupt. In Ky. there are virtually no records north of the Kentucky River Palisades, except for a coll. from PEND (KY) and sight records of B from CART and ROWA. Distinction from var. hederifolia has not been determined in some of the counties mapped with open dots. The species is restricted to southern parts of Ill. and Ind.; it is unknown in Ohio and W.Va. (PL).


FOOTNOTE:
Included here are var. integrifolia (Bigelow) Gray, var. latifolia Kuntze, var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw. and var. obovata Wieg. of older treatments (e.g. F.). These taxa are not generally recognized in current treatments.


FULL NAME:
Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M.A. Curtis ex Gray

FOOTNOTE:
In addition to two localities in thin upland woods of CLAY, this species has been recently found in an old-field of MADI, where seed might have been introduced with "wildflower" sowings (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; G. Dandeneau, pers. comm.). T. mollis occurs mostly on the Piedmont from Va. to Ga., with only scattered records in Appalachian regions further west.


FOOTNOTE:
This Southwest Asian species has been cultivated for its fruit since antiquity, in various polyploid races. In Ky. it occurs at scattered sites, usually in old gardens, but it does not seem to be truly naturalized. There is a coll. from LEWI (NCU) that may come from a self-seeded tree. M. nigra differs from alba and rubra (Whittemore 2006) in its styles, which are relatively long (ca. 3-5 mm versus 1-2 mm) and densely covered with white hairs (versus glabrous or nearly so); fruits are purple-black to black (versus purple, red, pink or white), short-cylindric, 1.4-2.2 cm long (versus cylindric to subspherical, 0.6-1.9 cm); leaves are reniform-triangular to suborbicular (versus ovate to triangular-ovate), usually cordate (versus round-based to slightly cordate), usually unlobed (versus lobed at least on young shoots). Its leaf pubescence is generally intermediate between alba and rubra: lower surfaces have hairs along midveins, laterals and often minor veins; upper surfaces are deep green and often more or less scabrous.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Annui> petiolaris

FOOTNOTE:
Reports from Ky. have probably been erroneous (M). Colls. of R. Athey (EKY, Memphis) under this name appear somewhat distinct in their finely serrated leaf margins, but are closer to annuus. However, petiolaris is known from se. Mo., where hybrids with annuus, or perhaps introgressants, can be difficult to distinguish from the parents (Y).


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Hackelia virginiana (Lappula v.)


FULL NAME:
Paspalum laeve Michx. var. circulare (Nash) Stone

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum laeve var. circulare

FOOTNOTE:
This variety is not recognized in recent treatments, but its relatively large orbicular spikelets seem distinct, and it has a somwhat more northern range that typical var. laeve.


FULL NAME:
Satureja: > Acinos, Calamintha, Clinopodium


FULL NAME:
Gerardia: = Agalinis; > Aureolaria, Tomanthera


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered in northern and eastern regions of North America, this alien is rare in southeastern states. In Ky., virtually the only records are from Gr during 1888-1914 (M): "common all along the [Nolin] river" in the counties mapped here, where it had "probably been introduced along the railroad and its seeds carried down stream." In 1914, he noted: "It has not spread to other parts of the State as was anticipated at the time, and is still restricted, as far as I have learned, to the region in which it was discovered."


FOOTNOTE:
Like thapsus, this weed became common early after settlement. Short (1828-29) noted: "It is found in similar situations with the common mullein, and is frequently seen growing between the bricks of pavements and moist walls." White and rarely red color forms are collected from JEFF (DHL) and elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <pilosum group> priceae (A. kentuckiensis, pilosus var. pr.)

FOOTNOTE:
These octoploids (2n = 64) are generally distinct (especially the type of A. kentuckiensis Britt) in their relatively large bluish-violet rays ("pink-purple" in some descriptions) and glabrous foliage. However, in other plants (perhaps including type material of A. priceae Britt.) there appears to be some local introgression with the white-flowered pilosum (M) or juniperinum. S. priceae is known only from native grassland remnants and associated roadsides or old fields, especially on or near rocky limestone soils, in disjunct localities of Ala., Ga., Tenn., Ky. and perhaps Ohio (GH: W.C. Werner, 1890, "near Painesville" in Lake Co.).


FULL NAME:
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. illinoensis Gray

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Fragaria virginiana var. illinoensis

FOOTNOTE:
This is clearly the predominant variety, but we need more detailed analysis and review of potential nomenclature.


FULL NAME:
Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. var. fragarioides

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Waldsteinia fragarioides var. f.


Scientific Name:
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera <Chamaecerasus> morrowii-tatarica-xylosteum group (with hybrids)

FOOTNOTE:
L. morrowii Gray (from East Asia), L. tartarica L. (from Central Asia), and L. xylosteum L. (from Europe) are closely related species that have been widely cultivated and interbred. These shrubs have become widely naturalized across North America, especially tatarica in northern regions. In Ky, they have been reported as individual species or various hybrids or introgressants, especially morrowii x tatarica (= X bella Zabel). However, distinction of these entities is often difficult, and colls. from Ky. deserve more study to justify separate mapping; see also Y. The earliest records of this group in Ky. date from the 1960s. Most colls. may be referable to morrowii x tatarica or morrowii; only a few accessed colls. have been named tatarica (e.g. FAYE and WOOD at KY). In addition, Clark et al. (2005; CW) have recently reported xylosteum from LAUR (EKY), LYON and OLDH (CW); tatarica x xylosteum (= X xylosteoides Tausch) from JEFF (CW); and the complex hybrid X minutiflora Zabel (involving all three species) from ROCK (CW) and WOOD (EKY).


FULL NAME:
Prunella vulgaris L. var. hispida Benth. ?

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Prunella vulgaris cf. var. hispida {status unclear}

FOOTNOTE:
These relatively hairy plants are locally abundant, especially on dry rocky sites in western regions. They may just be treated as a form of the native var. lanceolata rather than true var. hispida, which is reportedly Asian (Cr). Deeper study is needed.


FULL NAME:
Panicum nitidum: see Dichanthelium microcarpon


FULL NAME:
Panicum oligosanthes: see Dichanthelium scribnerianum


FULL NAME:
Rudbeckia triloba L. var. rupestris (Chickering) Gray

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia triloba var. rupestris

FOOTNOTE:
The only record is a coll. from "Pine Mt. State Park Nature Center" in BELL (KY), which was annotated "triploid" by K. McCrea. Var. rupestris appears to be a generally distinct large-flowered southern Appalachian taxon, perhaps also extending east to the Potomac and west to the Cumberland Mountains. Further study of its status is needed.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Oenothera> biennis (var. b., pycnocarpa)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread tall native annual weed appears to have originated from hybrids of villosa and nutans (Dietrich et al. 1997). There are two cytological types, with reversal of maternal and paternal origins, but attempts to distinguish these phenotypically (e.g. as ssp. centralis Munz and ssp. caeciarum Munz) have not been successful.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Divaricati> eggertii {or suggested: strumosus var. e.}

FOOTNOTE:
This hexaploid (2n = 102) is close to strumosus, and might be justified as a variety or subspecies with more western range, largely restricted to the Interior Low Plateaus in Ala., Tenn. and Ky. (FNA 21). A few colls. from the Cumberland Plateau in Ky. and Tenn. (MO, TENN) and elsewhere might be tentatively included, at least as transitions. H. eggertii is a variable taxon that still needs proper circumscription, based on a thorough search for herbarium material. There are eggertii-like colls. from Ark. to S.C., but some may just be narrow-leaved extremes of strumosus (e.g. at GH, MO, NCU).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Setaria [Pennisetum] parviflora (geniculata)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. without roots are difficult to distinguish from S. pumila, and should be rechecked. In additional to its short knotty rhizomes (versus annual roots), S. parviflora differs in its usually shorter spikelets (2-2.8 mm versus 3-3.4 mm in typical pumila), its frequenly shorter spikes (up to 8 cm versus 15 cm), usually without strong yellowish bristles (as in typical pumila), and its frequently glaucous leaves (versus usually plain green); but see also FNA 25 for similar taxa.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> perennis (pumila)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a relatively northern species that appears close to the more southern O. fruticosa, but differs in its persistent overwintering basal rosettes; its greatly reduced upper leaves; its stipitate-glandular inflorescence (versus appressed-pubescent), which is often nodding; and its usually smaller flowers with petals ca. 5-10 mm long (versus 15-20 mm). Compared to fruticosa, perennis is much less common in Ky., being restricted to distinctly damper sites, including hydroxeric soils that dry out in summer. However, the mapping here is provisional; a few colls. should perhaps be transferred to tetragona, including those from Appalachian riverbanks. Plants in western regions generally match perennis but some (e.g. from MARS) have relatively erect (not nodding) inflorescences with larger flowers, suggesting a transition to tetragona. Although the species is reportedly just diploid (2n = 14), it is a "complex heterozygote" (Cr).


FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from BARR and LIVI (MUR) may be referable to var. sparsihirsuta Farw., but that variety is not recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
This is centered in the Ozark-Ouachita region. In southeastern states and perhaps even Mo. (St), lanceolata has been "often spread by cultivation, [and] its original range [is] obscure" (W). Native status in Ky. is sometimes suggested, but the first record was by Harvill (1941). It has often been misleadingly promoted as a wildflower along roadsides or in gardens, and may persist or spread. C. lanceolata is variable and can hybridize with other species, including auriculata, grandiflora and pubescens (Smith 1976).  A few colls. from GRAV (MUR) , WARR (KY, WKY) and elsewhere appear referable to var. villosa Michx (perhaps hybridized with pubescens) but this and other variants have generally not been recognized in recent treatments (FNA 21, Y, W). Some colls. may need checking for possible confusion with grandiflora.


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Polygonum buxiforme (aviculare ssp. b., var. littorale)

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon is close to the Eurasian aviculare, with some apparent intergradation. However, it is apparently native in much of North America, on disturbed sites of various types, including shorelines of rivers or ponds, and nearby roadsides. It differs from other taxa of the aviculare complex in its ocreae, which have relatively persistent silvery distal parts (versus soon disintegrating into fibers). Also, its flowers are less elongated (l/w = 0.9-1.5 versus 1.5-2.9) and the outer tepals are pouched at base (versus not pouched). Plants are usually prostrate, homophyllous, and grayish- or bluish-green. P. buxiforme was apparently collected by B from "banks of Dry Run" in KENT (recheck US). Other records are tentatively mapped here, pending deeper review of the aviculare complex.


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Polygonum erectum (ssp. e.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of eastern and central North America was frequently used for its edible seed by native people during the Woodland era, along with other starchy seeds (Chenopodium buschianum, Hordeum pusillum, Phalaris caroliniana) and the oily Iva annua (King 1985, Wymer & Abrams 2003). However, there is little evidence of selection for seed size. P. achoreum S.F. Blake (erectum ssp. a.) is a closely related northern species that may be expected in Ky. (FNA 5).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Bidens tripartita (var. t.)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien species is close to connata and comosa, and is combined by some authors. A coll. from the banks of the Rockcastle Rv. in PULA (KY) does appear to be typical tripartita, but further revision is advisable.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien has probably been present since early after settlement (Short 1840; Gr), but it has remained rather uncommon and largely restricted to less fertile soils, especially in marginal pastures and old fields. It has been sometimes confused with longifolia.


FOOTNOTE:
There is a verified coll. from FAYE (KY-Agr.), but other reports may be doubted (M). R. pulcher has been confused with altissimus or other species, but it is an alien closely related to obtusifolius (FNA 5).


FOOTNOTE:
This is widely scattered in eastern states, but it mostly occurs on broad swampy bottomlands on the Coastal Plain, lower Ohio Rv., and around the Great Lakes (Little 1971, PL). Further verification is needed in Ky. for some of the disjunct inland records.


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> recognitum (dentatum var. lucidum*)

FOOTNOTE:
Further revision is needed. This largely northeastern tetraploid (2n = 36) taxon occurs locally in Appalachian regions. It is closely allied with the more southern dentatum complex (especially var. indianese), and there may be some transitions, but species status is probably warranted (F, Y, W; B. Sorrie, pers. comm.). Compared to the generally hairy dentatum, leaves of recognitum are largely glabrous (except for tufts of simple hairs in the petiole's ventral groove, along main veins and in axils beneath) and they tend to be plicate (versus generally flat); it tends to flower about two weeks later; its inflorescence branches are usually glabrous and only sometimes glandular (versus consistently hairy and glandular); and its seeds reportedly (F) have "shallow and broad trough-like furrows" (versus "narrow, deep and furrow-like"). V. recognitum usually occurs on relatively damp sites along or near banks of larger streams. Colls. (GH, KY) from banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its major tributaries in MCRE and PULA have been misidentified as molle (B). These Cumberlandian plants may be transitional to dentatum in their relatively large flat suborbicular leaves, the petioles somewhat stellate-pubescent on margins and with stipules (suggesting var. indianense). There is a similar coll. (GH) from se. Ohio (Scioto Co., banks of Turkey Creek). Colls. (GH) with thinly pubescent petioles are also known from e. Tenn. (Coffee, Cumberland & Morgan Cos.).


FULL NAME:
Viola papilionacea forma albiflora Grover

Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> papilionacea forma albiflora (?V. priceana)

FOOTNOTE:
These whitish or greyish flowered forms of papilionacea are sometimes cultivated, but seem to originate from native plants. They may deserve some recognition, but not full species status. Some authors (e.g. Sm) have indicated that the southern form known as V. priceana Pollard, which has grayish petals with blue veins converging in the center, is distinct from simple albinos and deserves special attention.


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species was reported by Rafinesque and others (F, Cr), but no coll. has been definitely attributed to Ky. (M). There is a coll. by C.W. Short (NY), but the label is insufficient. This species does occur in s. Ohio, and before settlement in Ky. there may have been suitable habitat in the northern Bluegrass region.


FOOTNOTE:
There have been reports that this alien tree is escaping from plantings, especially on strip mines (CW; T. Kimmerer, pers. comm.). Several colls. were mapped by CW, but details are not yet available.


FOOTNOTE:
The disjunct coll. from BOON (DOV) is based on a coll. of R. Naczi (#8021) at the same location as prasina, in a seep along Gunpowder Creek.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phacosystis> crinita var. c.


FULL NAME:
CAMPION: Silene stellata {species with inflated calyx}


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia triloba var. t.

FOOTNOTE:
Within Ky. this widespread eastern species is largely absent from Appalachian regions.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus compositus (compositus var. co., asper var. a.)


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been reported from Ky. (RAB, M), but it was not mapped here in FNA 22. The only record included by M was based on a coll. of C.W. Short in the 1830s from the Kentucky Rv., but the coll. appears to have mislaid at KY (check also PH); see notes under tennesseensis. It probably came from the edge of FAYE but it might have come from MADI or other nearby counties.


FULL NAME:
Panicum anceps Michx. var. rhizomatum (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Fern.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> anceps var. rhizomatum

FOOTNOTE:
This southern taxon (largely on the Coastal Plain) has been reported from Ky. by RAB, Bryan (1977) and others, but no coll. has been located. It is verified in Tenn., and should be looked for in w. Ky.


FULL NAME:
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. var. caroliniana

Scientific Name:
Betulaceae <Coryloideae>: Carpinus caroliniana var. c.

FOOTNOTE:
Further work is needed to map this southern variant; there is some intergradation (Furlow 1987a,b; FNA 3, Y). Var. carolinana differs from var. virginiana in its smaller leaves (averaging 5-7 cm long versus 7-11 cm), with acute apex (versus more abruptly narrowed or acuminate), secondary teeth relatively small and blunt, and lower surfaces lacking dark conspicuous glands; also bracts have less sharp tipped apices and teeth.


Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce [Euphorbia*] prostrata (E. chamaesyce)


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia hirta (var. hirta*)

FOOTNOTE:
This is generally distinct from serotina in appearance and habitat, but there are some colls. that are hard to assign.


Scientific Name:
Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Americanae> americana var. a.

FOOTNOTE:
Most material may be referable to var. brevipetala Rosend., Butt. & Lak., but this is not generally recognized in recent treatments. B noted apparent hybrids with H. longiflora from LETC (check US).


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in most eastern regions (except the se. Coastal Plain), but it a rather conservative associate of mesic and riparian woods on medium-acid soils.


Scientific Name:
Celtidaceae [Moraceae*]: Celtis laevigata (mississippiensis)

FOOTNOTE:
This appears to intergrades somewhat with the two other species of Celtis. Some outlying northern records deserve further verification, but this species does occur at scattered sites along the lower Kentucky Rv. bottomlands. Colls. from BULL, MARS, OHIO (KY) and elsewhere have been identified as the "copiously serrate" (F) var. smallii (Beadle) Sarg., which could be transitional to occidentalis. Revision is needed (FNA 3).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Chamaemelanium> pubescens (var. p.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This includes the glabrous-fruited var. peckii House, which may not deserve recognition; further study is needed.


FULL NAME:
Scirpus supinus: see Schoenoplectus hallii


FULL NAME:
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fern. & Rehd.

Scientific Name:
Fagaceae: Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana

FOOTNOTE:
Most or all material matches the common eastern variant known as var. caroliniana, but this integrades with the more montane and northern var. grandifolia, and is not recognized in most recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus powellii (retroflexus var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is closely related to hybridus (with possible hybrids) and has probably been overlooked in eastern states, where it is adventive from southwestern states and Mexico (FNA 4; W). A. powellii differs from hybridus in its longer bracts (4-7 mm versus 2-4 mm), and in its inflorescences, which are usually stiff with erect branches (versus usually soft and lax with spreading branches). In Ky., the only record is a coll. from HICK (MUR; Grubbs 1989). A. powellii may also hybridize with dioecious taxa in subgenus Acnida (FNA 4).


FOOTNOTE:
This is the widely cultivated "Chaste Tree" that was much used by medieval monks. There is no clear evidence of escaped plants, though a roadside coll. from HENR (DHL) has been cited (M).


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> hirsutula (sororia var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is close to the more southern V. villosa Walt., and it seems to hybridize often with other species (sororia, affinis, papilionacea, palmata). However, it is generally distinct in appearance and habitat, growing in woods on relatively dry acid soils. It has spreading petioles, with blades that generally lie flat near the ground; blades are generally small, often purple-tinged below, with blunt to rounded apices, and with hairs confined to upper surfaces. Colls. from FRAN (EKY) appear to be hybridized with sororia. A few colls. are glabrate or virtually glabrous, suggesting introgression with affinis, and the consistency of its pubescence patterns needs more critical attention for keys and descriptions.


FULL NAME:
Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer

Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Cranichideae>: Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Persicaria [Polygonum*] pensylvanica {+ var. laevigata}

FOOTNOTE:
This variable allopolyploid (2n = 88) is probably derived in part from the diploid lapathifolia (2n = 22). Possible distinction of the northern var. laevigatum Fern. (as described within Polygonum), deserves further attention (F), but varieties within this species are not readily recognized (FNA 5). See also notes under bicornis and careyi.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Laxiflorae> striatula (laxiflora var. angustifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species has often been confused with laxiflora or styloflexa. C. striatula is relatively frequent in Appalachian regions of Ky., and it probably also occurs further west in Ky. and s. Ind. (F). However, some western colls. may be atypical or need further verification (especially with immature material).


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species appears most closely related to striatula (of drier habitats), but its spikes are mostly shorter (ca. 0.5-2 cm versus 1-3 cm) and denser, with the lowest on a long, arching or drooping peduncle (versus short, erect or ascending); its perigynia tend have a more distinct, long-narrowed and strongly outcurved beak.There has also been some confusion with gracilescens, which often occurs in similar habitats; but the more extended fusiform perigynium beaks of striatula are distinctive, and its basal sheaths are not purplish or reddish (as in fresh gracilescens; FNA 23, W).


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species of lowland woods has been recently collected from HICK on slopes above Three Ponds by L. McKinney (see KSNPC database). No coll. has been located to support Cranfill's (1991) record from HARD, which seems less likely. C. crebriflora is scattered across Tenn. and Va. in counties close or adjacent to Ky. Its fusiform perigynia resemble laxiflora, styloflexa and striatula, except that their apices are erect (versus more or less curved) and they are ascending in the spikes (versus spreading). Its distal spikes are overlapping (versus separate), and equalling or exceeding the terminal staminate spike (versus clearly exceeded). Also, lower peduncles arise at least half way up the culm (versus in the lower third).


FOOTNOTE:
B collected this northeastern species on Black Mountain in HARL (US). Other colls. there have been made by M. Medley (for WKY) and T. Wieboldt (Virginia Polytechnic Institute).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <dumosum group> ericoides

FOOTNOTE:
There are several reports of this northern and western species (M), but there has been much confusion with pilosum (or perhaps pilosum x racemosum) and other species, especially in older treatments. Colls. from CALL (MUR) and GRAY (EKY) have been referred to ericoides, but do not appear to be reliably identified.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Aegilops [Triticum] cylindrica


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Zizia group>: Zizia trifoliata

FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with Z. aurea (and perhaps with Thaspium trifoliatum in name); see W for a detailed key. Although there have been several authoritative reports of trifoliata from Ky. (e.g. Cr), no confirmed colls. have been located (M). This species is known to the east from the southern Appalachians, Piedmont, and rarely the southeastern Coastal Plain; it is also disjunct in Ark.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Paspalum longepedunculatum (setaceum* var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping is provisional. This has been treated as a variety or subspecies within setaceum (FNA 25), but it more distinct than most other included taxa. It has relatively short spikelets, and leaves that are conspicuously basal, recurved, typically narrower, and usually glabrous. In Ky., longepedunculatum and typical setaceum seem to be associated with dry sandy soils in southeastern counties. Both have relatively southern ranges, concentrated on the Coastal Plain. The coll. from JEFF (MM for WKY) may represent a waif, found near railroad tracks.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Misopates [Antirrhinum] orontium

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by Pennell (1935), but no coll. has been located. It is an ornamental that has rarely become naturalized in North America, except locally in the Pacific northwest (PL).


Scientific Name:
Urticaceae: Urtica gracilis (procera, dioica ssp. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern species is typically diploid (2n = 26), but has sometimes been combined as a subspecies with the European tetraploid, U. dioica L. The latter is a more strongly stinging, dioecious plant unknown in Ky., but with scattered reports from most adjacent states, especially in the central Appalachians (FNA 3; W). In eastern states, gracilis is scattered south along the Ohio Rv. and Mississippi Rv. to La., and along the Appalachians at least to Va. (FNA 3; W). Although somewhat weedy, it is mysteriously absent from most of Ky.; Gr called it "an obscure plant" (as well as Pilea pumila). It may have been somewhat limited due to its relatively high palatability for some generalist herbivores, including livestock.


Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Rumex <Axillares> triangulivalvis ("mexicanus"; salicifolius var. t..)

FOOTNOTE:
This diploid (2n = 20) species has a wide northern and western range. R. mexicanus is a closely related tetraploid (2n = 40) with a southwestern range. There may also be some confusion or intergradation with altissimus, which is a widespread diploid in eastern and central North America. Further verification is desirable (FNA 5). R. triangulivalvis differs from altissimus in its narrower leaves (ca. 1-4 cm versus 3-5.5 cm), widest near middle (versus below middle); its smaller inner tepals (mostly 2.5-3.5 x 2.5-3 mm versus 4.5-6 x 3-4.5 mm); and its smaller achenes (ca. 1.7-2.2 mm long versus 2.5-3.5 mm).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Scirpus atrovirens (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under georgianus and hattorianus; the mapping here is provisional.


FULL NAME:
BUCKTHORN: Frangula (GREATER), Rhamnus (LESSER)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa frumentacea (crus-galli var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
This was probably derived from domestication of crus-galli in Southeast Asia (FNA 25). It is often used in bird-seed, and colls. may represent occasional waifs resulting from such use, rather than truly naturalized populations.


FOOTNOTE:
This includes the rather insignificant var. lineariloba, with records from BREC, MEAD and probably elsewhere.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Prenanthes <Nabalus> serpentaria

FOOTNOTE:
There is also an 1835 coll. of C.W. Short (GH) from "barrens of Ky.", which suggests a western extension of its range; see also P. alba.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] bromoides (F. dertonensis)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Vulpia [Festuca] myuros


Scientific Name:
Salicaceae: Salix <Vetrix> humilis (var. h.)

FOOTNOTE:
This small "upland" or "prairie" willow is a widespread eastern species (Argus 1986, PL). In Ky. it was formerly abundant in transitions to native grasslands (e.g. Michaux 1793-96), often in association with species like Corylus americana on drier sites or Spiraea tomentosa on damper sites. S. humilis has remained relatively common in old fields of some localities, but it is not particularly weedy. See also notes under S. occidentalis, which is easily confused.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Cinnamomeae> rugosa

FOOTNOTE:
The few records of this East Asian species may only be from plantings (M, CW). Although widely cultivated across east-central states, it does not appear to be increasing in the wild.


Scientific Name:
Apocynaceae: Apocynum sibiricum (cannabinum* var. hypericifolia)

FOOTNOTE:
This has often been treated as distinct northern species (e.g. F, W), but there may be some intergradation with typical cannabinum in Ky. and elsewhere along its southern borders. Variety status is often preferred (Cr) or even complete combination (Y, J). Colls. often lack main stem leaves, which have characteristically short petioles (ca. 0-3 mm versus 5-10 mm) and rounded to cordate bases (versus cuneate to rounded).


FULL NAME:
Scirpus validus: see Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanum


FULL NAME:
Smilax glauca Walt. var. leurophylla Blake

Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <China> glauca* var. leurophylla

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively northern variety, with leaves glabrous beneath, may not deserve local recognition; there are no clear differences in distribution or habitat within Ky.


Scientific Name:
Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea polystachya (batatas, "oppositifolia")

FOOTNOTE:
This Chinese species has been cultivated for its edible aerial tubers, and perhaps as an ornamental, but it is now widely naturalized. It was first reported by Wharton (1945).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Squarrosae> puberula

FOOTNOTE:
This species has been confused with other pubescent species in the erecta group. Hairs on stems, in particular, are dense, minute and stiff, as in nemoralis but unlike the longer looser hairs of hispida or bicolor. Previous records from ESTI and MONT have been based on misidentifications; those from EDMO, ELLI and ROWA are not verified, and may be doubted (M).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Leptochloa <Diplachne> fascicularis (fusca ssp. fa.*)

FOOTNOTE:
The closely related species (or subspecies), L. uninervia (J. Presl.) N. Snow, is also expected. Both taxa are widespread weeds in warmer regions of the Americas, and extend north through much of the U.S.A, especially in central states.


FULL NAME:
Acalypha monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & Gandhi

Scientific Name:
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha monococca (gracilens var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a largely Ozarkian species known from adjacent se. Mo. and s. Ill. (Levin 1999a,b). Records from Ky. are at least partly based on misidentifications, but further study of material filed under gracilens is desirable (M).


FOOTNOTE:
Most records of this southwestern species date from 1900-1950; see especially Harvill (1941) and colls. at KY (Agr.). It may have been associated with sheep farming, which declined greatly after 1950.


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Lithospermum croceum (caroliniense var. c.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is not verified. Most or all reports have been based on misidentified colls. of canescens from ADAI (at Field) or perhaps tuberosum (M). However, croceum may be expected in Ky. since it is widespread in the mid-west and Great Lakes region, including se. MO. (Y), much of Ill. and w. Ind. (PL). The closely related southeastern species, L. caroliniense (Walter ex J.F. Gmel.) MacMill., appears to intergrade with croceum in the central Mississippi Valley (Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by J, but details are not available; an earlier report by BA was based on a misidentification (M).


FULL NAME:
Dryopteris spinulosa: see D. carthusiana & D. intermedia


FOOTNOTE:
The epithet prinus has been applied to this species by many authors; see notes under montana. Leaves of michauxii are sometimes confused with muhlenbergii, especially in the shade, where muhlenbergii is often much less densely stellate-hairy. Introgression has been suggested (CW). Lower surfaces of michauxii are light green or yellowish, with largely erect felty hairs that have 1-4 rays (versus glaucous, with appressed silvery-white stellate hairs that have 6-10 rays); see FNA 3 (also Stein et al. 2003; W). There are usually ca. 15-20 secondary veins (versus ca. 10-14). Also, blades of michauxii (like montana) tend to be more gradually narrowed.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Leucospora (Conobea) multifida


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Silene vulgaris (cucubalus; latifolia var. pubescens)

FOOTNOTE:
Early reports of "latifolia" generally refer to this species instead; see notes under S. latifolia.


FULL NAME:
Diospyros virginiana L. var. pubescens (Pursh) Dippel

Scientific Name:
Ebenaceae: Diospyros virginiana var. pubescens

FOOTNOTE:
Mapping here is provisional. Var. pubescens is probably worth recognizing, being distributed mostly along the Mississippi and further west (W), and perhaps most distinct in wetlands (D. Estes, pers. comm.). However, there may be too much continuous variation (Y). The leaves of var. pubescens are persistently covered with relatively long hairs below (versus glabrous or glabrescent), subcordate (versus cuneate to rounded) and often relatively large. F included var. platycarpa Sarg. under pubescens, as "an early ripening extreme with depressed fruits up to 7.5. cm across" known from west of the Mississippi. In w. and s. Ky., relatively large fruits (ca. 3-5 cm across) are encountered more frequently, but not as large as var. platycarpa.


FOOTNOTE:
Self-seeded plants of this commonly cultivated species (golden-rain tree) have been collected in CLIN, BOYL (CW), FAYE (TENN) and JEFF (DHL). However, there do not seem yet to be truly naturalized populations.


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Platanthera [Habenaria] flava (var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may be difficult to distinguish from herbiola, and should be rechecked. Typical flava and herbiola appear to be the only Platantheras in eastern North America that spread clonally with elongate fleshy "tuberoids" (F; FNA 26).


FOOTNOTE:
This is close to stipata but differs in the adaxial side of its leaf sheaths, which are yellowish-thickened at the apex (versus thin and friable) and flat below the apex (versus rugose-puckered). Also, leaf blades are papillose around stomata (versus not), when viewed at x 25 (FNA 23).


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Gaura [Oenothera] biennis (var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
Typical habitat is lowland woodland-meadow transitions, often at upper edges of floodplains. Superficially distinct plants occur in the xeric dolomitic glades of se. CLAR (JC for KY) and Adams Co., Ohio (e.g. colls. of A. Cusick at Ohio State Univ.), and perhaps in dry sites elsewhere. These tend to have smaller flower parts and narrower leaves (no more than ca. 8-10 mm), compared to typical plants in the literature. Further investigation is needed.


Scientific Name:
Polygalaceae: Polygala polygama (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species, as the typical southern var. polygama, is known from several sites in MCRE (KY). Also, Rafinesque (1819) reported this species from the "barrens", but no colls. are known. The northern var. obtusata Chodat might have been expected in the state.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Chelone obliqua var. o.

FOOTNOTE:
Further review of colls. is needed to check varieties. M concluded that this typical variety is relatively rare, at least in Ky. The only verified record may be a coll. from the edge of Murphy's Pond in HICK (M. Medley #19246-89 for WKY).


