# Flora

Comment:
It seems best to maintain this as a species, given unnecessary confusion with villosa; many botanical surveys will not separate intraspecific taxa. There is a need to recheck these collections versus typical villosa.

Footnote:
There has been confusion with typical villosa, which is more hairy, but some taxonomic recognition is justified (Cr, W). V. dasycarpa is less successful in colder regions of North America (PL). It may not have been widespread in Ky, until the 1980s (M), but it now much more frequent than typical villosa. Some records mapped here probably come directly from fresh plantings, but populations can persist for many years through subsequent changes in management, especially along fencerows.


Comment:
Reported recently from Kentucky by Abbott et al. (2001); included in Jones (2005); get data.

Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered across North America except in arid regions, but it is most common on the southeastern Coastal Plain (PL). In Ky. it has been recently collected from PULA (M. Medley for WKY) and MADI (BEREA; Abbott et al. (2001).


Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern perennial of thin woods and thickets on moderately dry, medium acid soils. V. minutiflora F.G. Dietr. is a related southern species expected in Ky. It occurs mostly in thin calcareous woods from Tex. and Mo. to Fla. and c. Tenn., including counties adjacent to Ky. (Ch). It differs from caroliniana in its annual habit, smaller racemes and smaller pale blue to lavendar (versus white to lavendar-tinged) flowers (Isely 1990; J).


Comment:
The DAVI (KY ex KA) collection is vegetative but seems to be this species: J.C. McClure, 7 Jun 1932, Owensboro, Ky. This is a northern species, known south to Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Medley (1993) considered this specimen to be typical venosus.

Footnote:
This is a widespread northern diploid (2n = 14) extends south in eastern states to Ohio, Ind. and Ill. There is an old fruiting coll. from DAVI (KY-Agr.): J.C. McClure, 7 Jun 1932, Owensboro. This coll. clearly has the distinctive semi-cordate stipules of ochroleuca (versus semi-sagittate in venosus and palustris).


Comment:
Includes f. capsuliferum. The related cultivated onion (A. cepa) is an occasional waif but not persistent.

Footnote:
In Ky. this weed has been a serious problem for varied crops and forage since early settlement (Gm), as elsewhere in eastern states. Variation in the species deserves further study; 2n = 16, 32, 40. Records mapped here include forma capsuliferum (as treated by F). 

   The closely related species, A. cepa L., is the diploid progenitor of cultivated shallots and onions, which are occasionally persistent in gardens but not truly naturalized. Also allied is A. schoenoprasum L., a complex circumboreal species including the cultivated chives, which do not persist in Ky.


FullName:
Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. Lamont

Comment:
See also HARL (Wiegand 1920, 1937).

EK: BELL HARL

FAYE: JC get coll 2010 from Eastway wetland!!!

Footnote:
This is widely distributed on damp soils in eastern states, except the upper mid-west. In Ky. it is rare to absent on more fertile calcareous soils, where intense browsing by groundhogs, deer and other animals appears to be a locally important factor, in addition to any presumed direct edaphic effect.


Comment:
1 = Wilson (1976); but collection not found at MU. 2 = Price (1893).

JK (MCRE): coll given to DTaylor and photo taken; from near Stearn office Flat Rock Alum Road area at 2-3 place powerline rows; 2004.

HART: WKU 2008 Plan; check herb

Footnote:
This is an abundant weed in more southeastern states, but just an uncommon waif in Ky. The mapped records here generally come from wild contexts. In addition, the species has been observed occasionally in horticultural situations where it has been introduced with imported potted plants. See also note under compositifolium, which is closely related (2n = 20 in both). Without mature flowers, these filifolious plants have a superficial resemblance to some species of Artemisia and even Amaranthaceae (sensu lato).


Comment:
The WAYN (KY) coll. has a creamy white flower; other plants from FAYE (jc garden) are f. cleistantha.

PU: EDMO Hussey 1874

Footnote:
This is a widespread species of east-central states, Variation may deserve further study. A coll. from WAYN (KY) has creamy white flowers, and a pure white form was seen in HARR (Griffith Woods) during 2006. Also, the incidence of cleistogamy seems to vary widely in space and time.


Footnote:
This annual weed from southern Europe is apparently spreading west from mid-Atlantic states (Cr, W). In Ky. it was first reported by Cranfill & Thieret (1981).


Footnote:
This perennial (perhaps short-lived) is widespread in eastern states, usually in woods on somewhat mesic, base-rich soil. The southern var. erecta Norton has been reported from Ky. (Cr), but verified colls. have not been located. That taxon has leaves all oblanceolate (versus oblanceolate to, in upper leaves, ovate) and longer-petioled (5-12 mm versus more or less sessile, especially the upper leaves).


Comment:
J.S. Lassetter 348, 25 Aug 1979, ravine behind parking lot behind Moore Bldg, EKU Campus, Richmond, Madison Co. An earlier record of peplus by Short (PH) is referrable to commutata.

Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered in eastern states, but does not seem to be increasing much in Ky. or elsewhere in the southeast (W). Our only record is an apparent waif in MADI (EKY): J.S. Lassetter #348, 25 Aug 1979, ravine behind parking lot on EKU Campus.


Footnote:
This is a widespread annual from the Great Plains that is adventive in eastern states, especially along rights-of-way. See notes under the closely related davidii.


Comment:
Distinction from var. graminifolia (E. cyathophora) needs checking, but it seems these records should all be transferred to cyathophora.


Comment:
Most or all previous determinations seem to have been in error; they can be generally reassigned to aggregata (?) or robust forms of muhlenbergii. However, some recent treatments include this species for Kentucky (Cronquist 1992, Jones 2005). CAMP (NK): Naczi et al. 6 Jun 1996, CGE #45; powerline row, Highland Heights, just S of Tessener Rd, just E of Three Mile Rd. FNA indicates closeness to aggregata; also potentially confused are cephaloidea (and perhaps more robust form of muhlenbergii, or hybrids???).

Footnote:
This has been reported from Ky. several times (e.g. Anderson 1924; Cr, M), but most accessible colls. have been reassigned to robust forms of muhlenbergii or aggregata. Var. gravida is widespread in midwestern regions and the northern Great Plains, but perhaps only adventive further east (see also W). There is a recent coll. of typical gravida from CAMP (KNK): Naczi et al., CGE #45, 6 Jun 1996, powerline row, Highland Heights, just S of Tessener Rd, just E of Three Mile Rd. A coll. has also been reported from TRIG (BEREA) along a creek in restored prairie of Land-Between-the-Lakes (Thompson & Poindexter 2006). The few Ky. records of the southwestern var. lunelliana (Mackenzie.) F.J. Herm. are probably erroneous (M).

   C. gravida often appears most similar to aggregata, but differs in its sheaths, with fronts pale and fragile at summits, and with backs not white-spotted (FNA 23). Also, leaves are often wider and perigynia often larger, with scales more or less equal to perigynia (versus shorter).


Comment:
Presence not confirmed, but a collection by JC that seems to be this was made in 2004 from HARR at Griffith Woods; but dubious now--check aggregata etc...

NO not a Short collection (KY); see also Anderson (1924). 

sp = S. Price (1893a); also cited by Anderson 1924.

GH: none.

MB: C.E. Mueller ex herb Arthur D. Pease Wilson NY; "Louisville, Ky. 1889"

Footnote:
This occurs in northeastern woodlands on base-rich soils, with records as far south as s. Ill. and c. Ind. (PL). It is close to sparganioides, but differs in its condensed spikes (with lower internodes ca. 0.5-1 cm versus 2-3 cm), and more obscure features (F, FNA 23); 2n = 50 (versus 46, 48). There is a verified coll. by C.E. Mueller, now at MO ("ex herb Arthur D. Pease, Wilson, New York"); but it is labeled just "Louisville, Ky. 1889" and that provenance may be doubted. There have also been unverified reports, including various synonyms, from WARR (Pr in addenda), perhaps FAYE (Short & Peter 1835; Anderson 1924), and elsewhere. However, the coll. named C. muricata L. var. cephaloidea Dewey by C.W. Short at PH was det. by K. Mackenzie as C. laevivaginata.


FullName:
Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. var. illinoense (Wieg.) Palmer & Steyermark

Comment:
This long-haired variety may not be worth recognizing.


Comment:
Collections from HICK (MU), PEND (KY) and PULA (KY in part) are the hairy-leaved var. eamesii, but this is not  in most current treatments.

Footnote:
In Ky. this widespread southeastern species occurs in various habitats, but usually in or near calcareous woods. Colls. from HICK (MUR), PEND and PULA (KY) are referable to var. eamesii Wieg., which has more pubescent leaves. That segregate has not been recognized in some recent treatments (e.g. Y), but it may be


FullName:
Triosteum angustifolium L. var. eamesii Wieg.

Comment:
This taxon is not recognized in most current treatments.


Footnote:
This remarkable rhizomatous plant occurs in east-central states from s. Pa. and Va. to s. Ill. and Mo., but it is absent from most of the Appalachian region. It is largely restricted to relatively undisturbed woods on moist fertile soil along stream terraces.


Comment:
AP = Austin Peay herbarium; AS = Asbury College herbarium.

Footnote:
This is a widely naturalized weedy annual in temperate regions of North America.


Comment:
PULA (KY,BE) and LAUR (LB@US) have been called affinis, virgata or palustris, but do not match those taxa exactly; awns in these colls. do not diverge (?) as much as typical purpurascens. Medley's (1993) note of WARR seems to have been in error from Short (CI) "barrens of Ky." for A. purpurascens, but need to check at CI.

Footnote:
There has been confusion involving the names purpurascens, affinis, virgata and palustris (FNA 25). A. affinis (J.A. Schultes) Kunth is not considered distinct from typical purpurascens in recent treatments, but virgata may best be treated as a southern variety. A. palustris (Chapman) Vasey ("affinis" misapplied) is restricted to the Coastal Plain and unknown in Ky. or Tenn. 

   Colls. from LAUR (US) and PULA (KY, BEREA) have been called affinis, virgata or palustris, but do not exactly match any of those taxa. They have awns that do not diverge as much as typical purpurascens, and might be transitional from purpurascens to virgata. C.W. Short's (CINC) coll. under "palustris" from "barrens of Ky." still needs to be checked (M).


Footnote:
This is widespread from southeastern states to Central America. Hairier plants have been called Panicum xalapense H.B.K., but that does not seem to be a significant segregate (FNA 25).


FullName:
Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) Gould

Comment:
The possible separation of var. werneri needs more study.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. Included here are relatively glabrous plants that have been named var. werneri (Scribn.) Mohlenbrock. Those plants are releatively frequent in more northern regions, but within Ky. they do not appear to have significant difference in distribution.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893). The possible separation of var. psilophyllum needs further study.

Footnote:
This is another widespread eastern species. Included here are relatively glabrous plants that have been named var. psilophyllum Fern. (within Panicum), These are relatively frequent in more northern regions, but within Ky. they do not appear to have significant difference in distribution.


FullName:
Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook. var. pubescens J.K. Underwood

Comment:
Recheck NK & DO: not found there Nov 2005 & Feb 2006; but see Naczi et al (2002) for cited collection at DO, EK and NK.

EK: CLIN (Naczi 4 miles NE of Albany, E of Rt 350, 1.4 road miles S of jct Rt 350 and 90; near S edge of forest.); LYON (LEMcKinney-4971; dry woods along Rt 274 ca. 1 mile N of Trigg Co. line).

Footnote:
Further research is needed to determine the status of this taxon, which may be restricted to the central Mississippi Valley or nearby (PL). Var. pubescens has not generally been recognized in recent treatments (FNA 23). It was recently discovered in CLIN and LYON by R. Naczi (Naczi et al. 2002) and L. McKinney (EKY; det. T.W. Smith).


Comment:
Recently reported from Kentucky (Naczi et al. 2002).

Check accession at EK, etc.

Footnote:
This species of the Southern Appalachian mountains was recently discovered in HARL (EKY) on Black Mountain at 3600-3800 ft (Naczi et al. 2002). Its status as a distinct species has been confirmed, but it has affinities with both aestivalis and virescens (FNA 23; Smith & Waterway 2008b).


Comment:
Some colls. need to be rechecked for var. rudgei.

LO: GRAV, HARD.
 
EK: BATH CALD CALL CASE CLIN FLEM HARD HARL LAUR LESL MCRE POWE PULA ROCK WHIT

Footnote:
This southeastern taxon is close to var. rudgei, and some colls. from Ky. should be rechecked. C. debilis is a complex variable species that needs further investigation; 2n = 50 to 60 (FNA 23).


Comment:
This taxon has pubescent perigynia; it has often been combined with C. debilis; are they really distinct? FNA does not recognize this taxon, noting that both debilis and rudgei can both have pubescent perigynia, but especially the latter (with which var. pubera is combined). 

Reznicek annotated Kral 581.36, from SC, Greenville Co., as var. pubera at NK.

EK: LAUR Rock Cr gorge;

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian taxon of relatively wet sites is close to var. rudgei and has been combined in FNA 23 and other treatments, but W has maintained it as a species. Further analysis is needed. Both var. debilis and var. rudgei may have some pubescence on perigynia (FNA 23). A more distinctive character of var. pubera is reported to be the generally short-awned scales (and perhaps reddish-brown margins).


Comment:
Is this taxon really distinct, or just a depauperate form of debilis? FNA makes this a variety of debilis; also noting occasional hybrids with virescens or swannii.  See also BELL, HARL (NK); det by Reznicek.

EK: HARL LETC

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon is close to typical debilis, and seems to differ only in its shorter perigynia, with little or no clear difference in shape. Most modern caricologists do not treat it as a species (FNA 23; R. Naczi, pers. comm.), but W has done, noting that it often occurs in relatively dry or rocky habitats. Occasional hybrids with virescens or swanii are reported from other states (FNA 23).


Comment:
This species of calcareous glades was recently reported from Kentucky; see McKinney (in Jones 2005). The MADI (ek) coll needs checking.

Get details!!!

OH: also in one disturbed area n Ohio

Rez: weedy has even been a problem in horticulture?? but sold as ornamental.

CHECK HART coll from Pleasant Hill Rd in corner field; living coll of JC.

Footnote:
This is locally abundant in calcareous woodlands and grasslands across south-central states (FNA 23, K), and it appears to be locally adventive further north (A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). It was recently found in or near roadsides in HART (JC) and in MADI (EKY; McKinney et al. 2000): R. Mears, 11 May 1995, calcareous roadside and open rocky areas, N of Berea along the east side of Hwy 25 just S of junction with Ky. 1983. C. cherokeensis is superficially similar to davisii and oxylepis, but has tough coarse creeping rhizomes (versus very short or lacking).


Comment:
The BARR (WK) coll. may be transitional to C. swanii

EK: BATH CASE CLAY CLIN GARR HARL LAUR LEE POWE ROWA

Anderson 1924: "Aden Springs" (CART?)

TSmith adds VB etc

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in mesic to subxeric woods of Appalachian regions or nearby, but it also extends west to the Shawnee Hills and Ozarks (FNA 23, K). C. virescens is similar to swanii, and occasional colls. may appear intermediate (e.g., from BARR at WKY). Some older treatments included swanii (e.g. Anderson 1924; M). However, virescens is now generally accepted as a distinct species; 2n = 60 (versus 54 in swanii). Moreover, swanii is probably closer to hirsutella based on recent genetic analysis (Smith & Waterway 2008b; T.W. Smith, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Lespedeza intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt. var. hahnii Blake

Comment:
The status of this distinctly pubescent form, f. hahnii,  needs further study; it is suggested here as a new varietal combination.

GH: hirta x intermedia (X nuttallii) from MCRE (F.T. McFarland #58)

LAWR: Garman 1902 states "nuttallii" coll by Prof ARCrandall in 1894.

Footnote:
The status of this distinctly pubescent taxon needs further study. F treated it as a form. Isely (1998) indicated that it could have resulted from introgression of hirta into intermedia, and might include plants known as  X nuttallii Darl. Plants that appear to be simple F1 hybrids (including X simulata MacKenzie & Bush) are more like hirta; these are not mapped here but have been reported from LEWI, MCRE, PULA and elsewhere (B, M).


FullName:
Lonicera sempervirens L. [yellow flowered form]

Comment:
GARR (JC) is living in my yard, collected from dolomitic grassland remnant. 

JEFF (LO): PADavies 28Apr1945 low woods, Iroquoias Park; also a recent fragment to JC`from John Swintoski (with parks department).

These differ from sempervirens in their orange-yellow, slightly irregular flowers, one lobe longer & pointed.

Footnote:
The flowers of these plants differ from typical sempervirens in their orange-yellow color and their slightly irregular shape, with one lobe longer pointed. They have sometimes been confused with flava. It is possible that they deserve taxonomic recognition, but further analysis is needed. These plants have been widely cultivated in eastern states.


Comment:
Not confirmed; see also possible confusion with yellow form of sempervirens. 1 = Price (1893a). See also Linney (1882), Garman (1913). Segregates are not generally recognized in current treatments, but Fernald (1950) treated flavida as distinct species.

Footnote:
This Ozarkian and southern Appalachian species has been reported from Ky. by Pr (listed for WARR), Linney (1882) and other authors (M). But no colls. have been located, and Duncan (1967) mapped only dioica in WARR. L. flava has also been reported from counties of n. Tenn., s. Ill., s. Ohio that are adjacent or near to Ky. (K, PL). 

   There has been some general confusion between flava and dioica in east-central states; e.g. see apparent replacement of most flava by "dioica" in Ark. (K). Hybrids have been suspected in some cases (Cr), especially among plants known as L. flava var. flavescens Gleason (Sm, Gl) or L. flavida Cockerell (F), to which some Ky. records refer. There has also been confusion with the yellow-flowered form of sempervirens. L. flava is best distinguished from dioica by its bright-yellow to orange corollas (versus white, lemon or pinkish), which are not pouched near the base; also, leaves are less glaucous below (Y).


Comment:
Check my field notes from DBNF PULA etc; found in MCRE in Jellico Mts.?

1 = Duncan (1967).

US (LB): CLAY Nolan Br Red Bird Rv 3Jul1935; BELL Beverly, cliffs on Cow Fk 4Jul1935. (both called "glaucescens?" by Palmer in error); PULA NOT FOUND!!!

Raf 1836, 3:18 L. reticulata "shady hills of Ohio and Mts. Wasioto of East Kentucky, very small shrub only 2 or 3 feet high..."

Footnote:
This low sprawling shrub occurs in diverse habitats across its broad northern range, including wetlands (F, Cr, W). In Ky. it occurs mostly in mesic to subxeric calcareous woods along the central Kentucky Rv. Palisades or nearby, and more locally in hills along the upper Cumberland Rv. Reported colls. from BUTL (CW) and WARR (Duncan 1967) have not yet been located and verified; see also notes under  flava. Some colls. at Ky. have been mislaid since the 1990s, but most were referable to var. dioica, which is relatively glabrous and has a largely northeastern range.


Comment:
D. sylvestris may be the common wild type, with straight chaff; fullonum has hooked chaff and was selected in the past for use with textiles.

PU: SCOT DDemaree 1957

Footnote:
This biennial weed is the common wild "teasel", with straight chaff, that is widely naturalized in humid, mid-temperate regions of North America. It was probably present in Ky. early after settlement (Rafinesque 1836), but Gray's (1864) note was "rather rare" in northeastern states. In 1914, Gm just noted "not so often seen in cultivated ground." It is now locally abundant in the state, especially along major roads on more fertile soils, as in the Bluegrass region.

   The name fullonum has also been misapplied to D. sativus (L.) Honckeny, with hooked chaff, which was traditionally selected in Europe for use with textiles but has not been confirmed as naturalized in east-central states (F, Cr, W).


Footnote:
This weed has invaded east-central states during recent decades, centered slightly to the north of fullonum. It was first reported in Ky. during the 1970s (M), and it is spreading, especially along major highways; see also Y. Hybrids with fullonum have been reported elsewhere (Cr), but not observed in Ky.; 2n = 16 and 18 in both species.


Footnote:
This common annual is widely cultivated (as the "sunflower"), but it also escapes and appears naturalized along disturbed rights-of-way and similar sites. Though probably originating in the southern Great Plains, annuus became domesticated for oil and other uses by native people in eastern states (C.B. Heiser in Ford 1985; Smith 2006). Selection has increased seed size and head size, especially during the past century or so, but within a few generations of naturalization cultivars revert to wilder types. Varieties have not been recognized in recent treatments; but see notes on hybrids under petiolaris (2n = 34 in both) and with tuberosus.


Comment:
Reports are based on misidentifications of H. annuus (Medley 1993); the two collections of R. Athey under this name (2108 CARL), 3638 CHRI) do look somewhat distinct in their finely serrated leaf margins; some at EKY??? recheck.

Footnote:
This annual occurs mostly in the Great Plains, and reports from Ky. have probably been erroneous (M). Colls. of R. Athey (EKY, MEM) under this name appear somewhat distinct in their finely serrated leaf margins, but are closer to annuus. However, petiolaris is known from se. Mo., where hybrids with annuus, or perhaps introgressants, can be difficult to distinguish from the parents (Y).


Comment:
Check SHEL (KY) under H. maxmillianii. 

See also Short's coll. (CI) from "wet barrens of Ky." (see also his collection of Pedicularis lanceolata); and "barrens of Ky" (Harvill 1941 cite Short coll at KY)

Check other locations in MADI (BE).

TAYL: RSeymour found in swampy meadows on headwaters of Pitman Cr; Aug 2011

Footnote:
This relatively uniform diploid (2n = 34) is widespread across southeastern states in open habitats. In Ky. it may be loosely associated with diverse remants of thin woodland or grassland in southeastern regions, but it also seems to be spreading along rights-of-way. It was not recorded in the state before the 1930s (B), and it may be increasing.


Comment:
HICK (US) is the type collection for H. kentuckiensis: McFarland & Anderson 374, 24 Aug 1923, moist claybanks along roadside 6 miles west of Clinton. 

HICK: see also Harvill (1941); McFarland & Anderson (1924); Anderson (1947).

Reports from HARD appear to be misidentifications. 

This species is close to atrorubens, which is probably the source of a CLIN record (Gibson 1971); check FI--could not find July 2nd 2007; need to go through all their Helianthus.

WK: CALL regular silphioides; plus CALL RAthey-2088 2Sep1972 fencerow 0.6 m on Ky. 94W from Ky 1346 ["occidentalis"] JC = silph x occidentalis?]: CALL RAthey-2085 2Sep1972 New Concord, roadside 3.2 mi on Ky 444 E from Ky 121S ["occidentalis var. dowellianus"; JC = occ x silph? closer to occ?].

Footnote:
This is centered in and near the Ozark Region. Both silphioides and atrorubens are diploids (2n = 34), typical of woodland trails, thickets and unkempt rights-of-way in regions with a significant history of burning before settlement. They overlap mostly in Tenn., where there appears to be some intergradation. In Ky. there has been confusion between these two taxa, and some colls. need to be rechecked.  Some colls. from CALL (WKY) may be hybrids with occidentalis.


Comment:
The CLIN (fi) record is from Gibson's (1971) list of collections, noting silphioides; the closely related atrorubens is more likely. But could not find any coll at Field in July 2007.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly east of the Mississippi Rv., and it is most common on or near the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont and southern Appalachian regions (K). In Ky. it is known only from southeastern counties on the Appalachian Plateaus, but it does occur close to the Ky. line in w. Tenn. (Ch).
See notes under silphioides, which has been confused.


FullName:
Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. (sensu lato)

Comment:
Needs confirmation. Records should perhaps be combined under laetiflorus. Cronquist (1991) considered pauciflorus originally western, with all eastern records adventive or referable to the hybrids known as X laetiflorus; see also Small (1933). 

ah 1 = Harvill (1941) "rigidus"
3 = Price (1893) for laetiflorus: as "divaricatus var. scaberrimus" (old syn of laet)
but more likely = hirsutus!?!

Collections of ra are named laetiflorus; check EKY

CALL (mu); see Woods (1983) for laetiflorus; his #1069 "X laetiflorus" = ?tuberosus but leaves somewhat more coarse serrate than typical (but tuberosus is quite variable in this character); phyllaries perhaps tending to laetiflorus
(Jul 2006 revisit)

LO: JEFF PADavies #777; dry hillside Indian Hills Rd Aug 27 1943; "pauciflorus".

AP: TRIG weedy thicket by US68, Golden Pond at bridge over Elbow Cr trib; large stand maybe of cultivated origin; Chester also grew on campus; "laetiflorus".

MBot: CWShort, Kentucky, 1860 "Roots from Prairies of Ill. Cult."

JC MEAD Recall also: the lady's prairie in MEAD burned by TNC (1000+ acres); Ms Toblin? I have bad coll--to revisit

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 102) species, in a broad sense, is a variable complex that mostly occurs from northeastern states to the northern Great Plains. Plants in Ky. need further study; in most cases it is unclear if the records mapped here are from native plants, adventive waifs, or escaped cultivars. 

   Most Ky. colls. have been referred to typical laetiflorus, a largely northeastern taxon that is often cultivated and considered by some authors (Clevenger & Heiser 1963; Cr, FNA 21) to be derived from hybridization with tuberosus (another hexaploid). Some colls. mapped here may indeed be closer to tuberosus, especially the one from CALL (MUR). In contrast, colls. from EDMO (Harvill 1941), HARD (Okla. State Univ.) and JEFF (DHL) appear to represent native H. laetiflorus var. pauciflorus (Cass.) Fern. (= H. rigidus (Cass.) Desf.), which is centered in the upper midwest.


Comment:
Excludes comosa and connata, which are combined in some treatments. True tripartita is supposed to be an alien; the others native.

Footnote:
This alien is close to connata and comosa, which are combined by some authors. A coll. from the banks of the Rockcastle Rv. in PULA (KY) does appear to be typical tripartita, but further revision is advisable.


Comment:
CLAR (jc): check in small artificial pond; coll made

Footnote:
This is a relatively uniform diploid species (2n = 24) that is widely scattered in eastern North America, usually in thin swampy forests and marshy transitions to open water. It can also disperse into small pond margins. Although largely western within Ky., discoidea may be expected in suitable habitat anywhere in the state.


Comment:
There may be a need to double check these for possible B. vulgata.

Footnote:
This variable weedy species (2n = 24, 36, 48, 72) is widespread on damp fertile soils across temperate regions of North America. In Ky. there has been some confusion with vulgata (2n = 24, 48), but no hybrids are documented. B. frondosa is reported to hybridize with the comosa-connata complex (F).


Comment:
In addition a CLAR (KY) coll. is f. album. The LESL (EK) coll. needs to have label data verified from the collector (Lynn Garrison).

Footnote:
This is widespread in woods across east-central states on base-rich soils. In Ky. it is virtually unknown from more rugged Appalachian hills, except for a coll. of L. Garrison from LESL (EKY). Fruiting plants are sometimes heavily browsed by deer; an extensive but much browsed population in ANDE has generally failed to reproduce for over 20 years (L. Crawfort, pers. comm.). D. meadia is closely related to other North American species of this genus, but relatively robust in several dimensions; also 2n = 88 (versus 44). There is recent cladistic support for including Dodecatheon within Primula (Mast & Reveal 2007; FNA 8, W), though the latter has a distinct series of chromosome numbers within North America (2n = 18, 54, 72).


Comment:
ESTI (NP): "Happy Top Mt" date???

GRAY (NP): "Stones Hollow; w side SR-631 bridge, 1.7 m n of jct w/SR-54"; also "1.5 air m nw Big Clifty on N slope of Owen Hollow"; also two older sites... 
M also lists GRAY; check MM

HANC (NP): "unnamed trib of Indian Cr; access is 2 private lanes east of Ky 1265, 0.8 m from jct ...

LIVI (NP): "Carrsville Bluffs; bluff overlooking Ohio Rv at end of Ky Rt 137 (on unimproved section); 1.3 km se of Coalmine Hollow." date???

check report (from KSNPC?/JRM?): found on "Flood Tract" by KDFWR

NP also has ESTI, MADI, JACK but I want to see colls first...

DDourson: Tunnel Ridge, POWE? check NP DTaylor check

Footnote:
This is restricted to ledges below sandstone clifs in east-central states, mostly in the Ozarks and Shawnee Hills. See notes under meadia.


Comment:
The supposed MARS (MU) coll. is from "Goheen Slough, Ky. Dam". 

1 = Peck (1838); see Campbell et al. (1992); could also be ROWA. 

Check Short (PH) or other data for JEFF.

Footnote:
This floating aquatic occurs widely but sporadically on the coastal plain and nearby wetlands from Me. to Tex., with a curious gap in most of S.C., Ga. and Fla. (K, W). In Ky. records for BATH and JEFF date from the 1830s (Campbell et al. 1992; M), but the species is still locally frequent in more extensive western wetlands.


Comment:
C.W. Short (PH): as "Peplis americana"; common around Greenville, Muhlenberg Co., in thin, poor soils. June 1, 1840. Also reported recently by Abbott et al. (2001).

DBoone says common along trail at Eastview Barrens: Jun 2011!!! CHECK!!!!
He has given coll to Ray for NK

Footnote:
This is a cosmopolitan ephemeral annual of seasonally damp bare soil in warmer temperate regions; 2n = 24. Generic placement remains uncertain; the name Anagallis minima (L.) E.H. Krause may be preferred (FNA 8, W). It has rarely been recorded in Ky., but probably often overlooked. It was collected by C.W. Short (PH) but he labelled it Peplis americana (= Elatine a.): "common around Greenville [MUHL], in thin, poor soils, June 1, 1840"; "common in the poor lands and pastures of Muhlenberg county" (Short 1840). In recent years, there has been a coll. of R. Thompson from MADI (BEREA) from a ditch along Interstate 75 at the KY 21 exit (Abbott et al. 2001); and a coll. of D. Boone from the old road into Eastview Barrens in HARD (for NKY).


Footnote:
This is a widespread weedy species in temperate regions, but with little consistent differentiation of segregates; 2n = 40. See notes under var. caerulea.


Comment:
The MCRA (WK) coll. is R. Athey 1929 (7/12/72).

Also CAMP (NK EK) spreading in Thieret's garden.

Footnote:
This tall white-spiked herb is known only from an old field in MCRA (R. Athey #1929, WKY, EKY). It is a Japanese species that is sometimes cutivated in North America but rarely naturalized.


Comment:
Medley's citation of JC (pers. comm.) for LESL is erroneous and just plain mysterious. It is also known from Stewart Co., Tennessee. The species has not been seen in Kentucky since Athey's collections.

MARS: (EK) RAthey-3454 28Jun1976 Ky Lake State Pk, creek terraces in deep ravine on Mathis Rd, 0.7 mi from jct of Ky. 94; R-Athey-1875 21Jun1972 take Ky 94 0.6 mi from CALL line then left 0.9 mi to creek terraces in ravines S of road.

Footnote:
This globally rare species is known only from the southern Blue Ridge or nearby, plus disjunct localities in s. Ill., w. Ky. and nw. Tenn. (Stewart Co., near the Ky. line). W noted that populations of young or suppressed plants can develop in woodlands, but they need canopy gaps to flower, then growing up to 2 m tall with a robust terminal panicle. Despite recent hunting, the only Ky. records are colls. of R. Athey from CALL and MARS (WKY, EKY) made during the 1970s.


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): LEWI (BE), shore of Ohio River.

Footnote:
This alien has been widely grown for ornament, and has escaped in a few places; 2n = 56 or 84.


Footnote:
This creeping alien has become widespread in eastern North America, especially on trails or other disturbed ground in damp woodlands. Plants spread clonally, and there is little reported seed production; much more variation may exist in Eurasia (FNA 8). The first Ky. records may be colls. of B during the 1930s.


Species:
buxiforme (aviculare ssp. b., var. littorale)

Comment:
LB is from banks of Dry Run, Kenton Co.

EK tentative: CLIN NICH ROBE PIKE

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 60) is close to the Eurasian aviculare, possibly with some intergradation (FNA 5). It is reportedly native in much of mid-temperate to boreal North America (PL), on disturbed sites of various types, including shorelines of rivers or ponds, and nearby roadsides. The type is from close to the Ky. border in Lee Co., Va., "about Cumberland Gap... altitude 1500 feet" (J.K. Small, 27 Jul 1892, at NY). 

   P. buxiforme differs from other taxa of the aviculare complex in its ocreae, which have relatively persistent silvery distal parts (versus soon disintegrating into fibers). Also, its flowers are less elongated (l/w = 0.9-1.5 versus 1.5-2.9) and the outer tepals are pouched at base (versus not pouched). Plants are usually prostrate, homophyllous, and grayish- or bluish-green. P. buxiforme was reportedly collected by B from "banks of Dry Run" in KENT (recheck US). Other records are tentatively mapped here, pending deeper review of the aviculare complex.


Footnote:
This widespread species of eastern and central North America was frequently used for its edible seed by native people during the Woodland era, along with other starchy seeds (Chenopodium buschianum, Hordeum pusillum, Phalaris caroliniana) and the oily Iva annua (Ford 1985, Wymer & Abrams 2003). However, there is little evidence of selection for seed size. P. achoreum S.F. Blake (erectum ssp. a.) is a closely related species of cool temperate to boreal regions, which may be expected in Ky.; 2n = 40, 60 (FNA 5, PL).


Comment:
Check collection at LO. There is also a prehistoric record from LARU (Wilkins 1985), and possible sight record from TRIM (Medley 1993).

LO: immature no flw? foliage could be "glaucous green" or yellow?  JJMathews 782 11 aug 1961 open dry rr fill ¼ m out of crestwood, ky OLDH.

M: Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. ramosissimum [Polygonaceae]   Browne & Athey 1992.
Pleurostena serotina Raf. ?   Rafinesque 1836a, 1836c.
Polygonum exertum Small   F. T. McFarland 1942.
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx.   Horton 1972; Matthews 1962.
Polygonum serotinum Raf. ?   Rafinesque 1820.
[Matthews 782 (DHL) Oldham Co.]
Apparently rare on railroad ballast in Oldham County in the Bluegrass.  I could not locate the above cited specimen at DHL.  I have seen vegetative material in Trimble County in the Bluegrass which may be this taxon.

Footnote:
This is a weedy hexaploid (2n = 60) up to 2 m tall that is widely scattered across temperate North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. The plant appears to have been used for its edible seed during the Woodland era (Ford 1985), and it was reported from pond sediments of similar age in LARU (Wilkins 1985). But see also notes under prolificum, which is closely related. FNA 5 reported typical ramosissimum from Ky., but no coll. has been located with confirmed identification (M). There is a suggestive immature coll. from OLDH (DHL), and a sight record from TRIM (M); but these records may well refer to prolificum instead.


Comment:
There is also a Short coll (CI) without locality (Braun). 

1 = Baskin & Baskin (1975). 

2 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM, RA. 

3 = Wharton (1945).

POWE (LO): RHannan & LRPhillippe KEP-01-023-00932 25Oct1978 dry limestone outcrop, Grape Knob.

EK: CALD LIVI (RAthey both).

Footnote:
This native diploid (2n = 22) is widely scattered in eastern states, but generally uncommon and restricted to dry infertile soils on or near non-calcareous outcrops.


Comment:
The coll. from BOON (NK) has white flowers.

Footnote:
This is a cosmopolitan diploid annual weed; efforts to distinguish segregates in the Western and Eastern Hemispheres have not been successful (FNA 5). See notes under pensylvanica.


Footnote:
This is widespread across temperate regions of North America.


Footnote:
This is widespread on base-rich soils across temperate North America, but less common on the southeastern Coastal Plain. In addition to rocky woods, especially below limestone cliffs, typical habitats include dusty ground below eaves and similar bared soils. A few depauperate plants (M) have been misidentified as P. praetermissia Hinton or the often confused P. floridana Nutt., which occurs further south on the Coastal Plain.


Comment:
This taxon is often very hard to distinguish from B. polylepis, which may be reasonably combined. Includes vars. fritcheyi and mutica.

NC: ex Jessup MCRA Eggleston "var fritcheyi" det Poole 1961--JC has unusually small heads.

Footnote:
This is considered to have a largely midwestern native range that has expanded to the east after clearance (F, Cr). It may intergrade with polylepis; both are diploids (2n = 24). In 1914, Gm considered it native to Ky., but reported it only from CRIT "and other points along the Illinois Central Railroad." Some colls. mapped here are referable to var. fritcheyi Fern. (with awns retrorsely barbed) or var. mutica Gray (wiith awns rudimentary), but these taxa have not been recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
Medley (1993) notes that var. missouriensis probably occurs in Kentucky, but this taxon is not recognized in recent treatments; needs further study.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is a twining annual that spreads into bare ground along shores, railroads and similar sites, especially on sandy or gravely soils. Some plants are referable to var. missouriensis (S. Wats.) Britt., but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments. From initial analysis of DNA, helvola appears to be relatively uniform across its range (Riley-Hulting et al. 2004).


FullName:
Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt.

Comment:
The FAYE (ka) plant is correctly ided. but locality just "Lexington Aug 26 1892"

1 = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species is a twining perennial that typically grows into bare ground of dry open woods and shorelines, especially on sandy soils.


FullName:
Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & Gray) Piper

Comment:
Recheck BATH (KA); this is out of the main range.

Footnote:
This native range of this midwestern annual extends locally into Ind., Ky., Tenn. and Miss., but it is rare or adventive further east (PL).


Footnote:
This fall- to winter-flowering shrub is a widespread eastern species, but generally uncommon to rare on more fertile base-rich soils. Rafinesque (1836, 3:16) described estivalis: a "small shrub 3 or 5 feet high growing in West Kentucky and probably further west also, near streams, but blossoming in July when in full leaf; these leaves are thin and not leathery [as in virginiana]... Discovered in 1818 and 1823." His notes suggest some similarity to H. vernalis Sarg., a species of Ozarkian streams that flowers in spring (St). However, no further evidence has appeared for a distinct taxon of this type in Ky.


Comment:
The PEND (KY) is from a "farm 2 miles S of Falmouth"; was this planted?  1 = Bryant (1978), Alton swamp; JC has collected material to process.

DBoone: state champ ca 50 in dbh 115 ft tall Laterneau Woods FULT

Footnote:
This southeastern tree is virtually absent in glaciated land north of the Ohio River. And although widespread in Ky., Liquidambar is rare to absent on base-rich soils, especially in the Bluegrass Region where it is confined to more acid river terraces. See AP and W for recent references to family placement.


Footnote:
Although this widespread eastern tree is distributed across Ky., it was probably much more restricted to riparian zones before clearance of the land. Barton's (1919) data indicate that it was most common on western and southern lowlands; also along the upper Licking Rv. and upper Ky. Rv. It was not a significant component of original woodland across the Bluegrass region (Campbell 1989), where riparian zones were apparently dominated by box-elder (Acer negundo) instead.


Comment:
Most or all material in Kentucky may be the common eastern type known as var. caroliniana, "white beech"; this is recognized in some recent treatments. But even Weakley notes that this does intergrade with var. grandifolia, which is typical of cooler montane zones and northeastern region. 

BOUR (jc): a large tree occurs at Beech Spring Farm, Townsend Valley. 

1 = Johnson (1989).

SCOT: large tree found by Will Overbeck; seed collected to be grown.

Footnote:
Most or all material from Ky. matches the common variant of southeastern states known as var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fern. & Rehd. But that taxon integrades with the more northern and montane var. grandifolia, and it is not recognized in some recent treatments. See FNA 3 and W for contrasting discussion.


Comment:
There are also FAYE (KA) colls. noted just "Lexington" that were probably from a planted source. LARU: large fertile tree with seeds to UK and others in recent years. 

BUTL: also report of fertile tree by William Lynch (502/843-5475) pers. comm. to Lou Shane; seeds distributed to State Div. of Forestry. 

And check with USFS, Dan Dourson, et al. for POWE etc in RRG area.

See also Garman (1913) for historical records across much of Kentucky; more than Braun (1943). 

1 = Johnson (1989).

Check with Chestnut people.

NP: BARR and HARL only; presumably fertile mature trees but they do not explain.

hg = Garman 1913 but only if also Barton 1919 included in the county also.

Footnote:
The American Chestnut occurs east of the Mississippi Rv., centered in Appalachian regions, but it has been greatly reduced due to the disasterous blight of ca. 1900-1950. It used to be widespread in Ky. and locally abundant on acid sandy soils, especially in the Cumberland Mts. and adjacent rugged hills (Barton 1919). Unverified records mapped here as open dots include historical data of Barton (1919), Gm and B; Gm listed counties throughout western regions, but Barton and B did not. It was never recorded from the Bluegrass region, and it was uncommon to absent in most counties west of the Green Rv. After the 1930s, C. dentata has largely disappeared, but small sprouts are still scattered at low density and occasionally grow to sapling size. Seed production is very rare, but there have been reports of this since 1980 from BARR, BUTL, HARL, LARU and POWE (from KSNPC, American Chestnut Foundation and others).


Comment:
1 = Pennell (1928-35); not 1935, check 1928.

LO: HARD: Cranfill coll much eaten; not sent to KY!!!

KY: FAYE!!! MEWharton 8637; 11Aug1954 wooded rocky slope, Elk Lick Falls.

Footnote:
This eastern species is centered in Appalachian regions and absent west of Ky. and Tenn. Like others in the genus, it a semi-parasite on oak roots; it is much browsed by deer; and it may be more frequent than records indicate. At Mammoth Cave National Park, for example, the high deer population rarely allows a plant to complete its flowering and seeding (R. Seymour, pers. comm.). In early literature there was confusion in name with flava. In addition to its distinctive short dense pubescence, virginica usually flowers in Jun-Jul (versus Aug-Sep in others of the genus in Ky.); 2n = 26 (versus 24 in flava).


FullName:
Viburnum dentatum L. var. semitomentosum Michx.

Species:
dentatum var. semitomentosum (V. carolinianum)

Comment:
1 = Gunn (1968). These colls. need checking; this densely pubescent form may not be worth recognizing.

GH: LAUR (Braun #881 & 2546; McF #2430; McInteer #338; and Weckman recently); also CASE (Braun #2682 "molle"); FLEM (Braun #3885 "molle"); 

GH: ??ROWA (Braun #1734 "scabrellum" but only thinly pubescent below; closer to var. dentatum?)

EK (to recheck): CASE, DAVI, HEND, MCLE; some may be closer to deamii?

Records of deamii by B are tentatively mapped here.

Footnote:
These largely southern Appalachian plants have often been misidentified as var. venosum (Britt.) Gleason of the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, or as var. scabrellum Torr. & Gray of the Gulf Coastal Plain. All three taxa have been revived as species, but with some intergradation; see B.A. Sorrie and Weakley (in W) for details. 

   Var. semitomentosum (as well as venosum and scabrellum) has stellate-pubescence cymes, and somewhat subcoriaceous, ovate to suborbicular leaves with lower surfaces stellate-pubescent and prominently veined. It typically has relatively large, rounded leaves with 13-18 teeth on each side, densely soft-hairy below and glabrate above (with sparse simple hairs); also, its fruits are pubescent. There has also been confusion with the more western var. deamii (Rehd.) Fern., due to inconsistent occurrence of glands on cymes in both taxa.


Comment:
Includes var. mesochorea, to which most colls. may be assigned. Separation from L. multiflora may be difficult.

WOOD!! KY EK Wharton from Brushy Run.

LO: BULL, HARD, OLDH.

EK: BULL CALD CART CASE CLIN CRIT EDMO GARR GRNP HARL HEND JACK KNOX LAUR LEE LETC LEWI MADI MCRE METC MONT MORG MUHL PERR POWE PULA ROBE ROCK WAYN WOLF WOOD

Footnote:
This is widespread from southeastern to Atlantic states. Most colls. are referable to var. mesochorea F.J. Herm., but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments. Distinction from L. multiflora is difficult in some cases; see notes under that species.


Comment:
All colls. need careful study. These plants do not seem distinct at species level from L. echinata.

EK?? all very tentative: CLIN GRNP WAYN

Footnote:
Mapping here is tentative; few records are confirmed. Distinction of this variable northern (circumboreal) species from the southern diploids (2n = 12), echinata and bulbosa, is difficult in some cases. Typical multiflora in eastern states is tetraploid (2n = 24) and some northern segregates are hexaploids. These three species may appear to intergrade in Ky. (see also B), but closer examination may prove otherwise. 

   L. multiflora is similar to bulbosa in its inflorescences and perianths (though generally larger), but differs (FNA 22) in its generally longer seeds (1.1-1.7 mm versus 0.9-1.3), with a shorter appended caruncle (averaging 0.3-0.5 mm versus 0.5-0.7 mm). Like echinata, it lacks bulblets and distinctly whitish leaf bases; but typical plants (F) may form relatively dense tussocks and tall flowering stems (ca. 1.5-6.7 dm or more versus 1-4.5 dm or less in the other two species).


Footnote:
This is an abundant troublesome weed of cropped land in east-central states, especially in corn on fertile soils; 2n = 36 (FNA 25). It was unknown in Ky. until recorded by Beckett (1956).


Comment:
There are several other colls., but this commonly cultivated species may not be truly spontaneous.

Footnote:
This "foxtail millet" is an ancient cultivar; 2n = 18 (Cr, FNA 25). It may have been artificially selected from viridis to produce large numbers of relatively large disarticulating seeds. S. italica is often cultivated for wildlife or livestock and can occasionally escape, but it may not be truly naturalized in the state. Colls. that are probably persistent from plantings are excluded.


FullName:
Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. ssp. pectinatum (Bieb.) Tzvelev

Comment:
No coll. found. 1 = Garman's (1900) report suggests a possible waif at University Farm.

Footnote:
This Eurasian species has been widely planted for forage and reclamation in western North America. It has been reported from Ky. by Gm and others (M), but no coll. has been located.


Footnote:
This native annual is widespread in warm and mid-temperate regions of central and eastern North America. It was widely used for its edible seed during the Woodland era (Ford 1985). It may have been cultivated, but there is no clear evidence of selection. The earliest modern record from Ky. may have been a coll. by R. Peter from Blue Lick [perhaps in ROBE], dated June 1835 (at KY before the fire; Anderson 1924).


Footnote:
This occurs mostly to the northeast and in cooler Appalachian regions (K). In Ky. it is known only from three sites in ROWA (MDKY). It is can easily be confused with atrovirens; in addition to differences in spikelets, it has long reddish/purplish rhizomes and lower sheaths (Cr, F, FNA 23). S. expansus is closely related to the Eurasian S. sylvaticus L. (especially) and to microcarpus, which can form hybrids; 2n = 62-66 in the complex.


Comment:
The BRAC (NK) coll. was det. by Schuyler.

Footnote:
This close relative of expansus has a more widespread northern and western range. The single Ky. record is a coll. of J.W. Thieret from BRAK (KNK) det. by A.E. Schuyler.


Comment:
This is weakly differentiated from var. atrovirens with many uncertain records.

EK: ADAI BARR BATH BOYL CALL CART CHRI CLAY FLEM FRAN GRAY HENR HICK KNOX LAUR LEE MCRA MCRE MENI MONT POWE PULA ROCK SCOT SHEL WHIT

Footnote:
This occurs in east-central states, mostly in a zone from mid-Atlantic states to the Ozarkian region (K). In Ky. it often appears weakly differentiated from atrovirens, but tends to occur on more acid or less eutrophic sites. Treatments range from complete combination (Cr), to varieties (F, BT; Arnold & Beal 1980), to separate species (FNA 23, W, Y). 

   S. georgianus is diagnosed by usually having 0-3 bristles around each achene (versus 5-6); the bristles are short or rarely up to 0.7 as long as the achene (versus short to about as long), smooth or barbed only near tips (versus barbed in distal 0.3-0.6). Vegetative characters are less clearcut, but georgianus usually has deep green to brownish lower sheaths and leaves (versus pale green to light brown), and the sheaths usually have relatively few clear septae (versus becoming conspicuously nodulose-septate on drying). S. georgianus tends to be less robust, with narrower leaves and smaller clusters of spikelets, on average; 2n = 48-54 (versus 50-62).


Comment:
The BELL coll. may be from a cultivated plant; to check.

1 = Jim Hays sight.

2 = E. Hartowicz (locality to be checked). 

3 = Harvill (1941): "barrens of Ky" (Short); MM assumed CHRI??

4 = Michelle. Weber (pers. comm., Wondering Woods); I have seen here also!

Footnote:
As a native plant, this diploid (2n = 22) is largely restricted to midwestern and Ozarkian regions, usually growing in thin woods and edges on submesic to subxeric, base-rich soils. In Ky. it is concentrated along the western edge of Appalachian regions, and around the northern karst plain of the Mississippian Plateaus. E. purpurea is generally uncommon in the wild, and it appears to be a remnant of brushy or grassy openings on relatively deep soil where farmland predominates or where the woods have become excessively shady. But it is also planted frequently as a "wildflower" and some records from roadsides in parks or in supposedly "restored" areas may come from such introductions.


FullName:
Oenothera tetragona Roth var. sharpii Munz

Comment:
1 = Munz (1965). This taxon is known from Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama, mostly in or near barrens. With velutinous leaves (see also var. velutina) and small flowers, it may be closer to fruticosa, or perhaps an intermediate. It needs further study for possible recognition.

Footnote:
This taxon was described from Ky., Tenn. and Ala. It may be somewhat intermediate between tetragona and fruticosa, with a mixture of glandular and non-glandular hairs on the capsule; but flowers are relatively small, and leaves are less elongated, and distinctly velutinous (W). It was reported from EDMO, FLEM and HARD by Munz (1965), but colls. have not yet been located.


Comment:
HARR (JC) rare at ne corner of Griffith Farm; will get photo/coll.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 48) is widespread in eastern North America, usually in strictly mesic woods, but it is generally absent from areas that have been cleared or intensively farmed in the past.


Comment:
Both 1992 prob Cusick or A Risk...
CART (np): 0.8 ne of ELLI line at Shignle Gap N of Ky 486 above Lester Br.
ELLI (np): s of Bruin on ky 409 0.1-0.5 m s of Hog Camp Rd above Bruin Cr

Footnote:
This largely diploid species occurs mostly in the Ozark region, southern Interior Low Plateaus and southern Cumberland Plateau (FNA 26). However, there are remarkable disjunctions in se. Ohio (Scioto Co.), discovered by E.L. Braun in 1964, and in ne. Ky. (Cusick 1989).


Comment:
Presence not confirmed; colls. need careful study. 

1 = Parks and Hardin (1963) at US; NONE there!!! Jun 2011

2 = L Pounds 1986 report on Cumberland Gap from BELL or HARL; check colls at TENN??

The CALL and MARS colls. may be E. albidum; petals lack auricles. A coll from POWE (NC) was redet as americanum by JC; it appears to have auricles.

Footnote:
This largely southern Appalachian diploid (2n = 24) has been reported from Ky. by Parks & Hardin (1963), FNA 26 and others). However, these reports may just be based on misidentifications; see W for a detailed key. The name umbilicatum has been applied to some rather inadequate colls. of albidum (from CALL & MARS at MUR) and americanum (from MENI in M; POWE at NCU). Parks & Hardin cited a coll. from CHRI (Hardin #383 at US) that has not been relocated; they did not map it. L. Pounds reported the species in 1986 to the National Park Service, based perhaps on a coll. from the Cumberland Gap area in HARL (check TENN). There are also disjunct western records from nc. Tenn. (Ch).


FullName:
Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney

Footnote:
This is widespread across east-central states, usually in thin woods and brushy old fields on low sites with moist to damp fertile soils.  V. alternifolia is among the most distinctive species of the genus is eastern states; 2n = 68 (versus 34 in most other species). But plants of alternifolia sometimes have largely opposite or subopposite leaves, even at upper nodes, and can then be misidentified as occidentalis (see also Y).


Comment:
Braun's sight record from PULA is curious; not known there currently.

PU: LOGA Kreibel 1942

Footnote:
This occurs in east-central states, especially Ozarkian regions. It usually grows in thin woods or transitions to grassland on dry base-rich soils. In Ky. helianthoides appears restricted to western regions, but it does occur in se. Ohio (Adams Co.), and it might be expected in adjacent LEWI. B's sight record from PULA is mapped here but may be questioned.


FullName:
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. spathulata (Michx.) Perdue

Comment:
To be segregated from fulgida. This is a strigose, narrow-leaved, small-flowered form known from southeastern states, especially (damp?)  lowlands; acuminata may be a glabrous wetland form.

1 = Kearney (1893) from Cumberland Mts, probably BELL; no this is palustris?!?!

Footnote:
This appears to be widespread in states to the south and east of Ky. (GH, NY), especially on lowlands but perhaps mostly on xerohydric sites. Further work is need to clarify the degree of distinction from typical fulgida. For Ky. there are only a few somewhat tentative records of var. spathulata, from CASE (EKY) and MCRE (TENN); the report by Kearney (1893) was based on a coll. from BELL (MO) that is referable to var. palustris. Following Sm, F and other authors, var. spathulata may be distinguished primarily by its leaves, which are relatively narrow or spathulate (with "conspicuously dilated blade"); also, its flowering heads are generally smaller.


FullName:
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. palustris (Eggert ex C.L. Boynt. & Beadle) Perdue

Species:
fulgida* var. palustris (?acuminata, ?chapmanii)

Comment:
CALL: (WK) RAthey-2133 14Sep1972 wet ditches on Ky 614 W from Ky 280; apparently transitional "acuminata" variant.

BELL: (MB) T.H. Kearney-518, Sep 1893, near Wasioto; acuminata?

MCRE: (WK) MM-1727-79 9Sep1979 woods near mouth of Troublesome Cr.

MCRE: (KY) JC 23Aug1989 N of Whitley City on gravel road by USFS office.

?PULA (KY) JC old Arnot Farm; just transition?
PULA: Hazel Dell 20Aug1979 "woods"

?BULL (KY) Bernheim Forest open grassy area near lake (2nd Cedar Lake).

KY: CALD may be umbrosa trans to palustris??? CWMathews 29Jul1892 Princeton "Rudbeckia fulgida" (one sheet); "Helianthus giganteus" (other sheet); transferred provisionally to palustris/acuminata map... This has prominent nipples like umbrosa but leaves not as broad, and with winged petioles like pal/acu...

TRIG: Sep 2011 along Trace; fulgida like but robust moderately broad (acuminata?); paleas thinly ciliate not at apex which is sharp pointed; not very waxy.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This largely Ozarkian taxon differs from typical fulgida in its relatively broad leaves, the lower ones with much longer petioles (usually 10-15 cm versus 3-5 cm); also, plants tend to be less hairy. But its degree of distinction needs further attention (FNA 21; J. Campbell, in prep.). Colls. mapped here with more confidence are mostly from southeastern counties (BELL, MCRE, PULA). Other colls. appear generally atypical and perhaps transitional in some cases to typical fulgida (TRIG) or umbrosa (CALD, CALL, BULL).

   R. acuminata C.L. Boynt. & Beadle is tentatively included here, but may be a distinct taxon closer to var. fulgida. F (following Sm) indicated that palustris occurs in "damp or wet places, Ind. to Mo. and Tenn."; and that acuminata occurs in "woods and banks of streams, Ky. and Tenn." With this inclusion, var. palustris would be widely scattered in east-central states but still concentrated in the Ozark region (based mostly on colls. at GH, MO, NCU, NY and US).


Species:
cinerea (arborescens var. discolor, deamii)

Comment:
1 = Settle (1973). 
2 = Johnson et al. (1991). 
3 = McFarland (1941). 
4 = Price (1893); referring to radiata. 

EK "H. cinerea" det Clark from CALL CHRI FULT GRAV MCRE

Colls from JEFF, ANDE, MEAD at LO have been called cinerea by RC Clark but these only have thinly hairy leaves--not dense and whit like typical cinerea.

Further review of material under arborescens is needed for potential assignment here; this taxon has often not been distinguished from arborescens, but it may deserve renewed attention, at least as a variety.

UNIO: Shack "var deamii" (GH id).

Footnote:
There have been several reports from Ky. of H. arborescens var. deamii St. John, also known as ssp. discolor (Seringe) McClintock or H. cinerea Small. However, colls. that have been given these names seem to be only somewhat hairier forms of arborescens, scattered across southern regions of Ky., and they may not deserve recognition. Indeed, colls. cited under these names from across the central Mississippi Valley (in Ark., Mo., Ill., Ind., Ky. and w. Tenn.) are generally less distinct than typical cinerea, which occurs in and around the Southern Appalachians (in Ala, Ga., N.C., S.C. and Tenn.), where it is usually restricted to base-rich soils (McClintock 1957; Pilatowski 1982; Cr, W). 

   Based on McClintock and others, typical cinerea has dense felty white pubescence on lower leaf surfaces, while typical arborescens is glabrous except for major veins. Leaves of cinerea are broadly ovate to orbicular; arborescens has similar shape (l/w = 0.5-1) or often more narrowly ovate (l/w = 1.5-3). Sterile (marginal, radiant) flowers may be more frequent or larger (usually ca. 1-1.3 cm across versus ca. 0.7-1 cm in arborescens). But an extraordinary cultivar of arborescens from s. Ill. named "Annabelle" has profuse radiant flowers across the whole corymb.]

   It remains possible that cinerea is transitional from H. arborescens to H. radiata Walt, which is largely restricted to the southern Blue Ridge escarpments (Ga., N.C., S.C., Tenn.). The only record of radiata from Ky. (Pr) might have been based on a cinerea-like plant; no coll. has been located.


Comment:
Reported by Price (1893) but probably referrable to cinerea; check global range--restricted endemic in south?


Footnote:
This small shrub occurs across southeastern states, usually in thin woods and streambanks on wet acid soils.


Comment:
The POWE (ky) coll. is vegetative--recheck. NICH (EK) is from Kingsolver's canebreak.

JEFF (LO): students 22Apr1954 south side Jefferson Hill; light woods/hillside meadow, dry soil.

NOTE: I cannot find OLDH now--perhaps was switched with JEFF before.

Footnote:
Without flowers or fruits, this small midwestern shrub is hard to distinguish from cynosbati (F, Cr), and a few identifications remain tentative. Leaves of missouriense tend to be smaller (ca. 1.5-3.5 cm across versus 2-5 cm), more deeply lobed (with sinuses extending well beyond half way to the middle), and less hairy (especially on upper surfaces). Also, its spines tend to be longer (ca. 7-17 mm versus 5-10 mm). It may increase in woods subject to browsing (FNA 8, Y).


Comment:
Recheck CAMP (NC): Browne 4258, 1961/06/25; get details. This collection and other reports (see Medley 1993) may be referrable to missouriense.

Footnote:
This occurs in Appalachian regions mostly at high elevation, and might be expected in the Cumberland Mts. but no coll. has been verified. Records by Linney (1882), RAB and others (M) may all be based on misidentified missouriense, including a vegetative coll. from CAMP (NCU): E.T. Browne #4258.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered in rocky mesic to subxeric woods of northeastern regions. Leaf pubescence varies greatly, but the glabrate plants of some Appalachian regions, known as var. glabratum Fern., have not been documented in Ky. (F). See notes under missouriense, which is easily confused. Yet natural hybrids are virtually unknown among these or other native species of Ribes, despite generally consistent chromosome number; 2n = 16 in most cases.


Comment:
The cultivated goose-berry may persist but is not truly naturalized.

OLDH (LO): JJMathews-762 14Aug1961 edge of open field in a fencerow thicket on Shiloh Lane at Harrods Cr.

Footnote:
These commonly cultivated plants ("goose-berry") may sometimes persist in abandoned gardens, but they are probably not truly naturalized. There is a coll. from a fencerow in OLDH (DHL).


Comment:
MADI (EK): recently collected by Gary Libby. 

BATH (PH) is from Short at Chalybeate Spring, Mud Lick; named Ribes floridanum.

Medley 1993: Ribes floridum L'Her.   Garman 1913; J. C. Nelson 1919; Short et al. 1833. = Ribes americanum P. Mill. based on Short s.n. (PH) Chalybeate Spring, Mud Lick.  May first, probably planted there. [JC did max say "planted there" or was this on the original label???] 

1 = Nelson (1919).

Footnote:
This is a northern species that is probably delivered south occasionally by avian means. In addition to recent colls. of G. Libby from MADI (EKY) and R. Clark from LEE (EKY), there are old records of C.W. Short from BATH (PH; see M) and Nelson (1919) from BOON. Allied species in the "currant" group may be expected (J), especially R. odoratum H.H. Wendl. (= R. aureum var. villosum of FNA 8), which has a northwestern range but was recently discovered in adjacent w. Tenn., apparently native (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Reported by Short et al. (1933) and others, but no collection has been located; Short also reported D. intermedia but not D. brevifolia--did his "rotundifolia" apply to brevifolia. However, this circumboreal species does occur in the southern Appalachians south to Georgia, and it may be expected in the Cumberland Mountains; see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This norethern (circumboreal) species was reported from Ky. by Short et al. (1933), but no coll. has been located. It does occur in the southern Appalachians, and it may be expected in the Cumberland Mts. of Ky.


FullName:
Rhexia mariana L. var. ventricosa (Fern. & Grisc.) Kral & Bostick

Comment:
Cited in error by Browne & Athey (1992). This taxon may be somewhat intermediate between mariana and interior, but appears to occur only east of the Appalachians; see Weakley.


FullName:
Rhexia mariana L. var. interior (Pennell) Kral & Bostick

Comment:
1 = Medley (1993) provided this initial compilation of records; most are probably from RA. More thorough study of all material is needed; see his thesis for literature cited. 2 = Braun's record of var. leiosperma, which may be transitional.

Footnote:
The records mapped here (B, M) need to be rechecked. True interior is distributed in the central Mississippi Valley, while mariana is largely southeastern. But there appears to be some intergradation. Some plants mapped here as mariana appear transitional to interior (including those that have been called var. leiosperma Fern. & Grisc.). R. mariana var. ventricosa (Fern. & Grisc.) Kral & Bostick is a somewhat intermediate taxon that occurs only east of the Appalachians, but has been reported from Ky. in error (M)


FullName:
Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven var. glabrescens (Kuntze) Shinners

Species:
peploides var. glabrescens (J. repens var. g.; diffusa)

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 32) is a widespread native in Central and South America, but there is some uncertainty about when it spread into the southern U.S.A. (W). In Ky. the earliest records may date from the 1930s (B). It has become common and locally abundant along gentle shores of ponds and slow streams, especially in eutrophic water that drops during summer.


FullName:
Hylodesmum pauciflorum (Nutt.) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill

Comment:
Braun states: "usually under beech or white oak trees."

JEFF: Pat Dalton for EKY;Iroqouis park along woodland trails

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species occurs in woods on relatively moist and fertile soils, especially in trails and other areas with disturbance on the ground.


FullName:
Desmodium ochroleucum M.A. Curtis ex Canby

Comment:
Reported by Radford et al. (1964) and others, but no voucher is known. Collected close to Kentucky in Stewart/Montgomery Co., Tennessee by Chester (AP)--none found at APSU however.

Footnote:
This is a globally rare species of dry calcareous woodland in southeastern states, mostly east of the Mississippi Rv. It is distinctive in the field, with creamy flowers and creeping habit. The only Ky. record is an unverified report from RAB, with no coll. located. There are verified records from adjacent Montgomery Co. in Tenn. (Ch) and nearby in se. Mo. (St).


Comment:
CHECK humifusum: seen with MHomoya in Crawford Co at Leavenworth Barrens.

Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states, usually in thin woods and grassy transitions on dry acid soils.


Comment:
The MONT (ek) coll. may be transitional/transferred to D. glabellum.

BOUR: jc along Townsend Valley Road within half mile of US 27 on s side of road sev patches; near gate to Barnett farm.

Footnote:
This is a widespread, weedy species of eastern states. In Ky. it is locally common in farmland and roadsides, especially on sandy lowlands, but generally absent in the Bluegrass region. It has relatively long, branching roots that sometimes form extensive clonal patches. The related midwestern species, D. illinoense Gray, has been reported from Ky. by Greenwell (1935), Shacklett (1937) and others, but apparently just based on misidentifications (M).


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992) and others but no vouchers have been located; probably based on misidentifications; this mid-western species is close to the mostly southeastern canescens. 1 = Greenwell (1935).


FullName:
Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & Gray

Footnote:
This occurs in most eastern states, but it is concentrated in the central and lower Mississippi Valley, and rare to absent in most southeastern states. In Ky. and Tenn. it appears to be a conservative remnant of taller native grassland on or near the Pennyrhile Karst Plain and on uplands of the Mississippi Embayment. It is typical of somewhat cherty or sandy soils, not purely calcareous glades.


Comment:
Apparently a conservative species of oligotrophic grasslands; needs more attention in the field and more collections.

CLAR (JC): JKSmith powerplant glades (Sep 2007).

Garman 1902: Dix River Sep 1887 Evans.

JEFF: JC 2010 coll at Alan Nation's place; prairie remnant!!!

Footnote:
This is widely scattered over southeastern states but rather poorly known in Ky., where it appears to be a conservative remnant of native grasslands on dry acid soils in several regions. There has been confusion with ciliare, paniculatum and other species.


Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states. In Ky. it is known from remnants of native grassland in various regions, and it can spread into associated old fields and rights-of-way, but it is rare to absent on relatively moist and fertile soils than have been intensively farmed.


Footnote:
This close relative of ciliare has a similar range in southeastern states, and there is much overlap of habitats. Ecological differences remain uncertain.


Comment:
There are several reports but only one known voucher. Recheck ROWA (MO); there has been some mislabeling in old collections at MO, but this one seems to be valid, redetermined from D. sessilifolium by JC: E.P. Walters, Aug 20, 1939, edge of woods, Fraley's Hollow, Morehead.

Footnote:
There are several reports of this northeastern species from Ky. (M), but only one coll. is known: ROWA (MDKY), E.P. Walters, 20 Aug 1938, edge of woods, Fraley's Hollow, Morehead.


FullName:
Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex Loud.

Comment:
PIKE (LO, NC) is verified. LO RHannan 00826 12 Oct 1978 dirt road along Rockhouse Fork; dry upland woods S of Jamboree; 1700-1800 ft asl.

POWE (jc) may be unprocessed collection at KY. BOON (ky) may be var. longifolium or perhaps a hybrid with canescens.

LO: OWEN EWLovell #536 Kleber Sanctuary 22 Aug 1956 "wooded area in 40 acre tract" ; #658 KS 22 Sep 1956 "roadside in wooded area"
SPEN HHWoodward 2143 14 Aug 1968 "open woods on county road 3.4 miles E of Snider"

Footnote:
This rather large-leaved Desmodium is widespread across east-central states, but generally uncommon and associated with remnants of open woodland or brushy grassland on relatively moist, fertile soils. It is easily overlooked and poorly collected. A relatively hairy coll. from BOON (KY) may be referable to var. longifolium (T. & G.) Schub., or perhaps hybridized with D. canescens. Var. longifolium is largely midwestern but with scattered records from some southeastern states (PL).


FullName:
Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex Loud. var. longifolium (Torr. & Gray) Schub.

Comment:
The BOON (ky) coll. also suggests a hybrid with D. canescens; leaf shape and stipules point to D. cuspidatum; more or less uncinate pubescence points to D. canescens. The var. longifolium is mostly more western, and has not been verified in Kentucky; it is reported from Alabama.