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Brathys> gentianoides


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> secalinus

FOOTNOTE:
This ancient weed (the common "cheat" of wheat fields) is widely scattered in farmland, but much less common than racemosus/commutatus and japonicus. However, in 1914 Gr noted that secalinus was "common everywhere along farm roads and in wheat fields" and that racemosus was known from only one coll. (EDMO in 1898). A decade later, Anderson (1924) also called it "very common, especially in wheat fields" but indicated the spread of racemosus/commutatus (with 4 colls.) and the first coll. of japonicus.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Cyclachaena [Iva] xanthiifolia

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread western annual is occasionally adventive in east-central states. In Ky. only one coll. has appeared: by C.L. Renaker in 1919 from Dry Ridge in GRAN (KY-Agr.). The spelling xanthifolia is incorrect (Y).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Atrorubentes> silphioides (atrorubens var. pubescens)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been confusion with typical atrorubens, and some colls. need to be rechecked. Both are diploids (2n = 34) typical of woodland trails, thickets and unkempt rights-of-way in regions with a significant history of burning before settlement. The range of silphioides is centered in the Ozark Region and nearby, whereas atrorubens is centered on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, southern Appalachian regions and nearby. They overlap mostly in Tenn. and there may be some intergradation. Some colls. from CALL (WKY) may be hybrids with occidentalis.


FULL NAME:
GOLDENROD: Euthamia & Oligoneuron (FLAT-TOPPED), Solidago


FOOTNOTE:
This is an occasional weed of nurseries and greenhouses, and also occurs along roadsides. It can be hard to distinguish from the native carolinianum, and further checking is needed in herbaria. It has upper leaves with more linear, acute segments; flowers deep red-violet/maroon (versus pink); carpel bodies short-hispid with spreading hairs (versus long-villous with ascending hairs); carpel beaks densely glandular (versus with few or no glands).


FULL NAME:
Andropogon virginicus L. var. decipiens C. Campbell

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> virginicus var. decipiens

FOOTNOTE:
This southern variety occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain (FNA 25), but apparently also inland. Its inflorescence differs in having slender sheaths (ca. 2.4-3.1 mm wide versus ca. 3.3-4.4), typically with only 2 branches (versus 2-5), which are often exserted on relatively long peduncles. A dense population occurs in PULA (JC for KY) at the Hazel Dell meadow, and probably at other seasonally dry sites. Further comparison with var. virginicus is needed across the state. Var. decipiens can also be casually confused with Schizachyrium scoparius.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien species is abundantly planted and has become naturalized much more widely than the mapped records suggest; it is becoming a serious long-term problem, and should be banned. Some plants that lack pronounced wings may be referable to var. aptera Regel, which has been treated as a species (K), but their taxonomic status is not unclear.


FOOTNOTE:
Several colls. are referable to var. ovata (Poir.) Fern., especially in western regions (CALL, CARL, FULT, HARD, HICK, LYON). That variety is distinguished by its more robust habit and bristly-cilitate lemma keels, suggesting a transition to oryzoides. However, it is not recognized in most recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
This globally rare species of larger streams in the central Appalachian has been overlooked in Ky., although it was mapped here by FNA 22. It is close to the northern species, epihydrus (which was apparently combined by Cr and other authors) and probably to diversifolius; there may be intergradation with those two species. Some of the more recent colls. have been filed under diversifolius, but tennesseensis is distinct in its larger floating leaves (ca. 8-12 mm wide) with more acute tips; also, stipules are partly adnate to leaves (FNA 22). There is a coll. from CLAY (GH): E.L. Braun s.n., 7 Jul 1933, Red Bird River, quiet parts of stream. More recently, tennesseensis has been collected in Marsh Cr. of MCRE (KY), and it has probably been observed in the Rockcastle Rv. of LAUR and ROCK (sight records of JC and KSNPC). In Tenn., tennesseensis occurs in tributaries of the Big South Fork, which flows into Ky. through MCRE. Some 1830s colls. of C.W. Short from "Kentucky Rv." are more obscure or need to be rechecked, but are tentatively mapped here in FAYE. They were initially labelled "heterophyllum" or "acutifolium" but filed under epihydrus (at KY) or gramineus (at GH); see notes under those names.


FULL NAME:
Carex muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. enervis Boott

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> muhlenbergii var. enervis (C. plana)

FOOTNOTE:
This is not easily distinguished from typical muhlenbergii, and it has also been confused with aggregata. Colls. that have been named var. enervis have been tentatively assigned for this Atlas to either of those two species. MacKenzie (1940) considered these plants a species (= C. plana MacKenzie) typical of calcareous soils, but F noted typical muhlenbergii "passing insensibly into the relatively unimportant var. enervis." FNA 23 indicates that the perigynia (2.7-3.1 mm versus 3-4.2 mm) and scales (2-2.5 mm versus 2.5-3.6) are relatively short and veinless adaxially (versus often veined in typical plants). It may be typical of richer soils, sometimes appearing in pastures and lawns, as does aggregata.


FOOTNOTE:
There have been several reports of this southern species in Ky., but no verified colls. have been seen (M). Cr noted a record from POWE, but also stated that laevis is "chiefly but not wholly coastal" and "passes into" cernua. Similar confusion has occured in Mo. (St, Y), and it may be reasonable to combine the two species (FNA 21).


FULL NAME:
GRAPE [VINE]: Ampelopsis (RACOON-), Vitis


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species of bogs and seeps was collected by C.W. Short (PH): "muddy thicket, Henderson Co., Ky., near Mr. William Greers, fl. 10th May. The only place I have seen it."


FOOTNOTE:
This species is distributed in east-central states with a curiously fragmented range. A concentration of records occurs in s. Ind. and nc. Ky., perhaps from glacial refugia along the lower Kentucky River (as in Boechera dentatai) and lower Salt River (as in Phlox pilosa).


FULL NAME:
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. spathulata (Michx.) Perdue

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia fulgida* var. spathulata

FOOTNOTE:
There is only a tentative record of this variety, from CASE (EKY); the report by Kearney (1893) was based on a coll. from BELL (MO) referable to var. palustris. Following Sm, F and other authors, var. spathulata may be distinguished by its leaves, which are strigose, relatively narrow or spathulate (with "conspicuously dilated blade"); and its flowering heads are generally smaller. It appears to be widespread in states to the south and east of Ky. (GH, NY), especially on lowlands (but perhaps mostly on xerohydric sites). Further work is need to clarify the degree of distinction from typical var. fulgida.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Phaestoglochin> gravida (var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
There have been several reports (e.g. Anderson 1924; Cr, M), but most accessible colls. have been reassigned to robust forms of muhlenbergii or aggregata. C. gravida appears most similar to aggregata, but differs is its sheaths, with fronts pale and fragile at summits, and with backs not white-spotted (FNA 23); also, leaves are often wider and perigynia often larger, with scales more or less equal (versus shorter). There is a recent coll. from CAMP (KNK): Naczi et al., CGE #45, 6 Jun 1996, powerline row, Highland Heights, just S of Tessener Rd, just E of Three Mile Rd. A coll. has also been reported from TRIG (BEREA) along a creek in restored prairie of Land-Between-the-Lakes (Thompson & Poindexter 2006). Var. gravida is widespread in mid-western regions and the northern Great Plains, but perhaps only adventive further east (see also W). Records of the southwestern var. lunelliana (Mackenzie.) F.J. Herm. are probably erroneous (M).


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Lespedeza violacea (frutescens)

FOOTNOTE:
Although F, Cr, J, Isely (1998) and others appeared to deal with earlier confusion in nomenclature, Reveal & Barrie (1991) showed that L. frutescens (L.) Hornem should be the correct name for this species, and the name L. violacea should be applied to what has been called L. intermedia. This change is already adopted by K and W, but it breaks a long tradition and cause much confusion. If there really is a problem with the rules of nomenclature, a reasonable exception should be proposed to conserve the names. This is the kind of thing that gives botanists a bad name!


FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been combined with odoratus in some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 23). It was recently reported from BOYD and CUMB in a critical study of the genus within Ky. (Mears & Libby 1995, Mears 1999). Further search for this taxon is needed in the field and herbarium.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Glomeruliflorae> curtisii (caesia var. cu.)

FOOTNOTE:
This Appalachian species (mostly at higher elevation) appears generally distinct from typical caesia, with little or no intergradation, but these closely related taxa are often confused. Robust plants may also be confused or hybridized with flaccidifolia (or even flexicaulis). Harvill (1941) reported var. pubens (M.A. Curtis) Gray from HARL (coll. burned at KY); this is a relatively hairy, broader-leaved variant that may be transitional to flaccidifolia, and is verified only in the Blue Ridge of Va. and N.C. (FNA 20).


FOOTNOTE:
This European species is widely cultivated in flower gardens, but there are only a few records of persisting or escaping plants in northeastern North America (FNA 3). A reported coll. from SHEL (see also PL) has not been located (at EKY or elsewhere).


Scientific Name:
Vitaceae: Vitis riparia (vulpina ssp. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. are difficult to distinguish from typical vulpina, and need to be rechecked. This widespread northern species extends south to c. La. along the Mississippi Rv., but its southeastern limits remain uncertain (Duncan 1967; Moore 1991; W). It is scattered along the Ohio Rv. and Kentucky Rv., but seems virtually absent along the Green Rv. and Cumberland Rv., except near Nashville (Ch).


FOOTNOTE:
The disjunct record from HENR (Duncan 1967) needs further verification.


FOOTNOTE:
This is restricted to Appalachian regions. The more southern species, C. alnifolia L., has been reported but probably in error (as cited by M); in Tenn., it is known only from one southern county (Ch).


FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in moist temperate or montane regions across the Northern Hemisphere, except in Europe. An initial molecular investigation has indicated that segregates may well be warranted (Neyland & Hennigan 2004).


FULL NAME:
Gillenia stipulata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Gillenia (Porteranthus*) stipulata


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Potentilleae>: Gillenia (Porteranthus*) trifoliata


FOOTNOTE:
Some colls. may be from plantings; this species is close to thunbergii, and there may some confusion in the records.


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Veronica <Veronicella> hederifolia

FOOTNOTE:
All records are from after 1970. This species has become much more common than colls. suggest, especially in the Bluegrass region. However, it has been in North America since the late 19th Century, when perhaps restricted to Atlantic states (Gray 1887-89).


FOOTNOTE:
Further verification is needed in several counties. There has been confusion in Ky., Tenn. and elsewhere with serotina and other species. Some disjunct southern records are tentatively transferred to serotina. Leaves can be distinguished from careful study of shape, venation and pubescence; see notes under serotina. B.E. Wofford (pers. comm.) has indicated that most previously published records from c. Tenn. (Ch) are erroneous.


Scientific Name:
Celastraceae: Euonymus americanus (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in southeastern states, but usually restricted to medium acid soils and rare or absent in some calcareous regions. Like other Euonymus spp. it is much browsed by deer and other herbivores. But americanus has evolved an unusual ability to escape and spread vegetatively with extensive stoloniferous branches. In forest gaps and thickets, these branches can rapidly grow up to forms shrubs 2 m tall or more. The closely related obovatus on base-rich soils remains more hidden on the ground.


FOOTNOTE:
This is southwestern species that appears to be rarely adventive in southeastern states.


Scientific Name:
Oxalidaceae: Oxalis montana (acetosella* ssp. m.)


FULL NAME:
Mentha X rotundifolia (L.) Huds. (pro sp.)

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Mentha X rotundifolia (longifolia x suaveolens)

FOOTNOTE:
This occasionally escaped diploid (?) cultivar is confirmed from FAYE and LINC. It can be confused with the triploid (2n = 36) hybrid of spicata with suaveolens (= X villosa), which is not known to be naturalized in the state.


FULL NAME:
Hylotelephium telephioides (Michx.) H. Ohba

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs in the central Appalachians east of Ky., and on cliffs in disjunct localities of w. Ky., s. Ind and s. Ill. near the Ohio Rv. 2n = 24, rarely 48. Some reports (including from CALL and FULT) may be based on escaped waifs of S. telephium L., which is commonly cultivated (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This variable species occurs mostly in the Ozark-Ouachita region and the Interior Low Plateaus, on various types of rock; 2n = 22, 44, 66. In Ky. it is largely restricted to limestone outcrops in three separate narrow zones: (1) clifftops and rocky pastures along the Kentucky River Palisades of the central Bluegrass region; (2) similar sites along the Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries downstream from the Appalachian Plateaus; (3) flat-rock glades or similar nearby sites in the Pennyrhile Karst Plain around the Shawnee Hills. There may be considerable genetic differentiation among these populations and others across the species' range. Plants of flat-rock glades in c. Tenn. appear to be distinct in several characters (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


FULL NAME:
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. prolificum Small

Scientific Name:
Polygonaceae: Polygonum ramosissimum var. prolificum

FOOTNOTE:
Determination to variety is reasonably certain, except for the coll. from OLDH (DHL), which is vegetative. M also reported the species from TRIM (but just a sight record). Typical var. ramosissimum has been reported from Ky. (M, FNA 5), but no verified colls. have been seen. This species may have been used for its edible seed during the Woodland era (King 1985), and it was reported from pond sediments of similar age in LARU (Wilkins 1985).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Echinacea (Brauneria) simulata (pallida var. s.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This occurs only in calcareous glades of the Interior Low Plateaus and Ozark Region or nearby (FNA 21, Y). It was formerly included within E. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., which has a more western and southern range, often on deeper soils. E. pallida is tetraploid (2n = 44 versus 22 in simulata); its pollen is larger and white (versus yellow when fresh), and there are other subtle differences.


FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from ROWA (KNK) was initially reported as N. marina L. (Cranfill & Thieret 1981).


FULL NAME:
Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) Nakai

FOOTNOTE:
This giant rhizomatous herb from the Sachalin Islands has spread down the Ohio Valley into ne. Ky. within recent decades, and it deserves further attention as a potentially invasive species. The hybrid with japonica ( X bohemica J. Chrtek & A. Chrtkova) has also been reported from Ky., and is often confused with these species (FNA 5). In addition to gross morphological intermediacy, it differs from japonica in having leaf blades "obscurely puberulent along some veins abaxially, tips of hairs acute" (versus obscurely scabrous, with blunt tips).


Scientific Name:
Veronicaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Kickxia [Linaria] elatine


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Gallicanae> gallica

FOOTNOTE:
There may be colls. of this species ("French rose") or related cultivars from ELLI (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and WHIT (MM for WKY), but these plants have not been confirmed to be truly naturalized (CW). The old hybrid with small globular multi-petaled flowers known as R.  X centifolia L. or R. gallica var. centifolia (L.) Regel ("cabbage rose") is derived from a complex of gallica and other species. It has been widely cultivated, and often persists at old home sites, but may not be truly naturalized.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Carolinae> virginiana (lucida)

FOOTNOTE:
There have been several reports of this species (M, J), but almost all colls. seen so far have been misidentified. Clark et al. (2005; see also CW) reported colls. from six counties. The coll. from ROWA (EKY), at least, is verified here: E.M. & E.T. Browne #10492, 28 Jun 1965, from roadsides/fallow land 0.6 mi W of Haldeman P.O. on Ky 174. This largely northeastern species has been reported south to n. Ga., ne. Tenn. and n. Mo., but is verified primarily in coastal regions from N.J. to Nfld., with few records far inland (F, Cr; Lewis 2008). Apparent hybrids with carolina are known (X novae-angliae W.H. Lewis), and differences between the species themselves are not obvious in some colls. R. virginiana becomes an upright taller plant, usually to 2 m (versus somewhat pendent, up to 1 m in carolina), and is much less colonial. Its infrastipular thorns are more or less curved and taper gradually from relatively stout flattened bases (versus straight or declining, less tapering, slender, terete); also, acicular thorns are generally concentrated or restricted to stem bases (versus often numerous on upper branches). Its stipules tend to be more dilated upwards into broader lanceolate tips that are less divergent; adnate portions are usually 4-9 mm wide (versus 1-4 mm). Its leaflets are usually 7-9 (versus 3-7), clearly lustrous (versus dull to slightly lustrous). Its corymbs have up to 6 (15) flowers (versus 3 (6)), with more than one often on stems of the season (versus usually solitary); sepals are up to 20 mm (versus 12 mm).