Comment:
Colls from BULL (LB), PIKE (LB) were det as var. pubens; now included with the typical. Although combined in some treatments, D. paniculatum is generally quite distinct from glabellum and perplexum, with less than 1% of material appearing intermediate.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is generally distinct from perplexum and glabellum, but there are occasional (<1%) intermediates (Isely 1983). Included here are records of var. pubens Torr. & Gray.


FullName:
Dichanthelium tenue (Muhl.) Freckmann & Lelong

Comment:
ensifolium: see notes/colls from Big South Fork streamhead surveys in 1990s.

Footnote:
In its broad sense, this species is widely distributed from southeastern states to Central America (FNA 25, W). The colls. mapped here come from sandstone clifftops in MCRE (KY). They are referable to the relatively glabrous Panicum albomarginatum Nash, which has been combined with tenue in recent treatments.

   D. tenue in its orginal narrow sense was applied just to hairier plants on the southern Atlantic Coastal Plain (Hitchcock & Chase 1950). A closely related species, D. ensifolium (Bald. ex Ell.) Gould, is known from boggy seeps on the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn., within a few miles of the Ky. border (FNA 25).


FullName:
Dichanthelium bicknellii (Nash) new comb.

Comment:
It is not completely clear if boreale and bicknellii should be combined.

OLDH (LO): JJMathews748 22Jun1961 edge dry woods Covington Ridge Road above Westport.

Footnote:
These scattered plants, found in various rocky woods and glades, are poorly understood. With older treatments, they have mostly been referred to boreale, but that is a northern relative of dichotomum that was not mapped in Ky. by Hitchcock & Chase (1950) or FNA 25. Reported southern extensions of boreale (e.g. Cr) are largely based on plants that appear derived from hybridization among dichotomum, acuminatum, linearifolium or other common species. 

   Panicum bicknellii Nash and P. calliphyllum Ashe are older names sometimes considered synonymous with boreale, but apparently based on various putative hybrids or introgressants that are similar to the plants mapped here (Hitchcock & Chase 1950; F, FNA 25).


Comment:
Although often hard to distinguish from V. papilionacea and sometimes V. hirsutula, this is probably a distinct species; see also Braun (1943) for records, but restricted to "swampy" Appalachian sites. The lower case ky colls. appear hybridized with V. sororia.

EK: HART (as recorded initially) not relocated May 2006; see earlier notes; perhaps transferred to sororia??? 2010 Dunbar Hollow tract also? low toe slopes by river... keep looking for good material (one small coll)

KY: BREA (2 colls Muller 1983) "walteri" = hirsutula and/or affinis? JCf

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species appears to intergrade with several other stemless blue violets; 2n = 54 in all species of this section. V. affinis could be combined with the following, as varieties or subspecies: (1) the glabrous missouriensis, with deltoid-ovate leaves; (2) the largely glabrous papilionacea (to which V. latiuscula Greene may be transitional); and (3) the more uniformly pubescent sororia. McKinney & Russell (2002; J) have included affinis completely within missouriensis, as a variety of sororia, but some authors have continued to recognize it (Gil-ad 1997, 1996; W). Identification is often difficult and some records mapped here are tentative.

   V. affinis differs from sororia and papilionacea in having hairs on its spurred petal as well as the laterals (like cucullata); its cleistogenes are on ascending to erect peduncles (approaching cucullata); and may be the only species of Boreali-Americanae with hairs on the capsule (Gil-ad 1997, 1998). Its leaves tend to be relatively small, narrow and somewhat deltoid, gradually tapering to acutish tips (approaching missouriensis); they are more densely reddish-punctate, and generally glabrate except for small thinly scattered hairs confined to the upper surface, especially on the basal lobes. V. affinis can also intergrade with hirsutula (typically on drier sites), which has hairs scattered more widely over upper leaf surfaces. Based on Sm, D, B, F and personal experience, typical habitat for affinis is moist or damp woodlands and edges, especially in gullies or near streams on relatively acid, sandy soils (in contrast to papilionacea and missouriensis on more clayey soils).


Species:
papilionacea {suggested: sororia* var. p.; ?latiuscula}

Comment:
This species is informally maintained here for the common weedy form in the sororia group. Distinct in foliage and habitat from sororia but separation from affinis is difficult, needing further study. The white/gray flowered forms (including priceana) may be cultivated; see WARR (US) by S.F. Price, also CALL(MU), HICK(MU), TRIG(LO), others?

Footnote:
Although combined with sororia in some treatments (e.g. Cr, McKinney 1992, J), this taxon has often been considered a largely distinct species typical of eastern North America, usually on fertile submesic soils in floodplain woods, mowed open areas, yards, and other disturbed sites (Robinson & Fernald 1908; D, Br, F, Gl, St). In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) misapplied the name cucullata to these plants: "This is with us the most abundant of the violets, as well as the first to bloom; the whole surface of moist meadows and pastures being covered with them in the fore part of April."

   V. papilionacea is close to sororia and affinis, and all three could be treated as as intergrading segregates of sororia. Also, some plants appear hybridized with missouriensis, cucullata or other related species (Gil-ad 1997, 1998). V. papilionacea differs from sororia in its generally paler, broader, and largely glabrous or glabrate leaves (except sometimes for hairs on petioles and on lower leaf surfaces at the base). After flowering, relatively large broad leaves are often produced.

   The correct name for these plants remains uncertain; a good type for papilionacea is not available (McKinney 1992). Other names that have been used, at least for transitions to other species, include V. latiuscula Greene in northeastern region (F) and V. pratincola Greene in midwestern regions (e.g. Correll & Johnston 1970; Mohlenbrock 1988).


Footnote:
This annual appears to have originally been centered in the Mississippi Valley, but became widely adventive in Appalachian and Atlantic regions (F, Cr, W). Although probably increased since Gm's time, aristata is still more common in western regions of the state. Some hybridization may be expected with patagonica (Cr); 2n = 20 in both.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 24) annual is widespread in eastern and central states, especially on sandy soils.


Comment:
See Mohlenbrock et al. (1966). This is a mid-western species that may rarely occur in western Kentucky, perhaps adventive.

Footnote:
This southwestern annual is a close relative of virginica that may occur in eastern states only as an adventive waif (Cr, W). There is only one record from Ky., a coll. of O'Dell & Windler from CALL (#2360 at SIU; Mohlenbrock et al. 1966).


Comment:
Check MM for LOGA; see Medley (1993).

1 = Short (1840):

Footnote:
This is widespread across southern states, but may be largely adventive in some eastern states (F, W). In Ky. the earliest record was due to Short (1840), who noted "frequent in the pastures of Christian county." P. pusilla is close to heterophylla and some records should be rechecked; both species are diploid (2n = 12) annuals.


Comment:
1 = Woods (1983) but no collection has been located at MU; July 2006 confirmed that this is misid of P. pusilla; taken out.

This is a southern species that reaches its northern limit in the central Mississippi Valley.

Footnote:
This is a southeastern species that extends north into the central Mississippi Valley, and adventive beyond. M has reported it from MARS (#13773-86 for WKY). Woods' (1983) report from HICK (MUR) was based on a misidentified coll. of pusilla.


Comment:
There are a few reports, but no verified collection has been seen; there has been some confusion with P. wrightiana.

Footnote:
This annual is native from southwestern states to South America, and it is adventive in eastern states. There have been reports from Ky. but also some confusion with wrightiana, and no verified coll. has been seen (M).


Comment:
FULT (RA & VB) should be checked; Medley (1993) notes this was initially named P. hookeriana. 1 = Nelson's (1919) report of P. purshii tentatively reassigned here.

Footnote:
The original range of this southern annual is uncertain. There has been confusion between this southern species and patagonica, and some records need to be checked.


Comment:
US = LB colls seen by JC. See Medley and KSNPC for LEWI (LB@US) record; needs confirmation.

Footnote:
This widely scattered southern species occurs in ephemeral ponded areas of various types, from paths to wet woodlands; 2n = 10.


Comment:
Not confirmed. LEWI (LB@US) was redetermined as C. terrestris by L. Phillippe; but need to recheck. MCRE (MO) has slightly emarginate leaves but fruit (immature?) not winged and subsessile; it is probably deflexa instead.

Footnote:
This northern (circumboreal) species has been reported from Ky., but no verified coll. has been seen. B's coll. from MCRE (US), and others with this name, appear to be terrestris instead, but further checking may be needed. C. palustris is close to heterophylla but differs in its more elongated, ellipsoid fruits (versus obovoid or almost cordate); 2n = 20.


Footnote:
This is widely scattered over North America in pools and slow streams; 2n = 6.


FullName:
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. appalachiana Brummitt

Comment:
Plants named var. repens in the state may be this taxon; see Medley (1993). Check the collection from ROWA (LB); "dry open oak woods." Check HARL (NY), Camp 1513. The ssp. americana (repens) is a narrow-leaved southern taxon.


Comment:
1 = Argus (1986); check source. This cultivar is locally frequent; it may be spreading along major rivers and casually confused with nigra.

Footnote:
This cultivar is locally frequent at a few sites, and it may be slowly spreading, at least through clonal means. It has been confused with amygdaloides and with other introduced taxa (Argus 1986).


Comment:
Reports are based on nomenclatural confusion with pumila; not verified in Kentucky.


Comment:
1 = Ed Hartowicz (1999, pers. comm.) SE Adair County, Chance Road on ridge.
2 = presumed reassignment of "L. croceum" reported by Davies (1955). 
There are also dubious reports from ROBE and PIKE; see Medley (1993).

FI: WAYN Beaver Cr sw of Monticello; L.R. Smith & A.R. Hodgdon 3899.
See also LB (WAYN).

Records of L. croceum (carolinianum var. croceum) are based on L. canescens (Gibson from ADAI at FI) and perhaps L. tuberosum (M).

Footnote:
This southeastern species is typical of woodlands on mesic to subxeric calcareous soils, especially along animal trails. Reports from ROBE and PIKE are dubious, pending location of colls. (M).


Comment:
Not confirmed. 
1 = Davies (1955); or perhaps HART. 

This report is dubious; 

the Gibson collection at FI was redet as canescens.

Footnote:
This is not verified from Ky. Most or all reports have been based on misidentified colls. of canescens from ADAI (at Field) or perhaps tuberosum (M). However, croceum may be expected in Ky. since it is widespread in the midwest and Great Lakes region, including se. MO. (Y), much of Ill. and w. Ind. (PL). The closely related southeastern species, L. caroliniense (Walter ex J.F. Gmel.) MacMill., appears to intergrade with croceum in Mo. (Y), but remains unknown in Tenn. (Ch); 2n = 24 in both species.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 14) is widespread in midwestern and eastern regions. In Ky. it is generally restricted to remnants of native grassland on rocky calcareous sites.


Comment:
Reports are probably referable to hispidissimum; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
1 = Nelson (1919). 2 = Price (1893) "carolinianum" assumed this.

JESS: McFarland (1941); coll. burned in 1948; but see new site discovered by WMeijer anbd grown by JC--make coll!!! Also NP has "molle" from 1940 "Swinging Bridge" -- must be old coll to check.

3 = Gentry (1963) for HENR; no collection at KY; but see NY as follows.
J.L. Gentry #568, 29 Jul 1962.
Ky Hwy 153, L & N Railroad, N of Pendleton; hillside; grown up deciduous woods.

4 = Short (check) from "Blue Lick".

See also FAYE (NY); Short Jul 1833; and Peter Jul 1833.

5 = Greenwell (1933). 

LINC (np) is from dolomitic grassland near Stanford. 

WOOD (NP): 1955 must be MW "SW of Pinckard".

The colls. at WK may need rechecking versus others vars.

GARR: EK Will Overbeck in processing

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species has become rare in Ky. and elsewhere (Y) within the past few decades, surviving in rocky calcareous old fields and rough pastures with little fescue or other improvement. Most records date from before 1970 and come from the Bluegrass Region. Some historical records suggest association with large trails or licks used by bison or other large herbivores before settlement. 

   Most colls. are referable to typical hispidissimum (2n = 24), which was treated by Cronquist as a variety of O. molle (2n = unknown).  A few colls. from LOGA, TODD (WKY) and perhaps elsewhere are more or less transitional to typical molle; see notes under that name. Further research across east-central states is also needed to check on distinction of the western O. occidentale (see below), and the southeastern O. virginianum (L.) DC. (? = O. carolinianum DC. of Pr). The latter has been reported from the state but probably in error (M).


Comment:
1 = record of O. carolinianum by Price (1893), tentatively assigned here by Medley (1993). 

CHRI (np): "hispdissimum" to recheck;... probably molle.

The TODD (RA @ WK) needs rechecking for this taxon.

Old records of O. carolinianum were probably based on O. molle or its relatives; further research on colls. and obscure records may be needed (M).

Footnote:
See notes under hispidissimum, which seems to intergrade with molle in LOGA and perhaps elsewhere. The status and distribution of true molle (as a var., ssp. or species) remains uncertain, given the varied treatments and identifications (e.g. Baskin et al. 1983, Turner 1995a; and their citations). Typical molle may be virtually restricted to c. Tenn., where is it locally common in the cedar glades and nearby farmland. The only other verified records may be from one locality in s. Ill. and one in n. Ala. It differs from hispidissimum in its distinctly pitted nutlets, smaller leaves (up to 8 x 2 cm versus 15 x 4 cm), relatively dense soft pubescence on leaves (giving plants a distinctive greyish appearance), denser somewhat corymbiform inflorescence, and shorter stature (mostly 30-70 dm tall versus 50-120 cm).


Comment:
There is also a collection of "hispidissimum" from LIVI (WK) that needs rechecking for this taxon instead.

WK: CRIT, LIVI: JC! based on leaf hairs appressed; LIVI has round based seeds.

EK: CRIT tent id: EM&ET Browne-69E11.19 30May1969 E bank Cumberland Rv, 0.6 mi down private road NW of old Pinckneyville-Dycusburg Rd, W-NW slopes on limestone.

Footnote:
This member of the molle complex may be relatively distinct, based on morphology and chromosome number (2n = 28); see Y and his citations. It is centered in the Great Plains.


Footnote:
This alien weed is common across much of North America, but virtually absent in  southeastern states, beyond the lower Misissippi Rv. and lower Ohio Rv. (PL).


Comment:
This species is said to be introduced from South America, but there are some early reports, e.g., Rafinesque (1819).


Garman 1914: Princeton (CALD) and Casky (CHRI).

Footnote:
This pantropical weed is said to be introduced from Brazil or elsewehere in South America (W), but there are some early reports from North America, e.g., Rafinesque (1819). Reports of H. europaeum L. from Ky. are probably all based on indicum (M).


Comment:
Reports are unconfirmed and probably refer to H. indicum; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
Check MM for LARU and SIMP; check locality in latter.

Footnote:
This winter annual occurs mostly in the central and lower Mississippi Rv. watershed. It is largely restricted to rocky glades on calcareous soils.


Footnote:
This perennial "forget-me-not" is sometimes cultivated, and occasionally persists or escapes.


Comment:
Jones (2005) lists this species for the Cumberland Mountains; data to be checked. It was reported in error from the Rockcastle River, where gracillima was misidentified (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988).

Footnote:
This is a variable northeastern species with segregates that have been treated in diverse ways (F, Cr, FNA 20). It has been recently reported by KSPNC (J; T. Littlefield, pers. comm.) from boggy openings in the Cumberland Mts. of WHIT, but verified colls. have not been seen. S. uliginosa is also reported from higher elevations in the Blue Ridge, south to at least Tenn. and N.C., but it is rare there and some identifications remain uncertain (FNA 19, W, PL). See also notes under S. cf. austrina.


Footnote:
These plants have been treated in various ways, often named "racemosa" as a species or as a segregate of the more northern or western relatives, S. simplex Kunth or S. spathulata DC. S. arenicola was recently described from Ala. (Keener & Kral 2003). It also occurs in the southern Cumberland Plateau of Tenn. and Ky. along rocky banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its tributaries, plus the Obed Rv. and Emory Rv. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). It is similar to S. plumosa, which is known only from the Yadkin Rv. in N.C. (W). 

   Typical arenicola can also be confused with the widespread upland species, erecta (Keener & Kral 2003), but differs in its less numerous heads per stem (<30 versus >40), and larger individual heads, with longer involucres (7-9.5 mm versus 4-6.5 mm), more disc flowers per head (12-16 versus 6-10), and longer disc corollas (ca. 6 mm versus ca. 4 mm). 

   There is variation that needs further study. Plants along the Rockcastle (LAUR and PULA), main Cumberland (WHIT and some MCRE), Obed and Emory rivers, have glabrous achenes, as in typical arenicola. Plants along the Big South Fork (including part of the MCRE material) have hairy achenes that are relatively small and numerous per head (13-19), with involucres only 5.5-7.5 mm long, in more congested inflorescences, suggesting a transition to racemosa. An unusual coll. from the Rockcastle Rv. in PULA (KY) suggests a hybrid with speciosa.


FullName:
Vaccinium stamineum L. var. neglectum (Small) Deam

Comment:
Includes Polycodium ashei. Distinction of this variety from var. stamineum may be too easy, simply based on pubescence. There does not seem to be significant geographic or habitat-related segregation. Weakley combines them also.


Comment:
The coll from PIKE at KY cannot be found in Mar 2009; not mapped by Clark--was this redet as???...

KY: added JEFF 2001 RParately fromk Jeff Mem For

Footnote:
This large shrub ranges widely over warmer regions of southeastern states, usually growing in hills on dry acid soils. In Ky. it is virtually unknown north of the southern Knobs, Mississippian Plateaus and the southern Cumberland Plateau.


Comment:
Reports are probably based on G. filipes; see Medley (1993).

Coll det as ang by Raven at KY: Smith 1460 from NELS--misid!!!!

This close relative of biennis has generally been considered endemic to the southeastern Costal Plain, but there have been reports from further north. Various characters have been used to distinguish it from typical biennis and longiflora (Sm, F, W; Raven & Gregory 1972), but more work is needed.


Comment:
Raven & Gregory 1972: Biennis: ANDE (KY); GRAY (US); JEFF (KY); BULL (KY); CLAR (KY); FAYE (KY); JESS (GH); MERC (F); NELS (IA); ROBE (KY); WOOD (KY)

HART JC 2010 road back to I65 from WKU

MADI: jc coll seed from EKP project (check loc) and grew--to make coll

Footnote:
Variation in this widespread northeastern biennial needs further study. In Ky. it occurs typically within transitions from low woods to fields, often at upper edges of floodplains. However, across its range the species varies greatly in habitat, leaf width and flower size (Munz 1965). Superficially distinct plants grow in the xeric dolomitic glades of se. CLAR (JC for KY) and Adams Co., Ohio (e.g. colls. of A. Cusick at Ohio State Univ.), and in dry sites elsewhere. These plants tend to have unusually small flower parts and narrow leaves (no more than ca. 8-10 mm). 

   G. biennis, together with the more midwestern longiflora, the more southeastern G. angustifolia Michx. and related western species, appear to a form an intergrading complex; 2n = 14 in these and most other species of Gaura. However, biennis has unusually complex chromosomal structure, which may reduce hybridization (Raven & Gregory 1972).


Comment:
CARL (MU), but not BULL (KY, see Gunn 1968), is var. cinnamomea, but this southwestern taxon with yellowish pappus is not generally recognized. See Medley for redet of P. cylindricus; to recheck collection.

GH: BELL, CLAR; also "Dry Ridge Sep 1833 H.A. Griswold" [in GRAN?].

EK: HARL

Footnote:
This is widespread in forests of eastern North America except on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It often forms dense colonies with short offsets from its tuberous rootstocks (Y); in deeper shade, most offsets do not flower and leaves often disappear in dry warm seasons. In Ky. a coll. from CARL (MUR) has been referred to the southwestern P. altissima var. cinnamomea Fern., but that taxon is not generally recognized. A few colls. have been misidentified as the high Appalachian species, N. roanensis Chickering (= P. cylindrica (Sm.) E.L. Braun), which remains unknown in the state (M). See W for diagnostic characters of roanensis, which reportedly intergrades with altissima; 2n = 16 in both (Cr, FNA 19).


FullName:
Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve

Comment:
Includes var. rotundus, which is not generally recognized.

GH: ANDE, BREA ("pauperculus" then "smallii"), FAYE, LARU, PULA, ROWA; CLAR (rotundus = Beckett #1223).

LO: JEFF, MCRE, NELS.

Footnote:
This ranges across east-central states in moderately dry woods on base-rich soils, but it is rare on the coastal plains. P. obovata includes diploids and tetraploids (2n = 44, 88, 90), but it is not known to form hybrids. 

   Some colls. from Ky. (e.g. CLAR at KY, GH) are referable to the relatively southern var. rotundus Britt. (in Senecio), which differs in its basal leaves suborbicular to round-obovate (versus obovate), with petiole ca.1-3 x blade length (versus 0.5-1.5), the dilated summit ca. 3-15 mm (versus 10-30 mm). That variety appears transitional to aurea in a few cases. However, obovata is almost always distinguishable by its heads with more abruptly acuminate phyllaries, ca. 3-6 mm long (versus narrowly linear, ca. 6-8 mm), and less deeply yellow flowers; its basal leaves with non-cordate bases (versus cordate); and its rosettes formed on elongate stolons as well as rhizomes (versus just rhizomes).


Comment:
This western relative of J. secundus was reported by J, but details are not available.


FullName:
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. comosa (L.) Fern.

Comment:
This variety is often distinct, with larger, hairier leaves; it seems associated with richer soils.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. Var. comosa was initially described as A. pitcheri Torr. & Gray, and its status remains uncertain. It is generally associated with more damp or fertile soils, and tends to flower a few weeks earlier than typical bracteata. Previous authors (D, F) noted its generally more hairy surfaces, larger leaves, larger flowers with deeper purple color (versus lilac to white), and larger seeds. However, recent research (Parker 1996, Callahan 1997; see also W) has indicated that the most useful diagnostic differences may be in its fully grown leaves: longer petioles (6-6.8 cm versus 3.5-5.3 cm), longer petiolules of terminal leaflets (1.7-1.9 mm versus 1-1.4 mm), and longer terminal leaflets (5.5-6.1 cm versus 4.2-5.2 cm).


Comment:
Several LB colls were det as var. mississippiensis, which is no longer recongized in recent treatments. 
1 = sources of Medley (1993).
2 = Duncan 1981.

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species of dry grasslands on medium acid soils.
The traditional usage of volubilis and regularis is followed here, but based on type specimens Duncan (1979), W and others have indicated that these names should be switched. It is not clear if a proposal to conserve names will be made. Included here are several records of the more hairy var. mississippienis Vail, which is not recognized in recent treatments. The closely related species generally known as G. regularis (L.) B.S.P. occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain; reports from Ky. are erroneous or unreliable (M), and it is not even known from Tenn. (Ch+).


Comment:
Reported from CALL (MU) by Woods (1983) but this is a misidentified volubilis.


FullName:
Dioclea multiflora (Torr. & Gray) C. Mohr

Footnote:
This semi-woody vine is known mostly from riparian woods and thickets of the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coastal Plain. Around the northern Mississippian Embayment, this species is rare in Ky., endangered in Ill. and unknown in Mo. (NS, PL). The monotypic Lackeya has been established for this species, but not yet adopted in North American floras (Fortunato et al. 1996).


Comment:
Collections are presumably from waifs and not truly naturlaized.

Footnote:
This annual is the common "garden pea" but it is not known to persist or naturalize. The more northern var. arvense (L.) Poiret was a failure in early trials at the Univ. of Ky. (Gm).


FullName:
Monarda sp. nov. (aff. russeliana Nutt.)

Comment:
NY: C.W. Short M.D Lexington, Kentucky "Monarda clinopodia L. var. Summits of knobs, Kentucky"--"as determined Carl Epling 1931--"why not russeliana HAG[??] 1947"--M. fistulosa var. brevis det R.W. Scora Mai 1964".

NY: MWharton #6217, MADI--she "virgata (M. russeliana of authors)"--"M. russeliana x fistulosa (Arkansas segregate)? Rainer W Scora Mai 1964"--"M. fistulosa det. Alan Prather 2005".

LO: BATH MEWharton 6245 15 Jun 1946 "open woods near Olympian Springs"; MADI MEWharton 801 9 Jul (frt) 1937 "woods on slope 1 m w of Big Hill"; POWE PDHiggins 1461 12 Jun 1969 "moist woods on Pilot Knob" [somewhat broader lvs than typical thus perhaps x clinopodia?].

WK: MM-473-78 25Oct1978 Grape Knob, up trail from Brush Rd just E of West Bend; JC x clinopodia? plants ca. 4 dm tall; short petioles; silvery blue below; weird broad leaves 2-3.5 cm; heads small  1 cm across, perhaps aborted.

KY: ESTI Twin Cr ridges N of Buzzards Roost; head of White Oak Cr; CASE siltstone glade in knobs; BATH nr Olympian Springs [flw 11+15 Jun narrow lvs]; POWE 1.25 mi S of West Bend [flw 28 May narrow lvs]; between West Bend and Pilot Knob [narrow lvs flw 25 Jun]; nr Ky 614 S of Stanton, Chester [narrow lvs flw 31 May]; MENI nr Ky 36 N of Frenchburg, Osage [flw 31 May]; MADI 1 mi W of Big Hill [flw 27 May]; ridge between Pighouse & Rosevelt Hollow, Berea Coll Forest;

See also media.

Footnote:
This species may be known only from the Knobs region of Ky., where it appears to have diverged from clinopodia into relatively xeric woods. The names M. russeliana Nutt. or M. virgata Raf. have been applied to it by previous authors (including F and Cr), but these name should probably be restricted to distinct plants of Ozarkian regions with purple-spotted corollas and leaves tapering from relatively broad, abruptly truncate bases (resembling bradburiana but usually narrower and more petiolate). A few colls. appear to be introgressed with clinopodia, including some provisionally named M. clinopodia ssp. praecox R.T. Simmers (ined.) from MADI (GH, KY) and Brown Co., Ind. (GH); see also notes under media.


Comment:
LIVI (JC) is from Mantle Rock area. Cronquist (1991) indicated that russeliana has priority over bradburiana; however, there has been much confusion with virgata and other names, and further study is needed before final decision.

GH: UNIO (Shaklette).

AP: CHRI, TODD.

Footnote:
This occurs in the Ozark region and in the western Interior Low Plateaus, largely restricted to dry woods and flowering relatively early (late May-early Jun) . F and Cr insisted that M. russeliana Nutt. is the correct name for these plants species, but there has been dissent (McClintoick & Epling 1942, Scora 1967, W). M. russeliana may be properly restricted to some relatively western plants within the Ozark region, which have been confused with M. virgata Raf. but may still warrant some distinction as a variety of virgata or a transition to bradburiana.


Comment:
This largely Coastal Plain species has been collected only once in Kentucky. McClintock & Epling (1942) also include Kentucky in the range of var. villicaulis, but no collection has been located.

MCRA (EK): R. Athey #1445, 18 Aug 1971; sandy field adj Tenn Rv oxbow in sight of Clark Memorial Bridge US 60.

The old ROWA record is not correct; check Campbell 1992 Morehead Inventory.

Footnote:
This variable species is reportedly native to sandy soils in several regions of southwestern and eastern states, but uncommon to absent in Appalachian regions and most of the Ohio Rv. watershed (Cr, K, PL). There is only one known coll. from Ky.: MCRA, R. Athey #1445 (EKY), "sandy fields near the mouth of the Tennessee Rv." McClintock & Epling (1942) also reported ssp. villicaulis Pennell from Ky., but no coll. has been located.


Comment:
This southwestern species is rarely introduced in eastern states.

Footnote:
This southwestern annual is locally adventive in southeastern states, especially on the Coastal Plain.


Comment:
See subnuda for possible DAVI and WAYN (KY) records.

GH: ALLE, CLAR ("var. repens Simmers"), FRAN, LOGA, NELS, OWEN ("var. repens Simmers"), WAYN.

LO (Mar 2007 found 1994 loan): CLAR, EDMO, FAYE, HARD, JEFF, MEAD, NELS, OLDH, SPEN, TODD, WOOD.

HARR (US/KW): JC coll for Millenium Seed project.

Footnote:
This is a highly variable species across its range in east-central states, but taxonomic segregates have not been generally accepted. Some Ky. plants appear to have unusually rampant stolons with glabrous leaves, but may not be genetically distinct: e.g. those labelled "var. repens Simmers" from FRAN and OWEN at GH. Plants with unusually broad leaves (up to  5-6 cm wide), somewhat sharper serration, and more rounded bases, occur in relatively damp habitats of Kans., Okla., Mo., Ill. (GH) and reportedly Ky. (Cr). Rare hybrids with hirsuta do occur, but are not verified in Ky. 

   B. subnuda Simmers & Kral (1992; ?= B. brevipes Raf. 1836, 4:96) has been described from Ala. and probably occurs in Tenn. (Ch), but reports from Ky. and elsewhere have been erroneous. B. subnuda is intermediate between ciliata and hirsuta in some characters, but has calyx tubes puberulent with distinctively shorter hairs (< 0.6 mm), glabrate lower leaf surfaces, and glabrate lower stems.


Comment:
DAVI (KY) and WAYN (KY) were determined as B. subnuda Simmers & Kral (1992) by Taylor & Taylor, but do not appear clearly distinct from ciliata; TAYL (KY) seems closer to hirsuta. Further study is needed; Simmers & Kral indicate that subnuda is a stabilized species derived from hybridization of ciliata and hirsuta, restricted to Alabama and perhaps Tennessee; other hybrids or introgressants occur elsewhere but are not the same.


Comment:
A TAYL (KY) coll. was annotated as B. subnuda by Taylor(s) but reasons are not clear.

TODD (EK); noted in 1990s, not found in 2006.

GH: CALD, UNIO, WOOD.

LO (Mar 2007 found 1994 loan): HARD, OWEN.

GARR (jc): loc fre along trail into Sally Brown Nature Preserve

Footnote:
This largely northeastern species tends to occur in deeper woods than ciliata, and it is absent from xeric sites. It is distinct from ciliata in its pale purplish to whitish flowers (versus bluish-purple), relatively short deltoid (versus linear) calyx lobes and long-acuminate (versus acute) outer bracteoles (Simmers & Kral 1992; Cr, W), Vegetative differences are somewhat inconsistent. Leaves on flowering stems tend to be more acuminate, more rounded to cordate at base, and have longer petioles; they are often eaten by invertebrates, in contrast to ciliata. Stems usually have longer hairs, but this is not a reliable character; rare plants have glabrous stems (as in a coll. from Sevier Co., Tenn., at GH).


Comment:
1 = Baskin & Baskin (1975); perhaps from Mt. Washington glade but collection not located.

GRNP (np): 1993 Wingo Cr Rd ca. 4 m S of South Shore.
MARS (np) recent record to check...

Footnote:
This widely scattered North American annual is probably just adventive in some southeastern states (W). In Ky. it may be native in some rocky or sandy glades and barrens of western regions. In Appalachian regions, it known only from a few sites along roads. In addition to its narrower leaves (ca. 1-3 mm versus 4-11 mm), hispida has smaller seeds, with more narrowly ovoid shape and glaucous areolate surface (W), as is typical of subgenus Saturejoides; 2n = 34 (versus 36).


Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered in eaastern North America, but uncommon to absent on the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is locally common in fields on medium acid soils, especially old rough-grazed pastures. This highly aromatic "American pennyroyal" generally repels consumption by insects and mammals. The "Big Barrens" on the extensive karst plain in western Ky. became known as the "Pennyrhile" region after settlement.


Comment:
This broad-leaved, largely southern Appalachian and (erroneously) Ozarkian taxon occurs in well drained woods and edges, often calcareous; apparently confused or switched with speciosa in some treatments (e.g. AR, MO; where palustris may replace umbrosa).

NY: HART (LB); BELL (Kearney 1893).

GH: BELL, HART

RECHECK CALL (NC)!!!!

MO: FLEM, MCRE, ROWA.

WK: MM PULA (Hazel Dell--and also cf acuminata)

KY: BULL MENI MADI MCRE LAUR CART PULA CASE ?WHIT (rather narrow lvs but at least transitional).

KY: CALD may be trans to palustris??? CWMathews 29Jul1892 Princeton "Rudbeckia fulgia" (one sheet); "Helianthus giganteus" (other sheet); transferred provisionally to palustris/acuminata map...

Footnote:
This largely southern Appalachian species is distinct but close to typical fulgida. Its leaves are distinctly broader, with truncate-subcordate bases at least low on stems, and have more prominent teeth (projecting 1-2 mm versus 0-1 mm); rays tend to be larger, but not as a clearcut character. R. umbrosa is largely restricted to mesic shady sites, and has also been confused with speciosa in some treatments; better keys are needed (J. Campbell, in prep.). Sm and F accepted umbrosa as a species, but Cr treated umbrosa as a variety, with notes such as "growing near var. fulgida but without apparent intergradation" (Cronquist #4040 at NY. from Highland Co., Ohio). 

   Extensive examination of colls. from Ky. and elsewhere has revealed virtually no intermediate plants between umbrosa and typical fulgida. Some colls. from more open banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its Big South Fk. tend to have relatively narrow leaves, suggesting transitions to fulgida, but they may just be robust plants of umbrosa that lack basal leaves in the colls. A few disjunct colls. in western regions have suggested umbrosa, but may be closer to fulgida var. palustris; these include colls. from CALL (NCU) and CALD (KY).


Comment:
This largely Ozarkian species was reported with a well documented collection that cannot now be located; the record may be doubted, since the area has been revisited with no success.

Footnote:
This is a largely Ozarkian species, but it is also known from a few scattered locations across southeastern states, usually in rocky woods on base-rich soils. Variation needs further attention; 2n = 18 and 36 (FNA 20). The only record from Ky. may be a coll. from HARD (Cranfill & Medley 1981; M). The coll. cannot now be located, and the area has been revisited with no success. Nevertheless, Cronquist (Cr) may have confirmed the coll. since he included w. Ky. in the range of radula; see also FNA 20. Although generally classified with nemoralis, radula appears similar to some species of the Triplinerviae (especially rupestris; see W).