FULL NAME:
Andropogon saccharoides: see Bothriochloa lagurioides


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Cenchrus longispinus (carolinianus, "pauciflorus")

FOOTNOTE:
Most records are from western regions along major rivers, but a few disjunct records are from eastern regions on sandy riverbanks.


FULL NAME:
Agrostis alba: A. stolonifera and see A. gigantea


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Tomanthera [Gerardia] auriculata

FOOTNOTE:
This is also known from Tenn. (Montgomery Co.), adjacent to TRIG, on Fort Campbell (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> americana (var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under mexicana; several determinations are tentative. Although this plum or other species are widespread across the state, extensive thickets have declined much since B's time and before. Historical records and associated place names (e.g. "Plum" in BOUR) suggest that many disturbed areas were formerly dominated by these species in the Ohio Valley. Strips occurred along major trails through some valleys and on some watershed divides of the Bluegrass region, often with  Arundinaria gigantea or "cane" (Campbell 1989; and continuing research). Remnants of such vegetation have largely disappeared from eastern states, but they still exist in varied forms further west (NatureServe website; type CEGL 001108).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> gyrans ("elliottii")


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> ternarius


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria nervosa* var. n.


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from JEFF (KY) was made by C.W. Short in the 1830s on "Corn Island". In 2000, JC also found this species at the Blue Grass Army Depot (MADI). This is a widespread northern (circumboreal) species. As in other sedges of northern wetlands, it is speculated that occasional southern occurrences may result from dispersal by migrating waterfowl


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Matelea obliqua (Gonolobus shortii)

FOOTNOTE:
There are rather few good colls. of Matela and Gonolobus in Ky., and they have often been damaged by insects in herbaria. M. obliqua is a fairly widespread species of east-central states that has been combined with the Appalachian Gonolobus shortii (Gray) Gray, but further study is needed. G. shortii has been recorded from JESS (Gr), LEWI (MDKY). ROWA (B) and elsewhere. It was distinguished (F) by its longer (13-15 mm versus 6-12 mm), broader (2-2.5 mm versus 1.5-2) corolla lobes, which are dark "chocolate-purple" (versus greenish-fuscous outside, purple inside); also, the crown is reportedly thinner (Gray 1888). It suggests a transition to decipiens.


FULL NAME:
Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Andropogon <Leptopogon> virginicus var. v.

FOOTNOTE:
Variation needs further study. These records include var. tetrastachys (Ell.) Hack., which is not recognized in recent treatments. There appears to be some intergradation with A. glomeratus.


FOOTNOTE:
This large-flowered South American species is sometimes cultivated (as "moss rose"), and it occasionally self-seeds into flower beds. However, there is no evidence of naturalization.


Scientific Name:
Cannabaceae [Moraceae]: Humulus lupulus (vars. lupuloides* + pubescens*)

FOOTNOTE:
Varieties may intergrade and need more careful study (FNA 3, Y, W).  Most colls. are probably referable to H. lupulus var. lupuloides E. Small (= H. americanus Nutt.), which is widespread from northeastern regions to the northern Great Plains (PL). However, that taxon appears intermediate between the typical European var. lupulus and the largely mid-western var. pubescens E. Small. The coll. from CAMP (KNK) does appear to be var. pubescens. Var. lupulus has been rarely reported (M), but verified colls. from wild plants are unknown.


FOOTNOTE:
J. Thieret found this along railroad tracks in CARR (KNK). This alien is fairly widespread and could be confused with crispus or obtusifolius, and is reported to hybridize with these two species elsewhere (Cr). It should be searched for further.


Scientific Name:
Hydrophyllaceae: Nemophila aphylla (microcalyx, triloba)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species of damp fertile lowland woods is easily overlooked and may be more widespread in small remnants of habitat than records suggest. It is scattered across much of c. Tenn. (Ch).


FOOTNOTE:
This is a widespread northern (circumboreal) species that extends south along the higher Appalachian Mts. In Ky. the only record is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY): S. Ison 89, 10 Oct 1973, Triplett Creek bed sandbar, sunny wet, probably rich soil.


FOOTNOTE:
There is also a record of the hybrid with mexicana (X thiona) from GRAN (KNK).


FOOTNOTE:
This invasive alien was first recorded in the 1930s by B. It is now abundant in some Appalachian regions, and locally elsewhere, especially in brushy old fields and roadsides. Some colls. (e.g. from JOHN at MDKY) may be transferred to the closely related floridulus, which has wider blades, longer rachises, and smaller spikelets (FNA 25). M. floridulus has not been widely reported as naturalized in North America, but all colls. should be rechecked. St found that it was overlooked in Mo.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Maritimae> uliginosa

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread northern species has been recently reported by KSPNC (J; T. Littlefield, pers. comm.) from boggy openings in the Cumberland Mts., but verified colls. have not been seen. S. uliginosa is reported from higher elevations in the Blue Ridge, south to at least Tenn. and N.C., but it is rare there and some identifications remain uncertain (FNA 19, W, PL). See also notes under S. cf. gracillima.


FULL NAME:
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. ex Engelm. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> rostrata

FOOTNOTE:
This southern Appalachian is close to gronovii. It has been reported from BELL, with a coll. by R. Cranfill (Univ. of California, Berkley) that needs to be checked (M). In Tenn. rostrata is known only from the Blue Ridge (Ch).


Scientific Name:
Cuscutaceae [Convolvulaceae]: Cuscuta <Grammica> polygonorum

FOOTNOTE:
This 3- or 4-merous species occurs from mid-Atlantic states to the mid-west, usually in wetlands on Polygonum spp. and associated herbs. Costea et al. (2006) considered it globally vulnerable (G3). The related 5-merous, southern species, C. obtusiflora Kunth., has been reported (Hoagland & Jones 1992), but identification is dubious.


FOOTNOTE:
Most material is relatively glabrous, matching var. laevigatus Torr. & Gray. Colls. from BATH and HOPK (KY) match the pubescent var. verticillatus. However, this distinction has not been generally recognized in recent treatments (e.g. Graham 1975; Cr, W).


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of southeastern states is "highly variable, and represented by a number of forms" (B), but these may not be worth recognizing (Y). Virtually all colls. of this species in Ky. are referable to var. simulans Fern. Colls. from HICK and perhaps CARL (MUR) are referable to var. mineolana F. Wimmer. Typical var. puberula occurs on the eastern Coastal Plain and Piedmont, and is unknown in Ky.


FULL NAME:
GROMWELL: Buglossoides (CORN-), Lithospermum, Onosmodium (PRAIRIE)


FULL NAME:
Pycnanthemum flexuosum: see P. tenuifolium


Scientific Name:
Orobanchaceae [Scrophulariaceae*]: Aureolaria [Gerardia] laevigata

FOOTNOTE:
The outlying western colls. should be rechecked carefully.


FOOTNOTE:
This is known mostly from relatively base-rich soils in or near the southern Cumberland Plateau in Ky., Tenn., Ga. and Ala. Plants in the Piedmont of N.C. and Va. are disjunct or adventive (W). In Ky., plants are generally found on low wooded slopes, especially along trails or roads.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Anthemideae>: Achillea millefolium (sensu lato)

FOOTNOTE:
Although this weed has often been considered alien in eastern states (Gray 1864; Gr), most or all Ky. plants may be referred to the North American tetraploids (2n = 36) known as ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper, "with narrower leaf-segments disposed in various planes." The European hexaploids (2n = 54) known as ssp. millefolium tend to have flatter, smoother, greener leaves (Cr). However, a practical treatment is still needed, based on the complex variation that has been revealed by molecular analysis (Guo et al. 2008). There has been little attempt to subdivide the species in recent North American floras (e.g. FNA 19)


FULL NAME:
Ludwigia uruguayensis: L. hespecies apetala


FULL NAME:
Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Echinochloa muricata var. mu. (pungens)

FOOTNOTE:
This native species has often been misidentified as the Eurasian crus-gallii, which has a higher chromosome number (2n = 56 versus 36). In muricata, the stout papillose-based hairs of spikelets (and the firm tips of fertile lemmas) have usually been considered diagnostic, but a more reliable difference (FNA 25) may be the acute to acuminate apices of upper lemmas, which pass directly into the tip (versus rounded to broadly acute apices with a more distinct, hairier tip). Hybrids have not been demonstrated; but see note under muricata var. microstachya.


FULL NAME:
Eurybia saxicastelli (J.J.N. Campb. & M. Medley) Nesom

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] saxicastelli

FOOTNOTE:
This species is an endemic hexaploid (2n = 54), perhaps derived from the northeastern diploid (2n = 18) E. radula. It was discovered during the 1980s in LAUR and PULA along the Rockcastle River (Campbell & Medley 1989), and then along the Big South Fork of Cumberland Rv. in Ky. (MCRE) and Tenn. (Scott Co.). More robust plants tend to have narrower leaves, denser heads, and paler flower color (usually white versus blue); these may be associated with more open sites. Despite some initial signs, no significant differences in plants have been found between the two rivers.


Scientific Name:
Valerianaceae: Valerianella umbilicata (intermedia, patellaria)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been confused with radiata, and colls. need to be rechecked. Previously segregated species are now combined as no more than forms, since they were based on genetic fruit polymorphisms (Eggers Ware 1983). Using F, most colls. were referable to V. intermedia Dyal. Colls. from CLAR, JEFF and WOOD (KY) were formerly referable to V. patellaria (Sulliv.) Wood.


FULL NAME:
Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var. affine (Bush ex Schneid.) House

Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> rafinesquianum var. affine


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium ozarkanum (pusillum var. o.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although pusillum has been broadly interpreted (e.g. FNA 26), there is much variation that probably involves clinal trends and local genetic drift. The appropriate treatment of this group remains controversial (W). Recent evidence indicates that ozarkanum is closest to T. texanum Buckl., rather than typical T. pusillum or other southeastern segregates (Timmerman-Erskine et al. 2003). In Ky., typical pusillum is known only from a flatwoods in WAYN, while ozarkanum is known from a few mesic to subxeric woodland sites in hills further west.


FOOTNOTE:
This alien can be confused with obtusifolius.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Hieracium <Stenotheca> longipilum

FOOTNOTE:
In Ky. this mid-western species is rare, mostly found in remnants of thin woodland or grassland on rather infertile, acid soils. It has been confused with gronovii, and hybrids may be expected (Y).


FOOTNOTE:
Apparent hybrids with canadensis have been reported at a few sites, and deserve further study.


FOOTNOTE:
This is the most widespread species in the genus, ranging south to Ala., north to s. Ind. and s. Ohio, and disjunct to the west in Ark. and Mo. (Al-Shehbaz 1988b). It appears to benefit occasionally from intensive disturbance by ungulates in rocky pastures, perhaps more so than the other species.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Carolinae> palustris ("carolina")

FOOTNOTE:
This differs from carolina in its stouter, often hooked, infrastipular stipules (suggesting virginiana), its stipules with a longer adnate ("caniculate") portion, and its leaves with more numerous, finer serration (F).


FOOTNOTE:
Like villosa, this species is widespread in eastern states, but generally absent from Appalachian regions (PL). In Appalachian Ky, there is only a sight-record from ROWA (B), but tenuifolia is also known nearby in se. Ohio..


FULL NAME:
Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex Gray) Wood

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus vaginiflorus (var. v.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to neglectus and some colls. are hard to assign, especially if lemmas are only 2-3 mm long (e.g. from FAYE & SIMP at KY). Some colls. (from BULL at KY and MEAD at US) have pilose leaves, and may approach the more western var. ozarkanus (Fern.) Shinners, but the spikelets are not distinctive. In var. ozarkanus, glumes are longer than lemmas (versus shorter); lemmas are 3-nerved (versus 1-3 nerved); and paleas are obtuse (versus acute to acuminate). No colls. of ozarkanus from Ky. are known, though it has been reported by Cr and others.


FULL NAME:
Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball var. australis (Scribn. & Ball) J.J.N. Campb.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus glabriflorus* var. australis (virginicus var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This relatively pubescent variety is often distinct, and tends to occur in more hilly regions, but the differences are not pronounced (FNA 24). There appear to be occasional hybrids with hystrix and perhaps other species.


FULL NAME:
Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) Parodi

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Muhlenbergia <Podosemum+> asperifolia

FOOTNOTE:
This western species was been collected in the 1990s from BOON (MICH, KNK) in the median of Interstate-75 (A.A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). It has now disappeared due to construction (D. Boone, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
This Chinese species was first reported by Browne (1967), much later than vulgare, but it has now become at least as common in some regions, especially to the south. It has rapidly become the most abundant species in this genus across southeastern states (Ch, W). Most records in Ky. from the recent work of CW.


FOOTNOTE:
There may be colls. of this Japanese species from FAYE (KY), FRAN (EKY), LAWR (EKY) and MADI (BEREA); see also Gr and CW. However, distinction from other species needs further study, as well as the extent to which it is truly naturalized. Although often called "California privet" the species is native to Japan.


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Arabideae>: Boechera [Arabis*] patens

FOOTNOTE:
There are old reports from FRAN (Wildberger 1880) and BOYL or MERC (Linney 1880, 1882), but colls. are unknown. These reports may have been based on B. shortii. B. patens is a globally rare species concentrated in central Appalachian regions, but disjunct localities include s. Ind., in Harrison Co. adjacent to the Ky. Knobs region (D).


FOOTNOTE:
This is a cosmopolitan weed; efforts to distinguish segregates in the Western and Eastern Hemispheres have not been successful (FNA 5).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Poeae>: Festuca paradoxa (nutans, shortii)

FOOTNOTE:
Original status and habitats are uncertain, and distinction from subverticillata is tentative. Although often hard to separate, these two species have been considered distinct in recent treatments (e.g. FNA 24). F. paradoxa is well known and locally abundant in some mid-western regions (from Minn. to Texas), and in Atlantic states (Pa. to Ga.), at least locally on base-rich soils (Y, W). However, in the Ohio Valley, it appears to be less extensive and perhaps less distinct from verticillata.  Most "paradoxa" mapped here may just be robust, open-grown subverticillata, or perhaps intermediate. [A similar situation occurs in Sphenopholis obtusata versus S. intermedia.]


FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with P. curstissii, but the records mapped here from DAVI and TODD are based on correctly identified colls. (KY). This southern species occurs mostly on sandy soils of the Coastal Plain, with significant disjunctions in Tenn. as well as Ky.


Scientific Name:
Saxifragaceae: Heuchera <Villosae> puberula (parviflora var. puberula)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Ozarkian species has been confused with the largely Appalachian H. parviflora, and further revision is needed. Variety status may be preferable. Typical puberula differs from parviflora in its longer capsules (4.2-5.5 mm versus 3-4.5 mm), longer fresh calices (2-4 mm versus 1.5-2 mm); and its petioles and flowering branches are puberulent (versus villous). H. puberula is often reported from calcareous cliffs, but parviflora is restricted to sandstone. Their ranges overlap along the sandstone cliffs of the Shawnee Hills, and some colls. appear intermediate (e.g. from GRAY at KY, NCU). While all colls. mapped here have the short glandular pubescence of typical puberula, their flowers are generally smaller. The coll. from MCRA (R. Athey; check EKY) needs to be verified.  Another taxon to check for is H. missouriensis Rosendahl, a segregate of H. parviflora known only from a few calcareous sites in se. Mo. (St, J). H. missouriensis differs from parviflora in its relatively small capsules (ca. 2.5-3 mm long), with less spreading beaks, and early flowering (Jul-Aug versus Sep-Oct). It was not recognized by Wells (1983), but more detailed study is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
This potentially invasive shrub from Europe has been reported, but perhaps based on cultivated material (M); it is locally naturalized on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn. (J).


FOOTNOTE:
This plant is the common wild "teasel", with straight chaff. It was probably present in Ky. early after settlement (Rafinesque 1836), but Gray (1864) noted just "rather rare" in northeastern states. In 1914, Gr just noted "not so often seen in cultivated ground." It is now a locally abundant biennial weed, especially along major roads. The name D. fullonum has also been misapplied to D. sativus (L.) Honckeny, with hooked chaff, which was selected in the past for use with textiles but has not been confirmed as naturalized in east-central states (W).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Amelanchier laevis (arborea var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some material is difficult to distinguish from arborea; there may be introgression in some regions. A. laevis is a northeastern species, extending south along the Appalachians. It is reported (F, Cr) to flower a little earlier, with leaves already about half-grown (versus usually much less than half); leaves are glabrous or nearly so (versus tomentose at least when young), deeper green "with a  prominent coppery-red cast that disappears before maturity"; fruits become relatively dark and juicy, on pedicels up to 2.5-5 cm (versus mostly 1-2 cm). Large distinct populations may not be well-developed in Ky., in contrast to higher elevations of the Southern Appalachians, where trees can reach 10-15 m tall.


FOOTNOTE:
This species is centered in the lower Mississippi Valley and has been reported from Ky. (Sm, F), but no colls. have been located.


FOOTNOTE:
F stated that this California species is often cultivated, "tending to spread to cool situations in Ill. and Ky." Presumably F had seen a coll., but no further data are available.


Scientific Name:
Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus <Albersia> blitoides ("graecizans")

FOOTNOTE:
This western species may just be a rare adventive, but there has been some confusion from misuse of the name "graecizans" for both this species and A. albus. The only confirmed record is a coll. from BALL (KY): F.T. McFarland #233, 15 Sep 1949, near La Center.


FOOTNOTE:
A coll. of this species by R. Peter (PH) has been attributed to Ky., but there are no locality data, and it may have come from interstate exchange. This southern species is unlikely to occur in the state.


FOOTNOTE:
In most cases (including OLDH and ROBE), colls. are probably from persistent plantings rather than true naturalization.


FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered in Ky., records are few and mostly date from 1920-1950. This alien is established across most of the U.S.A. (especially western regions), but it remains rare or absent in southeastern states.


FULL NAME:
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. divergens (Hack.) Gould

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Andropogoneae>: Schizachyrium [Andropogon] scoparium var. divergens

FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported by B, Cr and others, presumably based on B's colls. from CHRI and GRAY (check US). However, further examination is needed with modern treatments. This a southern taxon typical of pinelands, north to Ark. and Miss. but no further according to FNA 25. It appears to intergrade with var. scoparium, especially in Miss.


FULL NAME:
Kuhnia eupatorioides L. var. corymbulosa Torr. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Eupatorieae>: Kuhnia [Brickellia*] eupatorioides var. corymbulosa

FOOTNOTE:
This variety, with relatively large heads and inflorescences, may not be clearly distinct in Ky. and other areas of overlap (e.g. Y). Its range is centered in the Great Plains, while typical eupatoroides is southeastern (FNA 21). Further analysis is needed.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Vernonieae>: Vernonia noveboracensis (var. n.)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from MCRE and WHIT (KY) are relatively homogeneous, but a few suggest hybridization with gigantea. Colls. from MADI (BEREA), ROWA (KY), WARR (Pr) and WASH (KY) are more varied. Those from ROWA and WARR suggest transitions to glauca. The one from WASH has larger heads, more pubescent and resin-dotted.


FULL NAME:
Scutellaria incana Biehler var. punctata (Chapman) C. Mohr

Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria incana var. punctata

FOOTNOTE:
This smooth-leaved variety is largely Appalachian.


FOOTNOTE:
This is also known from close to BELL on Cumberland Mountain in Lee Co., Va. (mapped in GIS of J. Campbell).


FOOTNOTE:
This rarely reported southern weed may be easily overlooked or mistaken for a Houstonia. Its assignment to family remains uncertain (W; Angiosperm Phylogeny website).


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species of eastern and central North America has been divided eastern (typical) and western varieties The latter (var. ludoviciana DC.) is indistinct in Mo. (Y), but it might be looked for in w. Ky. The white-flowered form has been found in FAYE (C. Chandler, pers. comm.) and WOOD (E. Carr, pers. comm.).


FOOTNOTE:
This cosmopolitan weed (possibly native in western North America) is known only from a coll. in JEFF (DHL), originally identified as E. inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill.: C.R. Gunn #J20, 11 Apr 1954; one colony between River Rd. and railroad, open low grass in parking area no. 2. E. cheiranthoides is rare or absent in southeastern states, except in or near the Blue Ridge and Piedmont (PL).


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported recently by Abbott et al. (2001) from a railroad in LAUR (BEREA).


FULL NAME:
Malus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. var. coronaria

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Malus [Pyrus] coronaria var. c.

FOOTNOTE:
Although widely scattered in eastern states, at least on less fertile non-calcareous soils, this species is generally not abundant. Yet in Ky. some historical clues suggest it was locally dominant, e.g. the place name "Crab Orchard" in LINC, along the old Wilderness Trail from Va.


Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Kneiffia> pilosella (fruticosa var. hirsuta)

FOOTNOTE:
This midwestern species may be somewhat adventive in southeastern states; it is an octoploid segregate of the fruticosa group.


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by RAB and Moldenke (1980, but no coll. has been seen. There has been some confusion with lanceolata, but nodiflora is generally considered a distinct southern species, and it should be expected in w. Ky.


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread western species extends east to mid-western states, but in Ky. it is known only from a single coll. along a railroad in CAMP (KNK).


FULL NAME:
Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet ssp. recurvata (All.) Leadley

Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Brassiceae>: Coincya [Hutera] monensis ssp. recurvata (H. cheiranthos)

FOOTNOTE:
Naczi & Thieret (1996) have documented the slow spread of this alien in eastern North America


FULL NAME:
Tradescantia subaspera Ker-Gawl. var. montana (Shuttlw. ex Britt.) E.S. Anderson & Woods.

Scientific Name:
Commelinaceae: Tradescantia subaspera var. montanum

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Appalachian taxon is somewhat distinct, and deserves further study (F).


FULL NAME:
MELIC GRASS: Melica, Schizachne (PURPLE)


FULL NAME:
Aster sericeus: see Symphyotrichum pratense


FULL NAME:
Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Pauciarticulata> sessilifolium


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Pauciarticulata> obtusum (rigidum)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is rather poorly known in Ky., but it appears to be a conservative remnant of relatively xeric native grasslands in several regions of the state. There has been confusion with ciliare, but the two species are generally quite distinct.


FULL NAME:
Betula alleghaniensis Britt. var. alleghaniensis

Scientific Name:
Betulaceae <Betuloideae>: Betula allegheniensis var. a. (lutea)

FOOTNOTE:
This northeastern species has several disjunct populations along southwestern portions of its range; see notes under var. macrolepis.


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Saccharina> floridanum (barbatum, saccharum var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
Open dots are based on colls. that appear to be at least transitional to typical A. saccharum or perhaps its var. schneckii. See also Clark et al. (2005; CW) for recent collection data. A. floridanum is a southeastern taxon that may intergrade with typical saccharum in a clinal fashion (W). It has smaller leaves (3.5-11 cm wide versus 8-20 cm), often relatively blunt-lobed, and always densely pubescent below (versus usually smooth). Mature trees tend to be smaller, usually with smooth gray bark (versus increasingly plated with age, grayish-brown to "pinkish"). Pedicels, flowers and fruits are reportedly smaller (F), but these are rarely collected in Ky. Relatively pure populations appear to occur in the loess bluffs along the Mississippi Rv., but even these do not generally have leaves as small and as tomentose as typical plants in more southern states. W has accepted Ward's (2004) insistence that floridanum be selected rather than barbatum as the appropriate name.


Scientific Name:
Aceraceae [Sapindaceae]: Acer <Spicata> pseudoplatanus

FOOTNOTE:
There may be rare self-seedings from cultivated trees, but this is not known to be truly naturalized. There is a coll. of dubious status from JEFF (DHL).


FULL NAME:
Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. ex Torr.


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. molle (Vasey) Mohlenbrock

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] boscii var. molle

FOOTNOTE:
This hairy variety is not recognized in most current treatments, but it seems to have a relatively southern range overall, and within Ky. it seems restricted to a few small regions.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria pallida (media ssp. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This differs from media (FNA 5) in its 0-3 stamens (versus 3-5 (8)); sepals 3-4 mm long (versus 4.5-5 (6) mm); seeds mostly 0.5-0.9 mm wide and yellowish-green (versus 0.9-1.3 and brown); petals usually absent (versus present); and plants usually yellowish-green (versus regular green). It has certainly been overlooked, and further examination of colls. filed under media is needed. It is widely scattered in Mo. (Y) and Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.). In Ky, the only records are colls. of J.W. Thieret (KNK).


FULL NAME:
Scirpus americanus: see Schoenoplectus pungens


FOOTNOTE:
This globally threatened species occurs mostly at the base of rocky slopes and along nearby edges in s. Ill., w. Ky., c. Tenn., n. Miss. and n. Ala (Woods 2005). It has disappeared from much of the northern part of its range, except for a few sites in or near the Land-Between-the-Lakes of Ky. (LYON, TRIG) and Tenn. (Stewart & Montgomery Cos.). It needs to be cultivated for recovery, and for its large edible tubers of possible ethnobotanical interest.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> frondosus

FOOTNOTE:
These plants have relatively numerous large foliaceous bracts, but their distinction and correct name remains uncertain; see notes under pensilvanicus. They are mapped here tentatively, pending further revision. Widrelechner (1998) interpreted this species as widespread in northern states, especially in the upper mid-west.


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Melanthium (Veratrum) virginicum


FULL NAME:
Pityopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. var. latifolia (Fern.) Semple & Bowers

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Pityopsis [Chrysopsis] graminifolia* var. latifolia (nervosa)

FOOTNOTE:
Typical var. graminifolia is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain, while var. latifolia has a more widespread southern range (Cr, FNA 20).


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria ovata var. o. (bracteata)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from EDMO and HART (WKY) may be var. ovata in its strict definition. Colls. from EDMO and HICK (NCU) have been referred to var. bracteata Benth., which was treated as a subspecies by Epling (1942), but combined with var. ovata in more recent treatments. See also notes under var. versicolor.


FULL NAME:
Heterotheca camporum (Greene) Shinners var. glandulissimum Semple

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Heterotheca [Chrysopsis] camporum* var. glandulissimum

FOOTNOTE:
Varieties may need checking in some cases. Before 1930, var. glandulissimum was largely restricted to rocky bluffs and streambanks in the Nashville Basin of c. Tenn., but it began spreading across east-central states, especially along interstate highways (Semple 1983; FNA 21; W). The earliest record in Ky. was a coll. of B from MONR. Var. camporum is a much less weedy plant of rocky glades and prairies in n. Ark., e. Mo., Ill. and w. Ind. It is unknown in Ky., although the holotype is a coll. of C.W. Short (Univ. of Notre Dame) without clear provenance (M), and there may be a coll. from MCRA (MUR). There has also been confusion with H. villosa (Pursh) Shinners, with some authors using the combination H. villosa var. camporum (Greene) Wunderlin; typical villosa is a distinct western taxon that is unknown in Ky. (FNA 20).


FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with tribuloides or other species, and some colls. should be rechecked.


FULL NAME:
MILLET: Pennisetum (PEARL), Setaria italica (FOXTAIL)


FOOTNOTE:
This mid-western species was reported by BA (check Memphis or EKY). It was also reported tentatively by M from BULL (Oklahoma State Univ.). It is known from s. Ind. and s. Ill. It is similar to virginiana, but differs in its glandular inflorescence.


FULL NAME:
Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A.& D. Löve

FOOTNOTE:
The coll. by R. Athey from FULT was confirmed and accessed at Memphis, SIU and elsewhere (Browne & Athey 1978). This northern and western species is close to tabaernaemontanum, and hybrids appear to be locally frequent (Arnold & Beal 1980); see FNA 23 for details.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helianthus <Gigantei> maximilianii

FOOTNOTE:
This diploid (2n = 34) species of the Great Plains does not appear to be native in eastern states, except for a few possibly adventive records in northern region (Cr, Y, W). In Ky. there were no records before Beckett (1956), but one or more cultivars have been widely promoted in recent decades for supposed wildflower meadows and wildlife benefits. Persistent plantings and escapes are widely scattered, sometimes misinterpreted as native.


FULL NAME:
CHICKWEED: Cerastium (MOUSE-EAR), Holosteum (JAGGED), Myosoton (WATER-), Stellaria


FULL NAME:
PINK: Dianthus, Lychnis, Petrorhagia, Silene


FULL NAME:
CATCHFLY: Silene {species with sticky hairs}


Scientific Name:
Cornaceae: Cornus <Swida> stricta (foemina ssp. f.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species is close to the more northern racemosa, but colls. can be clearly distinguished in almost all cases (F, Cr). See also Z.E. Murrell & A.S. Weakley (W) for a modern treatment.


FULL NAME:
Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) Sell & C. West

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Lactuceae>: Pilosella [Hieracium*] caespitosa (pratense)

FOOTNOTE:
Some other European species of Pilosella have been reported, but not verified. These include P. aurantiaca (L.) F. Schultz & Schultz-Bipontinus (Faller 1975), P. officinarum F. Schultz & Schultz-Bipontinus (Faller 1975), and P. piloselloides (Vill.) Sojak (BA), which is close to caespitosa. Like caespitosa, these species are widely scattered in North America, and are expected in Ky.


FULL NAME:
Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnston

Scientific Name:
Viscaceae [Santalaceae]: Phoradendron serotinum (leucarpum, flavescens)

FOOTNOTE:
R. Thompson (BEREA) has devotedly collected this inspiring hemiparasite from all counties, except for GRAN, where he has seen it on a cut-down tree. He has documented the host species in detail for several areas (e.g. Thompson & Noe 2003); see also Reed & Reed (1951). The most common host on base-rich soils is Juglans nigra, but it is also locally frequent on Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Gleditsia triacanthos and other species. On more acid soils, Nyssa sylvatica is usually the most common host. As Gr noted: "Exceptionally severe winters sometimes destroy much of it, but it gradually reappears and becomes common again." The last extensive die-back in northern Ky. occurred after the winters of 1976-78.


FULL NAME:
Ligusticum canadense (L.) Britt. var. canadense

Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Thaspium group>: Ligusticum canadense var. c.


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Luzula bulbosa (campestris var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is close to echinata, with a similar south-central range (FNA 22). It may be typical of more open habitats, in general (F, W). It has distinctive basal "bulblets" within small dense tufts of whitish, swollen leaf bases. Inflorescence branches are mostly ascending (versus divergent up to 90 degrees); spikes are ovoid to cylindric (versus subglobose to broadly ovoid or conic); perianths are generally shorter (ca. 2-3 mm versus 2.8-4 mm), with more distinct shining chestnut-brown centers (versus greenish to pale or dark brown); anther lengths are only 1-2x filament lengths (versus at least 2x); seeds tend to be shorter (0.9-1.3 mm versus 1.2-1.6 mm) and ellipsoid (versus globose). In Ky., flowering stems are generally (0.5) 1-2 (2.5) dm tall while those of echinata are generally (1) 1.5-3 (4) dm tall.