Comment:
1 = Price (1893, in handwritten addenda); see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This occurs mostly from the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain to the Ridge-and-Valley, usually in low meadows but on drier ground than noveboracensis.  V. glauca differs (Cr, FNA 19) in its "bright stramineous or pale tawny to nearly white pappus" (versus brownish-purple or sometimes merely dark-tawny), with outer bristles or scales grading into inner ones (versus distinct outer scales and inner bristles); leaves are relatively broad (with l/w usually 2.5-3.5 versus 4-6). There are no clear records from Ky., but there is an obscure unverified record from WARR (Pr, in handwritten addenda). Also, a more recent coll. from ROWA (KY) appears to be a hybrid between gigantea and glauca.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); perhaps RA. See also CALL (LB): "prairie slopes". Most may be somewhat introgressed with V. gigantea; CRIT (ky, vegetative) and CHRI (mu) seem to be clear intermediates.

SI: FULT DO'Dell & DWindler-1395 11Aug1962 railroad ROW 2 mi N of Fulton.
SI: CARL, MCRA, MARS, FULT.

Footnote:
This is centered in the Ozark region, but extends east locally to Ind., Ky., Tenn., Ga. and Fla. Some colls. from Ky. may be introgressed with gigantea; those from CHRI (MUR) and CRIT (KY) are clearly intermediates. Both missurica and the closely related baldwinii can be distinguished from gigantea (FNA 19) by their lower leaf surfaces, which are usually more pubescent, the hairs relatively erect and curled hairs (versus appressed, awl-shaped), and more conspicuously dotted with resin-glands (versus not or sparsely gland-dotted).


Comment:
SI: CARL, HICK, LIVI, BALL,

PU: SCOTT DDemaree 1957

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states, except New England. It has become by far the most common ironweed in east-central states, accumulating in old pastures due to unapalatbility for livestock. The other species seem to have "suffered" somewhat from introgression or "contamination" with gigantea (Cr).


Comment:
AP: LYON EWChester 87-855; Hillman Ferry Campground, abundant along Ky Res at outer edge of fluctuation zone and on bluffs; 8Oct1987.

Footnote:
This is poorly known in much of its range, and has been confused with frondosa or sylvatica. Records are concentrated in the midwest around Mo., scattered over s. Ill. and s. Ind., and disjunct in Atlantic states from Md. to Ga. (FNA 25; W). Plants mostly have short awns or none, but long-awned plants may predominate in Ky. (and perhaps south to Miss.), where there has been some confusion or intergradation with the awned variant of frondosa treated here under the name commutata. The only colls. that clearly match typical bushii may be from BALL (MUR) and LYON (APSU).


Comment:
There are curiously few records from Braun. ADAI (FI) and WAYN (LB) match var. hypomalacum, but this variety may not be worth recognizing.

WK: HART (JC 2007).

Footnote:
This perennial diploid (2n = 22) is widespread in subxeric woods across eastern states. There are records from ADAI, OWEN, WAYN and perhaps elsewhere that may be referred to the relatively northern var. hypomaculatum Fern. However, it is not clear if this variety is worth recognizing.


FullName:
Galium circaezans Michx. var. hypomalacum Fern.

Comment:
This robust, hairier, northern variety seems poorly marked in Kentucky, and needs further study. 1 = records inferred from Medley (1993).


Comment:
The FLOY (KY) coll. appears to be transitional to G. circaezans. Fuller's (1980) record for CALL cannot be confirmed.

CHECK details of JESS record!!!

Footnote:
This robust relative of circaezans occurs in mesic to subxeric woods of northeastern regions. In Ky. the only record from west of Appalachian regions and the adjacent Knobs is a coll. (EKY) from near Jessamine Gorge in JESS. The coll. from FLOY (KY) appears transitional to circaezans.


Footnote:
This perennial is largely restricted to somewhat mesic woods in central and southern Appalachian regions. In Ky. it is restricted to the Cumberland Mts.


Comment:
Cannot tell if colls are verum or wirtgenii--the NK material is pale yellow somewhat interrupted infl.

GRAN (NK( 2003!

Footnote:
This alien perennial is a widely scattered weed in northeastern regions, but uncommon to absent in southeastern states. It was first collected in Ky. during 1984 (M). Colls. should be rechecked against verified G. wirtgenii F.W. Schultz (verum ssp. wirtgenii), which may be difficult to distinguish in dried material (Cr, W). G. wirtgenii differs in its odorless, lemon-yellow flowers (versus fragrant, golden-yellow), and its more interrupted inflorescence; 2n = 22 (versus 22 or 44).


Comment:
Distinction from septentrionalis is highly tentative (partly geographic); this is probably best treated as a variety.

Footnote:
This taxon occurs in the lower Mississippi Valley. Distinction from septentrionalis is tentative in some colls. from Ky. It may be better treated as var. arkansanas (Fern.) Steyermark & Kucera; both are probably tetraploids with 2n = 40 (FNA 24).


Footnote:
This widespread variable species occurs in wetlands across temperate and boreal regions of North America, but it is most common in cool temperate zones. It is diploid (2n = 20). Other species in Ky. are tetraploids, but occasional triploid hybrids with striata are possible (FNA 24).


FullName:
Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) F.T. Hubbard

Comment:
Anderson 1924: torreyana "Torrent" 15 Jun 1895 HGarman KY Agr.

Footnote:
This northeastern species extends south at high elevation in the Appalachians to n Ga. In Ky. it is largely restricted to acid boggy streamsides and seeps in cool sandstone ravines and in the Cumberland Mts.


Comment:
CLIN: EK Naczi-7994, 20May1999: 4.5 mi. NW of Albany, 0.2 mi. W of Rt. 639, 0.8 mi. SW of Jct. of Rts. 639 and 90; Shallow pool in swampy deciduous woods dominated by Acer rubrum, Quercus phellos, and Liquidambar styraciflua.

Footnote:
This species has a remarkable range in North America, with five largely disjunct centers: (1) lowlands of New England; (2) lowlands south of Lakes Erie and Ontario; (3) the Allegheny Mts.; (4) a zone from the Shawnee Hills to the southern Cumberland Plateau; and (5) the Ozark Mts. (FNA 24, K). Closely related plants (known as ssp. japonica) occur in East Asia (Koyama & Kowano 1964). Typical acutiflora occurs in similar habitats to septentrionalis, but generally on more acid soils in boggy non-alluvial ponds that tend to dry up in summer.


Comment:
EK: ADAI GREE JESS LOGA MADI MCRE MERC NELS PULA ROCK

Footnote:
This southeastern species is absent in the Ohio Rv. watershed north of the Ky. Rv. Palisades, western Knobs, and the central Appalachian Plateaus. Along this northern margin of the range, it occurs locally on warm slopes. To the south it is a locally common grass of mesic to subxeric woods (FNA 24).


Comment:
The CHRI and TRIG colls. have not been located (even in collection catalogs); recheck KSNPC databases.

FAYE (PH): Short [check data]; JC rediscovered on point N of mouth of Raven Run; just 5-10 plants.

Sight records are from "Logan Co. Glade" and Flat Rock Glade in SIMP.

JEFF (LO): Mabel Slack, 20 May 1939, "Cherokee Park, cliff across road from Big Rock"; P. Haragan has been unable to relocate the species here; Pat says the coll may be with her/given by her to EKY???

JESS: Anderson 1924 High Bridge 1923 May 13 FTMcFarland 124.

ESTI: (EK) JC 31May1990 N-facing limestone cliffs, top of Turner Hollow, N of Beaver Pond.

TODD: (EK) RAthey-3316 ("mutica") 1May1976 moist woods bordering Clifty Cr on Ky 107, 0.8 miles N of jct with Ky 181.

TRIG: (EK) RAthey-5146 14May1986 Hematite Lake, rocky open woods bordering the lake.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species is closely related to the southeastern mutica, which has often been confused. Hybrids are not reported but may be expected; 2n = 18 in both species (as in most Melica). Their ranges overlap somewhat, especially in Ky., where nitens is much less common and restricted to more open base-rich slopes and glade margins.


Comment:
The FAYE (KA) was by: Robert Beckner, 7-7-1975, "lawn, came in Kentucky bluegrass seed"; this cannot be considered established in the state.

Footnote:
This is a grass of mountains in the Pacific states. There is coll. from FAYE (KA): by Robert Beckner, 7-7-1975, "lawn, came in Kentucky bluegrass seed." It cannot be considered established in the state, and there are no other records from eastern North America.


FullName:
Hybanthus concolor (T.F. Forst.) Spreng.

Comment:
LIVI (jc): locally abundant on the Indian knob near Mantle Rock.

Footnote:
This occurs widely in east-central states, but is generally restricted to woods on rocky base-rich soils. H. concolor may have only 1-2 close allies in Central America, together forming a narrowly circumscribed Hybanthus (H. Ballard, pers., comm. to W); 2n = 48.


Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species generally occurs at field edges and along rights of way, and it is not clear what its original habitats were. It may have spread north after settlement. The earliest record in Ky. may be Gm in 1914, but he noted: "common plant in Kentucky, growing by waysides and along fences, wherever a strip is left without cultivation."


FullName:
Passiflora lutea L. var. glabriflora Fern.

Comment:
Also a poor damaged coll from EDOM (LO).

Footnote:
This glabrous variety is distributed largely in the Ohio and lower Mississippi Valleys. The typical variety has a more eastern and southeastern range; reports from Ky. are not verified (M).


Comment:
There are no verified collections of this southeastern taxon; reports are probably referrable to the var. glabriflora, centered in the lower Mississippi Valley.


Comment:
PIKE 1 = Cranfill & Medley (1981); check MM.

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species is known only from upper slopes of the Cumberland Mts. and in ravines along the South Fork of Cumberland Rv.


Comment:
WARR (LO) and others may or may not be truly naturalized: "wooded area. roadside 9 miles E of Bowling Green on Hwy 1297". But records "jc" are observations of self-seeded saplings; this species is increasing without much notice in some suburban areas.

Footnote:
This frequently planted tree ("Norway maple") occasionally establishes from self-seedings. The more certain records mapped here (with solid dots) are from contexts that suggest true naturalization is under way, but details are lacking in several cases. It is not clear yet if this species is completing life-cycles in the wild.


Footnote:
This common European maple is occasionally planted and has been reported as an escape in JEFF (herbarium of Ind. Univ. SE) and MADI (CW), but details are not yet available. It is becoming locally naturalized on base-rich soils in northeastern states, including the Greater Cincinnati area (pers. obs.) and other parts of Ind. and Ohio (PL).


Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is variable, and includes high chromosome numbers (2n = 78, 91, 104). Moreover, there are occasional hybrids with the tetraploid saccharinum (2n = 52), as suggested by colls. from JEFF (KY, DHL). Other native species of Acer in Ky. are diploids (2n = 26). In Ky. typical rubrum locally abundant but largely restircted to non-calcareous soils. Moreover, it is curiously rare to absent in some regions that have a long history of disturbance from burining (e.g. Land-Between-the-Lakes) or browsing (e.g. most of the Bluegrass).


FullName:
Acer rubrum L. var. trilobum Torr. & Gray ex K. Koch

Comment:
The western collections should be rechecked for var. drummondii, which is reported by Medley (1993) and others; without fruit that var. may be difficult to distinguish from the var. trilobum. Also Braun listed MCRE (LB), POWE (CI). Check mu and sources of Guetig & Jones (1991); variety inferred.

Footnote:
This largely southeastern taxon is typical of wet sites. It is usually distinct from typical rubrum, with leaves relatively small, less cordate, and shallowly 3-lobed versus more deeply 5-lobed (W).


Comment:
Needs to be verified. Larger samaras (2.7-5 cm versus 1.5-3 cm) are needed to distinguish this from rubrum; also leaves are said to be often more deeply cleft, and more or less permanently pubescent beneath. Is this not a transition to A. saccharinum? 

1 = Conrad (1972) but no collection located at KY or elsewhere.

Also reported by R. Clark (pers. comm.); based on veg coll at LO from JEFF "side of Pendleton Road" PADavies #457; 3 Oct 1943; JC rechecked and--yes it is at WKY now under rubrum Feb 2009.

FULT: (EK) DPittilo-2362 11Jul1962, Ky 1282 at David's Chapel. cove of bluff just below graveyard, mixed hardwoods on stream banjk, ca. 20 ft tall; JC note veg could just be hairy form of Acer rubrum var. trilobum.

Footnote:
This southeastern tree is most common in the lower Mississippi Valley. There are reliable records from s. Ill. and s. Ind. (ML, D, PL), but the scattered colls. from river bottoms of w. Ky. are generally not complete enough for certain verification (M, CW).  A. drummondii is somewhat intermediate between rubrum and saccharinum in samara size (2.7-5 cm long), leaf size and shape, but its mature leaves are more or less whitish-tomentose below (versus less densely pubescent to glabrate in the other taxa; W). The possibility of intergradation among these three taxa needs to be reassessed; see also notes under rubrum var. trilobum.


Comment:
1 = Woods (1983); but no collection was found at MU. 

This southern species needs further confirmation for Kentucky; check AP!!!!!

It is close to viridiflorum, with less narrower terminal leaflets and more rounded bases; and fewer, smaller, more rounded articles/loments (pod segments). It may be typical of more open, sandy woods.

Footnote:
This southeastern species is locally common at least as far north as Mo., Tenn. and Va., but it is close to viridiflorum and some northern records are probably confused (F, Cr, W; Isely 1990). For Ky. there are only a few reported colls. from the eastern margins of the Mississippian Emayment (Woods 1983, Chester 1992); the coll. from CALL could not be found at MUR.


Comment:
Garman 1902: Aden Springs ?CART; Kings Mt ?WHIT; Cloverport HANC

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states, but largely restricted to thin woods and brushy grassland on xeric, infertile acid soils. Within Appalachian Ky., it is much commoner in southern sections that have more history of fire (Campbell et al. 1991).


Footnote:
This decumbent species occurs in southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv., mostly in openings on sandy soils of the Coastal Plain. There are somewhat disjunct plants in varied southern Appalachian localities with histories of disturbance. In Ky. spicata is known only from banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its Big South Fk., plus a few sites on nearby uplands.


FullName:
Wisteria macrostachya (Torr. & Gray) Nutt. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.

Comment:
This may be better treated as a variety of frutescens. 

1 = misc. sources to be checked (Medley 1993).  

Distinction from typical frutescens (more southeastern) needs study; it is possible that both are represented here or that there is insignificant differentiation. Possibly some are escapes from cultivation.

2 = Duncan 1967.

BRAC. MASO NK!! macro but perhaps escaped

WOOD: JC coll with DBoone 2010 to get Trifolium reflexum seed.

Footnote:
This vine of the central and lower Mississippi watershed appears to be native along major rivers in western regions of Ky., at least the Ohio Rv. downstream of Louisville, the Green Rv., Cumberland Rv., Tennessee Rv. and their major tributaries. W. macrostachya became cultivated in Ky. early after Virginian settlement (as "Kentucky Wisteria"), especially around Louisville and elsewhere in northern counties. Short (1840) listed it as frutescens: "A flowering pea-vine, now common in gardens and shrubberies; abundant on the banks of Little River in the West of Kentucky." Open dots on the map indicate possible adventive status, or in some cases represent unverified historical data of Gm. The exact original range remains uncertain.


Comment:
If distinct from var. macrostachya, this southeastern taxon may be in Kentucky; more study is needed. It may be distinguished by much smaller racemes, 4-12 cm long (versus 15-30 cm); pedicels and calyx with few or no clavate glands (versus abundant).

Footnote:
The native range of this species, in its strict sense, may have been largely restricted to the Coastal Plain and Piedmont from Va. to La., in contrast to macrostachya, but some authors have not considered these two taxa distinct (Sm, F; Isely 1998; W). It is possible that some plants in southern Appalachian regions are intermediate, but no definitive study has been made. Reports of typical frutescens from Ky. (e.g. Duncan 1967) deserve further investigation, and may be based on the plants mapped here under macrostachya from more sandy alluvium along Appalachian rivers: in LAUR (BEREA), MCRE (KY), PULA (KY) and WHIT (MM). [There is similar biogeography within Isotrema and Catalpa.] 

   Typical frutescens has much smaller racemes, mostly 4-12 cm long (versus 15-30 cm); pedicels and calyx have few or no clavate glands (versus abundant). Leaflets tend to be smaller, less acuminate and darker glossy bluish green; hairs on stems, petioles and pedicels are generally denser, less spreading and whitish (versus slightly yellowish). In recent decades, several cultivars of both taxa have become widely grown and appear quite distinct: for example, macrostachya "Blue Moon" versus frutescens "Amethyst Falls" (Valder 1995). Flower color, fragrance, growth form and hardiness vary much among cultivars and wild types.


Comment:
This species is widely planted and probably escaped in many sites. Recheck versus floribunda.

Footnote:
This is widely planted and escaped across southeastern states. In Ky. it has escaped from some rural gardens in the south, but it has spread little in northern urban areas. It has often been confused with floribunda or macrostachya, especially without flowers. In contrast to the native wisterias, leaflets of both sinensis and floribunda tend to be thinner, undulate along margins (versus plane), and usually smoother (with appressed whitish hairs).


Comment:
Recheck versus sinensis. 1 = Ky. DOT collection, perhaps transferred to EK.

Footnote:
This may be at least as widespread in Ky. as sinensis (Cr), but colls. should be checked in some cases. There is evidence of extensive hybridization between these two species in southeastern states (Trusty et al. 2008).


Footnote:
This is a tall annual weed that may be native to warmer regions of southeastern states, especially in the lower Mississippi Valley (K, SE, W). In Ky. it is known mostly from the floodplain of the Mississippi Rv. McFarland (1942) provided the first record.


Comment:
A possible hybrid with R. hispida var. fertilis is from PERR (EK).

Footnote:
This tree was originally concentrated in east-central states, especially Appalachian and Ozarkian regions. Its range has been expanded greatly due to plantings and escapes. Early records indicate that it was locally common within the Bluegrass region at the time of settlement (Campbell 1987), but uncommon to absent in western regions of the state (Barton 1919). See note on hybrids under kelseyi.

   In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "My own observations do not agree with those of M. Michaux in regard to habits of this tree; for although it does occur in profuse abundance in this and other richest lands of Kentucky; yet I have found the largest and most thrifty stocks on the Ohio river in Boon county, seventy miles north of Lexington, where the soil is greatly inferior to that in this vicinity."


Comment:
Reported by Radford et al. (1964) and others but not verified. Medley (1993) considered KY material from BELL and HARL to be this species; but JC considers these boyntonii.

Footnote:
This is native to the Blue Ridge and nearby mountains, but has also been widely cultivated (W). It has been reported from Ky. by RAB and M, but it has not been verified; there has been confusion with boyntonii.


FullName:
Physalis heterophylla Nees var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb.

Comment:
This variety is not recognized in some modern treatments; but it has a distinct pubescence pattern. Check Janet Sullivan's revision in Rhodora (2004?); this widespread species is considered not to have worthy varieties.

Footnote:
This has a pubescence pattern that is distinct from typical heterophylla: sparse long jointed hairs (1-2 mm), versus dense viscid short hairs (up to ca. 0.5 mm). However, it is not recognized in some recent treatments (Cr, W). It is not clear if there are significant differences in range or habitat. Var. ambigua has often been confused with pubescens.


Comment:
Not vouched as a truly naturalized plant, but it can be weedy in yards and old home sites.1 = McFarland (1941). 2 = Anonymous (1980c). 3 = Medley (1993b).

Footnote:
This northeast Asian perennial is commonly cultivated in eastern states, and occasionally escapes. In Ky. it has been recorded from old home sites and gardens, but it does not seem to be truly naturalized (M).


Comment:
P. obscura was listed by Short (1833) but no voucher is known; see Medley (1993). Under this name or P. cordata, it does not seem to occur in eastern North America.


Comment:
AP: LYON, TRIG det Lance!!!

GH: LYON, OHIO, MUHL; an indet coll from GRAY (Eggleston #5443, 5449) is also tentatively assigned here by JC (but also sugesting persimilis); see also colls under cf. macrosperma.

MB: GRAV; LYON; MARS; GRAY (WWEggleston-5443 "succinta").

Tentatively including: MUHL (MB) = "kellermannii", Palmer 23681 ("=22543"); upland woods near Central City; this is close to collina; see Fernald.

GARR: jv is tentative JVarner pers comm to MMedley (1993).
OLDH (LO): JJMathews-498 8Jun1957 sparse thickets on Shiloh Lane at Harrods Cr.; "crus-galli" redet by JBPhipps 2002.
LINC: EK TJWeckman w face slope recontoured around Cedar Creek Lake, Charlie Boone Rd off Hwy 150 ca 6.2 mi se of Stanford
UNIO: mb tentative under punctata from idet folder...

Tentative ids from "indet" folders at MB: Girkin, Ky. SFPrice 30Oct1902 [??WARR??]; WARR Bowling Green SFPrice Oct1902; OHIO; LYON; MUHL

OH: common in parts of glaciated Butler Co (nr Oxford) in cow-hawthorn ecosystem; w/pruinosa, mollis, crus-gallii, phaenopyrum (DBooone pers comm).
GET FRUITS!!!!!

Footnote:
This is close to punctata, with occasional intermediates, but it has continued to be distinguished by some authors (D, F, W; Lance 2006; J.B. Phipps, in. prep.). C. collina occurs mostly in east-central states, especially in calcareous regions. Tentatively included here is C. colina var. collicola (Ashe) Palmer (?= C. disperma Ashe), which may represent introgressants with crus-gallii. Var. collicola has been reported from Ky. (F, M); but see note under C. aff. incaedua.  

   The closely related Ozarkian taxon, C. verruculosa Sarg., has been reported from Ky. (F, Gl, M), but it may just represent a transition from collina to punctata. It differs from collina in its larger fruit (usually 10-13 mm versus 8-12 mm wide), larger flowers (ca. 1.8-2.3 cm versus 1.5-2 cm wide), with ca. 20 stamens (versus usually 10-15), in larger clusters (?); and vegetative leaves more coarsely toothed, with 2-3 pairs of small lateral lobes (versus finely serrate, usually unlobed). The closely related C. kellermannii Sarg. (?= C. suborbiculata Sarg.) has also been identified in the state (Palmer #23681 at MO); it may represent a hybrid with pruinosa (F).


Species:
cf. incaedua (?collina/puncata x calpodendron/crus-galli)

Comment:
These colls. are difficult to identify. 

HART (KY) is distinct from the HOPK but apparently related. 

CALL (mu) may be disperma instead. 

GH: WHIT (filed under "disperma").

Braun's record of "pratensis" from CAMP (Lea at PH) included here; perhaps = peoriensis which close to incaedua.

Tenative ids at MB from "indet" folders: OHIO; Memphis, Tenn.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. These colls. are difficult to identify and somewhat varied, including possible hybrids (D, F). C. incaedua, with apparent colls. from HART and HOPK (KY), may be derived from collina and calpodendron. The colls. from CALL (MUR) and WHIT (GH) have been referred to C. disperma Ashe, which may be derived from collina or punctata (as one parent) and crus-galli (as the other). The coll. from KENT (PH) was initially determined as C. pratensis Sarg. (but see also C. peoriensis Sarg.). These taxa are mostly poorly understood, with scattered distributions centered in midwestern regions.


Species:
intricata (straminea, neobushii, ?buckleyi, ?biltmoreana)

Comment:
The SCOT (LB) coll. was initially called C. neobushii; 
FLEM (LB) was C. buckleyi;  
EDMO (LB) was straminea. 

HARL (TN): Wilson, Wolf & Drumke 33024.

GH: intricata: BATH, BELL, BOYD, EDMO (Braun), MCRE, ROWA, WHIT.

GH: neobushii: SCOT (EL Braun #3206 17 Jul 1940 north of Minorsville; det Palmer; JC! less lobed form of intricata).

AP: TODD "seems most likely C. viridis, otherwise possibly C. pruinosa. The bracteoles are much more glandular than normal C. viridis" (note on coll from RLance).

KY+EK: JESS WMeijer 22May1971 Scotts Grove, flat area leached soil-oak forest
"cf pruinosa"

LIVI: EK RA 568 28Apr1969 Smithland, Hwy 60 S at Mantz Springs, edge woods
seems right but veg leaves rather broad based...

Footnote:
This variable species is widely distributed on acid soils in Appalachian and northeastern regions. Included here are records of C. neobushii Sarg. (a potential western segregate with small fruits and pinkish anthers), C. straminea Beadle (with yellowish fruit and pinkish anthers), C. buckleyi Beadle (Cr, M), and C. biltmoreana Beadle (= C. intricata of Egglest. non Lange). The latter is a pubescent form (supposedly with more foliaceous bracts) that has been recently treated as a variety of intricata by Lance (2006, 2011; see also W). It is widely reported in more eastern states, but not yet determined in Ky. except perhaps for a recent coll. from NICH (JC for KY).


Comment:
This seems very close to C. intricata.

GH: ROCK, BOYD, LAUR (Braun #2379), ROWA (Braun #1449), CASE (Wharton #4727).

BATH: probably coccinea instead? 2011

Footnote:
This is combined with intricata by some authors. It is a less lobed variant with a largely Appalachian range.


FullName:
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt var. praecox (Fern.) new comb.

Comment:
This var. is not clearly distinct, especially colls. from WOOD and MADI; however, it is listed as a subspecies in BONAP.


Species:
micradenium (obtusifolium var. m., helleri ssp. m.*)

Comment:
This is close to obtusifolium and may be confused; smaller, glandular-hairy versus woolly, typical of dry sandy woods. 

Medley (1993) notes older records without locality; none after 1950. 

P. macounii is a closely related western species, to be expected. 

See also Hussey (1876), perhaps from EDMO; no coll at Purdue Mar 2010.

Kearney (1893): perhaps from BELL/HARL.

See also Mahler (1975): maps HARL presumably from Kearney

Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered in northern, Appalachian and Ozarkian regions. It is distinct from the more southern P. helleri (Britt.) A. Anderb., as established by Nesom (2001b; see also FNA 19). It is also close to obtusifolium, and there has probably been some confusion. All Ky. records date from before 1950 (M), and most are colls. of B that should be rechecked.


Comment:
1 = Huffaker (1975); but no collection at MO.

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable northern (largely circumboreal) species that extends south to Va. along the higher mountains. It was reported by Huffaker (1975) from CART, but no coll. has been located. There are older records, but at least some of these appear to have been based on misidentified Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (M). A. margaritacea is distinct in its rhizomatous habit (with deciduous lower leaves), papery white involucres and generally dioecious flowers, which appear in late summer (Cr, FNA 20); 2n = 26 (versus 28 or more in most related Inuleae). It is sometimes grown for ornamental use (W).


FullName:
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. var. plantaginifolia

Comment:
Plants known as var. ambigens (= A. fallax) may be transitional to A. parlinii, which may not be as distinct in Kentucky as some treatments suggest; see records below.

Footnote:
See notes under parlinii. Both taxa are widespread stoloniferous plants in woodlands of eastern North America, and often confused. A. plantaginifolia is a sexual diploid of drier or more open habitats, on average, but there is little evidence of ecological difference. Curiously, Y did not recognize plantaginifolia in Mo., but reported parlinii and its ssp. fallax (including ambigens) across most of that state, within the same habitats.


FullName:
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. var. ambigens (Greene) Cronq.

Species:
plantaginifolia var. ambigens (parlinii ssp. fallax*)

Comment:
Often treated as parlinii ssp. fallax, perhaps intermediate; if parlinii really is in KY then this var. probably is also. The nc collections are not yet examined. PULA (LB) coll was det as fallax var. calophylla. 1 = Gunn (1968b). 2 = Wharton (1945).

GH: CHRI (old coll with no further det).

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. This taxon is often included with A. parlinii ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins, but appears somewhat intermediate between typical plantaginifolia and parlinii (Cr. FNA 19, W). It differs from typical parlinii in its basal leaves, with upper surfaces initially tomentose and "more tardily glabrate" (versus glabrous or nearly so even when young). Also, summits of young flowering stems are usually glandless (versus usually with purple glandular hairs). Further examination of colls. is needed to clarify the degree of distinction among these three or more taxa in Ky.


FullName:
Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jackson ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.

Comment:
These all need to be checked against P. torrei, but at least some of these (LYON) can clearly be referred to P. virginianum. 

LIVI (MU) changed to torreyi July 2006

HARD (LB) is expected to be torrei.

1 = Medley (1993) for CALL; checked again Jul6 2006 and confirmed torreyi.

AP: LYON: Wildlife Center N side Duncan Bay, freq in cattle pasture;
TRIG: 300 yds w marker 8F3, roadside near Barkley Lake; field at head of Sugar Bay below Pinnegar Cem, freq;

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 80) has with a fairly wide northeastern range, but it is largely restricted to seasonally wet sites on base-rich soils. It is rare or absent in most of the unglaciated Ohio Rv. watershed (K, PL). In Ky. it is verified only from a few sites in western regions. There has been some confusion with torreyi, which mostly occurs further east within the state; colls. originally identified as virginianum from CALL, HARD and LIVI have been transferred to torreyi, and others should be rechecked.


Comment:
This seems very close to C. intricata.

GH: CART (EL Braun #2466 thickets near Cascade Caves).

Tent id from MB "indets": Grundy Co Tenn. (oak-pine around sandrock).

WK: MCRE KANicely-82-20 15May1982 slopes above W bank of South Fork Cumberland Rv.

Footnote:
This is combined with intricata by some authors, but it may be a relatively distinct segregate with narrower leaf bases and fewer lobes. It is largely restricted to central and southern Appalachian regions, but also reported from the Knobs of s. Ind. (D).


Comment:
Medley (1993) notes a collection from CLIN that suggests hybridization, but JC is not convinced.

LO: EDMO (Brownsville Rd in MCNP), JEFF check data, MEAD (upper narrow bottom along river 1.5 miles W of Brandenburg), OLDH (Sleepy Hollow).

JESS JC Joe Lacefield says still a tree by Overstreet Cave..

Footnote:
This widespread northeastern tree is now much declined due to disease of the bark. In Ky. documentation with colls. is rather poor; included here as open dots are the unverified historical data of Gm and B. The species has virtually disappeared from some regions of the state, and it remains locally frequent only on fertile sandy terraces of some Appalachian valleys. 

   Trees of cinerea are easily distinguished from nigra by their distinctive gray-white bark. Also, the ellipsoidal fruits ("butter-nuts") are clammy with glandular hairs. Twigs can be distinguished from nigra by their longer terminal buds, ca. 12-18 mm (versus 8-10 mm), and the upper sides of bud scars straight (versus notched), with a distinct velvety fringe; pith is dark brown (versus light brown). Leaves usually have 11-17 leaflets (versus 15-19), hirsute beneath with 4-8-rayed fascicled hairs (versus single and 2-rayed hairs).


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern North America, but concentrated on fertile base-rich soils. In Ky. it is much more abundant in the Bluegrass region than elsewhere; this pattern also existed in the original woodland (Barton 1919, Campbell 1989). It was probably also concentrated locally in or near lowlands of the Pennyrhile Karst Plain, where remnants of Juglans-Aesculus woodland can still be found, similar to those in the Bluegrass.


Species:
lupulus (vars. lupuloides* + pubescens*)

Comment:
These are not thoroughly checked for variety, the standard manuals being inadequate. Most material appears to match lupulus var. lupuloides; but the CAMP (NK) coll. is det. as var. pubescens. 1 = W. Meijer (pers. comm.) from near Hazard (see also Walker's 1750s account). See also LB (LEWI, MCRE). The northeastern var. lupuloides appears generally intermediate between the typical European lupulus and the mid-western pubescens.

CAMP (NK, LO): GFBuddell & JWThieret #377 22Aug1981 infreq ca 1.5 mi SSE od Silver Grove at intersection of Lower Tug Fork Rd and Rt. 547.

Footnote:
Variation needs more careful study (FNA 3, Y, W). Most colls. mapped here are probably referable to var. lupuloides E. Small (= H. americanus Nutt.), which is widespread from northeastern regions to the northern Great Plains (PL). However, that taxon appears intermediate between the European var. lupulus (the "hops" used making beer) and the largely midwestern var. pubescens E. Small. The coll. from CAMP (KNK) does appear to be var. pubescens. Var. lupulus has been rarely reported (M), but verified colls. from wild plants are unknown.


Comment:
The JC colls. are unaccessed; locality data need checking for counties along N Fk Kentucky (several sites); apparently spreading on river banks much in recent decades (jc sight records). 1 = F. Levy (collection perhaps at NC).

Footnote:
This vigorous annual vine is an aggressive invader of disturbed fertile soils, especially sandy river banks. The first report was by Gunn (1969b) from JEFF. By the 1980s, japonicus had been documented in several counties along the Ohio Rv. upstream of JEFF and along the Big Sandy Rv. (M). During the 1990-2010, it has also become locally abundant along banks of the Kentucky Rv. in the Bluegrass Region (A. Berry, report to KSNPC in 2008). It is much more widespread than colls. indicate.


Comment:
WK: MM! MCRE WAYN.

PU: ROCK Kreibel 1940.

Footnote:
This is widely distributed across southeastern states but generally restricted to dry acid soils in thin woods and edges.


Comment:
Braun (1943) reported this but her collection from HARD (US) was redetermined as viridiflora by Medley (1993); but this should be rechecked, as well as his reference to a possible collection at Warren Wilson College, North Carolina.

Footnote:
This midwestern prairie species is unlikely in Ky., but there are one or two colls. that have been reported with this name (M). B's coll. from HARD (US) was redet. as viridiflora.