Scientific Name:
Melanthiaceae [Liliaceae]: Trillium luteum (cuneatum var. l.)

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with viride, within which G included luteum and cuneatum as varieties; see also notes under cuneatum. The disjunct coll. from CLAR (EKY) is verified but it is an atypically small plant; it was found mixed with sessile near old buildings where cultivation may have occured.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Scirpus georgianus (atrovirens var. g.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely northeastern species often appears weakly differentiated from the largely north-central species, atrovirens. Treatments range from complete combination (Cr), to varieties (F, BT; Arnold & Beal 1980), to separate species (FNA 23, K, W). However, georgianus is diagnosed by usually having 0-3 bristles around each achene (versus 5-6); the bristles are short or rarely up to 0.7 as long as the achene (versus short to about as long), smooth or barbed only near tips (versus barbed in distal 0.3-0.6). Vegetative characters are less clearcut, but S. georgianus usually has deep green to brownish lower sheaths and leaves (versus pale green to light brown), and the sheaths usually have relatively few clear septae (versus becoming conspicuously nodulose-septate on drying). S. georgianus tends to be less robust, with narrower leaves and smaller clusters of spikelets, on average.


FOOTNOTE:
This western weed was first recorded in the 1930s (B).


Scientific Name:
Cleomaceae [Capparaceae*]: Polanisia dodecandra (graveolens)

FOOTNOTE:
This is widespread in most of North America, but local, rare or absent in southeastern states. In Ky. and Tenn., most records are from gravelly or sandy riverbanks west of the Appalachians. The only central Appalachian records are from the Kanawha Rv. in W.Va. and the James Rv. in Va. (PL, W). See notes under trachysperma, which is not distinguished here.


FOOTNOTE:
This is the commonly cultivated "morning-glory" but often also escaped and weedy; various color forms are known. The first report of wild plants was in 1914 (Gr). Plant with lobed leaves are reported elsewhere (Y), but unknown in Ky. Another cultivated species with various color forms is I. tricolor Cav., which originates from Central America and may be locally escaped in southeastern states (PL, Y). I. tricolor can be confused with purpurea, but differs in its glabrous sepals and pedicels (versus conspicuously pubescent) and its 2-lobed stigmas (versus 3-lobed); it is probably closer to pandurata (Y).


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by Abbott et al. (2001) from Manchester Island, in the Ohio River (LEWI). It is a native species of fertile alluvial woods, local in mid-western states and eastward to Pa. and Tenn. It may only be adventive further east.


FULL NAME:
SPINDLE: Euonymus atropurpurea, E. europea


FULL NAME:
HYACINTH: Camassia (WILD), Muscari (GRAPE-)


FULL NAME:
Rudbeckia missouriensis Engelm. ex C.L. Boynt. & Beadle

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia missouriensis (fulgida var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely Ozarkian species is not verified east of the Mississippi Rv. except in s. Ill. It has been reported from Ky. in FNA 21 and other literature, but no convincing colls. have been seen (M). R. missouriensis appears to differ from truncata only in its dense pubescence and relatively narrow leaves. Plants referable to either taxon should be searched for further within intervening regions. Plants that seem transitional from species to tenax or to truncata occur on a disturbed limestone cliff overlook above the Kentucky River near Camp Nelson in JESS (JC for KY).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] laxiflorum (xalapense)


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) Gould

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] linearifolium (werneri)

FOOTNOTE:
Included here are relatively glabrous plants that have been named var. werneri (Scribn.) Mohlenbrock. These are releatively frequent in northern states and Canada, but within Ky. they do not appear to have significant difference in distribution.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] depauperatum

FOOTNOTE:
Included here are relatively glabrous plants that have been named var. psilophyllum Fern. (within Panicum), These are relatively frequent in northern states and Canada, but within Ky. they do not appear to have significant difference in distribution.


FULL NAME:
Rubus allegheniensis Porter var. gravesii Fern.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Alleghenienses> allegheniensis var. gravesii

FOOTNOTE:
This variety is pleasantly notable because it has no prickles or only a few small ones, but it may not be worth recognizing; the potential for introgression with R. canadensis should be investigated.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Alleghenienses> alumnus (miriflorus, trux, ?rosa)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to allegheniensis, and could be included in a broad species concept; these taxa have similar distributions in Ky. However, Widrlechner (1998) has revised the concept of alumnus to include some taxa that have generally been treated within section Arguti (e.g. bellobatus). R. alumnus has relatively broad inflorescence summits, relatively large-flowers (2-4 cm broad) and large-fruits (1.5-2 cm long). It tends to occur in relatively dry, open areas. As interpreted by F, alumnus has been cultivated, being the "source of several horticultural varieties", which has led to some increase in its total range. Named cultivars are mostly polyploids from northeastern regions and some may be referred to the exceptionally robust, broad-leafleted R. rosa Bailey, which was included by F but retained as a distinct species by H.A. Davis (SC), Widrlechner (1998) and others.


FULL NAME:
VIRGINIA-CREEPER: Parthenocissus quinquefolia (or WOODBINE)


Scientific Name:
Brassicaceae <Lepidieae>: Cardaria [Lepidium] draba

FOOTNOTE:
This is one of the few alien species of Brassicaceae that has true rhizomes; see also Rorippa sylvestris. Although a serious weed in western North America, it is rare or absent in southeastern states (PL, W). Lepidium draba L. may become the preferred name again (Y). The closely related L. chalapense L. (= C. draba ssp. chalepensis) and L. appellianum Al-Shehbaz ( = C. pubescens) may also be expected (Y). These three "hoary-cresses" are noxious weeds that include a complex polyploid series from 2n = 16 (appellianum) to 128 (some chalepensis).


FOOTNOTE:
There are rare apparent hybrids with ovata, glabra and perhaps other species.


FOOTNOTE:
This southern species (largely on the Coastal Plain) has been found mostly near the lower Ohio and lower Green Rivers; it is unknown from the Mississippi lowlands (in CARL, HICK & FULT). Within cypress/tupelo sloughs, this species appears to associate with backwaters that have less frequent, or less intense, flooding and alluviation. It may hybridize with illinoinensis.


FULL NAME:
Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A.& D. Löve

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Symphyotrichum <prenanthoides group> puniceum (var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is a largely northeastern species of open swampy woods, seeps and wet meadows on acid soils. The outlying western coll. from CALL (MUR) was initially misidentified as A. praealtus: R. Athey #5132, 14 Oct 1985, Backusburg, West Fork of Clarks River at Ky 464, in pond bordering river.


Scientific Name:
Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]: Gonolobus [Matelea*] gonocarpos (suberosus var. ?)

FOOTNOTE:
See Y and W for recent taxonomic review and key characters at genus and species level. G. gonocarpus is a generally distinct southeastern taxon that has been submerged within the more western G. suberosus (L.) Ait. in most recent treatments. Based on recent analysis (Krings & Xiang 2005), it should be recognized at least as suberosus var. granulatus (Scheele) Krings & Q.Y. Xiang.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Hasteola [Cacalia] suaveolens

FOOTNOTE:
There are few records from Ky., Ind. or Ill. after 1950-1970 (Anderson 1994). This lowland species has been widely distributed in east-central states, but declines seem to have occurred across large eastern sectons of its range (FNA 20, W). Its increasingly imperiled status is presumably due to woodland clearance and associated farming. Hasteola appears to be generally more palatable to large herbivores than Arnoglossum (Anderson 1994).


FULL NAME:
Arnoglossum muehlenbergii (Schultz-Bip.) H.E. Robins.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Arnoglossum [Cacalia] muehlenbergii (reniforme)

FOOTNOTE:
The correct name should be A. reniforme (Hook.) H.E. Robins., according to L.C. Anderson (FNA 20); but, hopefully, a proposal to conserve will be made.


FULL NAME:
Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H.E. Robins.

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Senecioneae>: Arnoglossum [Cacalia] atriplicifolium


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Myosotis macrosperma (verna var. m.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is sometimes confused with verna, but it differs in several characters and its woodland habitat. There is no evidence of intergradation (Y).


Scientific Name:
Boraginaceae: Myosotis arvensis (scorpiodes var. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
This alien is widespread across northern regions of North America, but in Ky. there only a few records. Several unverified reports are not mapped (M); there has been confusion witht the native macrosperma.


FULL NAME:
Myosotis stricta Link ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes

FOOTNOTE:
Within North America, this weedy alien occurs mostly in northern regions.


FULL NAME:
Leptochloa panicoides (J. Presl) A.S. Hitchc.

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Leptochloa <Diplachne> panicoides (halei)


FULL NAME:
Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Eleocharis <Eleogenus> ovata (var. ovata)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species has been confused with obtusa, and there may be some intergradation (FNA 23, Y). E. ovata differs from obtusa and engelmannii in its relatively narrow tubercles (1/2 to 3/4 as wide as achenes), and its stamens only 2 (versus 3). There have been several reports from Ky. (M, FNA 23), but it remains unclear if there are verified colls. from Ky. or elsewhere in the Ohio Valley (PL). No colls. at KY were det. as typical ovata by S.G. Smith for FNA 23.


FULL NAME:
Oenothera clelandii W. Dietr., Raven & W.L. Wagner

Scientific Name:
Onagraceae: Oenothera <Raimannia> clelandii ("rhombipetala")

FOOTNOTE:
The few colls. of this northern species need to be rechecked (Davies 1955, Dietrich & Wagner 1988, Campbell et al. 1992). It occurs in prairies and fields on sandy soil, mostly in the upper mid-west, with disjunct occurrences east to New Jersey and eastern New York.


FOOTNOTE:
This alga-like flowering plant of rocky riverine riffles has fascinated botanists since settlement (Meijer 1976). At several localities, plants have disappeared, including A. Michaux's type at Falls of the Ohio (JEFF) and C.W. Short's along the lower Kentucky Rv. (FAYE/MADI). Short (1836) noted: "the humble but useful Podostemum ceratophyllum, confined to the shoals of the most rapid rivers, where it serves to protect the channel from the fury of the current, by binding together gravel, shells, and stones, on one impenetrable mass."  It remains scattered in some upper tributaries of the Cumberland Rv., Green Rv., Kentucky Rv., and Big Sandy Rv. It is locally abundant along the South Fork of Kentucky Rv., where flowering was observed in 1992 (KY).


FOOTNOTE:
All plants in Ky. are probably diploids (2n = 12), whereas tetraploids occur in the Blue Ridge and further east (Nesom 1983). The latter have distinctly larger overall plant size and stomatal guard cell size, and they probably do not hybridize to a significant degree, but taxonomic recongition is not generally supported (W).


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is most common in mesic forest on rocky calcareous slopes, where thickets are characteristic at mid- to low slope positions. But it does occur on other base-rich soils.


FULL NAME:
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla

Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Schoenoplectus [Scirpus] tabernaemontanii (validus var. creber)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread species is part of a somewhat intergradient complex that includes acutus, heterochaetus and lacustris (FNA 23).


FULL NAME:
Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. var. ianthina (Burgess) new comb. ?

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Eurybia [Aster] macrophylla var. ianthina

FOOTNOTE:
This taxon may be poorly defined, and needs further study. In some cases, distinction from smoother forms of var. macrophylla is difficult. Colls. often have paler lilac or white flowers, and with their less developed glands, they appear intermediate between macrophylla and schreberi.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Triadenum [Hypericum] tubulosum


Scientific Name:
Alismataceae: Sagittaria <Lophotocarpus> calycina (montevidensis ssp. calycina)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from CALD (R. Athey; check EKY), CAMP (KNK) and elsewhere have been named forma depauperatus (Engelm.) Fern. (in Lophotocarpus). However, such plants are often mixed with typical plants and do not appear worth distinguishing (see also B).


FOOTNOTE:
Variation and nomenclature needs to be checked. The coll. from HARD (NCU) appears to be the typical sexual diploid (2n = 28), A. neglecta. However, the colls. from BREC (KY), JEFF (DHL) and LAWR (Beyer & Stebbins 1987) may be the largely apomictic, non-staminate polyploid (2n = 56, 84), A. neodioica (including A. neglecta var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq.). Cr treated the latter as A. neglecta var. neodioica (Greene) Cronq., but FNA 19 treated it as A. howellii Greene ssp. neodioica (Greene) Bayer. Both neglecta and neodioica are widespread in northern regions, with no clear differences in habitat, but neodioica tends to flower later, in late May-July (versus late April-June).


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is most common on moist fertile soils in partial shade, generally with regular disturbance such as along trails. After settlement, schreberi has prospered locally in woodland pastures and lawns. The local mid-western plant known as M. X curtisetosa (Scribn.) Bush is also expected in Ky., since it is known from s. Ill. and s. Ohio (FNA 25). It may be derived from hybrids of schreberi and frondosa.


FOOTNOTE:
This was mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock (1935) but not Hitchcock & Chase (1950) or FNA 25. A vegetative coll. from a cliff near a railroad in LEE (JC for KY) is tentatively identified as racemosa. It is a widespread species to the north and west of Ky., and is occasionally adventive in northeastern states.


FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from CARL (MUR) is confirmed: L.M. Wilson #1568. This is a northern and western (circumboreal) species, also known in Ind., Ill. and Mo.


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria pubera (var. p.)


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria corei (pubera var. silvatica)

FOOTNOTE:
This tetraploid (2n = 60) is generally distinct from the diploid pubera, but some incomplete colls. are difficult to assign. It occurs largely in the central Appalachians and Interior Low Plateaus, on more base-rich soils than the more widespread southeastern pubera. See W for notes on identification.


FULL NAME:
Stellaria fontinalis (Short & Peter) B.L. Robins.

Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Stellaria fontinalis (Sagina, Arenaria, Alsine f.)

FOOTNOTE:
Although this globally imperiled species is often treated in Stellaria, it also appears close to Sagina and Minuartia (FNA 5). It is an early spring annual restricted to wet cliffs and seeps on limestone in c. Ky. and c. Tenn. Its numbers can vary much from year to year, and several populations in Ky. have disappeared during the past 30 years.


FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated species ("elecampane") was apparently established in the past as an occasional escape from cultivation, but it has not been collected since 1940.


FULL NAME:
Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. elongatum (Pursh) Lelong

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Panicum <Agrostoides> rigidulum var. elongatum (P. stipitatum)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction of these large-seeded plants from typical rigidulum needs further study. They are reported to have a more eastern range, but there is much overlap and no clear difference in habitat (FNA 25, W).


Scientific Name:
Orchidaceae <Orchideae>: Galearis [Orchis] spectabilis


FULL NAME:
PEA: Centrosema (BUTTERFLY), Chamaecrista (PARTRIDGE-), Clitoria (BUTTERFLY), Galactia (MILK-), Lathyrus (SWEET-), Orbexilum (SCURF-), Psoralidium (SCURF-), Vigna (BLACK-EYED or COW-)


FULL NAME:
Pascopyrum smithii Barkworth & D.R. Dewey

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Pascopyrum [Elymus] smithii (Elytrigia s.*; Agropyron s.)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread western species occurs as waif in eastern states, or perhaps locally adventive along railroads and similar sites. It is an octoploid (2n = 56), probably derived from hybridization of Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould with Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilg., and its generic placement has been uncertain (FNA 24).