Comment:
Includes A. intermedia, which was det from MCRE (LB).

LO colls. of Asclepiadaceae are almost all very severely bug-eaten and should be replaced with other records.

Footnote:
Although common across northeastern states, this weedy species has a rather abrupt southern limit across Ky. and Tenn. In the Mississippian Embayment, and even in the southern Interior Low Plateaus of Tenn., Ala. and Ga., it is rare to absent. It can cross with some other Asclepias species (as reviewed by Y); 2n = 22 in most or all species of Ky. However, no hybrids have been documented in the state.


Comment:
1 = E. Carr, notes (coll. at Pine Mt. Settlement School attic rotting away--it is about time we salvaged this man's botanical life work!)

BALL: also np record (?? from where...)

Footnote:
This is widely scattered over eastern states but largely restricted to open areas on dry acid soils.


Comment:
jc 1 = other lit. reports (Campbell, Medley); check sources

vs 2 = Van Shipp, pers. comm. (along Aiken Road?).

JESS: jc check source... JGorge???

Footnote:
This is widely scattered over eastern and central states, but generally restricted to remnants of native grassland on dry base-rich soils. A few records may represent adventive plants along roadsides (e.g. in WOOD).


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1992) but apparently based on an error (Medley 1993).


Comment:
Reported by Browne & Athey (1993) but apparently based on an error.


Comment:
RC also collected from HARD but the collection is not yet located.

Garman 1914: "native" as Acerates floridana but no other data.

BRatliff: west side Shepherdsville in old field behind last store at edge of town...

Footnote:
Typical hirtella is centered in the upper midwest, and occurs mostly on drier ground, often with calcareous soil. The closely related A. longifolia Michx. has been reported from Ky. BA) but not verified; it occurs mostly in wet pine savannas on the Coastal Plain in southeastern states (W). Plants named hirtella on seasonally wet acid soils in PULA (BEREA), with disjunct Gymnopogon brevifolius, also typical of wet pine savannas, should be rechecked for possible integradation with longifolia. The Ozarkian relative, A. stenophylla Gray, has also been reported (BA) but apparently in error (M).


Comment:
All colls of globularis are probably var. recognita, but there should be further study. True globularis is more southern. Other related Coastal Plain taxa may be expected (Jones 2005).

WARR: Beal & Thieret lit cited; but check Price.

Note: JC collected? vegetation harveyi? in BSF ca. 2000 on NPS project.

Footnote:
This occurs from Central America to southeastern states, usually growing on wet acid soils that tend to dry out in summer and fall. Typical globularis is largely restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain and unknown in Ky., but some colls. need to be rechecked. R. harveyi W. Boott is another related species to be expected in similar habitats, but generally drier and sometimes on or near sandstone outcrops. It is known from se. Mo. and nc.Tenn. within 25-50 miles of the state line.


Comment:
Most or all material matches var. leiocarpum, but this is not generally recognized in recent treatments. MEAD (LO) and MERC (KY) appear to match typical var. officinale. But some rechecking for var. may be needed.

Footnote:
This common annual weed is widespread across temperate North America. In Ky. it was recorded early after settlement (McMurtrie 1819). Short (1837) noted: "A troublesome weed, occurring everywhere in neglected and uncultivated grounds." Most Ky. material matches var. leiocarpum DC., but that segregate has generally not been recognized in recent treatments. Colls. from MEAD (DHL) and MERC (KY) would match the typical variety.


Comment:
Recheck; this is probably not be a distinct taxon worth recognizing; included provisionally with var. leiocarpa.


Footnote:
This annual weed is widespread in northwestern regions, especially in association with sheep and wool, but virtually unknown in southeastern states. There is only one certain record from Ky. (Cranfill & Thieret 1981; KNK).


Footnote:
This annual weed is widespread over northern states and adjacent Canada, but uncommon to rare in southeastern states. In Ky. most records are from the Bluegrass region during 1930-90, and it may even be declining.


Comment:
Garman 1914: High Bridge and Brooklyn Bridge; also Chilesburg

Footnote:
This weedy winter/spring-annual of fallow fields is found across temperate North America, especially on relatively infertile, worn-out fields or sandy soils. In Ky. it has been locally abundant since early after settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gm). And in greenhouses of the Univ. of Ky., there is now intensive genetic research on its unusually few chromosomes (2n = 10).


Footnote:
This annual tetraploid (2n = 28) is widely scattered over temperate North America, but it is infrequent to rare in southeastern states.


FullName:
Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var. pinnata

Comment:
1 = approximate county for: Peter (NY), Kentucky River, May 1834. Identification confirmed by Al-Shehbaz (1988).

Footnote:
See notes under var. brachycarpa. In Ky. var. pinnata is known only from a recent coll. under limestone cliffs in MERC (M; WKY), plus an old coll. by R. Peter (NY, May 1834) from the "Kentucky River", assumed to be in FAYE.


FullName:
Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var. brachycarpa (Richards.) Fern.

Comment:
1 = Grubbs (1989); collection not yet found at MU. 
2 = other sources of Medley (1993). 
3 = Greenwell (1935). 
4 = Wharton & Barbour (1991). 
5 = McFarland (1941).

Footnote:
This is a variable annual of eastern and central North America (2n = 14, 28, 42). The largely northeastern and midwestern taxon, as well as the southeastern var. pinnata, are typical of dry disturbed places. They appear widely scattered along cliffs, trails, roads or railroads with dry base-rich soils. In Ky. their status remains uncertain: both may be native or considered waifs from afar. The more western var. intermedia (Rydb.) Hitchc. may also be expected as a waif (FNA 7, W).


Comment:
Rechecked EDMO (WK): confirmed (Apr 2006); Nicely 1944, dry slopes above Pine Hollow ca. 1 m from Poplar Springs Church.

LO: OLDH: JJMathews 717, 16 Jun 1961, edge of dry woods road at end of long ridge below Covered Bridge  Boy Scout Reservation on left side Harrods Cr.

Footnote:
This is largely Appalachian but disjunct to the west as far as La., Mo. and Iowa (Y, PL). Disjunct records in w. Ky. are all confirmed. See also note about possible confusion under minor.


Comment:
NCU also: HARL Aug1893 THKearney; det minor by Kearney and by Hogdon 1961
[this coll ex Jessuo Herbariunm of Dartmouth College]

1 = Hodgdon (1938) cited by Braun (1943); but H only maps crudely does not cite colls.

2 = Medley (1993); based on a coll of his???

LAWR (NCU check): Cusick 49241.

Footnote:
This is distributed mostly on the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains, and around the Great Lakes. Although absent from most of the southern Appalachians (W), it does occurs locally on the Cumberland Plateau (see also Ch) and in the Cumberland Mountains (but not found by B). L. minor grows on sandy soils in open pine woods or their disturbed remnants. It has probably been confused occasionally with racemulosa and colls. under the latter name should be rechecked.


Comment:
The FLOY (ky) coll. may be from a planted tree. The species occurs often in fencerows but often near old homesites, where it may have been planted but then suckers aggressively; e.g. at the Griffith Farm (HARR).

Footnote:
This diploid is the common, commercially cultivated cherry, and often persistent or naturalized in eastern North America. In Ky. some records may be from old plantings, but these often spread with root sprouts; the species has also established from seed at several sites.


Comment:
As with P. avium, many of these records may be persistent from cultivation rather than truly naturalized, e.g. POWE (EK).

OLDH (LO) bug eaten partly.

CW map LYON not TRIG: switched???

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 32) is a cultigen ("sour-" or "pie-cherry") that may be derived from P. avium L. and P. fruticosa Palls (Cr). It is occasionally persistent or naturalized in eastern states, but, as with avium, the context of most records from Ky. remains somewhat uncertain.


Comment:
Reported by several authors, especially before 1950; but there are no vouchers.

NY: none from KY (Feb 2006).

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable northern species (2n = 16, 32). It extends south along the Blue Ridge, and may be expected in the Cumberland Mts. of Ky. There are several old reports from the state, but no convincing colls. have been located (M). Little (1977) mapped it in SHEL and there is a verified coll. from JEFF (GH), but in a possibly horticultural context: D. Blumer-Whultermuth [?] #258, "wild red cherry", 2 Apr 1933, cliff, lakeside, Louisville. 

   The related midwestern plant, P. pumila L. var. depressa (Pursh) Gleason, was listed for Ky. by Short et al. (1833) and others, but no known colls. are traceable to Ky. (M).


Comment:
To recheck; and see other reports in Medley (1993). Both var. arvensis and var. glabrescens (S. uliginosus) may be represented from ROWA (MO).

Footnote:
This stoloniferous perennial is most common in more northern and western regions of North America, where it can be a persistent weed.  Variation needs further study across its range; 2n = 36 and 54 (FNA 19, Y). For Ky. the only records are colls. from JEFF (MM) and ROWA (MDKY). Both var. arvensis and var. glabrescens (Gunth.) Grab. & Wimmer (= ssp. uliginosus (M. Biebertein) Nyman appear to  be represented from ROWA.


FullName:
Viburnum acerifolium L. var. glabrescens Rehd.

Comment:
1 = McAtee (1956). This variety may be a distinct southern Appalachian taxon, but it needs more study to justify recognition.


Footnote:
This is widespread across North America, except the northwest. It has been combined by some authors as a subspecies with the European S. nigra L.


Comment:
See also records in Marsh (1977; J. Ark. Acad. Sci.); check jc/D. Boone records for KENT (substation), CAMP (near river, J. Thieret site).

HARR (jc): Warnell Rd; to be collected and cultivated.

JEFF (LO): EBSchirmer sn 9May1941 Dr Middleton's Farm; noname sn 2Apr1939 Miller Hill.

OLDH (LO): JJMathews #116 20Jun1956 creek bank at Harmony Landing.

NICH jc Kingolvers say it is there on their land!!!

CAMP jc BDalton has location along Licking? check
KENT jc on upland to revisit and collect
PEND jc at Butler; dug material here.
SPEN jc at nursery near Taylorsville dug here

Footnote:
This southeastern species formerly grew in large "canebrakes" on bottomlands across most of the state, and, especially in the Bluegrass Region, on some fertile uplands. Further verification is needed from the thinly scattered remnants in some northern counties. Clearance for farmland, followed by browsing by livestock, has greatly reduced it (Gm, Anderson 1924, Beckner 1928, Campbell 1989). Flowering rarely occurs, but may be more frequent after dry years and near maxima of the 11 year sun-spot cycle (Campbell 1985, and continuing analysis).

   A. appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark has been recently described from the southern Appalachians (Tenn., N.C., Ala., Ga., S.C.), where it occurs in thin woods on seasonally dry acid soils (Triplett et al. 2006). In Tenn., appalachiana is known from the southern Cumberland Plateau just south of Ky. and Va. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). A. tecta (Walt.) Muhl. has been erroneously reported from Ky. (M), but it is restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain from Md. to Miss. 

   The genus Arundinaria is reasonably restricted to the three North American species (Triplett & Clark 2010), but several East Asian species appear closely allied. The commonly cultivated garden escape, Pseudosasa japonica (Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino ex Nakai, is often confused with Arundinaria (FNA 24). It usually has one delayed dominant branch at each node, often about as thick as the culm (versus 1-3 subequal branches much narrower than the culm), and often outcurved from the culm; foliage leaves tend to be larger (ca. 15-35 x 1.5-5 cm versus 5-23 x 0.8-2 cm), usually glabrous and pale to glaucous below (versus glabrous or hairy and not at all glaucous); culm sheaths are persistent, lack auricles (versus usually present) and have dense, persistent bristly hairs (versus glabrous or sparsely pilose towards margins).


Comment:
There are many plantings.

The FAYE plants are spreading vigorously from a plantation 10 years old along a small stream. 

lk 1 = Lew Kornman pers. comm., Clay Lick Cr. below Greenbo Lake, Greenboro State Park; 23 Mar 1993. 

jc 2 = large patch known below Cave Hollow; check identification. 

jc 3 = along Green River near Middleton Woods in HART

Footnote:
This "golden bamboo" from China has been widely planted in southeastern states, and it is locally invasive due to its aggressive rhizomes. In Ky. it is less common, but some patches have become extensive over an acre or more in adjacent woodland or edges (at least in FAYE, GRNP, JEFF, HART and LEE). These will spread much further if left unchecked. Large areas can be killed by repeated cutting or mowing for a year, then repeated applications of glyphosate plus imazapyr on the weakened regrowth (P. Cappiello, pers. comm.). 

   P. aureosulcata McClure ("yellow-groove bamboo"), has also been planted at a few locations and spread into adjacent fencerows and roadsides. In Ky. its culms are up to 9 m tall and 4 cm wide (versus 5 m and 2 cm); internodes are mostly 30-40 cm (versus 20-30 cm) and less abruptly reduced towards the base, hairy (versus glabrous) and dull greenish with a yellowish stripe (versus uniformly yellowish to brownish); culm sheaths are glabrous (versus pubescent at base).


Footnote:
This occurs mostly in swampy woods on base-rich soils of the Mississippi Valley (north to Wis.), and more locally on the Atlantic Coastal Plain (north to Md.).


Comment:
Some of the JEFF (LO) are "var. inclusa" with weird congested infl.

Footnote:
This is widespread in open base-rich wetlands across eastern and central North America.


Comment:
LO: 2008 Jun
OLDH JJMathews #283; 16 Jun 1956 wooded hillside thicket on Calhoun Farm
JEFF: sev colls from Iroquois Park/nearby

CW: FAYE not believable.

Footnote:
This tree is widespread across southeastern states, but restricted to acid soils. In Ky. there are no verified records from within the Bluegrass: colls. from JEFF and OLDH (DHL) come from acid shales fringing this region; Gm's report from CAMP seems dubious.


Comment:
1 = Garman (1913).

CHRI: Hannan & Phillippe 3825; 1980, Jun 03. Head waters of Lake Beshear, near mouth of E tributary to Clifty Creek on NE bank, 1.5 km NNW of Macedonia Church.

Footnote:
This creeping subshrub is widespread across eastern North America, but only east of the Mississippi Rv., and it is largely absent from the Ohio Valley west of the Appalachians (K). It is largely restricted to dry infertile acid soils. Gm's unverified reports from several western Ky. counties may be dubious, and they are mapped here as open dots; but see also Oxydrendrum arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum and Quercus coccinea. In the Shawnee Hills, Epigaea is verified from CHRI (EKY) and two counties of s. Ind. (D, PL).


Comment:
This also includes some colls. named mackenzii; see Braun (1943), etc. J.B. Phipps has recognized the closely related gattingeri as a distinct species; see database for records under that provisionally accepted name; MB counties here for gattingeri are all counties with records under pruinosa. But there is in addition a Phipps-identified collection of pruinosa sensu stricto from MCRA (MB).

HARL (LB at GH) coll. was redet. from rugosa (?) to pruinosa by E.J. Palmer. 

GH: BATH, BOYD, CAMP, LAUR, MUHL, PEND, WHIT; colls mostly of Braun and Horsey; also GH: conjuncta BOYD BATH (filed with typical); also GH: vicinalis MCLE OHIO (filed with typical)
GH: var. virella: BOYD (Horsey #1583 "amplifica").
GH: var. leiophylla: MONT (Horsey #2323/4/5 "gracilis"); HARL (ELB #3776 Black Mt 4000 ft "rugosa?"); LEWI (EL Braun #4019).
MB: MCRA EJPalmer-23730 "=22505" 14Sep1923 thickets along small upland stream near Paducah.
Tent id from "indet" folders at MB: ??MCLE (x punctata??); MUHL; OHIO; MCRA; Tipton Co Tenn.; Houston Co, Tenn.
AP: TRIG "iracunda" det Lance but JC disagrees.
WK: not MCLE to gattingeri transferred 2008.
MADI: jc seen near entrance to EKUs Taylor Farm in old cow pasture
BATH: EK JC Stulltown Rd 1 mi NE of Hope

Footnote:
The mapped records include C. mackenzii Sarg. (with broader leaf bases), C. rugosa Ashe (with even broader leaves) and C. compacta Sarg., which have not been clearly distinguished in Ky. and are generally included in recent treatments (Cr, M). C. locuples Sarg., a probable hybrid with mollis, has also been reported (F; see also C. platycarpa Sarg. in D and St). There may also be hybrids with Punctatae. C. gattingeri has also been combined in some treatments; but see notes under that name.


Comment:
This is close to pruinosa, but J.B. Phipps may recognize as a species; see comments under pruinosa.

GH: BOYD, CALD, GRAY, MCRA, OHIO, WHIT.
WK: MCLE "pruinosa"

Check again at GH for var. rigida (see Deam 1940 who cites coll from MCLE).

Tent ids at MB from "indet" folders: WARR Bowling Green SFPrice 7Nov1902 [?xPunctatae?]; WARR BG SFP Oct1902 [typical?]; MCRA; OHIO; MUHL.

Footnote:
This is close to pruinosa, and some colls. deserve further study; Lance (2011) treated it as a variety. However, J.B. Phipps (dets. at GH and MO) has maintained gattingeri as a distinct species, distinguished by its smaller fruit (up to 9-10 mm wide versus 12-16 mm), smaller flowers (1.2-1.7 cm wide versus 1.7-2.2 cm), thinner leaves and more pronouced leaf lobing, the terminal lobe usually conspicuously elongated (D, F, Gl, SC). It is distributed largely in the Ohio Valley (and perhaps the central Mississippi Valley), whereas typical pruinosa is more widespread in north-central regions, but there is much overlap in range.


Footnote:
This midwestern species is not confirmed in Ky. There is a coll. with this name that needs further study, from BOYD (GH): T.N. McCoy, 7 Sep 1936, "Reservoir Hill". There are confirmed colls. from s. Ill. (MO), but not Ind. (D).


Footnote:
This winter/spring-annual is relatively new to North America. It appears to have spread into the Ohio Valley from the east during the 1980s (Thieret & Baird 1985), including the Scioto Valley at first in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.). Increase occurred rapidly in the Bluegrass region of Ky. during 1990s, especially along mowed roadsides and in adjacent fallow fields. It now occurs in virtually all counties, though it remains infrequent or rare in more hilly regions (R. Thompson, pers. comm.).


Footnote:
This weedy winter-annual is widespread over temperate North America. In Ky. it appears to have been common during the earliest period of settlement, when listed in the genus Thlaspi (McMurtrie 1819; Short 1928-9). Short noted:  Found everywhere in cultivated ground." Gm noted: "well-known from its constant presence about human habitations... not much disposed to spread greatly elsewhere..."


Comment:
Some colls. need rechecking for possible L. canadense, especially LB records. 

BULL (LO): SCThacher #42 11Jul1951 dry soil top of Pond Ridge on trail 8, Bernheim Forest; PADavies #3016 17May1952 edge of lawn park superintendent home, Bernheim Forest.
LAUR (us) coll is in fruit only. 
LINC (ek) is vegetative; check (?). 
MEAD (LO): ACHotchkiss#125 14Jul1950 1.5 mi w of Brandenburg; woods bordering pasture; 0.25 mi s of Ky 228.
METC: (EK) Browne 1970 15.3 mi SW of Green Co line on US68; swamp woods down dirt road to S of US 68; near jct.
OLDH (LO): PADavies sn [and student colls.] 6-8Jul1950 Lake Louisville, border nof thin woods.
OWEN (jc) is from Severn Creek; locality mapped and to be revisited for collection.

GARR: Will Overbeck has veg from May Woods--but needs to check canadense.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species is widely scattered over central and western regions of Ky., but no large secure populations are known. Most records come from single plants or small groups of non-flowering plants in deep shade. Like other species of Lilium, michiganense appears to do best in thin woods and edges with a moderate disturbance regime that has been largely lost in the modern landscape. Rooting of hogs may have been a major factor restricting the species. There has been some confusion with other species, and some colls. should be rechecked, especially those lacking flowers or capsules. Some integradation with superbum may have occurred; see notes under that species.


Comment:
Also listed by Browne and Athey (1992). The JEFF (MM) colls. may not be from truly naturalized plants.

Footnote:
This is the ancient cultivated hyacinth from western Europe. It is widely grown in North America and occasionally persistent but not truly naturalized. There are colls. from old home sites in JEFF (M), LYON and TRIG (APSU).


Footnote:
This is widespread on seasonally dry sandy soils in eastern states. Although previously included by many authors in Liliaceae (sensu lato), Aletris (2n = 26) belongs in Nartheciaceae. That is a small family with relictual distribution in humid temperate regions of East Asia, eastern North America and western Europe; it is allied with Discoreales rather than Liliales (APG, W).


Comment:
The subspecies, sativa (mostly grown for hemp fiber) and indica (mostly grown for herbal remedies), are difficult to determine without chemical sampling (such as smoking).

Footnote:
This tall dioecious annual herb has been widely cultivated in eastern states for various uses since the early period of settlement. Short & Peter (1835) noted: "Hemp has long been cultivated in the Elkhorn country around Lexington, and the exuberant fertility of the soil of this district is admirably suited to its culture. Owing to these circumstances it has become partially naturalized, and we have met with it in secluded situations, miles distant from any scene of cultivation." Such waifs have dwindled greatly in recent decades. Records mapped here are mostly older colls. derived from somewhat persistent populations after cultivation of ssp. sativa ("hemp"). 

   More recent records derived from ilicit cultivation or seed-disposal of ssp. indica (Lam.) Cronq. ("marijuana") are generally excluded. During 1980-2000, an active botanist in Ky.was likely to run into cultivated plants of indica about once a year, often ingeniously hidden; in one case JC was shown where potted plants had been hoisted with pullies into a tree canopy. Ssp. indica can be distinguished primarily by the higher resin content in its epidermal glands; morphological differences are inconsistent (Y). Should the botanist inhale?


Comment:
Formerly known from a fencerow along Red Mile Road in Lexington; possibly escaped from a nearby planting. This does not seem to be truly naturalized.

Medley lists his coll from Red Mile Rd but I think this was japonicus; check KY.


Comment:
Although reported from sites on the Coastal Plain, these collections (mostly RA) appear to be C. wildenowii. This southern species is known north to Missouri, Illinois and Iowa; recheck records.


Comment:
See also D. Boone collection from EDMO.

1 = Medley; n ote JC common at "Baker Prairie" north of Russellville.

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern annual of bare, dry infertile soils. Some western colls. have been misidentified as the more southern species C. michauxii G.L. Webster (= Crotonopsis linearis Michx.). That species has been reported north to se. Mo, s. Ill., Ky. and Va. (F, St, M, J), but revision is needed; it has not been verified from Ky., Va. or N.C. (W). C. linearis differs in its less branched habit (branches monopodial versus dichotomous or trichotomous); the stellate hairs on upper leaf surfaces have relatively short, non-overlapping arms up to 0.3 mm long (versus overlapping, up to 1 mm); scales on fruits have a minute central axis with long, often ascending arms (versus broad central disk with short appressed arms).


Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states but largely restricted to calcareous or other base-rich soilsl. Original habitats are not clear, but it has become locally abundant in roadsides, crop fields, gardens and similar sites with regularly disturbed soil. It may have increased much since settlement; the first records from Ky. were in the 1880s (Linney 1882; Pr).


Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is the most common species of the genus in Ky. There is an ecological series of related species from mesic to xeric sites: deamii, rhomboidea, virginica, gracilens, monococca. All of these may be distinct species, but further revision is needed (Y).


Comment:
Collected recently in BOON (NK) by Dan Boone and verified; from banks of Middle Creek. Other records should be rechecked; see also Abbott et al. (2001). Weakely notes that this is up to a meter tall in Virginia; typical of alluvial terraces, especially sandy levees. Ark., Mo., s. Ind., s. Ohio, n. Ky., w. Pa., w. Tenn. and c. Va; also Ill etc...

1 = Dan Boone (sight, Lloyd Woods, common); 2 = GLevin pers comm?? check

EDMO: (EK) H&P-05483 10Sep1980 upper reaches of Pigeon Cr, trib of Nolin Rv, S of jct SRs 259 & 728, 2.75 air km SE of Bee Springs.

GARR (JC) is a recent collection from Pollys Bend.

HART JC 2010 disturbed woods on toeslopes near Green Rv Kinney Tract

MCRA: (EK) RAthey-4300 24Oct1978  sandy woods
also rep by Geoffrey Levin (pers. comm) for FNA; get details.

JEFF (LO): Davis #989 17 Sep 1943;  det. G.A. Levins 1995; "ditch bank, George Rogers Clark Park"
JEFF: (WK!) MM-8810-87 27Aug1983 sand island in Ohio Rv.

BULL (KY) not found Oct 2008; perhaps on loan???

Footnote:
This is known from scattered localities in east-central states from Ark. and Mo. to Pa. and Va., especially in the Ohio Valley (G. Levin, pers. comm.). It is probably more widespread than records indicate, but generally restricted to disturbed ground in damp fertile woodland, especially on levees near larger streams and rivers, rarely along smaller streams and low slopes across calcareous landscapes. It is easily confused with typical rhomboidea, and there may be occasional intermediates. 

   A. deamii is diagnosed by its fruits, which have two seeds ca. 2-3 mm long (versus three seeds ca. 1-2 mm long). Vegetative differences may not be clear cut (F, Y; Levin 1999b, Becus 2003): leaf blades are usually bright green (versus often reddish/coppery); mid-cauline ones usually have broader shape (l/w ca. 1.3-1.8 versus 1.8-2.6), with bases often truncate (versus just cuneate).


Comment:
The CAMP (NK) coll. may be hydridized with A. rhomboidea; the CART(MO) and JOHN (NK) colls. may be hybridized with A. gracilens. Includes A. digyneia; see Weatherby (1927), cited by Braun.

Footnote:
This is widespread in east-central states. Some colls. suggest hybridization with rhomboidea or gracilens, but there has been no proof here or elsewhere that virginica forms hybrids (Y).


Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is close to virginica and monococca, appearing somewhat intermediate, but all three taxa appear to be distinct species (Y).


FullName:
Acalypha monococca (Engelm. ex Gray) L. Mill. & Gandhi

Comment:
Variety ids. need to be checked in this species. This largely Ozarkian species is likely in western Kentucky; it also occurs in southern Illinois.

Check with Dan Boone.

RECHECK...

BALL: (LO) apparently a coll was misdet as monococca by Medley?? but it is virginica det GALevin 1995.

HARD: (KY)? check Cranfill colls; see Medley 1993 cites RCranfilll-1556b; this seems to be gracilens (but immature).

MEAD: (LO) RCHoskinson-328 was misid as gracilens; det virginica GALevin 1995.

This largely Ozarkian species is close to A. gracilens but distinct (Levin 1999a,b). It does occur in adjacent regions of s. Ill. and se. Mo. but has not been confirmed in Ky. Records from Ky. are at least partly based on misidentifications, but further study of material filed under A. gracilens is desirable.

Footnote:
This is a largely Ozarkian species known from adjacent se. Mo. and s. Ill. (Levin 1999a,b). Records from Ky. are at least partly based on misidentifications, but further study of material filed under gracilens is desirable (M).


Comment:
1 = Guetig & Jones (1991); check MU. Some western collections need checking for barbatum.

WK: HART (hairy somewhat green below, tending to nigrum?).

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species needs further revision for precise mapping of its segregates and relatives; see also notes under floridanum and nigrum.


FullName:
Ligusticum canadense (L.) Britt. var. canadense

Comment:
HART (JC) from hill top barrens on Seymour farm; in thickets, edge of old field/native grassy barrens remnant.

GH: Short 1840 "barrens of Ky. 4-5 ft high".

TN: MARS (RA 1874); RUSS (DEstes-7797).

Footnote:
This species occurs mostly in Appalachian regions and the Ozarks, but with scattered records in between. In Ky. typical plants usually occurs in thin woods on submesic to subxeric sites with medium acid soils. Although widely scattered, it is rarely (if ever) common. A distinctive vegetative feature is the relatively straight and entire basal portion of each leaflet (W).


Comment:
1 = Rogers (1941).  Presence not confirmed; all records are doubtful.  Is this taxon really distinct at species level?

EK: ?as somewhat tentative as follows Jan 2009: BATH BOYD CALL CRIT FLEM HART JACK LEE LETC MARI PERR PULA UNIO

Footnote:
This is close to echinata, with a broad southeastern range (FNA 22). It may be typical of more open habitats, in general (F, W). It has distinctive basal "bulblets" within small dense tufts of whitish, swollen leaf bases. Inflorescence branches are mostly ascending (versus divergent up to 90 degrees); spikes are ovoid to cylindric (versus subglobose to broadly ovoid or conic); perianths are generally shorter (ca. 2-3 mm versus 2.8-4 mm), with more distinct shining chestnut-brown centers (versus greenish to pale or dark brown); anther lengths are only 1-2x filament lengths (versus at least 2x); seeds tend to be shorter (0.9-1.3 mm versus 1.2-1.6 mm) and ellipsoid (versus globose). In Ky. flowering stems are generally (0.5) 1-2 (2.5) dm tall while those of echinata are generally (1) 1.5-3 (4) dm tall.


Comment:
This non-hardy, tropical species may sometimes establish from escaped or discarded plantings, but it is not truly naturalized.

Footnote:
This tropical species from Central America is often cultivated as a house-plant. It can sometimes establish temporarily from escaped or discarded plantings, but it is not truly naturalized in North America. There are colls. from BARR (DHL) and LYON (APSU). 

   There is also a dubious record from Ky. of the similar sprawling Asian species, Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. (M; Campbell et al. 1992). In North America, that species is well-established only in warmer parts of the Gulf Coastal Plain and Fla. (K, SE).


FullName:
Tradescantia subaspera Ker-Gawl. var. subaspera

Footnote:
This species is widespread across east-central states, but typical plants occur mostly west of the Appalachians in thin woods on mesic to subxeric calcareous slopes. It flowers distinctly later than ohiensis and virginiana, mostly in Jun-Aug (versus Apr-Jun).


FullName:
Tradescantia subaspera Ker-Gawl. var. montana (Shuttlw. ex Britt.) E.S. Anderson & Woods.

Comment:
Colls. need careful study; these may at least tend towards var. montanum. LB colls. of T. subaspera should also be checked.

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian taxon is somewhat distinct and deserves further study (F), though doubted by most recent authors (FNA 22, W). It is typically shorter, with stems less flexuous, leaves less broadened above the sheath, longer upper internodes and upper lateral peduncles. In Ky. it is known only from low slopes along the Cumberland Rv. and its major tributaries, in thin woods just above scoured open shrubby zones (Palmer-Ball et al. 1988).


Comment:
1 = D. Barrett (sight). Colls. from MUHL, HARD and FAYE are relatively hairy.

Footnote:
In Ky. this species of east-central states is most frequent in thin oak-hickory forests, especially on moderately base-rich soils of gentle slopes above calcareous ravines. Some colls. from FAYE, HARD, MUHL and elsewhere are relatively hairy. Although these plants may not warrant separate status, it is important to compare them further with similar southeastern species. It is possible that such plants approach T. hirsuticaulis Small, which is a rather indistinct entity that is reported from Tenn., close to Ky. (Ch, K, W).

   Cultivated plants or garden escapes referred to virginiana are excluded here. Cultivars appear to be largely derived from hybrids with ohiensis, and are sometimes named "andersoniana" (Tucker 1989; FNA 22). T. subaspera also appears to be involved in their parentage (R. Faden, pers. comm.). Hybrids are often reported in the genus, which has rather uniform chromosome numbers; 2n = both 12 and 24 within most species of eastern North America


FullName:
Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. microstachya Wieg.

Comment:
1 = Warren Wilson College, NC (environmental study).

R. Athey #3629 from CRIT (LO, "muricata var. microstachya") is crus-gallii.

EK: MADI "mic" = cg

Footnote:
This western segregate of muricata usually has shorter spikelets (2.5-3.8 mm versus 3.5-5 mm), and shorter awns on lower lemmas (0-10 mm versus 6-16 mm). Some plants formerly named var. wiegandii Fassett or E. occidentalis (Wieg.) Rydb. are provisionally included here (FNA 25). They may be distinguished by spikelets with relatively short hairs, often not clearly pustular-based (F), and have been confused with crus-galli; it seems possible that some intergradation occurs.


FullName:
Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. wiegandii Fassett

Comment:
Needs confirmation (RA # 5061). This variety is not recognized in recent treatments anyway, combined with microstachya; check its less pustullate based hairs, shorter pubescence instead; possible confusion (intergradation??) with crus-gallii.

EK: FRAN JACK MADI UNIO ??? check


Comment:
1 = Kearney (1893) from HARL or BELL (coll. at US?).
2 = Gunn (1968); no coll located (see Beal & Thieret 1986).

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 36) is largely concentrated in coastal regions of southeastern states and near the Great Lakes (FNA 25). Occasional inland records probably result from dispersal by migrating waterfowl.The few records from Ky. deserve more confirmation: Kearney (1893) from BELL or HARL; Gunn (1968) from BULL; A. Cusick (pers. comm.) from GALL.


Comment:
Includes awnless and awned (f. longiseta) forms. All Echinochloa colls. should be studied further for separation of spp. and vars.

EK: some "occ" = cg (FRAN UNIO MADI); but JACK = mur.

Footnote:
This widespread weed of temperate regions has probably been present in Ky. since early after settlement. Anderson (1924) reported that there was an old coll. at KY before the fire of 1948: R. Peter, 1833, Lexington. Awn length is highly variable, even within plants.


Comment:
This needs confirmation of identification and whether truly spontaneous. This species is an occasional waif from bird seed mixes.

Footnote:
This robust small-grain ("white millet") is an ancient domesticate from Southern Asia or Africa, and is closely related to crus-galli (FNA 25). It is often used in bird-seed, and colls. from Ky. may represent occasional waifs after cultivation, rather than truly naturalized populations. 