FOOTNOTE:
In Ky., this cosmopolitan aquatic species is known mostly from large old sloughs and ponds. It does not typically occur in artificial lakes or ponds.


FOOTNOTE:
There has been some taxonomic confusion with the closely related C. submersum L. or C. muricatum Chamisso, which occur in Eurasia and can be defined in a narrow sense to exclude American plants (as reviewed in W). C. echinatum is widely scattered in eastern North America and the Pacific northwest, but is much less frequent than demersum. In Ky., Tenn. (Ch) and Mo. (Y) it is known from a few natural ponds or sloughs that are somewhat removed from the major river valleys, occasionally even in sinkhole ponds or springs (Y). The alien Myriophyllum spicatum could be a serious competitor in these habitats, especially with eutrophic conditions.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Scutellarioideae>: Scutellaria epilobiifolia (galericulata var. e.)

FOOTNOTE:
The coll. from ROCK (KY-Agr.) is dated 8 Jul 1915, and states "Conway, Ky.", but with no collector. This species was also reported by Greenwell (1935) from NELS. It has a northern and western range, with local extension down to the southern Appalachians. It is closely related to the Eurasian species, S. galericulata L.


FULL NAME:
Landoltia punctata (G.F.W. Mey.) D.H. Les & D.J. Crawford

Scientific Name:
Lemnaceae [Araceae]: Landoltia [Spirodela] punctata


FULL NAME:
Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg.

Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Genuini> effusus var. solutus

FOOTNOTE:
A coll. from MCRA (MUR) is referable to var. compactus Hoppe, but that variety is not segregated from var. solutus in recent treatments. Typical var. effusus is largely European, and locally introduced to northern North America, but unknown in Ky.


Scientific Name:
Juncaceae: Juncus <Genuini> pylaei (effusus* var. p.)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern taxon is close to effusus, differing (see also F) in its usually narrower culms (ca. 2-3 mm at summit versus 3-4 mm), with fewer (ca. 10-20 versus 30-60), distinctly coarser ridges, often smaller heads (usually 2-6 cm wide versus 4-10 cm), and usually longer sepals (ca. 2.5-4 mm versus 2-3 mm), which exceed (versus equal) petals and capsule. Although recognized as a variety by some (F) and a species by others (Cr), it was not distinguished at all in FNA 22, which is surprising given the fine divisions recognized in the tenuis group. It has been overlooked in Appalachian regions, where it is locally common in wooded, boggy streamhead seeps and similar places with wet acid infertile soils. It is typically absent from old fields with effusus var. solutus.


FOOTNOTE:
The only potentially wild coll. of this occasionally cultivated Asian species is from a corn field in JEFF (DHL).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Clematis <Viorna> cf. glaucophylla

FOOTNOTE:
Records mapped here are based on old colls. that appear to be true glaucophylla based on determinations by Erickson (1943) and the treatment in FNA 3. However, identification may be doubted based on biogeography (D. Estes, pers. comm.). C. glaucophylla is known mostly scattered over e. and s. Ala., nw. Fla., n. and w. Ga., c. Miss. and e. Tenn. (including banks of the Obed Rv.). It is possible that the Ky. plants are unusual shaded or mesic forms of versicolor with relatively little reticulation on the lower leaf surfaces, There is a need for closer examination of more complete material and fresh flowers from Ky., as well as the disjunct plants referred to glaucophylla in n. La., s. Ark. and se. Okl. (FNA 3; see colls. at MO).


FOOTNOTE:
The first report of this rhizomatous vine was in 1914 by Gr, who noted: "This pest is one of the worst occurring in Kentucky... [but] Pasturage with hogs or sheep is said to destroy the weed."


Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> pulverulenta (herbacea var. p.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This species is centered in calcareous regions of east-central states; the Appalachian-Ozark disjunction claimed in FNA 26 may just reflect lack of data recorded from Ky. and Tenn. S. pulverulenta is distinct from herbacea and lasioneura in the relatively dark, shiny green color of lower leaf surfaces (which are pubescent like lasioneura); its relatively long petioles, more or less equalling blades (versus shorter), a third to as long as peduncles (versus 1/10 to 1/3); and its berries black (versus blue, glaucous). Some colls. of pulverulenta have relatively glabrous leaves, and may be transitional to herbacea. Although these three taxa have been treated as species in several treaments, doubts linger. While ranges are different, there is considerable overlap, and habitats are quite similar.


Scientific Name:
Hypericaceae [Clusiaceae]: Hypericum <Trigonobrathys> canadense


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Cynodonteae>: Sporobolus indicus (poiretii)

FOOTNOTE:
This pantropical to warm temperate species was first record in the 1930s (B). It has become widely scattered, especially along roadsides on sandy soils.


Scientific Name:
Apiaceae <Osmorhiza group>: Erigenia bulbosa


FULL NAME:
Dioscorea oppositifolia: see D. polystachya


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> angustifolia

FOOTNOTE:
Some records may be from old plantings, such as the FAYE (KY) coll. from an old home site. Plants on the Tichenor farm in BUTL have at least three color forms in the fruit (yellowish, pinkish and deeper red), also tasting different. These clones are on an ancient village site of the Mississippian era and before. This species is probably the plum referred to in De Soto's chronicles during his military tour of the southeastern states during the 16th Century: "finer than any grown in Spain" with "large quantities" of the dried fruits found stored in villages; see citations by C.W. Cowan in Ford (1985). Viable remnants of such vegetation have virtually disappeared in Ky. and Tenn., but they are reported to survive in the Black Belt of Ala. and Miss. (NatureServe website; type CEGL 007747).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pruneae>: Prunus <Prunophora> munsoniana

FOOTNOTE:
There has been some confusion with angustifolia and other species. Some  uncertain records may be from old plantings, but it is likely that Native Americans also cultivated this valuable fruit-producer.


FOOTNOTE:
This is a pantropical weed said to be introduced from Brazil or elsewehere in South America, but there are some early reports from North America, e.g., Rafinesque (1819). Reports of H. europaeum L. are probably all based on indicum (M).


Scientific Name:
Araceae: Arisaema pusillum ("triphyllum"; triphyllum ssp. p.*)

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction of this diploid taxon from typical triphyllum needs further research; identification in the herbarium is difficult. Treatment as subspecies may be preferred, but genetic integradation is unknown (FNA 22; W). A. pusillum has a largely southeastern range, and is particulalrly distinct on the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain. In Ky. populations of these rather small late flowering plants may be associated with relatively damp and acid soils, especially in flatwoods and streamheads of the Mississippian and Appalachian Plateaus.


Scientific Name:
Violaceae: Viola <Boreali-Americanae> sororia (var. s.)

FOOTNOTE:
See notes under the closely related, somewhat intergrading papilionacea and affinis. Leaf pubescence may be the most obvious difference, with sororia being persistently pubescent on both leaf surfaces (versus generally glabrous or glabrate except sometimes for petioles or basal parts of blades); leaves are often relatively dark green and generally lack purplish hues.There also appear to be occasional hybrids with hirsutula, palmata (= triloba) and other species.


Scientific Name:
Fagaceae: Quercus muehlenbergii (prinoides var. acuminata)

FOOTNOTE:
Although most common in calcareous regions, this species also occurs at low density on more base-rich shales within the rugged Appalachian hills. There appear to be rare hybrids with macrocarpa, alba, bicolor and perhaps other species; see notes under those species.


FOOTNOTE:
This may have been present early after settlement; in 1914, Gr noted that it was "very common everywhere in Kentucky."


FOOTNOTE:
This was originally native in central and eastern North America, but is now a cosmopolitan weed. There has been much confusion between this species and hybridus, and there may be some hybridization (FNA 4). Further checking is needed among these and other congeners; see also powellii and arenicola. Some keys are difficult to use, especially if distinguishing supposedly monoecious species (including the retroflexus-hybridus group) from strictly dioecious species (including the tuberculatus group in subgenus Acnida).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Anemoneae>: Hepatica [Anemone] americana (nobilis var. obtusa)


FOOTNOTE:
This is sometimes confused with frondosa, but these taxa appear to be distinct species. Both have widespread ranges across North America, and vary in chromosome number; 2n = 24, 48 or (in frondosa) 72.


Scientific Name:
Adoxaceae [Caprifoliaceae*]: Viburnum <Odontotinus> acerifolium

FOOTNOTE:
This diploid (2n = 18) shrub of woods on acid soils has a fairly wide eastern range, but it is rare to absent in the lower Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys, including most of w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (PL, Ch). Colls. from BREA (KY), ESTI (EKY), HARL (KY) and probably elsewhere are referable to var. glabrescens Rehd., but that Appalachian variety has not been recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. Cr, W).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Bromeae>: Bromus <Bromopsis> nottowayanus

FOOTNOTE:
There are only a few reliable records of this species from Ky. (e.g., Naczi et al. 2002), but it may be fairly widespread. Although reported from scattered regions of east-central states, B. nottowayanus remains rather poorly understood (McKenzie & Ladd 1995). There is some inconsistency in its treatment (F, Cr, W, FNA 24), and we need better circumscription. It reportedly differs from B. pubescens in its leaves which are moderately numerous (usually 6-8 versus 4-6), dark green, with "a conspicuous satiny sheen (when fresh)" on abaxial surfaces; adaxial surfaces are densely villous (versus glabrous to sparsely villous); sheaths are thinly to densely villous, usually with a distinct tuft of retrose hairs at the summit (versus glabrous to canescent, then lacking a distinct tuft at summit); nodes are mostly covered or nearly so (versus at least the upper exposed). In Ky., plants referred to nottowayanus have hairy culms and rachises; typical pubescens is smooth. Florets are similar, but second glumes are more often 5-veined (versus usually 3-veined); lemma awns are ca. 5-8 mm (versus 2-8 mm); anthers are reported to be relatively small. B. nottowayanus typically occurs on fertile floodplain terraces, like the more northern species, latiglumis, which it resembles in some characters.


FULL NAME:
BUTTERCUP: Ranunculus {species with large yellow flowers}


FULL NAME:
CROWFOOT: Ranunculus {species with small/pale flowers}


FOOTNOTE:
The only record of this southeastern species is a coll. from WAYN (US): L.B. Smith & A.R. Hodgdon #3878, 12-14 July 1937, brushy bank of Beaver Creek south of Monticello.


FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported from CRIT (KSNPC; check EKY) and WARR (Pr), but verified colls. have not been seen. If present in Ky., this western species is probably just as adventive waifs.


FULL NAME:
Rosa setigera Michx. var. tomentosa Torr. & Gray

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Synstyleae> setigera var. tomentosa

FOOTNOTE:
This seems fairly distinct, but further checking of determinations is needed.


FOOTNOTE:
This bad weed of tropical agriculture has tuberiferous stolons, like its temperate relative, esculentus. It has established locally in Paducah (MCRA), Louisville (JEFF) and Monticello (WAYN). Although not generally peristent in temperate regions, the population in Monticello began with a horticultural introduction in 1960/61 and was found in adjacent mowed lawns during 1995 (EKY)


FOOTNOTE:
This widespread pantropical and warm temperate weed may be native; it has been common in Ky. for over a century and was recorded in early lists (Gr; Riddell 1835, Short et al. 1833). Variation needs more study: all material may be var. leptostachyus Boeckl., but colls. should be checked for var. macrostachyus Boekl., which is in southeastern states (W).


FULL NAME:
Solidago jacksonii: see Oligoneuron rigidum


FULL NAME:
Solidago randii: see S. arenicola & S. racemosa


FULL NAME:
Rosa carolina L. var. villosa (Best) Rehd.

Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Roseae>: Rosa <Carolinae> carolina var. villosa (lyoni)

FOOTNOTE:
This variety has not been recognized in recent treatments, but it appears somewhat distinct in Ky., with a generally more western range.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Ovales> projecta (tribuloides var. reducta)

FOOTNOTE:
This has been reported by Campbell et al. (1992) and others from slightly open seepy or swampy woods, but perhaps based only on misidentified variants of tribuloides. C. projecta is considered somewhat intermediate between tribuloides and cristatella (FNA 23), but with the inflorescence flexible or nodding, and the perigynia usually less numerous and more spreading. There are no clear records of projecta from Ky., though some plants mapped under tribuloides var. sangamonensis are hard to distinguish, especially colls. with slightly nodding spikes and relatively broad yellowish-green leaves. Such colls. are mostly from eastern regions, along smaller streams and seeps with acid soils.


FOOTNOTE:
All plants are probably referable to var. major Torr. & Gray This relatively northern segregate, with larger calyx segments (8-10 mm long versus 5-7 mm) and petals (ca. 6 mm long versus 4-5 mm), is not recognized in recent treatments, but it deserves further attention (F). In Ky., filipes occurs in calcareous glades or nearby, whereas the habitat of typical plants further south is "sandy pine-barrens" (F) or "sandy fields, disturbed areas and clearings" (W). Reports of the southern species, G. angustifolia Michx. (endemic to the Coastal Plain), and the widespread western species, G. coccinea Pursh, appear to be based on misidentified filipes (M).


FOOTNOTE:
This southeastern species has sometimes been confused with imbricaria; old reports from northern Ky. remain dubious (Gr). Further verification of phellos is needed in several counties; it often restricted to small remnants of swampy woodland. There are occasional hybrids with pagoda, velutina, palustris and probably other species.


Scientific Name:
Crassulaceae: Hylotelephium [Sedum] telephium {sensu lato}

FOOTNOTE:
This cultivated Eurasian species occasionally escapes, especially on floodplains, but it does not seem to be persistent. Woods & Fuller (1988) reported it from CALL (MUR), but the coll. cannot be found; see also Heineke (1987) for a possible record from FULT (M). Under Sedum, these plants have generally been referred to the European ssp. purpureum (L.) Schinz & R. Keller, but the Asian ssp. alboroseum (Baker) Frod. is also expected; see Y for further details. The latter reportedly has higher chromosome numbers (2n = 48 or 56 versus mostly 36) and is perhaps better treated as H. erythostrichum (Miq.) H. Ohba; but see also Cr.


Scientific Name:
Ericaceae <Vaccinioideae>: Gaylussacia <Gaylussacia> dumosa

FOOTNOTE:
This was reported from WARR by Pr, but no coll. has been located. G. dumosa is mostly on the Atlantic and southeastern Coastal Plain, but it also occurs in s. Tenn. and s. W.Va. (Ch, PL, W).


Scientific Name:
Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton diversifolius (var. d., "P. dimorphus")

FOOTNOTE:
Floating leaves are typically 3-8.5 mm wide and have obtuse tips; without these, colls. are hard to identify. The species generally occurs in stagnant water. Plants with broader leaves and more acute tips, especially in flowing waters of major streams and rivers, should be compared with tennesseensis, which has been overlooked. See also spirillus.


FULL NAME:
Brachiaria tespecies ana: Urochloa texana


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Cyperus <Mariscus> retrofractus (dipsaciformis, var. r.)

FOOTNOTE:
The name retrofractus was misapplied to hystricinus in some earlier treatments, and F established the name C. dispaciformis Fern. for this species.


FOOTNOTE:
This is widely scattered in eastern states but its range is curiously fragmented. It is generally absent in Appalachacian regions, except for occasional disjunct records (PL). In Ky. the only Appalachian record is a coll. from ROWA (MDKY) but the label data may be doubted (Campbell et al. 1992).