   A closely related cultivar with darker spikelets and more bristly rachises is sometimes treated as a distinct species, E. esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholtz ("Japanese millet"); 2n = 54 versus 36. That plant is also sown for wildlife in southern states (FNA 25), but there is no known naturalization in Ky.


Comment:
Lower case records are somewhat tentative due to inadequate root material.

Footnote:
This widespread southern species is the only perennial Setaria in Ky., and the only native member of the genus; 2n = 36 and 72 (FNA 25). Some colls. without roots are difficult to distinguish from pumila, and should be rechecked. In additional to its short knotty rhizomes (versus annual roots), parviflora differs from pumila in its usually shorter spikelets (2-2.8 mm versus 3-3.4 mm), its frequenly shorter spikes (up to 8 cm versus 15 cm), usually without strong yellowish bristles (as in typical pumila), and its frequently glaucous leaves (versus usually plain green).


Species:
tenuifolia (longifolia var. t., ?He. nuttalliana)

Comment:
Broadly defined, H. tenuifolia is largely southern Appalachian and Ozarkian; the eastern plants may be segregated as rigida, but this is speculative.

GH: HARL (Kearney #40, near Harlan Court House); also MB!!

WK: BELL has basal leafs but no cilia!!!; MM LETC HARL {see also longifolia for ELLI]; + Lee Co Va.

Footnote:
Within H. longifolia, sensu lato, Terrell (1996) noted that the "tenuifolia group... is the most distinct group... It is a morphological extreme of longifolia that has long internodes (20-80 mm), linear or filiform leaves, diffuse internodes with sometimes divaricate or slightly reflexed branches and filiform pedicels to 20 mm long, short calyx lobes usually 0.5-2.0 mm long, and small capsules (1.0-) 1.5-2.5 (-3.0 mm) long." W has provided support for recognizing these plants as a species. In Appalachian regions they are relatively distinct, but in Ozarkian regions similar plants (nuttaliana) intergrade extensively with Terrell's (1996) "Ozark-Ouachita group" of longifolia. Terrell preferred to combine all these groups within longifolia, but did detail several segregates in addition to those known in Ky. Further analysis is needed, including re-examination of types.


Comment:
Not known to form populations in Kentucky.


Species:
eriocephala (var. e.; rigida, "cordata")

Comment:
There is also a collection determined as eriocephala x sericea from MENI (LO).

Dorn 1995: BOON (NCU Thieret); JEFF (Nat Arb McFarland et al. 7 from "Kosmodale").

2 n 38

Footnote:
In its broad definition, this is a widespread variable, hybridizing species of eastern and central North America, known from several types of habitat (Dorn 1995; FNA 8, W). Its nomenclature has been confused. Plants in eastern U.S.A. and adjacent Canada are referable to var. eriocephala, including S. rigida (Muhl.) Andersson (but not including S. cordata Muhl. non Michx.). In Ky. it mostly occurs on cobble bars along medium-sized streambanks, especially streams lined with calcareous rocks in the northern Bluegrass region. 

  S. eriocephala is closely related to sericea and hybrids are expected, as exemplified by a coll. from MENI (DHL see Argus 1986); see notes on diagnostic characters in FNA 7. However, habitats do not usually overlap in Ky. The leaves of eriocephala are similar to those of caroliniana in their generally glaucous lower surfaces, but can usually be distinguished by their longer petioles (ca. 5-14 mm versus 3-7 mm), which lack glandular dots or processes at summit (as present in caroliniana); and by their well-developed stipules, which are semi-ovate to subreniform and acutish (versus broadly reniform and obtuse). Also, buds and twigs are distinctly reddish (versus more yellowish).


FullName:
Rubus allegheniensis Porter var. gravesii Fern.

Comment:
This variety has no prickles or only few small ones; it seems to be distributed with the species and may not be worth recognizing.

MM coll data added POWE in Jun 2007.

Footnote:
This variety is pleasantly notable because it has no prickles or only a few small ones, but it may not be worth recognizing. The possibility of introgression with canadensis should be investigated.


Comment:
1 = Bailey (1944, 1945). 

2 = Beckett 1956; recheck KY.

Beckett and Wharton noted trux; MM det one MW coll (MARI at KY) as alumnus--but it is stountly thorny--does "jump out"..

mm = added Jun 2007 from his notes; are these HIS colls???

This species is close to allegheniensis, with broader inflorescence summit, and could be included; these taxa have similar distributions in Kentucky.

Check with Rubus horticultural lit.
eg J Hered 1928 19:135-138 origin of thornless rubus.

Footnote:
This northeastern taxon appears close to allegheniensis, and might be included in a broad species concept; these taxa have similar distributions in Ky. However, Widrlechner (1998) has revised the concept of alumnus to include some taxa that have generally been treated within section Arguti (e.g. bellobatus). 

   R. alumnus has relatively broad inflorescence summits, relatively large-flowers (2-4 cm broad) and large-fruits (1.5-2 cm long). It tends to occur in relatively dry, open areas. As interpreted by F, alumnus has sometimes been cultivated, being the "source of several horticultural varieties", which has led to some increase in its total range. Named cultivars are mostly polyploids from northeastern regions and some may be referred to the exceptionally robust, broad-leafleted plants known as R. rosa Bailey, which was included by F but retained as a distinct species by H.A. Davis (SC), Widrlechner (1998) and others.


Comment:
Graham (1979, 1985) provides further records from western Kentucky along the larger rivers. The GALL (NC,NY) collection is by A. Cusick 24676.

Footnote:
This is widespread in western North America and Central America, especially along larger streams (Cusick 1989). It has often been confused with coccinea, and further study is needed for reliable separation of records (Graham 1985; Cr). A. robusta differs in its pale lavender petals (versus rose-purple) and pale yellow anthers (versus deep yellow); shorter peduncles (0-1 mm versus 0-4+ mm) and pedicels. Its fruits tend to be larger (4-6 mm thick versus 3.5-5 mm) and less numerous per axil (usually 1-3 versus 3-5). Its leaves tend to be relatively large on well-grown plants (up to ca. 50-70 x 5-10 mm), but those on branches and smaller plants are more like coccinea (mostly ca. 20-40 x 3-5 mm).


FullName:
Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var. affine (Bush ex Schneid.) House

Comment:
MB: ELBraun-2309 26Apr1939 Cumberland Rv, limestone cliffs; det "molle" by EJPalmer.

PULA (KY) Buck Cr mouth (east); slightly hairy trans to raf??

ESTI (KY) Turner Hollow; slightly hairy trans to raf??

Footnote:
In Ky. this is locally common on limestone bluffs along the Kentucky River Palisades, and in transitional populations further east. Colls. from ESTI and PULA (KY) mapped here under var. affine are somewhat intermediate plants, or in mixed populations with more hairy plants. See notes under var. rafinesquianum.


FullName:
Packera paupercula (Michx.) A.& D. Löve var. pseudotomentosa (Mackenzie & Bush) R.R. Kowal

Comment:
1 = Murphy (1970). 

Note also the "S. pauperculus" record from ROBE (CI) cited by Braun (1943); habitat would suggest plattensis. 

Colls from LEWI also include MM.

Footnote:
These midwestern plants were recently described by Mahoney & Kowal (2008). They were previously referred to the largely western P. plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve, which has been confused with the largely northern P. paupercula var. paupercula. Both species have been considered widespread and intergradient (Cr, Y). Three Ky. colls. are tentatively mapped here: (1) from the Blue Licks in ROBE (probably a coll. of C.W. Short at CINC; B); (2) from the prairies of LEWI (M. Medley #19401-91 for WKY, and J. Campbell s.n. for KY); and (3) "plattensis" from "dry limestone slopes" in PULA (B, recheck at US). P. plattensis was also reported from CASE by Murphy (1970) but the coll. has not been found at KY: "south side of Green River, old roadbed 3-4 miles south of Liberty."


FullName:
Cerastium brachypetalum Desportes ex Pers.

Footnote:
This is close to glomeratum, and often overlooked; it has become widespread across southeastern states (FNA 5). In addition to its long silvery hairs, more open panicles, and relatively narrow leaves, the plant is relatively large and diffusely branched (Y); 2n = 88, 90.


Comment:
Records of C. glomeratum need rechecking for this species. 1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM and Thieret's data.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 72) is similar to vulgare, widely scattered in northeastern states and often overlooked (FNA 5, Y, W). In Ky. it has been recorded only after 1960 (M). The name C. glutinosum Nutt. is considered synonymous with pumilum, in part, but its early usage in Ky. (e.g. Short et al. 1833) was probably for nutans (M).


Footnote:
The first North American record of this diploid (2n = 36, 38) was in 1966 (FNA 5), but it has spread rapidly to many states. It is close to the more southern tetraploid, C. diffusum Pers., which has been found in se. Mo. and is expected in Ky.


Footnote:
This is a widespread weedy annual in North America, especially on relatively infertile soils.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993). 
2 = Price (1893, handwritten addenda). 
3 = Kearney (1893) for BELL or HARL.

BARR: PU Hussey 1874

JEFF: also PD Seneca Pk in nursery (where plums)

Footnote:
This small weedy native annual is widely scattered over eastern North America. It often grows in gravel roads, beneath the feet of botanists, but tends to be overlooked in general floristic surveys.


Footnote:
This weedy Eurasian perennial is widely scattered over northern North America, where it may be native in some regions (FNA 5). It has been collected  from BRAC (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and BOON (Poindexter & Thompson 2008).


Footnote:
This weedy annual is widespread in temperate North America, especially along roads and railroads with gravelly or sandy soils. A. serpyllifolia was first reported from Ky. in the 1940s (McFarland 1942, B). It has generally been under-collected and may well occur in all counties. See also notes under leptoclados.


Species:
leptoclados (serpyllifolia var. tenuior, ssp. l.)

Comment:
There may be a Wharton collection called this (LO, KY?) that needs rechecking. This is a generally more northern (and perhaps montane) taxon. Check sources.

WOOD: (LO) MEWharton-8958 15Jun1955 sunny ground, Brushy Run.
MM det at DHL and checked Fl Europeaa; to recheck: Arenaria serpyllifolia L. ssp. leptocladus (Reichenb.) Nyman

Footnote:
The only known coll. of this largely northeastern species may be from WOOD (DHL+; Wharton 1945, FNA 5). It is diploid (2n = 20), in contrast to the closely related tetraploid, serpyllifolia (2n = 40), which has larger leaves and flowers. The latter is much more widespread in temperate regions, but colls. need to be rechecked for leptoclados. Although generally considered alien in North America, the status of both taxa in northern regions may be somewhat uncertain (F).


FullName:
Minuartia cumberlandensis (B.E. Wofford & Kral) McNeill

Comment:
The site has been searched several times but the plants not rediscovered.

Footnote:
This globally threatened annual is known only from under sandstone cliffs of the Cumberland Plateau in n. Tenn. and se. Ky. The plants discovered by M. Medley and J. Thieret during 1984 along Rock Cr. in sw. MCRE (KNK) have not been refound, despite several attempts. However, A. Risk discovered a good stable population during 1994 close to the Big South Fork in n. MCRE (MDKY).


Footnote:
This Appalachian species occurs mostly on granitic rocks or sandstones at moderate to low elevation (W). In Ky. it mostly occurs on gently sloping to flat outcrops of sandstone, sometimes associated with Phemeranthus teretifolius. It appears to be a short-lived perennial, based on cultivation in a rock-garden by JC.


Comment:
This appears to be a rare waif, found in a parking lot, perhaps brought in on car tires from the Atlantic Coast.

Footnote:
This halophyte is widespread across Eurasia, and it may be native along the coast of eastern North America (FNA 4, W). In Ky. it has been found recorded only once, as an apparent waif in a parking lot at the Univ. of Ky. (FAYE).


Footnote:
This Siberian halophyte is a diploid (2n = 18) that has been some confused with tragus, which is a closely related tetraploid  (FNA 4). S. collina is a less problematic weed, and in North America generally rare to absent outside the Great Plains.


Species:
tragus (australis; kali var. tenuifolia)

Comment:
Medley (1993) also lised an apparent hybrid with S. collina from CAMP (MM). Check potential confusion at GRNP (NK).

Footnote:
This noxious "tumbleweed" (or "Russian thistle") is common in drier western and northern regions of North America but relatively infrequent in southeastern states. The earliest report from Ky. was in 1914, when Gm noted: "appeared in a planting of alfalfa from North Dakota seed." There have been few records after 1950.


FullName:
Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. eupatorioides

Comment:
Some of these may well be var. corymbulosa; needs more study.

Footnote:
Typical eupatoroides has a broad southeastern range, while var. corymbulosa is centered in the Great Plains (FNA 21). Var. corymbulosa has relatively large heads and inflorescences, but may not be clearly distinct in Ky. and other areas of overlap (e.g. Y). Further analysis is needed. In Ky. Brickellia mostly occurs on  somewhat base-rich soil, unlike most Eupatorium (except altissimum). It is a more western genus in general, distinguished by its alternate (versus opposite) leaves and 10-ribbed cypselas (versus 5-ribbed); 2n = 18 (versus 20 + multiples).


Comment:
BE are duplicated at DO (Feb 2006).

EK: ADAI BATH BOYD BRAC BREA CALL CARL CUMB EDMO FLOY FRAN GARR GREE GRNP HICK JOHN KNOX LAUR LAWR LOGA MADI MAGO MARS MCRA MCRE MERC MONT POWE ROCK SIMP WHIT

Anderson 1924: "beach, Kentucky River" R Peter Aug 1833 (KY).

Footnote:
This pantropical annual is widespread on fresh wet soil from South America to southeastern states. In Ky. it is rare to absent on calcareous soils.


Comment:
1 = Price (1893; coll. at MB?). 

The report of Sole et al (1983) from LETC (NC, not EK), and the Woods (1983) report from CALL (MU), etc.,  were misidentifications of perennans. Some keys are misleading regarding scabrous infl.

Footnote:
This close relative of hyemalis is widespread in cool temperate and boreal regions of North America, also in East Asia; 2n = 42. It is known from CALL (EKY) and probably other colls. to be located and verified (LOGA, ?MADI, TODD, WARR; see M for details). However, some reports have been based on misidentifications of perennans. The key in F has been misleading; the "copiously spinulose-scabrous" panicle branches of scabra and hyemalis are usually distinct from the "slightly scabrous" or "scabridulous" (FNA 24) branches of perennans, but the other diagnostic differences should be sought as well.


Comment:
Mistaken by JC for Lesquerella globosa on the Red Bridge Ridge (FRAN), much to my embarassment, in front of Baskins, Nature Preserves and all. 1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM. 2 = McFarland (1941); collection probably burned.

Footnote:
This European ornamental has escaped to become locally abundant at a few sites in the Bluegrass region, including the Red Bridge Ridge adjacent to Benson Creek (FRAN). At that site, misidentification of non-flowering plants as Lesquerella globosa caused severe embarassment for JC many years ago.


FullName:
Leavenworthia exigua Rollins var. laciniata Rollins

Footnote:
This globally imperiled winter-annual is collected only from BULL and JEFF; there are also reports from NELS and SPEN (KSNPC). Var. exigua occurs in c. Tenn. and nw. Ga., while var. lutea Rollins occurs in c. Tenn. and n. Ala. The degree of distinction, and history of disjunction, deserve further investigation. Var. laciniata occurs on exposures of Silurian dolomites that were part of a cluster of grasslands, licks and trails used by bison before Virginian settlement. And, based on observations within recent decades, this plant is most prolific in areas that have been grazed, mowed or driven over.


Species:
caroliniana (americana var. c.*, floridana)

Comment:
Rejected; this southern species is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain well south of Kentucky. The lb records are colls. "referred with some doubt to this species by Palmer who states that they "are not T. americana (T. glabra), for they are too pubescent in the young leaves, and are distinctly velvety to the touch." (Braun 1943). Further study of her collections is needed; they are probably referrable to var. neglecta, generally included with var. americana.


Comment:
Listed by Browne & Athey (1992) but no collection was found at KA or elsewhere.


Comment:
1 = Dell Sasser (report cited by Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This perennial with large flowers is sometimes cultivated (as "musk-mallow") and may escape, especially in northern regions (Cr, PL).


Comment:
"Take a wiss upon the mallowed verge." (Ode to our Fathers, JC 2002). This species is a eutrophile.

Footnote:
This annual or biennial weed became established early after settlement. Short (1928-29) noted: "An exotic originally, now so thoroughly naturalized as to be met with every where in cultivated grounds and neglected wastes." 

   Two closely related Eurasian species with relatively small flowers are also expected, especially in western or southern regions: M. pusilla Smith (= M. rotundifolia L.), and M. parviflora L. The latter was reported by BA but no coll. has been found; it has relatively pale petals and linear bractlets (W).


Comment:
Check both collections. JEFF keys to var. mauritiana according to Medley (1993), but this is not recognized in recent treatments.

Footnote:
This biennial may just be a rare escape from cultivation (as "high mallow"), with colls. from JEFF (MM for WKY, and Ind. Univ. SE) and PIKE (NCU). The former has been referred to var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss., which is not recognized in recent treatments.


Footnote:
This pantropical weedy annual invaded eastern states from the south to become common by the mid-1800s (Gray 1864; Gm).


Footnote:
This is a variable pantropical weed, with a center of diversity in east Africa (Verdcourt 2004). The first Ky. records date from the 1970s (M).


Comment:
Abbott et al. (2004): LEWI (BE). 

1 = Nelson (1919). 

See Weakley for pending transfer to the largely South American genus Sidasodes; it has also been placed in Napaea previously. John Beck and others (Univ of Tennessee) are doing revision.

Footnote:
This has a curiously fragmented northeastern range: mostly on bottomlands in and around the central Appalachian region, and locally common along the Ohio Rv. downstream to the greater Cincinnati area. It can be somewhat weedy in gardens but is much sought after by larger herbivores, from woodchucks to cattle. It is one of the tallest perennial herbs in Ky., sometimes reaching 4-5 m on rich damp soil at edges of riparian woods. This remarkable species has some similarities to the South American genus, Sidasodes, and probably deserves its own genus (W; J. Beck et al., Univ. of Tenn., pers. comm.).


Comment:
1 = Nelson (1919); "a single station on the bank of Gun Powder Creek"; collection not located. This species is known from several sites in adjacent Ohio.

Footnote:
This occurs in riparian woods from Va. and Pa. to Wis. and Iowa. In Ky. it was reported from "a single station on the bank of Gun Powder Creek" (BOON) by Nelson (1919). Although no coll. has been located, this record is reasonably reliable considering that it is known nearby at several sites in sw. Ohio.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); see Hill for most/all of these...
2 = Martin et al. (1979); check also check Wharton & Barbour (1991) for MW colls perhaps but none filed at EK Sep 2008.

FAYE: JC coll from Raven Run (KY); recent report from Flora Cliff.
JESS (np): 1951, 53, 54 colls of ??? Wharton???; check
MADI: (EK) JSLasseter-3095 31Jul1978, Ky Rv bluffs on Bull's Hell Farm, just W of I-75 off old road to Clay's Ferry Bridge, NE-facing slope.
WARR: also Price 1893; also MM
WOOD (np): 1974 2.5 mi sw of Pinckard near Stonehedge Farm along dirt farm road.

This species appears to have been scattered in rocky pastures along the Palisades but has now virtually disappeared due to excessive or insufficient disturbance; plants at Raven Run have been choked by thickets.

Hill (1982) monograph (BH = Beyrich Herbarium--perhaps PH also?): CHRI (GH Braun 3526 S of Crofton); CLAR (GH Beckett 808 Boone Cr above Grimes Mill); JESS (BH/GH/US Bates 2705 Hwy 33 0.3 mi E of Hwy 68); LOGA (US Braun 3538 near Russellville); MERC (F/US King 186 Burgin); WARR (F Deam & Deam 60004 12 mi W of Bowling Green); WOOD (BH/GH/US Bates 2704 Hwy 33 0.8 mi W of Jessamine Co line).

Footnote:
This annual mostly occurs on calcareous soils in Mo. and Kans., plus parts of adjacent states. There are disjunct eastern clusters of records from glades of c. Tenn., barrens of w. Ky., and rocky pastures of nc. Ky. (Hill 1982; PL). In Ky. most records date from before 1970 and the species seems to have been generally reduced due to succession or various artificial developments. Although usually found on rocky sites in Ky., it is known from alluvial sites further west. 

   Malvastrum is a widespread, rather weedy genus of wet tropical regions. M. hispidum is anomalous in several characters. It may deserve treatment as the monotypic genus, Sidopsis, with the name S. hispida (Pursh) Rydb. (Hill 1982; p. 169).


Comment:
Collected by J. Thieret in May 2005 from edge of parking lot behind the Stearns restaurant.

Footnote:
This is a weed of warmer American regions. JC was lucky to be present in 2005 for the coll. from Ky. in MCRE (KNK), perhaps the last new state-record of our beloved, lately deceased John Thieret. At the first stop on a grand tour, JT spotted it at the edge of the parking lot behind the Stearns restaurant. It persisted here for at least 5 years.


Comment:
June 2007 at UT: found it!!!!!!!!

BELL (TENN): L. Pounds

Footnote:
Typical puberula occurs mostly in upland woods of central and southern Appalachian regions; it is  common in e. Va. close to Ky. (F, Cr, HW+, FNA 26). There is a rather incomplete coll. of this species from BELL (TENN): L. Pounds CG85-31.5, 24 Apr 1985, Cumberland Gap National Historic Park, Ridge Trail near Butcher Gap. Also, J. Kiser (pers. comm.) has recently collected it (for EKY) from LETC in Pine Mountain Wildlife Management Area at Scuttlehole Gap. 

   U. puberula differs from sessilifolia in its styles, which are separate to well below the middle (versus only in the upper 1/3 or 1/4); ovaries, sessile (versus distinctly stipitate); leaves, bright green on both sides (versus glaucous beneath); stems, puberulent in lines (versus glabrous); and rhizomes, very short with clustered roots (versus elongate, with scattered roots).


Comment:
TENN: BELL (Pounds, along Davis Cr trail), CALD, HARD, LAUR, JESS, KNOX, PIKE, WOLF.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in mesic to subxeric woods on medium acid soils in Appalachian regions and adjacent hills. It extends locally west to the southern Ozark-Ouachita region and onto the southeastern Coastal Plains (K, PL, W), but it is rare in most of the central Mississippi Valley, with a fairly abrupt boundary in s. Ind., w. Ky. and w. Tenn.


Footnote:
This East Asian diploid was promoted for "living fences" by the USDA and other organizations from the 1930s to the 1960s (Patterson 1976). Its subsequent invasion across eastern states is a prickly example of the need for more botanical education and common sense in society. Browne (1967) provided the first verified record as a naturalized species in Ky.


Footnote:
This occurs in rocky mesic woods across much of eastern North America, except the southeastern Coastal Plain and midwestern plains. It is centered in Appalachian regions (K). M. virginiensis has a range of reported chromosome numbers; 2n = 20-28 and 38 (FNA 8). However, segregates are not currently recognized in Ky. See FNA 8 and W for references to recent research on generic assignments within Saxifraga, sensu lato.. 

   There have been reports from Ky. of two closely related southern Appalachian species (FNA 8, RAB): M. caroliniana (Gray) Small and M. careyana (Gray) Small. Recent revision has indicated that these are recorded close to Ky. in the Ridge and Valley region of Tenn., Va. and W.Va. But the reports from within Ky. remain dubious (M, W and citations).


Comment:
KENT (LO): AHotchkiss 19May1946 Spring Lake.

JEFF (LO): PADavies 12Sep1943 roadside, Mt Washington Rd. Note date unbelievable!!!???

WOOD (ky) coll is correctly identified. but the data might be doubted: Joyce Monhallen #19, 29 Mar 1967, Clifton, rocky cliff above creek [a student collection presumably].

2n 14

Footnote:
This is widespread in mesic woods on medium acid soils of northeastern and Appalachian regions (K, W). It is rare to absent on calcareous soils. In Ky. most colls. from west of Appalachian regions appear valid, but the coll. from WOOD (KY) was made by a student with a possible label error. 

   Variation needs further study. Some plants in southeastern states have been segregated as var. collina Wherry or var. austrina Lakela, but their status remains uncertain; both taxa have been placed by some authors within a distinct species, T. wherryi Lakela (Lakela 1937; FNA 8, W and citations). Var. collina is distinguished by its lack of stolons and its smaller capsules. Var. austrina was reported from BATH, BELL and HARL by Lakela, but it may not be seperable from var. collina.

   Tiarella, Heuchera and Mitella are closely related genera; 2n = 14 in all eastern species (as in Sullivantia and Boykinia). All three genera contain some stoloniferous plants, but in eastern North America only T. cordifoilia is usually stoloniferous (Cr, FNA 8). Hybrids of Tiarella and Heuchera have been developed in cultivation. Hybridization and chloroplast transfer among species of Heuchera appears to have played a significant role in their evolution (FNA 8 and their citations)..


Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states, on low slopes in rocky mesic woods on base-rich soils.


FullName:
Sullivantia sullivantii (Torr. & Gray) Britt.

Comment:
The CART (LB) collection is believable but cannot be relocated at US: on wet sandstone cliff in Box Canyon.

Footnote:
This has a fragmented range in at least five clusters from the central Appalachians to the midwest, usually growing along limestone cliffs. It is known from s. Ind. and s. Ohio in counties adjacent to Ky. In Ky. B reported making a coll. (catalogued as #1202) from CART, "on wet sandstone cliff in Box Canyon", but the coll. has not been relocated in herbaria, and the species cannot be refound at that site. S. sullivantii has sometimes been confused with Heuchera parviflora.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); perhaps Hu (1956). 

CLIN: (EK) bluffs overlooking Cumberland Rv at NE tip of Clinton Co.; 5 km N of Ky 1590 on Ky 1281 along Big Willis Cr up ravine nearest bridge.

CUMB: (MM) recheck also for possible pubescens; his initial name is hirsutus...

ROCK: (EK) wooded slope at jct Hammond's Fork Rd and Davis Branch Rd, Deputante P.O.

Footnote:
This southern Appalachian shrub is sometimes confused with other species in southeastern states. In addition to its distinctive united styles and non-caudate seeds (Hu 1954-55), hirsutus has exposed axillary buds (most clearly in long-shoots), whereas the other species have buds enclosed by the petiolar base (W). Also, its young twigs are hairy (versus glabrous).


Comment:
hg = 1 = Garman (1900).

Anderson 1924 WARR cites sprice addenda

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern diploid (2n = 18) usually grows on damp acid soils. It is locally abundant in southern and western regions of Ky., but virtually unknown in northeastern regions. A disjunct site was recently reported in southeastern Ohio (Gardner et al. 2004).


FullName:
Dichanthelium malacophyllum (Nash) Gould ?

Comment:
Recheck all records; but most/all probably are correct.

JC: Jul 2011 road down hill to Roundstone Seed in HART
seems more or less = mal but upper leaf surface much less hairy than lower;
also "pseudoligules" not clear--might intergrade with boscii????

All have smooth upper leaf surfaces except CRIT
All have pub spikelts except CRIT ?

Footnote:
This midwestern species is close to ravenelii and the more widespread oligosanthes (or scribnerianum). These species may intergrade (FNA 25). Most colls. mapped here have glabrous upper leaf surfaces (except the coll. from CRIT), and may represent transitions to ravenelii.


FullName:
Dichanthelium ravenelii (Scribn. & Merr.) Gould

Footnote:
This occurs on relatively deep acid soils in southeastern states. In Ky. it is largely restricted to remnants of original grassland. See notes under malacophyllum, which may intergrade.


FullName:
Dichanthelium scribnerianum (Nash) new comb.

Species:
scribnerianum (oligosanthes var. s.*; helleri)

Comment:
1 =  Bryant (1973). Further work may be needed to separate var. scribnerianum, var. helleri and var. wilcoxianum, but these are not clearly distinct.

Footnote:
This differs from typical oligosanthes in several distinctive characters (Hitchcock & Chase 1950; W, FNA 25). It has a widespread range centered in the midwest, and usually occurs on base-rich soils. D. scriberianum is reported to intergrade with oligosanthes locally, and it may also hybridize with malacophyllum, acuminatum and other species (FNA 25). 

   Typical oligosanthes usually occurs on sandy soils from the Great Lakes to Coastal Plain, and reports from Ky. have not been verified (M). Some Ky. colls. mapped here under scribnerianum have also been misidentified as D. wilcoxianum (Vasey) Freckmann (= oligosanthes var. w.), a taxon closer to linearifolium that occurs in the upper midwest but that remains unknown in Ky. (M).


FullName:
Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) Gould

Comment:
Not confirmed; most or all material in the oligosanthes group may be scribnerianum; further study is needed. Included in Jones (2005).


Species:
flexipes (gleasonii, "cernuum"; erectum var. vaseyi)

Comment:
Above records include f. walpolei (mixed or alone) from OLDH, GRAY, EDMO, WARR, BARR, HART, ADAI (alone), GREE (alone), HARD, BULL (alone), NELS (alone), MERC, MADI, JESS, FAYE, CLAR, PEND (alone), TAYL (alone); intermediates also occur.

more purple: HART (WK).

Footnote:
This has a largely midwestern range, and is largely restricted to mesic woods on base-rich soils (FNA 26). In early work on the flora of Ky. (M), flexipes was confused with T. erectum or the northeastern species, T. cernuum L. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1928-9) found it only in "rich, secluded woodlands."
Many widely scattered colls. are referable to the purplish forma walpolei (Farw.) Fern., and intermediates also occur.


Comment:
f. luteum is coll. from GRAY and perhaps UNIO (at same herbaria).  f. shayi is coll. from GRAV (RA), LYON (RA), TRIG (KY) and perhaps UNIO (KY). 

MCRE (RC): RCranfill coll ca. 1990 pers comm; must be with him at Berkley???

The FAYE (KY) collection is excluded since it has dubious label data, probably from a student project: "Raven Run, Apr. 27, 1961"--this is a well-known area where intensive inventory of the flora has occurred, without any discovery of this species.

Footnote:
This is largely midwestern but extends locally into the southern Cumberland Plateau, Blue Ridge and Piedmont (FNA 26, W). Although generally considered a species of somewhat mesic woods, recurvatum was also reported from the "barrens of Ky." by Short (1836, 1840). In Ky. some colls. (EKY, KY) are referable (following F) to the partly yellow forma luteum Clute (GRAY, UNIO) or the completely yelliow forma shayi Palmer & Steyerm. (GRAV, LYON, TRIG, UNIO). A student coll. from FAYE (KY) is excluded since it has dubious label data.


Comment:
f. viridiflorum has been coll. in JEFF, JESS, GRAV, MEAD (at same herbaria);   f. luteum in CAMP (LB); 4-merous form in HENR (KY).  Outlying Appalachian      colls. appear correctly identified.

WARR WAYN EK!!!

Footnote:
This midwestern species occurs on base-rich soils in varied types of woods, including moderately disturbed areas. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "Grows in rich woods or grass grounds." Further west, his account of the "barrens" also indicates that Trilliums such as sessile did occur in relatively open land. 

   T. sessile is sometimes confused with cuneatum or (in forms with paler flowers) luteum. In addition to its relatively elongated stigmas and stamens, sessile generally has smaller flowers and leaves (FNA 26). In Ky. some colls. are referable to forma viridiflorum Beyer (GRAV, JEFF, JESS, MEAD) or forma luteum (CAMP). A coll. from HENR (KY) has four sets of petals and sepals.


Comment:
BRAC (KY) John A. O'Neill -71 15May1962 rich woods north of Augusta.

CALL (MU) was reported by Fuller (1980) but not found at MU in 1990s. 

A collection from JEFF (LO) is excluded, since it may be from a garden: (no collector), "fertile hillside, Warren Court"; 2Apr1950.

Footnote:
This occurs on base-rich soils from the Carolina Piedmont to the southern Interior Low Plateaus and adjacent Gulf Coastal Plain. In Ky. the anomalous disjunct coll. from "rich woods north of Augusta" in BRAC (KY) was made by a student, but wiith no other reason to doubt authenticity; it has an unusually pale, greenish ovary. 

   Some populations in MCRE and WAYN appear transitional to luteum, but trilliologists insist that these species are distinct (FNA 26). T. cuneatum typically has purple to maroon flowers, sometimes greenish or yellowish, but never the "greenish to buttercup yellow" (F) of luteum. The odor of is "musk- or spice-scented or foetid" in cuneatum, versus "lemon-scented" in luteum (Cr). See also notes under viride.


Comment:
M. Medley has a putative hybrid with var. cuneatum from MCRE; JC has seen similar plants in WAYN (to be processed).

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to base-rich soils from the southern Appalachians to the southern Cumberland Plateau and adjacent hills. There has been some confusion with viride, within which Gl included luteum and cuneatum as varieties; see also notes under cuneatum. The disjunct coll. from CLAR (EKY) is verified but it is an atypically small plant; it was found mixed with sessile near old buildings where past planting is possible.


Comment:
Presence doubtful.  The WARR coll. at WK may be intermediate between T. viride and T. cuneatum (borderline leaf shape, glabrous/papillose on veins); another  WARR coll at MU is poor.  

The R. Athey colls. (3928, 3032) need checking; Medley (1993) indicates that the one from TODD is T. cuneatum.

TODD (EK) RAthey 3297 3Apr1976: bordering Clifty Creek on KY 107, 0.8 mi. N of Jct. KY 181; rich woods in deep ravine.

Footnote:
This largely Ozarkian species has been reported from Ky. by BA, but typical plants probably do not occur here. A few western colls., from CHRI, TODD and WARR (EKY, WKY), appear transitional from cuneatum to viride, but they may just be greenish-flowered plants of cuneatum (M, FNA 26). The broad earlier concept of T. viride (e.g. F) has become reduced to include only plants from e. Mo. and sw. Ill. BA also reported T. viridescens Nutt., which some authors have combined with viride, but others have separated as a more western taxon (FNA 26).


Comment:
Sight records from the Red River Gorge area and nearby (LEE, WOLF, etc.) remain dubious.

PIKE (rc) is R Cranfill sight record or coll; pers comm to JC or MM; get details...

Footnote:
This northeastern species is restricted to cool moist to damp woods on acid soils. In Ky. it occurs only at high elevation in the Cumberland Mts.


Comment:
cc = Cal Cornett (deceased), sight record in Otter Cr. State Park; pers. comm.  to Fred Case; this species is known from the Indiana side of the river opposite the park.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species is restricted to base-rich soils. In Ky. native plants are verified only from two localities in tributary ravines along the Palisades of the Kentucky Rv. The limestones here are partly dolomitic, and the extensive populations in s. Ohio are on largely dolomitic soils (Braun 1967). T. nivale has also been reported from Otter Creek State Park in MEAD (C. Cornett, pers. comm. to F. Case), across the Ohio Rv. from known plants in s. Ind. And a small wild population has been established from a planting in FAYE.


Comment:
RUSS (FI): 1962 coll., from "bottomland", has not been checked for var. but assumed to be typical pusillum.

CHRI (NP): McGaughey Swamp ca 1.8 rdmi SW of Newstead probably on W side of Ky 164.

Note also TRIG (NP) is mapped in 2006 website.

WAYN: TN RHannan &LPhillippe marshy area: from Monticello to juct 90 and 1275 on 90E, 6.8 mi to bridge (Meadow Cr) immediately after gas station - House (owner of marsh), immediately after bridge 7.2 mi we took dirt road little east of house.

Footnote:
Broadly defined, this is a complex southeastern species (e.g. FNA 26), but there is much variation that probably involves clinal trends and local genetic drift. Appropriate treatment remains uncertain (W); see also notes under the segregate, ozarkanum. The few plants mapped here resemble typical pusillum of the Carolina Coastal Plain, which occur in wooded edges of calcareous wetlands (W). These Ky. records are from swampy woods on calcareous plains and lowlands of south-central counties. 

   The plants mapped here may be grouped with the taxon named informally as "alabamicum" by S. Farmer in Tenn. and Ala. (W). That taxon differs from ozarkanum in its elliptic (versus ovate) leaves with more rounded tip; and its sepals less narrowed (l/w ca. 2.7-3.1 versus 3-4.3) and generally smaller (ca. 18-25 x 6-8 mm versus 22-30 x 6-11 mm).


Comment:
WARR (np) records need to be checked for collections and variety.

CASE: TN DEstes 07785 &SFarmer, 31May2005, ca 0.2-0.3 mi se of Pricetown, on ne side of small dead end road behind small houses, in woods on upper edge of ne facing slope above steep ravine that head se towards Calhoun Cr, rich gravelly soil, ca 20 plants, ca 960 ft asl 37-16-58N, 84-57-10W.

MARI: TN JKeith 17Apr1965, wood on top of knob ca 3 mi w of Bradfordsville, Mississippian bedrock

RUSS: TN DEstes 07809 &SFarmer, 31May2005, N side Lake Cumb. ca 2.4 mi ene Wolf Cr dam, ca 0.4 mi due e of Rowena, immediately w of picnic area, upper w facing slope of ravine that drains ssw  into lake, 36-52-39N, 85-06-00W

DDourson: POWE below High Rock on sst/lst interface w/Dodmea, Mervir, on slope with lst outcrops; check with DTaylor, ksnpc etc
on google earth : 37.770694 -83.779179

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely Ozarkian taxon is known from a few disjunct sites in mesic to subxeric woods of south-central counties. It appears closer to T. texanum Buckl. than to typical pusillum or other southeastern segregates (Timmerman-Erskine et al. 2003). The Ky. plants may be significantly more robust than typical ozarkanum, with larger leaves and bracts, but further analysis is needed (S. Farmer, pers. comm. to W et al.).


Comment:
Some colls. are not easily assigned to var. or have not been checked.

GH: CLAR, GRNP, HARL.

WARR: Smiths Grove cave June 2009; more or less glaucous but minute hairs scattered over lower surface.

EK: ROCK ROBE LESL JESS HENR FRAN FLOY FAYE ESTI BARR ANDE

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. Some colls. of this largely Appalachian species are not easily distinguished from pulverulenta or lasioneura, or need to be rechecked. See notes under those segregates. Although these three taxa have been treated as species in several treaments, doubts linger and Cr treated them as varieties. While ranges are different, there is considerable overlap, and habitats are similar; 2n = 26 in all reports.


Comment:
GH: none! and none from TN neither.

EK: CAMP FAYE HENR

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species is close to typical herbacea, and some colls. from Ky. have been hard to distinguish. W also noted that "material from Virginia is ambiguous." S. lasioneura has relatively short peduncles: usually 1-3 x subtending petiole and up to 12 cm (versus 4-8 x petiole and up to 30 cm). Also its leaves are pale green beneath and puberulent on veins (versus glaucous and usually glabrous).


Comment:
Some colls. are difficult to assign to determine, especially if they have virtually glabrous leaves; re-examination is needed.

GH: none! TN just Claibornbe Co.

EK: CALD CALL CRIT GRAV MCRA

Footnote:
This is centered in calcareous regions of east-central states; the Appalachian-Ozark disjunction mapped in FNA 26 may just reflect lack of data recorded from Ky. and Tenn. S. pulverulenta is distinct from herbacea and lasioneura in the relatively dark shiny green color of lower leaf surfaces (which are pubescent like lasioneura); its relatively long petioles, more or less equalling blades (versus shorter), a third to as long as peduncles (versus 1/10 to 1/3); and its berries black (versus blue, glaucous). Some colls. of pulverulenta from Ky. have relatively glabrous leaves, and may be transitional to herbacea.


FullName:
Smilax ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S. Wats.

Comment:
Need to recheck all for var.; "lb" are colls. not det. to var.; the varieties may often be difficult to distinguish; colls. here noted "ky" have been det. as var. ecirrhata but have pubescent leaves. Check the coll. renamed "biltmoreana" from WARR (NC).

GH: none! But from TN: Blount Co., Putnam Co. and Knoxville area (all "hugeri" det Reekie but JC clearly closer to S. ecirrata).

NC: recheck "hugeri" from KNOX; there is probable coll. of ecirrata at KY from KNOX.

Footnote:
This largely midwestern tetraploid (2n = 26) has been confused with the more southeastern diploids, hugeri and biltmoreana (FNA 26). See notes under those two taxa, which have distinctly narrower leaves that tend to be less numerous (on average). 

   In the upper midwest there are apparently stabilized hybrids of ecirrata with lasioneura known as S. illinoensis Mangaly, and these may be expected in Ky. (FNA 26). S. illinoensis differs from ecirrata in its more numerous flowers (usually more than 25), on longer peduncles; its taller stems, with more leaves and frequent tendrils (versus virtually never); and its narrower leaves.


FullName:
Dichanthelium aciculare (Desv. ex Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark

Comment:
May not be distinct from var. angustifolium. The MARS (RA) coll. needs checking.

Footnote:
Some western colls. included here under angustifolium (in CALL, HARD, MARS) have been identified as the closely related aciculare, using older treatments. However, these colls. do not seem particularly distinct, and aciculare in its narrow sense occurs well south of Ky. (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, FNA 25). The two taxa were combined as subspecies of aciculare in FNA 25.


Footnote:
This occurs on dry acid soils in southeastern states. See notes under aciculare; the aciculare group (Sect. Angustifolia) contains several intergrading species or subspecies. Also, there are occasional hybrids with diploids in other groups (FNA 25).


Comment:
The typical variety probably does not occur in KY; see Medley. 1 = Wilson (1976); 2 = Greenwell (1935); 3 = Dan Boone (seen in ROW by I-65 rest area N); see also Medley for possible records. Needs further study.

GH: none.

SI: CRIT RAthey-3529 3Aug1976 Tribune, dry slopes 3.1 mi off Ky-120 on Copperas Spring Rd.

SI: LYON (2 sheets) SFranklin & FLatortue 22Jun1991 LBL Section 3, Duncan Lake Area, open field near lake.

Footnote:
This largely biennial species is widely scattered across eastern states, especially to the north, with var. hirsuta "very local and little known", and the smoother var. sanguinea "locally abundant" in "dry open woods and clearings" (F). In Ky. it has been reported as var. sanguinea (Bigelow) Fern. from CARL (Wilson 1976), HART (D. Boone, pers. comm.) and NELS (Greenwell 1935), but no colls. have been seen (M). It was also mapped in the state by FNA 19, with no recognition of varieties. Further research is needed to document this somewhat neglected species, which differs from canadensis in its larger heads, with involucres 15-22 mm (versus 10-15 mm) and achenes 7-10 mm long including the beak (versus 4.5-6 mm); leaves tend to be more basally disposed; stems are often hairy but also be glabrous (Cr, FNA 19, Y).


Comment:
Not confirmed. This western species is only a rare waif in eastern states. 

CARL (SI): O'Dell & Windler 990. 

Browne & Athey (1992) cite a collection at ME from the Coastal Plain. 

A collection from CALL (MU) named this is redetermined as canadensis by JC.

GH: none.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in the Great Plains, and in eastern states it is only a rare waif. L. ludoviciana is similar to hirsuta (Cr), but differs in its more prickly-toothed leaves, and its larger heads, with 20-56 flowers (versus 13-25). It was reported from Ky. by FNA 19, BA and Mohlenbrock et al. (1966). There is a verified coll. from CARL (O'Dell & Windler #990 at SIU), but a supposed coll. from CALL (MUR) has been redetermined as canadensis.


Comment:
This appears to be a distinct, though perhaps overlooked, species. 

CALL (MU): C. Russell 20, 13 Sep 1987, Ft. Heiman KY 121 13 m S of Murray L Fk to Dr. Wells old cabin; bluff in shallow soil.----NO finally rechecked Dec 2006 and found to be americana.

Jones (2005) notes that some collections from the Coastal Plain suggest transitions from americana to missouriensis.

Some colls. from the Coastal Plain (J) have been initially identified as H. missouriensis Rosendahl (Rosenthal 1951, St). However, Wells (1984) considered H. missouriensis to be just an atypical western outlier of H. parviflora (including var. rugelii), with no taxonomic recognition. This species was described only from a few sites on limestone bluffs in southeastern Missouri. It appears to differ from typical H. parviflora in its smaller capsules, ca. 2.5-3 mm long (versus 3-4.5 mm), which have more widely spreading beaks. It may flower earlier, during Jul-Aug (versus Sep-Oct). Differences in pubescence remain unclear. Typical H. parviflora (but not puberula) is unknown west of the Shawnee Hills in Ky. and Ind., where it occurs only under sandstone cliffs.


Comment:
1 = Rosendahl et al. (1936); EDMO. Most material may be the form known as var. brevipetala, but this is not distinct. Braun notes apparent hybrids with longiflora: LETC (LB).

GH: ANDE, BOYD, CLAR, EDMO (var. brevipetala), ESTI (var. brevipetala), GARR, MADI (glabrous below), WOOD; all pubescent more or less on petioles, and leaves at least above.

Wells (1984): LYON, TRIG..... check.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in east-central states. Most material from Ky. may be referable to var. brevipetala Rosend., Butt. & Lak., but that taxon is not generally recognized in recent treatments. B noted apparent hybrids with H. longiflora from LETC (check US).


FullName:
Heuchera americana L. var. hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rosendahl, Butters & Lakela

Comment:
MADI (BE) is from a soil seed bank study: Thompson & Wade 87-2033, 11 Mar 1987, cultivated with forced flowering, plot 1-1SW, ex Berea College Forest, West Pinnacle, SW slope oak-pine.

GH: UNIO.

EK:


rich 2n 14, 28

Footnote:
This midwestern taxon is considered by some authors (e.g. Wells 1984, Cr, FNA 8) to have resulted from introgression with the more western species, H. richardsonii R. Br. It was not recorded from Ky. by Wells, but the identification of colls. mapped here is confirmed. However, the coll. from MADI (BEREA) may be misleading; it comes from cultivation of buried seed, "with forced flowering" (R. Thompson & Wade #87-2033), and its origin is unclear.


FullName:
Heuchera americana L. var. nov. {glabrate-leaved variant}

Species:
americana var. nov. {glabrate-leaved variant}

Comment:
These Appalachian plants are different from typical H. americana in having almost glabrous leaves; they needs further study for potential description as a new variety.

GH: none from KY, but several other states: DC, GA, NC, SC, TN, VA.

Footnote:
These Appalachian plants differ from typical americana in having almost completely glabrous leaves, except for their ciliate margins and minutely glandular-puberulent petioles; there may also be subtle differences in texture and color. In contrast, var. americana generally has hairs on both leaf surfaces (strigose above), although either surface can be thinly hairy or glabrate in some cases. The plants mapped here deserve further study for potential description as a new variety. 

   At GH, there are colls. of similar plants from DC. Ga., N.C., S.C., Tenn. and Va. The name "Heuchera glauca Raf." is written on a few of the older colls., and should be researched further; the type remains unknown (Wells 1984). H. americana var. hispida (Pursh) Wells also has generally glabrous leaves, but its larger flowers with purple petals are distinct; for more notes see H. pubescens.


Footnote:
This widespread eastern tree has often been confused in vegetative specimens with americana and other species, but there are several differences that deserve more attention (F, St, FNA 3, J, W). Leaves of rubra can generally be distinguished by their relatively large size (mostly 10-20 cm long versus 5-15 cm), somewhat obovate with a more abruptly acuminate apex, marginally ciliate and with longer hairs on upper surfaces (up to ca. 1 mm versus 0.5 mm, like a 24 hour beard versus 12 hour). 

   The closely related European species, U. glabra Huds. and U. procera Salisb., have occasionally been planted, and then often confused with rubra given inadequate keys in some North American treatments.


Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern tree, but with a relatively abrupt northern limit. In Ky. there are only a few records of alata from the Kentucky Rv. watershed or further north; unverified data of Gm and B are mapped here as open dots. It is restricted to southern counties within Ill. and Ind., and unknown in Ohio or W.Va. [A similar limit occurs in Smilax bona-nox.]  U. alata is distinctive in vegetative characters: its small, narrow leaves have little or asymmetry at base and acute (non-acuminate) tapering at apex; vigorous 1-2 year old twigs develop broad corky wings, unlike any other American elms (but resembling Liquidambar).


Footnote:
This perennial is endemic to the limestone glades of c. Tenn, n. Ala and s. Ky. In Ky. the only record is from the Woodburn Glade of northern SIMP: M. Evans #8205 (KSNPC; accession unknown).


Comment:
See also Abbott et al. (2004) for LAUR, MCRE, WHIT (all BE).

The small population at Hazel Dell was established by planting of RAbbott.

Footnote:
This southeastern perennial is a variable species (2n = 14, 28) that occurs mostly  of the Coastal Plain, but with disjunct populations inland as far as the Cumberland Plateau. In Ky. it is restricted to a few boggy (hydroxeric) sites on acid soils.


Comment:
Distinction from var. argentifolia (bicolor) may not be clear in some cases. Check BRAC, HARR, ROBE (EK) of Clark & Bauer (2001).

LO: BELL, BULL, CALL, JEFF, LAUR, MEAD, OLDH, TRIG, WOLF (? tend to bicolor).

1 = Duncan 1967; vars not separated.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is highly variable, and appears to intergrade with some related species (Duncan 1967, Moore 1991). See notes under var. bicolor.


FullName:
Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. bicolor Deam

Comment:
This relatively glabrous, glaucous variety may not be worth distinguishing in Kentucky; both varieties are widespread and there are intermediates.

Moore (1991): BELL (BH).

LO: BELL, HARL, LETC, PIKE, POWE.

Footnote:
This relatively northern variety may not be worth distinguishing from the more southern var. aestivalis; both are widespread in Ky. [A similar situation occurs in Smilax glauca.] Var. bicolor may differ (Moore 1991) in its smaller mature berries (ca. 8-9 mm versus 10-12 mm), as well as its glabrous or glabrate lower leaf surfaces, exposing the glaucous surface (versus arachnoid pubescent); nodes are usually glaucous, with narrower diaphragms (<2 mm diameter).


Comment:
LAUR (JC) and perhaps others--BOYD (KY)--may key to var. floridana (perhaps a transition to labrusca). The ANDE (ky) and FRAN (ky) colls. appear transitional to V. vulpina but were det. as cinerea by M. Moore; see also baileyana.

Moore (1991): HICK (GA).
1 = Duncan 1967.

LO: HANC; 2008 another foldere found w/ OLDH TRIM etc.

Footnote:
This species of south-central states occurs mostly in the lower Mississippi watershed, but scattered north as far as w. Ohio. Peripheral or disjunct records need checking in several cases, and variation needs further study. Colls. from ANDE and FRAN (KY) appear transitional to vulpina, and such plants have suggested combination with baileyana in some treatments (Duncan 1967; CW). Colls. from BOYD (KY), LAUR (JC) and perhaps elsewhere may be referable to var. floridana Munson, which has been distinguished (F, Cr) based largely on its reddish hairs, suggesting a transition to labrusca. However, Moore (1991) considered var. floridana a more southern taxon (absent in Ky. & Tenn.) without hirtellous pubescence (in contrast to cinerea and labrusca).


Comment:
Braun's records are under "R. caroliniensis", as distinct from var. parviflora. 

The ky colls may be hybrids with R. caroliniensis (det. Long 1962). 

Another CLAR (KY) coll. is f. grisea. 

Need to recheck for var. calvescens. JESS (KY) is det var. longifolia

Braun 4030 US from PEND det Fernald.

Footnote:
This occurs in east-central states on dry soils of diverse types, but usually calcareous in Ky. Variation needs further study. Most plants in Ky. lack dense long hairs, and, using older treatments (F, St, Cr), they would be referable to var. humilis f. grisea Fern. or var. calvescens Fern. The latter was considered largely Appalachian by F, who applied the name to colls. from FLEM (GH) and ROBE (B), but similar glabrescent plants are widespread in the Interior Low Plateaus of Ky. (M) and Tenn. A coll. from PEND (US) was det. by F as the largely midwestern var. frondosa Fern. And a coll. from JESS (KY) has been referred by BA to var. longiflora (Gray) Fern., but that has been considered a taxon of the central to lower Mississipp Valley. There may also be transitions to caroliniensis, which was confused in earlier nomenclature; see notes under ciliosa.


Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 32) is widespread across eastern and central North America; it also extends south to Guatemala (Cr). In Ky. it is perhaps the most widespread woody species, based on occurrence of seedlings, but it is only locally dominant as mature trees.


Footnote:
This diploid from the Mediterranean region was widely used across eastern states as rootstock for other cherries during the 19th Century. Also, its unusually perfumed flowers and spiced seeds have various uses. In Ky. it has persisted and escaped mostly on dry, rocky calcareous slopes of the Bluegrass region.


Comment:
There are a few reports but no verified collections of this northern species; there has been some nomenclatural confusion with americana var. lanata.

Footnote:
There have been a few reports of this northeastern species from Ky. (e.g. Greenwell 1935), but no verified colls. are known. There has been some confusion in nomenclature with P. americana var. lanata (B, M).


Comment:
There are no verified collections; Medley (1993) noted a collection of Braun 4944 (US?) named this, but it was not listed in her catalog.

GH: none.

Footnote:
This central Appalachian species occurs mostly in rocky woods of the Ridge-and-Valley region from Conn. to Tenn., and it may be expected in the Cumberland Mts. of Ky. There is a coll. of E.L. Braun (# 4944) from MCRE that has been named allegheniensis, according to M (check US).


Comment:
Lower case records other than lb are flowering, without leaves; without leaves variety det. may be impossible.  Recheck GRAV (KY).

AP: TRIG LYON CHRI all glabrous.

Footnote:
Within eastern North America, there appears to be a cline from the northeastern americana to the largely southwestern mexicana (Shaw & Small 2004, 2005). Both taxa have acute-acuminate, glandless leaf teeth; sepals without marginal glands; and sour, red-purplish fruit, usually with a glaucous bloom. 

   Although plums in general are still widespread across Ky., extensive thickets have declined much since B's time and before. Historical records and associated place names (e.g. "Plum" along Cane Ridge in BOUR) suggest that many disturbed areas on fertile soils were formerly dominated by plums in the Ohio Valley. Strips occurred along major trails through some valleys and on some watershed divides of the Bluegrass region, often with  Arundinaria gigantea (e.g. Beckner 1928, Campbell 1989; and continuing research). Remnants of such vegetation have largely disappeared from eastern states, but they still exist in varied forms further west (NS; type CEGL 001108). See also notes under angustifolia.


Comment:
These plants may not match typical mexicana, and distinction from var. americana needs more study; there is probably a cline of variation from the southwest (mexicana) to the northeast (americana); see Shaw (2005; Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Tennessee).

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional; see also notes under americana. Most plants mapped here may not match typical mexicana, which might well be reduced to a variety of americana. However, the coll. from BALL (GH) appears to match typical mexicana: E.J. Palmer #16511, 20 Sep 1919, low hills, Wickliffe. P. americana var. lanata Sudsworth may be the appropriate name for intermediate plants that prevail in Ky.

   Typical mexicana reportedly differs from americana (Cr, W) in its shorter petals (ca. 8-10 mm versus 10-15 mm); sepals hairy on both sides (versus glabrous, at least on lower side); leaves often larger, with more truncate bases (versus attenuate), permanently soft-hairy below (versus hairy to glabrate), the petioles usually with a pair of glands (versus mostly glandless); truncks less thorny and less thicket-forming, often with more robust tree-like habit.


Comment:
ROWA (mo) has flowers without leaves; 2011 JC noted possible ang in ROWA? on I64 ca 1 mi W of new Ky 32 exit w of Morehead--check!!!

ESTI (jc) hill north of White Oak Creek area; check field notes and maps.

C. Brown 1945 Louisiana Trees and Shrubs. Louisiana Forestry Commission. Bull No. 1. "large thickets of this plum contain fruits of two or three colors, and frequently of two sizes."

WASH: JC on N side BG Parkway on dry bank at large sign ca. 1/4 mile before exit 42 to Rt 555

Footnote:
This is a widespread southeastern species, closely related to the more northern munsoniana, hortulana and nigra (Shaw & Small 2005). These are all diploids (2n = 16) that share the following features: relatively blunt, gland-tipped leaf-teeth; sepals with or without marginal glands; and sweetening red or yellowish fruits, usually without glaucous bloom. They require full sun for fruit production, do not survive long in woods or even partial shade, and were often cultivated around camps and villages of native people. Extensive thickets of angustifolia or its allies have virtually disappeared in Ky. and Tenn., but they are reported to survive in the Black Belt of Ala. and Miss. (NS; type CEGL 007747).

   Some colls. of angustifolia may be from human plantings, as in FAYE (KY) at the old cabin above Elk Lick Falls. Plants at the old Annis Ferry in BUTL have at least three color forms in the fruit (yellowish, salmon-pinkish and deep red), also tasting different. These clones are adjacent to an ancient village site of the Mississippian era and before. P. angustifolia is presumably the plum referred to in De Soto's chronicles during his military tour of the southeastern states during the 16th Century: "finer than any grown in Spain" with "large quantities" of the dried fruits found stored in villages; see citations by C.W. Cowan in Ford (1985). Rafinesque (1836, 1:31-32) suggested that this species was spread to the north by Indian tribes.


Comment:
Some records may be from planted individuals.

GH: mostly collections of E.J. Palmer; also LB (GRAN etc.); GRNP is from "Russel", JOHN from "Paintsville"; perhaps some from old plantings.

ANDE: jc ??? where from; check with Lee

BOYL: US 68 corner just S of MERC line; west side with much Euon atrio; looks native!! on Eden Shale.

BULL: JC 2010 lowland at Cedar Creek bottoms (PCB)

C. Brown 1945 Louisiana Trees and Shrubs. Louisiana Forestry Commission. Bull No. 1. "known only from Natchitoches and Lincoln Parishes. Not known to the writer. Horticulturalists have selected strains from the wild plants which they have crossed with cultivated plums to produce desirable varieties."

UNIO: hs = HShacklette 1937 "hortulana"  occasionally escaped shrub on roadsides".

Hedrick 1912:

Footnote:
This species has been much confused with angustifolia and hortulana. It was not described until 1911, and not recognized in Ky. until B found it on "dry slopes in the Outer Bluegrass" during the 1930s. Uncertain records mapped here (open dots) are mostly dubious records of hortulana, which has not been reliably distinguished in Ky. The native range of munsoniana is reportedly similar to the largely lower midwestern hortulana but shifted slightly to the south and east (K, PL). Typical wild-type munsoniana may have been centered in c. Ky. and e. Tenn., but the species has been widely grown with varied cultivars and hybrids. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted, under "Prunus chicasa... Frequent in shrubberies occasionally occurring wild." P. munsoniana is now largely restricted to old home sites, fencerows and thickets at the edge of old fields. As well as widespread cultivation after Virginian settlement, it is likely that Native Americans used and dispersed this valuable fruit-producer.

   P. munsoniuana generally appears intermediate between angustifolia and hortulana in overall stature, flower size, fruit size and other characters (Hedrick 1911, Wight 1915, Little 1977, Shaw & Small 2004, 2005; F, GC, W). It tends to form taller trees than angustifolia but differs most clearly in its leaves, which are larger (mostly 5-10 cm long versus 3-6 cm), less folded and more pubescent on the lower surface. Also, it has longer pedicels (ca. 8-12 mm versus 3-8 mm) and tends to have larger fruit. However, there is much genetic variation in fruits, from relatively large sweet early-maturing ones in late June to those with much poorer quality for human consumption even at the end of their ripening in August.


Comment:
BALL (KY) may be hortulana or venulosa (check this name in the old treatments--a form of americana???)

HARD (lo) lacks sufficient material: RCranfill 5474 (!RClark) flw but leaves only quarter grown and leaf teeth adj to sinus not ascending; but see also HARD (OK) cited by (Medley 1993). 

CAMP (US, with GH dupes) is checked again, May 2006: 3857 & 3978, Jct. Ky 9 and US 27 I mile S of Alexandria, 26 Apr & 17 Jun 1941. These are clearly more broad leaved than munsoniana and appear flatter (?); they have scattered hairs below leaves, like munsoniana.

This species is centered in the central Mississippi Valley, perhaps in old native american sites, but is now apparently rare.

Footnote:
This is a rather poorly understood taxon, not described until 1892. Although typical hortulana have may originated in the Ozark region, supposed native plants have also been referred to this species from across the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valley. In Ky. there are colls. from BALL (KY), CAMP (GH, US), HARD (DHL, Oklahoma) and elsewhere that have been named hortulana by reasonable botanists, but deeper analysis is needed to determine if this species is truly distinct and wild in the state. The situation is complicated by much past cultivation and probable hybridization among plums.

   P. hortulana appears close to munsoniana, which has often been confused (Hedrick 1911, Wight 1915; D, F, GC, St), but it may be closer to mexicana in its DNA (Shaw & Small 2004, 2005). Characters used to separate hortulana from munsoniana have been varied (see above sources for details): fruits ripening in late Jul to Oct (versus late Jun to Aug), the stones pointed at both ends (versus truncate at base); larger flowers, produced on slender branches (versus lateral spurs), often appearing after leaves (versus before); leaves larger, becoming flatter (versus folded) and glabrate (versus thin hairy); leaf teeth more pointed and spreading, with glands at tip (versus adjacent to the sinus); plants usually not suckering from lateral roots.


Comment:
P. calycosus records should be rechecked for this species. Medley (1993) cites other counties based on Wharton & Barbour (1991) and others, but these are dubious. Pennell (1935) did not list any Kentucky collections, and noted its relatively conservative non-weedy ecology; it is largely restricted to the Appalachian region. The BATH (JC) may be in processing still; from the prairie patch on I-64.

Clements (1995): LYON (AP, GH); need to check!!!

TODD: (AP) LSettle-4457 10Jun1969 1 mi SE of Allegre, wooded slope near branch, sandy mesic, common.

Destes: TRIG and TODD may be alluviorum; laevigatus has darker flws, not clearly different

Footnote:
This is widespread in most southeastern states east of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, especially on damp to seasonally dry, medium acid soils. It has often been confused with calycosus, and some authors have combined these species (Cr, J). Without flowers it is also confusable with alluviorum. Some reports of typical laevigatus from Ky. are dubious (M), but the colls. mapped here are generally confirmed. Rrecords from LYON, TODD, TRIG (APSU) are part of a reported disjunct northwestern section of its range in sandy or cherty hills northwest of the Nashville Basin (Ch). However, D. Estes (pers. comm.) has found that all these western plants in Ky. and Tenn. are closer to alluviorum.

   In addition to the distinctive glabrous anthers and pale purplish flowers of laevigatus (characters shared with calycosus), this species has relatively small flowers and capsules. Also, its leaves are glabrous, somewhat bluish, relatively narrow (ca. 1-3 cm), and entire to obscurely denticulate (versus often clearly denticulate to serrate in most other species). 

   Similar plants in alluvial woods to the south, mostly west of the Mississippi, are more robust with deeper flower color, and have been named P. tenuis Small (Pennell 1935). That is a rather poorly understood taxon (or complex) that has been recently discovered in Tenn. and may be expected in Ky. (D. Estes, pers. comm.).


Comment:
This is a southern Appalachian endemic, like canescens but with broader leaf bases and larger lower bracts. It is unknown in Kentucky; although reported by Browne & Athey (1992), no collection is located.


Footnote:
This winter-annual is widespread across southeastern states, Mexico and Calif. It has similar ecology to the aliens, Draba verna and Cardamine hirsuta. See FNA 7 and Y for notes on generic placement. P. virginica was generally confused with C. hirsuta in early literature (perhaps = C. hirsuta var. virginica of Torr. & Gray 1838). In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-29, see also PH) noted: "Cardamine virginica? This little plant excites no other interest than that arising from the early period at which it blooms; being here, as the Draba verna in the Eastern states, the earliest harbinger of spring... In cultivated fields abundant; flowering from the middle of February. ...towards the last of February..."


FullName:
Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. var. erostellata Catling

Comment:
1 = J. MacGregor; also he has reported it from POWE (D. Dourson place). Typical var. ovalis is more southwestern, with larger flowers.

EK: ANDE CALD CART HART MCLE LAUR MADI

Catling 1983 Brittonia: MCNP (Lix coll at US); CLAR (KY); POWE (Braun at US).

Footnote:
This is widespread across southeastern states, while typical ovalis is restricted to the Gulf Coastal Plain, with little overlap in range. It could be considered a distinct species (perhaps = S. montana Raf.). Var. erostellata is the only member of the genus to lack a well-developed rostellum and viscidulum, structures in the flower that oppose self-pollination (Catling 1983; FNA 26). Also, it has shorter sepals (ca. 3.5-5 mm versus 4-6.1 mm); flowers appear earlier but do not fully open, and the ovaries are simultaneously (versus progressively) swollen on each flower.


Comment:
The BELL (KY) plant is very robust, suggesting S. odorata.

1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979).

EK: ADAI FRAN JESS LAUR LAWR LETC MADI PULA
check BG data

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America but largely restricted to seasonally wet acid soils. It is a "facultatively agamospermic polyploid [2n = 45, 60] compilospecies in which unidirectional gene flow from related diploids generates a wide range of novel forms and races" (C.J. Sheviak & P.M. Brown in FNA 26); other Spiranthes in Ky. are mostly diploid (2n = 30). The coll. from BELL (KY) is very robust and somewhat similar to odorata. Records of Ettman & McAdoo (1979) were based on herbarium colls. but need to be confirmed; they include a cluster in the Bluegrass region, where odorata has also been found.


Comment:
This species has been often overlooked; several colls. have been redetermined as this by P.M. Catling in 1980; see also Sheviak (1982). 

GRNP NCU A.W. Cusick, 8 Aug 1983; EK AWC 26Sep1986.

PHaragan: JEFF Iroquois park summit across from basketball courts; mowed roadsides.

Footnote:
This northeastern and Appalachian species of relatively dry sites is close to cernua but generally distinct (FNA 26). It should be searched for further in the field and herbarium.


Comment:
The WOOD (KY) site is Lees Branch (Meijer 1976). 

The CALL (rc) record is from the Blood River seep with Lycopodium appressum (Cranfill 1980).

Footnote:
This remarkable stoloniferous species is largely restricted to the Coastal Plain, except for disjunct records from Tenn. and Ky. (FNA 26). There is a small persistent population in WOOD (KY; Meijer 1976b). Cranfill's (1980) report from the Blood River seeps in CALL, together with Lycopodiella appressa, remains dubious; see also notes under cernua. See also note under cernua.


Comment:
BULL record needs to be checked (or processed?) at KY.

GRAY (NP): Baumberger Barrens; I have mapped location approx. ca, 1996; from me or someone close??

LARU (NP): 1997 Thompson Cr Glade.

MADI (NP): Heather Housman found in gasline prairie near Doylesville in 2003; check coll.

MEAD (NP): 1997 Lapland Barrens

GARR: 2010 coll of WOverbeck (&RCranfill) from the prairie remnant...

Footnote:
This is widespread across the Great Plains, and scattered thinly at disjunct sites in east-central states. The only known sizeable population in Ky., with 10-100 plants, is at "Pine Creek Barrens" (BULL). Most records are from groups of 1-10 plants, from which colls. have not generally yet been accessed; see KSNPC for details.


Comment:
1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979).
jm = J. MacGregor. 
mt = Mike Turner, Army Corps, Louisville. 
FLOY (NC): F. Levy, 11 Aug 1982.