FULL NAME:
Sisyrinchium mucronatum: see S. atlanticum


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Conyza [Erigeron] parva (canadensis var. pusilla*)

FOOTNOTE:
This close relative of canadensis has been recognized by several authors as a species or variety in southeastern states (W), extending up the Ohio Valley on sandy soils to se. Mo. (Y), s. Ind. and s. Ohio (PL). Its distribution in Ky. is probably more widespread than colls. indicate. It is locally abundant in MCRE and PULA in fields and other openings on sandy uplands.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Inuleae>: Pseudognaphalium [Gnaphalium] micradenium (obtusifolium var. m., helleri ssp. m.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to obtusifolium, and there has probably been some confusion. All records date from before 1950 (M). This is species is widely scattered in northern, Appalachian and Ozarkian regions. Its distinction from the more southern species, P. helleri (Britt.) A. Anderb., was established by Nesom (2001b), who provided a detailed key; see also FNA 19.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Hordeum pusillum (nodosum)

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread North American species was widely used for its edible seed during the Woodland era (King 1985). It may have been cultivated, but there is no clear evidence of selection. The earliest record may have been a coll. by R. Peter from Blue Lick [perhaps in ROBE], dated June 1835 (at KY before the fire; Anderson 1924).


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Physocarpum> clavatum (mirabile)

FOOTNOTE:
Within its southern Appalachian range (Ky. & Va. to Ala. & S.C..), this species occurs on streambanks and seeping slopes, especially near cliffs. In Ky., it occurs only under sandstone cliffs at the western edge of the Appalachian Plateaus, and furher west at a few disjunct sites along the "Pottsville Escarpment" of the Shawnee Hills. Most records match the description of T. mirabile Small, but that taxon does not seem to be clearly distinct in Ky. T. mirabile reportedly has a more western range than clavatum, though with much overlap, and is more restricted to sandstone cliffs (FNA 3). It has been distinguished only by its shorter achenes (ca. 2.5-4 mm long versus 3-5 mm), which are about equal to the longer stipe (ca. 2.5-3.5 mm versus ca. 1-3 mm) and have a straight upper margin (versus concave). But in Ky. this character is often mixed or intermediate within populations. Walck (2000) found that a population of mirabile in POWE has the same chromosome as reported for clavatum; 2n = 14.


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Heterogamia> dioicum


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Heterogamia> coriaceum


Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> revolutum


FULL NAME:
Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall.

Scientific Name:
Ranunculaceae <Ranunculeae>: Thalictrum <Leucocoma> dasycarpum

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread, variable, polyploid (2n = 168) mid-western species is typical of wet meadows, shores or streambanks. Although still widespread in sw. Ohio (especially along the Ohio River; A. Cusick, pers. comm.), it appears to have become rare in Ky., with virtually no records after 1970. However, it may often have been misidentified as the eastern species, revolutum (2n = ca. 134) or pubescens (2n = 84, 154), with which it may intergrade (FNA 3). Compared to pubescens, flowers are rarely bisexual in dasycarpum (versus often so). Its anthers are usually longer (1-3.6 (4) mm versus 0.5-1.5 (2.1) mm), and strongly apiculate (versus blunt or slightly apiculate), with filaments filiform and drooping (versus rigid, prominently clavate, ascending). Also, achenes have a beak that is more or less straight, about as long as the body (versus straight to distally coiled, about half as long), and an obtuse, sessile to subsessile base (versus narrowed, stipitate).


FOOTNOTE:
This alien has been widespread in pastures across northeastern states since Gray's (1864) time or earlier. Although widespread, it is usually just infrequent to rare. Gr noted: "In meadows. Eaten and said to be relished by horses. Not common except locally." Several other showy species of Dianthus or the related Petrorhagia may occasionally escape from cultivation but do not appear truly naturalized.


FOOTNOTE:
This commonly cultivated species ("garden pink") may occasionally persist or escape, but does not seem to become truly naturalized. There is an apparently wild coll. from ROWA (MDKY).


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Astereae>: Solidago <Humiles> arenicola ("randii* var. racemosa")

FOOTNOTE:
These plants have been treated in various ways, generally with the basionym "racemosa" in combinations with the more northern or western relatives, S. simplex Kunth or S. spathulata DC.; e.g. as the unnecessarily complicated name, S. simplex ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius. S. arenicola was recently described from Ala. (Keener & Kral 2003). It also occurs in the southern Cumberland Plateau of Tenn. and Ky. along rocky banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries, plus the Obed Rv. and Emory Rv. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). Nevertheless, while typical arenicola appears distinct from typical racemosa, there is variation that needs further study. Plants along the Rockcastle River (LAUR & PULA), main Cumberland Rv. (WHIT & some MCRE), and Obed Rv. have glabrous achenes, as in typical arenicola. Plants along the Big South Fork (including part of the MCRE material) have hairy achenes that are relatively small and numerous per head (13-19), with involucres only 5.5-7.5 mm long, suggesting a transition to racemosa. Typical arenicola is similar to the widespread upland species, erecta (Keener & Kral 2003), but differs in its less numerous heads per stem (<30 versus >40), and larger individual heads, with longer involucres (7-9.5 mm versus 4-6.5 mm), more disc flowers per head (12-16 versus 6-10), and longer disc corollas (ca. 6 mm versus ca. 4 mm). Both arenicola and erecta are similar to S. plumosa Small along the Yadkin River in N.C., which differs in its glabrous inflorescence branches, and its smaller achenes (2-3 mm versus 3-4 mm).


FULL NAME:
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. palustris (Eggert ex C.L. Boynt. & Beadle) Perdue

Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Rudbeckia fulgida* var. palustris (?acuminata)

FOOTNOTE:
This differs from typical fulgida in its relatively broad leaves, the lower ones with much longer petioles (usually 10-15 cm versus 3-5 cm); also, plants tend to be less hairy. However, its degree of distinction needs further attention (FNA 21; J. Campbell, in prep.). R. acuminata C.L. Boynt. & Beadle is tentatively included here, but may be transitional to var. fulgida. F (who largely followed Sm) indicated that palustris occurs in "damp or wet places, Ind. to Mo. and Tenn."; and that acuminata occurs in "woods and banks of streams, Ky. and Tenn." With this inclusion, var. palustris would appear to occur widely in east-central states (GH, MO, NY). However, only a few Ky. colls. have been located, mostly from southeastern counties (BELL, MCRE). The few western colls. appear atypical, with some transitional to var. fulgida: from CALL (WKY) and BULL (KY), but see also umbrosa.


FOOTNOTE:
This species is close to capitellata, and has a more southern range, being most common on the Coastal Plain. Intergradation is known in southern regions (FNA 23), and suspected in Ky. R. glomerata usually has distinct achenes (FNA 23,  J, LeBlond in W): averaging larger, up to 1.4 mm wide (versus 1.2 mm), suborbicular (versus pyriform), distinctly truncate at the summit (versus tapered), pale-umbonate on the faces (versus uniformly brown), and with a thickened wire-like margin (versus usually with a less distinct margin). It is generally more robust, with leaves up to 5 mm wide (versus 3.5 mm).


FOOTNOTE:
This Chinese species is probably much more widespread than records suggest, having been widely planted in recent decades and often escaping. It has been combined with fortunei in some treatments (e.g. J.S. Ma in Y), but its shrubby non-climbing habit is quite distinct and petioles are usually shorter (4-7 mm versus 11-17 mm). E. japonicus Thunb. is a closely related Japanese species with denser inflorescences, more evergreen leaves, longer petioles (on average, intermediate), and taller habit (to 6 m versus 3 m). It has been planted locally in southeastern states, but may only escape in warmer coastal regions (W, PL).


FOOTNOTE:
Most records may be from persistent plantings at old home sites.


Scientific Name:
Lamiaceae <Nepetoideae>: Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides {suggested: incanum var. p.}

FOOTNOTE:
Distinction from incanum and loomisii needs further research. After 25 years of work in the field and herbarium, B concluded that no reliable separation is possible, and such attitudes remain today among botanists in Ky. However, Chambers (1993) and others have insisted that pycnanthemoides is a distinct tetraploid species (2n = 72), with a largely Appalachian range but also extending to s. Ill., w. Ky. and perhaps n. Ala. Superficially, "pycanthemoides" in the field is often applied to plants with larger, deeper bluish-green leaves (versus yellowish-green in "incanum"), more open branching, larger cymes, and generally more spreading pubescence, Such plants may be typical of relatively mesic, shaded sites.


Scientific Name:
Fabaceae <Desmodieae>: Desmodium <Stipitata> nuttallii

FOOTNOTE:
Further study is needed; this southern species is close to viridiflorum, and some records may have been confused.


FOOTNOTE:
This horticultural weed is considered to be an tetraploid (2n = 32) derived from hybrids of hirsuta and impatiens or perhaps other diploid species; provenance, taxonomy and nomenclature remain uncertain (see citations of W). There are recorded colls. from CAMP (KNK) and ELLI (B) but these may deserve further study.


FOOTNOTE:
This species spreads vegetatively from plantings, but establishment from seed is not documented. Although cultivated since the early period of settlement (Gr), it was not properly documented as an escape until the 1930s (B).


FULL NAME:
Smilax ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S. Wats.

Scientific Name:
Smilacaceae [Liliaceae]: Smilax <Nemexia> ecirrata (var. e.*)

FOOTNOTE:
This largely midwestern, tetraploid species may have been confused with the more southeastern diploids, hugeri and biltmoreana; see notes under those supposedly distinct species, which have relatively few leaves (on average) that are distinctly narrow. Also, in the upper midwest at least, there are real transitions to asioneura, with apparently stabilized hybrid populations known as S. illinoensis Mangaly. S. illinoensis is unknown in Ky., but may be expected. It differs from ecirrata in its more numerous flowers (usually more than 25), on longer peduncles; its taller stems, with more leaves and frequent tendrils (versus virtually never); and its narrower leaves.


FULL NAME:
Dichanthelium aciculare (Desv. ex Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark

Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] aciculare (ssp. a.)

FOOTNOTE:
Some western colls. included here under angustifolium (in CALL, HARD, MARS) have been identified as the closely related aciculare, using older treatments. However, these colls. do not seem particularly distinct, and aciculare in its narrow sense is probably restricted to the Coastal Plain well south of Ky. (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, FNA 25).


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Dichanthelium [Panicum] angustifolium (aciculare ssp. a.*)

FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. suggest transitions to aciculare, but it may be unreasonable to segregate these records in Ky.; the two taxa are combined as subspecies in FNA 25.


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported as var. sanguinea (Bigelow) Fern. from CARL (Wilson 1976), HART (D. Boone, pers. comm.) and NELS (Greenwell 1935), but no colls. have been seen (M). It was also mapped in the state by FNA 19, with no recognition of varieties. It is widely scattered in eastern states, especially to the north, with var. hirsuta "very local and little known", and the smoother var. sanguinea "locally abundant" in "dry open woods and clearings" (F). Further research is needed to document this apparently neglected species, which differs (Cr) from canadensis in its larger heads, with involucres 15-22 mm (versus 10-15 mm) and achenes 7-10 mm long including the beak (versus 4.5-6 mm).


FOOTNOTE:
This was reported by FNA 19, BA and Mohlenbrock et al. (1966), who cited a coll. from CARL (O'Dell & Windler #990 at SIU). A coll. from CALL (MUR) was redetermined as canadensis. L. ludoviciana is a western species that occurs in eastern states only as a rare waif. It is similar to hirsuta (Cr), but differs in its more prickly-toothed leaves, and its larger heads, with 20-56 flowers (versus 13-25).


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Pomeae>: Crataegus <Intricatae> boyntonii (intricata var. b.)

FOOTNOTE:
This is combined with intricata by some authors. It is a less lobed variant with a largely Appalachian range.


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Paniceae>: Cenchrus spinifex (incertus, pauciflorus)

FOOTNOTE:
This southern species is close to the more northern longispinus, and there has has been confusion in nomenclature. It is not clearly reported from Ky., but distributions indicated by FNA 25, as well as previous treatments, suggest that it may well occur along the Mississippi River. Further collection and revision is needed.


FULL NAME:
Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.

FOOTNOTE:
This widespread eastern species is the most common native thistle in Ky., but it is not a significant problem for farmers. It mostly occurs in old fields and roadsides. Hybrids with other species are not documented.


Scientific Name:
Asteraceae <Heliantheae>: Helenium amarum (var. a.; tenuifolium)

FOOTNOTE:
After settlement, this weedy annual spread north and east from its original range in La. and Texas (Y, W and their citations). The first records in Ky. were during the 1930s (Harvill 1941, B).


Scientific Name:
Caryophyllaceae: Arenaria serpyllifolia (var s.)


Scientific Name:
Poaceae <Triticeae>: Elymus wiegandii (canadensis var. w.)

FOOTNOTE:
This northern species was recently found on Manchester Islands in the Ohio River (LEWI) by R. Geiss & R. Thompson (BEREA). The coll. differs from typical wiegandii in having awns with little or no curvature and the leaf surface glabrous (-scabrid). It may be hybridized with riparius.


FOOTNOTE:
This largely mid-western species is locally abundant in relatively thin woods and meadows, on moist fertile uplands as well as lowlands. It is often associated with Elymus spp. and other graminoid vegetation under trees such as walnut and hackberry. The coll. from MARS (WKY) was referred to forma glabrescens G. Kukenthal, but this has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Scientific Name:
Potamogetonaceae [Zosteraceae]: Potamogeton foliosus (var. f.)

FOOTNOTE:
Colls. from BULL, HART, KENT and OLDH are referable to var. macellus Fern, but that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
A few colls. have been referred to var. scabrella Palmer & Steyermark (e.g. B), but this taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


FOOTNOTE:
This annual was first recorded in 1914 (Gr), but has now become a widespread weed, especially along roads and in cropland on the best soils.


Scientific Name:
Rosaceae <Rubeae>: Rubus <Arguti> argutus (?immanis, ?betulifolius, ?arvensis)

FOOTNOTE:
This appears to an appropriate name for most of the old-field blackberries in Ky., but there is much confusion with the pensilvanicus group. Mapped records include the closely related species, R. betulifolius Small (BREC), R. immanis Ashe (JEFF, LESL), R. jugosus Bailey (BULL, JESS, MONT, MCRE, ROWA), R. louisianus Berger (BREC, CLIN, MCRE, POWE), R. suus Bailey (BRAC, CAMP, FAYE). and R. arvensis Bailey (BREC, MONT, LESL). This complex will be studied further when M. Medley's colls. are processed at WKY. Typical argutus has been considered to be a wide-ranging southeastern species that differs from these other listed taxa in its simply, sharp-serrate leaves, with teeth up to 3-6 mm deep (versus doubly serrate, the teeth up to ca. 2-4 mm deep). Some of the other listed taxa have been considered synonyms of each other, especially under immanis, and some of them may be transitional from argutus to pensilvanicus and its allies, or have uncertain affinity (compare F and St). Typical pensilvanicus has doubly serrate leaves, like most of these extra taxa, but generally broader leaflets and broader petals than argutus. R. arvensis may be relatively distinct, with lower leaf surfaces whitish to glaucous and covered by short hairs.


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> debilis var. pubera (C. allegheniensis)

FOOTNOTE:
This species, with pubescent perigynia, is close to var. rudgei and has been combined in FNA 23 and other treatments, but W maintains it as a species. Further analysis is needed. Both var. debilis and var. rudgei may have some pubescence on perigynia (FNA 23). A more distinctive character of var. pubera is reported to be the generally short-awned scales (and perhaps reddish-brown margins).


Scientific Name:
Cyperaceae: Carex <Hymenochlaenae> debilis var. rudgei (C. flexuosa)

FOOTNOTE:
This is close to typical debilis, and seems to differ only in its shorter perigynia, with little or no clear difference in shape. Most modern caricologists do not treat it as a species (FNA 23; R. Naczi, pers. comm.), but W does, noting that it often occurs in drier habitats. Occasional hybrids with virescens or swanii are reported in other states (FNA 23).