EK: FRAN LETC CHRI BUTL CLIN ("lucida") LYON MADI MAGO POWE ROCK WAYN

Footnote:
This is widespread from southeastern states to Central America. In Ky. it is one of the commonest Spiranthes, often occurring in old fields on soils with moderate fertility across a range of moisture conditions. It usually flowers in Jun-Jul, before the cernus and lacera groups.


Comment:
Presence doubtful. The CARL and CALL colls. need careful checking. 1 = Price (1893, handwritten addenda).

Jul 2006: CALL is ided as S vernalis--may be ok; no sign of CARL.

Footnote:
This southeastern species has been reported from Ky. by Pr and others, but no confirmed colls. have been located (M). Colls. have been labelled as praecox from CALL and CARL (MUR), but these are probably vernalis. S. praecox is close to vernalis, and hybrids (= X meridionalis P.M. Brown) are known from further south (FNA 26); these hybrids were confused by F with S. laciniata (Sm) Ames. Both praecox and laciniata are largely restricted to the Coastal Plain (W).


FullName:
Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. lacera

Comment:
1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979); but tentative since they seem to have reversed the symbols on their map (northern lacera versus widespread gracilis).

EK: CART LAUR PULA WHIT

Footnote:
S. lacera is widespread in eastern North America. Var. lacera has a more northern range but overlaps greatly with var. gracilis and may intergrade (Cr, FNA 26); some authors do not consider these taxa distinct (Y). The spike of var. lacera is less spiraled, more pubescent, and produced while leaves are still evident; see also F. Var. lacera appears much less frequent than var. gracilis in Ky., and largely restricted to Appalachian regions. However, further checking of colls. is needed; also the reported earlier flowering of var. lacera deserves assessment in the state.


FullName:
Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer

Comment:
This species is generally distinct from typical lacera, and much more frequent. Records coded "lb" are collections that could still be lacera. 

1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979); but tentative since apparently reversed with var. lacera.

jm = J. MacGregor (pers comm) from fields east of Jessamine Creek.

EK: ADAI CLIN HARL LOGO MCRE TODD; 
no record of previous ROCK ??? check my notes...


Comment:
The ROCK (ek) record is from D. Noe (not yet accessed?).

1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979).

EK: BARR CHRI FLEM LOGA MADI MCRE MONT TRIG
no record of my previous ?ROCK check my notes...

CALL: also RA

Footnote:
This is widely scattered in southeastern states but largely restricted to dry acid soils.


FullName:
Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.

Footnote:
This is widespread in eastern North America except on the Gulf Coastal Plain, usually growing in dry woods on acid soils. In Ky. it is one of the commonest orchids, but rare to absent in most of the Bluegrass region and in more agricultural plains of western regions.


Comment:
Older records from BREA & MCRE at ME (now EK?) need checking; see M. Fuller (unpubl.), Browne and Athey (1992). J. Kiser recently also found it in MCRE near Yahoo Falls.

EK: Jan 2009: all "repens" are pubescens except the following:
RLJones 9386 12May2003 MCRE Yahoo Falls trail above falls [where JKiser found]; misided colls include: MCRE (Browne & Browne 72E6.20 from Yahoo in 1972); BREA (Br & Br at Robinson Forest); Henderson Co NC (RCClark); JACK (RCClark); HARL (Weckman & Weckman); CART (Jones); CART (Br & Br 1965).

Footnote:
This widespread northern (circumboreal) species extends south at higher elevation on or near the Blue Ridge, and even in Va. it is unknown in counties adjacent to Ky. [Appalachian plants are referable var. ophioides Fern. but that eastern segregate was not recognized in FNA 26.] The only record from Ky. is a recent discovery by J. Kiser in MCRE (EKY) near Yahoo Falls. Other records seem to have been based on misidentified pubescens, including a previous coll. from near Yahoo Falls by E.M. & E.T. Browne (EKY). 

   See W for detailed key: repens differs from pubescens in its secund to loosely spiraled spikes (versus dense cylindirc), and its leaves darker green with pale green variegations (versus more distinct white variegations); 2n = 30 (versus 26).


Footnote:
This is a widespread subaquatic species of shorelines in central states, with disjunct or adventive records in eastern states.


Comment:
PULA (BE) may still await processing; JC also saw at Hazel Dell. 1 = sources of Medley (1993), including RA, NP and MM probably.

HART: JC check notes from swampy sites; also METC???

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across southeastern states, but usually restricted to marshy places on medium acid soils.


Comment:
Included provisionally with flagellaris.

mm from Jun 2007 notes.


Species:
baileyanus (?sailori, flagellaris var. humifusus)

Comment:
Potentially include with flagellaris or enslenii.

MM 2007 CHECK characters: closer to enslenii; see Fernald
These plants have been considered distinct, but they appear to differ from R. enslenii only in their more robust, erect habit (F).

Note: sailori might transferred here from enslenii.,

CRIT and MONT records are "sailori".

Footnote:
These plants differ from enslenii in their more robust, long-trailing floricanes (ca. 1-3 mm thick versus 2.5-5 mm) and stouter prickles (ca. 0.5-2 mm long versus 1.5-3 mm), suggesting a transition to flagellaris. There is no clear difference in habitat or range, but these distinct plants are mapped here pending further taxonomic evaluation. An alternative name may be R. flagellaris Willd. var. humifusus (Torr. & Gray) Boivin (K).


Footnote:
This a widespread weedy annual in most temperate regions of North America. It  is reported to hybridize with gattingeri, especially in southeastern states (FNA 25). Depauperate colls. from dry rocky sites should be rechecked for possible reassignment.


Species:
gattingeri (philadelphicum ssp. g.*/var. campestre; capillare var. campestre/geniculatum)

Comment:
Also treated as a ssp. of philadelphicum in some current works. Check other records of capillare from rocky glades; e.g. POWE (EK) of Weckman et al. (2003).

EK: RAthey 3876 "phil" = gatt? MCRA

type of cap var gen is from BELL (Kearney) 1893).

Footnote:
This is probably widespread in east-central states, but there has been much confusion with the related species, capillare and especially philadelphicum (Hitchcock & Chase 1950; FNA 25). Some intergradation with both of those species may occur, and gattingeri is sometimes treated as a segregate of either one; see Haines et al. (2011) for a northeastern perspective. In Ky. gattingeri is usually distinct and typically occurs on calcareous soils in habitats intermediate between the damp cultivated soils typical of capillare and the seasonally dry or rocky ground typical of flexile.


Species:
philadelphicum (ssp. p.*, capillare var. sylvaticum)

Comment:
Most records are somewhat tentative; the distinction of this taxon from gattingeri needs further study. 

1 = Anderson (1924).

EK: CRIT!!! TODD!!!

Footnote:
This is close to gattingeri, but concentrated in more northeastern states (Hitchcock & Chase 1950; FNA 25; Haines et al. 2011). It may be associated more with drier non-calcareous soils, including sands but avoiding damp clays.


Comment:
These records may just result from sown or spilled seeds. This taxon was erroneously listed as P. hirticaule var. miliaceum by Browne & Athey (1992).

Footnote:
The exact identity and status of these varied plants needs further investigation. P. miliaceum (a "millet") originates from Asia, and several cultivars exist as well as wild types; chromosome numbers range from 2n = 36 to 72 (FNA 25). FNA 25 indicates that more robust plants with disarticulating florets can be distinguished as ssp. ruderale (Kitagawa) Tzvelev, and that this is naturalized in much of North America. The species has been grown for at least a century in Ky. (Gm). Currently much seed is fed to birds or spilled, and some colls. probably come from resultant waifs. Some colls. mapped here have much smaller spikelets than reported in FNA and other manuals: ca. 2.5-3 mm versus 4.5-6 mm.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993) for MUHL; check Fernald, Radford, KSNPC, MM, etc. This native species has not been documented in recent decades.

LO: LIVI Brenda Hayes 225,  24 May 1972,  1.2 miles E of Ledbetter, 2.2 miles NE of Tenn Rv Bridge, on Hwy 68, cypress swamp.

Medley 1993 cites Wilson sn from LIVI

Footnote:
There are only two or three Ky. records for this southeastern aquatic species (F, M). but it may be easily overlooked. There have been no new reports since the 1970s; old localities need to be rechecked.


Comment:
Often used in aquaria but rarely escaping.

It has been collected from the wild in CASE (EKY), RUSS and TRIG (KNK), but it is probably not truly naturalized; see also SE.

Footnote:
This robust subtropical species is much used in aquaria and it has become widely naturalized in southern states (K), but only female plants are known in North America (Cr). Ky. is at the northern limit of the current range. The first colls. were made in the 1970s (Cranfill & Thieret 1981).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM and NK. This alien species has escaped or been established on purpose at several sites, becoming locally abundant.

Miami: BRAC (MV coll).

jc: check in Boyer pond for coll.

Footnote:
This aquatic species has been widely established in North America and it has often escaped, becoming a locally abundant weed. The first report from Ky was made ca. 1940 (M). There has been nomenclatural confusion with the closely related M. sibiricum Komarov. (= M. exalbescens Fern.), which is native across northern and western North America, but unknown in Ky. and most southeastern states (Cr, W).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); 
2 = McKinney et al. (1990) and KSNPC.

LO: MEAD AHotchkiss DTindall & WHinckley 23 Sep 1960: below the dam a short distance upstream from the Hotel, Doe Run.

Footnote:
This rare native aquatic is widely scattered in eastern North America, especially in coastal regions and in mid-western wetlands (K). It is similar to the alien spicatum, and without inflorescences it may be difficult to distinguish (Cr, W). Leaves are pinnatisect into capillary segments (versus stiffer, thicker, arcuate segments). Internodes tend to be shorter (ca. 1-1.5 cm versus 1-3 cm), and they dry pale brown to reddish (versus whitish to pale tan). It can also be confused with Proserpinaca pectinata.


Comment:
See also var. grandis; collections need rechecking for that variety.

Footnote:
This somewhat weedy biennial is widespread in eastern states. In Ky. colls. from FRAN and perhaps CLAR (KY) are referable to var. grandis Fern., which may be a somewhat distinct, relatively northern taxon. Further study is needed; in some characters, var. grandis suggestes a transition to marilandica (F, W and citations). However, despite mostly sharing similar phenology and the same chromosome number (2n = 16), Sanicula species in North America are not known to hybridize.


FullName:
Sanicula canadensis L. var. grandis Fern.

Comment:
The coll. from FRAN (KY) is var. grandis; there may also be a CLAR (KY) record of that taxon; to recheck. Some authorities do not recognize this variety.


Footnote:
This weed of damp seepy acid soils has become locally abundant in Appalachian regions of North America, especially at the base of road cuts through shales. It spread south from northeastern states; the first coll. from Ky. is dated 1981 (at EKY). The related species, Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries, was erroneously reported from Ky. by BA (M).


Comment:
Listed by Browne & Athey (1992) based on erroneous information; see Medley (1993).


Comment:
G.P. Johnson 1055, 15 Sep 1979; Edmonson-Barren Co. line on US 31W, cedar glade with Aster, Juniperus. 

Chester, Trigg Co., roadside.
TRIG: AP was misid of Heterotheca camporum; checked Jan 2010; 
thanks to DEstes

Footnote:
This annual occurs mostly from Mo. and Kans. to La. and Tex. East of the Mississippi it is rare and often presumed to be adventive (W), but it is known from a few remnants of native grassland in Tenn. (Ch; D. Estes, pers. comm.). There are only two Ky. colls., but both from the historical "Big Barrens" region: (1) G.P. Johnson #1055 (WKU), 15 Sep 1979; EDMO-BARR Co. line on US31W, cedar glade; (2) C. Williams to R. Seymour (JC for EKY), 28 Aug 2011, HART, roadside north of Munfordville.


Comment:
1 = Duncan 1967; also PD at Shawnee Park

Footnote:
This unusually vigorous semi-woody vine has been promoted across southeastern states for forage and erosion-control, especially on abandoned farmland during the 1930s. It has become an invasive problem in some areas, but it rarely produces seed and does not generally spread into woods or native grasslands. In Ky. it is most common to the south, and its northern boundary lies close to the Ohio Rv. P. montata is a widespread, variable species in East Asia. North American plants may all be referred to var. lobata (Ohwi) Maesen & Almeida, which has been distinguished by its lobed leaves and perhaps other characters, but further revision is probably needed (Ward 1997).


Species:
triphyllum (atrorubens; triphyllum ssp. t.*)

Comment:
Forms with purple (typical), striped (f. zebrina) and green (f. viride) flowers are all scattered widely through the state.

Footnote:
This widespread eastern taxon is largely tetraploid (2n = 56), in contrast to the other segregates of triphyllum (2n = 28). Forms with purple (typical), striped (forma zebrina) and green (forma viride) flowers are all scattered widely through Ky. Colls. need to be studied more closely to distinguish pusillum; see also stewardsonii and quinatum.


FullName:
Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Footnote:
This is widespread in humid temperate regions of North America, except the southeastern Coastal Plain. It typically grows in thin woods and openings on dry, medium-acid soils.


Footnote:
This occurs mostly in Appalachian regions and New England, usually growing in lmoister habitats than spicata and sericea. These three species overlap in Appalachian regions, and 2n = 36 in all, but hybrids are unknown.


Comment:
The ROWA (MO) plants vary greatly in degree of pubescence, with some glabrate.

Footnote:
This occurs in southeastern states, mostly east of the Mississippi Rv., usually growing in open xeric sites on strongly acid sandy soils. 

   Some colls. from ROWA (MDKY) are unusually glabrate, perhaps suggesting D. eplis Scribn. (= D. sericea var. eplis). That taxon is rather poorly known and its status remains somewhat controversial (FNA 24, W). It is documented mostly in the Southern Appalachians or Piedmont, including the Cumberland Plateau in Tenn., usually growing in wetter sites than sericea.


Comment:
This was reported in Hitchcock (1924, Contr. US Nat. Herb. 22:517-586), based on Short s.n., without locality (GH), but not in Hitchcock (1950). The coll. needs checking.

GH: none located in 2007? (recheck....)

Footnote:
This annual occurs on dunes and similar sandy sites along the southeast coast (La. to N.H.) and, greatly disjunct, in the upper midwest (mostly Wis. and Ill.). It was reported from Ky. by Hitchcock (1924), based only on a coll. of C.W. Short (GH) without locality. It was not included by Hitchcock & Chase (1950).


Comment:
1 = Kearney (1893-94) record from HARL or BELL (coll. not at US). 

MCRA 2 = Anderson (1947); he also refs colls from Leitchfield (GRAY) & Cairo (HEND) in 1924; see KA colls.

EDMO (np): 1922 "SE of Mammoth Cave"; must be old coll...

LYON: EK RHannan & RPhillipe 05763-A 30Sep1980 LBL; on Rt 310 towards Fulton 0.25 mi from Rt 453; dry open roadside.

Footnote:
This annual occurs mostly in the central and lower Mississippi Valley, plus the adjacent Gulf Coastal Plain (FNA 24).


FullName:
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes

Comment:
The LIVI (MU) plants were first discovered by R. Athey.

Footnote:
This is a widespread, variable, circumboreal species of cool dry grasslands, usually on sandy soils; it is virtually absent in southeastern states (FNA 24, K). The only known site for Koeleria in Ky. is near Mantle Rock in LIVI, where discovered by R. Athey (MUR). The species varies significantly across its range; 2n = 14 and 28. North American plants are sometimes segregated as K. nitida Nutt., but further research is needed (FNA 24).


Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern states, except in the upper midwest. It is typical of moderately dry woods on acid soils, being rare to absent on more base-rich soils.


Comment:
1 = Anderson (1924).

ROBE = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

EK: HARD!!

Anderson 1924: var. lobata Fulton (HICK); var pubescens Mayfield (GRAV).

Footnote:
This is widespread in western and southern regions of North America, and probably occurred in native grasslands of w. Ky. before settlement, but its original distribution is somewhat uncertain. S. obtusata is now generally uncommon, even in good grassland remnants, but it seems to have spread locally along roads and railroads into more eastern regions. It often appears to behave as an annual, unlike other species in the genus. Some plants have been referred var. lobata (Trin.) Scribn. and var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn., but these taxa are not generally recognized in recent treatments (e.g. FNA 24). See also S. intermedia, which has been confused.


Species:
intermedia (?pallens; obtusata var. major*)

Comment:
1 = Matthews (1962). The GRAV coll. may be transitional to S. obtusata.

Footnote:
This is a widespread North American species that usually grows on fertile soils in woodland with moderate stress or disturbance (see also: FNA 24). A few colls. (e.g. from GRAV at WKY) may be transitional to typical obtusata, but intermedia is generally quite distinct. 

   There has been much confusion among the species of Sphenopholis in Ky., and a more detailed key is still needed (e.g. based on F); 2n = 14 in all three cases. According to FNA 24, the name S. pallens (Biehler) Scribn. is applicable to supposed hybrids of pensylvanica and obtusata (or perhaps intermedia). However, records of pallens from Ky. (Anderson 1924, RAB) are probably all referable to intermedia (M).


FullName:
Sphenopholis pensylvanica (L.) A.S. Hitchc.

Comment:
MCRE: PU Kreibel 1942; check coll for details.

WARR (2): Price (1893).

1 = CART mapped in FNA 24.








I did have "KENT (1): check Medley's sources." no sources??? No reason???
KSNPC includes this also; why??? "U"

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on damp acid soils in states east of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and is concentrated in mid-Atlantic states (FNA 24, K). There are only about three sites currently known in Ky. Hybrids with obtusata (senso lato) have been reported across its range, but see note on pallens under intermedia.


Comment:
Includes var. tenuiloba. Some records need checking versus B. aristosa, which in depapurate plants can resemble B. coronata.

Garman 1914: B. trichosperma (old synonym).

Footnote:
Until recently (FNA 21), this widespread eastern diploid (2n = 24) has been known incorrectly as B. coronata (L.) Britt. A few colls.from Ky. (B) have been referred to the northern var. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff, but segregates have not been recognized in recent treatments. There has been occasional confusion with depauperate plants of aristosa, and some colls. should be rechecked.


Comment:
GH: MCRE (Braun #999 "molle"); PULA (Braun #998 "molle"); roundish leaves mostly; thinly hairy on veins below; petiole are stellate on margins; also with some stipules!!! Note F says recognitum mostly lacks stipules.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 36) is native mostly to Atlantic (Me. to S.C.) and Appalachian regions (N.Y. to Ala.), but it has been widely planted in eastern North America. It is closely allied to the more southern dentatum complex (especially var. indianese), with some apparent transitions, but species status may be warranted (F, Y, W; B.A. Sorrie, pers. comm.). In Ky. colls. (GH, KY) from banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its major tributaries in MCRE and PULA have been misidentified as molle (B). These Cumberlandian plants may be transitional to dentatum in their relatively large flat suborbicular leaves, the petioles somewhat stellate-pubescent on margins and stipulate (suggesting var. indianense). There is a similar coll. from se. Ohio (GH: Scioto Co., banks of Turkey Creek), and colls. with thinly pubescent petioles are also known from e. Tenn. (GH: Coffee, Cumberland & Morgan Cos.).

   Based largely on above literature, flowering of recognitum occurs about two weeks later than dentatum. Its inflorescence branches are usually glabrous and only sometimes glandular (versus consistently hairy and glandular). Seeds are less deeply grooved; F stated "shallow and broad trough-like furrows" (versus "narrow, deep and furrow-like"). Leaves are largely glabrous (versus uniformly hairy), usually ovate (versus ovate to rotund) and plicate (versus generally flat). V. recognitum usually occurs on relatively damp sites along or near banks of larger streams.


Comment:
Another coll. from HARL (LO) is det as var. glabrescens. This var. is also reported from ESTI and BREA (McAtee 1956). But it may not be worth recognizing.

SCOT (jc): in old growth of Dave Leonard, with Fagus, Q. alba.

AP: JACK, MADI, LAUR.

JESS??? MAx lists for Jess Gorge 1986 Apr 20; check colls

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 18) shrub of woods on acid soils has a fairly wide eastern range, but it is rare to absent in the lower Ohio and central Mississippi Valleys, including most of w. Ky. and w. Tenn. (PL, Ch). In Ky. colls. from BREA (KY), ESTI (EKY), HARL (KY) and probably elsewhere are referable to var. glabrescens Rehd., but that Appalachian variety has not been recognized in most recent treatments (e.g. Cr, W).


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35); also MARS. This taxon may just be a small flowered variety of P. digitalis. See also MARS (wk).

Feb 07 MCRA (LO) confirmed: W.A. Anderson 7 Jun 1939, Metropolis Landing Rd. "alluviorum".

S: none filed here in/out of state; they do not recognize in IL???

Footnote:
This occurs mostly on lowlands in the central Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys. It is close to digitalis but with several differences (Pennell 1935, W): flowers/fruits smaller; inflorescence less glandular; leaves usually narrower and more pubescent; stems less lustrous and often more pubescent, at least in narrow lines.


Species:
deamii {digitalis* var. deamii suggested comb.}

Comment:
Reported by Cranfill (1989) but the collection was not located. This taxon, described from flatwoods in southern Indiana and Illinois, is expected in Kentucky. However, it may just be a very small flowered form of alluviorum: sepals 2-4 mm versus 5-9 mm; sepals scarious margined versus not or scarcely; lower leaves rounded & entire or slightly denticulate versus acuminate & rather sharply serrate.

DEStes : FRAN deamii like digitalis but small flw, and hairy stem like deamii

Footnote:
This was described from the flatwoods of s. Ind. and s. Ill. It is close to alluviorum, differing in its sepals only 2-4 mm long (versus 5-9 mm) and scarious margined (versus not or scarcely); also, its lower leaves are rounded at the apex and entire or slightly denticulate (versus acuminate and rather sharply serrate). P. deamii was reported from HARD by Cranfill (1989), but the coll. may be lost or still unprocessed.


Comment:
See Pennell (1928-35); 1 = GALL (KY) which was burned. Some colls. may be transitional to P. digitalis or alluviorum. MCRA (MU) and CALL (MU) colls. may suggest P. laevigatus, due to their narrow leaves.

Clements (1995): CALD (MU); WOOD (GH).

WK: HART (JC 2007); WARR [but one lvs glab exc midrib]; MM MCRE HENR.

AP: LYON, TRIG.

PU: ACSpencer from Ky "dig var cal"

Footnote:
This occurs in east-central states from the Mississippi Rv. to the Appalachians, and perhaps adventively in northeastern states (PL, K). It is typical of dry base-rich soils. Although generally a distinct species, some colls. from Ky. may be transitional to digitalis or alluviorum. Also, the colls. from CALL and MCRA (MUR) have relatively narrow leaves, suggesting transitions to the more closely related species, laevigatus; see notes under that name. Most calycosus in the central Ohio Valley, at the center of its range, has stems with distinctively dense short hairs (ca. 0.1-0.5 mm), but in c. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.) and some peripheral regions stems are often glabrous (Pennell 1935).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum concinnum (Willd.) new comb.

Comment:
This is close to laeve but considered a species in some current treatments. 
1 = Pounds et al. (Cumberland Gap report); check TN. 
2 = Greenwell (1935) as virgatus. 
Assumed MM for CART; see Medley (1993).

Footnote:
This largely southeastern taxon is centered in Appalachian regions, in contrast to typical laeve, which is largely midwestern. The only clear difference in concinnum from typical laeve is its narrower, less clasping leaves, but it has been considered a distinct species in some treatments (F, Cr). There may be intergradation in Ky., as reported by B. Across its whole range (which remains poorly documented), concinnum may prove to be a miscellaneous group of narrow-leaved variants adapted to local conditions, especially on non-calcareous or highly leached soils. Relatively extensive and distinctive populations in Ky. are documented only on rocky sandstone banks of the Rockcastle, Cumberland and Big South Fork Rivers.


Comment:
Braun notes occurrence in KY but does not cite specific records.


FullName:
Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nesom

Comment:
BELL (LO) is "lucidulus" of Hannan & Phillippe 01-007-00262.
HARR; JC Griffith Woods locally common along stream and along old road above.
NCU: ex Jessup BATH Eggleston

Footnote:
This rhizomatous species occurs in a relatively narrow range from mid-Atlantic states (Mass. and Va.) to midwestern states (Minn. and Iowa). Despite a range of chromosome numbers (2n = 32, 48, 64), there has been virtually no recognition of segregates. S. prenanthoides usually grows along banks of smaller streams and on damp adjacent terraces and slopes, generally in medium acid soils. In Ky. it is widespread in Appalachian regions. Further west it is much more restricted but locally common in hilly sections of the Bluegrass and Knobs regions.


Comment:
Not documented. There is only one obscure dubious record of this mainly coastal, northeastern species based on a possible Short collection; also cited by Browne & Athey (1992).


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 8) occurs on dry sandy soils in southeastern states east of the Mississippi Rv. In Ky. almost all records are from roadsides on or near sandstone outcrops in the southern Cliff Section of the Appalachian Plateaus. There are no records from nearby clifftops. The concolor group appears closely related to the pratense group, but there is striking divergence in relation to soil (acid versus basic). The concolor group has less branched stems, smaller leaves, smaller heads, and strigose seeds (versus glabrous); also n = 8 versus 10 (FNA 20).


Species:
pratense (A. sericeus var. microphyllus)

Comment:
1 = S. Price (1893). MM is assumed for some counties; see Medley (1993).

BARR (NP): 1999 ca 1 aimi NNW of Park City and ca 0.5 aimi E of Ky 255.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 10) occurs mostly in Tex. and La., but with scattered disjunct populations across southeastern states (Jones et al. 2008). It has been confused with the midwestern S. sericeum (Vent.) Nesom, which has been reported erroneously from Ky. (M) and Tenn. (Ch). Within Ky., pratense is known only from cedar glades in or near the Big Barrens region, and in the adjacent western Knobs.


Comment:
GH: CLAR, LYON ("ericoides"), KENT.

NC: LYON "ericoides" of Eggleston

Footnote:
This variable weedy species is widespread across eastern North America; 2n = 32, 40, 48. Several segregates have been treated as varieties or species, but distinction is difficult in some cases. See also notes under parviceps, juniperinum and priceae, which can be confused. Broad-leaved colls. (from CLAR, KENT, POWE, ROWA, SCOT and elsewhere) have been referred to var. platyphyllum Torr. & Gray, when treated in Aster, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20). 

   S. pilosum and its allies (as listed above) all have inrolled phyllary tips, and leafy tufts are usually present at plant bases. Although this group (subsection Porteriani) is distinct from other "little white asters" (subsection Dumosi), hybrids can be expected, especially between pilosus and lateriflorum or lanceolatum (Semple et al. 2002, and pers. comm.).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom var. platyphyllum (Torr. & Gray) new comb.

Comment:
This broad-leaved variety is weakly separated from var. pilosus, and is not recognized in current treatments.

POWE (ky) is probably ontarionis


FullName:
Symphyotrichum juniperinum (Burgess) new comb.

Species:
juniperinum (pilosum var. pringlei; var. demotus)

Comment:
Kentucky plants appear distinct from the northeastern pringlei, though combined in Jones (2005); demotus should probably be made a variety of pringlei or a separate species, based on juniperinus Burgess. It is typical of dry, often calcareous sites,

GH: none from KY or TN.

KY: BULL CRGunn 412 is good; but CRGunn 587 "cf depauperatus" det AGJones 1973 (JC "demotus x dumosus") is parviceps hexaploid??? see there

KY: MCRE records were misid; changed to racemosus and pilosus.

WAT: some colls from MI (Mackinac Co) have rel large bluish heads but 2n = 48; id as pringlei by Semple!!!

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 48) is known from most northeastern states (but not Iowa, Mo. or Tenn.), and includes S. pilosum var. pringlei (Gray) Nesom of some recent treatments (e.g. FNA 20). The only clear difference from typical pilosum is its largely glabrous condition; also, inflorescence branches tend to be more ascending and condensed (thyrsiform to subcorymbiform versus divergent to virgate-spreading in F). However, there is little documented intergradation and habitats are generally distinct. S. juniperinum is typical of dry calcareous sites, forming relatively large uniform populations. 

   More robust plants with larger heads predominate in Ky., and were previously treated by F and others as A. pilosus var. demotus S.L. Blake. Var. pringlei has generally smaller dimensions, but might just be an environmental phenotype associated with "alvars" and similar habitats further north (FNA 20). Further research is needed to determine if two taxa should be recognized.

   S. juniperinum is most similar to two smaller-headed species: S. depauperatum (Fern.) Nesom, a rare diploid of serpentine glades from N.C. to Pa.; and the largely diploid S. parviceps (see above). It is also similar to the more southern octoploid, S. priceae (see below). But there is little overlap of ranges among these taxa, and although there is considerable variation within juniperinum, suspected introgression with other taxa has not been proven (J.C. Semple, pers. comm.).


FullName:
Medicago sativa L. ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang.

Comment:
Included in error by Browne & Athey (1992); based on cultivated plants; see circular citation noted by Medley (1993).


Footnote:
This widespread biennial or annual weed ("black medic") has been common in Ky. since before 1902, when Gm noted: "used extensively for the adulteration of red clover seed, which may account for the frequent appearance of plants in cultivated ground."


Comment:
Noted for Kentucky by Radford et al. (1964); but no voucher has been located.

Footnote:
This was reported from Ky. by RAB but no voucher has been located. F indicated a wide distribution in North America, but Cr did not include the species.


Comment:
The PIKE (MM) plants were locally established along a railroad.

Footnote:
This has been collected from along a railroad in PIKE (M), but it is not clear if this commonly cultivated species is able to become truly naturalized in Ky.


Comment:
The CALD (RA) plants were subsequently dug up (R. Athey, pers. comm.).

1 = Ettman & McAdoo (1979); from their herbarium sources.

Footnote:
In Ky. this northeastern species of dry acid soils is virtually restricted to Appalachian regions. The outlying unverified record from CALD is based on a reliable communication of R. Athey (M). There is also an outlying record from Hickman Co. in w. Tenn. (Ch).


Comment:
1 = Ettman and McAdoo (1979); from their herbarium sources.
2 ss = rumors along Shaker Creek (Susan Studlar?).  
3 bb = J. Baskin (pers. comm.).  
4 np = M. Evans (pers. comm.).  
jc = JC/others at Cumberland Falls State Pk (well-known by road).

FRANL KY!!! James S. Foote 4-15-67 growing on flood plain of Elkhorn River opposite cliffs above Frankfort

FLEM KY ex KA "Filson" HGarman 8May 1893

Footnote:
This is widespread in cool temperate regions of North America. Although it is widely recorded from wooded regions of Ky., numbers at each site are often small and many records are old. It seems likely that much digging of this showy species has occurred for short-term ornamental or herbal uses, as also noted by Gm. The only confirmed record from the Bluegrass region is a coll. by J.S. Foote in 1967 from FRAN (KY) on "flood plain of Elkhorn River opposite cliffs above Frankfort."


Comment:
1 = Price (1893). 

 For other unverified records of Rhynchosia spp. see Medley (1993).

CHRI (MM): #2794-80 from a prairie area near the Eriogonum site; could not find either plant on returns in later years; cannot find yet at WKY; perhaps premounted.

MB: WHIT FTMcFarland & MaryEJames-4 28Jul1941 edge of thicket in dry sandy soil 4 mi E of Cumberland Falls ("erecta").

Footnote:
This occurs in southeastern states mostly east of the Mississippi Rv., and it is largely restricted to dry acid soils. In Ky. most records are from relatively level uplands of the southern Cliff section, in rights-of-way with remnants of open grassy vegetation that was formerly maintained by fire (Campbell et al. 1991).


Comment:
No colls. are definitely from naturalized plants. The PULA colls. are from near Somerset waterworks, and from Lake Shore Drive, Burnside.

Footnote:
This narrow-leaved grape-hyacinth has been cultivated in North America for over 100 years, and it is locally naturalized in southeastern states. The few colls. from Ky. were mostly made close to residential areas or old home sites.


Footnote:
There is a coll. from TRIG (APSU), but it is not clear if this was persistent from an old planting or not.


Comment:
See recent report from KENT by Naczi et al. (2002); details to be checked:
Independence along S side Bank Lick Cr ca. 0.5 m NNE jct Independence Station Road and Webster Rdl Naczi & Dalton 4911, 10 Aug 1995.
JC: also collected this in KENT along Bank Lick Creek; check for KY (but initally called latiglumis?)

But Naczi det of ROCK (KNK) from Anglin Falls is dubious to JC: leaves glabrous; some nodes exposed; less shiny glossy sheen on leaves; awns shorter.

HARD (MV): D.L. Banks 7-2-7, 2 Jul 1992, Fort Knox; disturbed alluvial plain near LCTA plot 18.

OLDH (LO): JJMathews #234 26Jul1956 edge of woods at Harmony Landing.

Footnote:
Although reported from scattered regions of east-central states, nottowayanus remains rather poorly understood and overlooked (McKenzie & Ladd 1995). Until recently there were only a few reliable records from Ky. (e.g. Naczi et al. 2002), but it may be fairly widespread. There has been some inconsistency in its treatment (F, Cr, W, FNA 24), and better description is needed. B. nottowayanus typically occurs on lower ground (especially fertile floodplain terraces), and flowers mostly in Jul, between pubescens and latiglumis.

   B. nottowayanus reportedly differs from pubescens in its leaves which are moderately numerous (usually 6-8 versus 4-6), dark green, with "a conspicuous satiny sheen (when fresh)" on abaxial surfaces; adaxial surfaces are densely villous (versus glabrous to sparsely villous); sheaths are thinly to densely villous, usually with a distinct tuft of retrose hairs at the summit (versus glabrous to canescent, then lacking a distinct tuft at summit); nodes are mostly covered or nearly so (versus at least the upper exposed). In Ky. nottowayanus has thin hairs on culms and rachises (versus smooth in typical pubescens). Florets are similar, but second glumes are 3- or 5-veined (versus usually 3-veined); lemma awns are ca. 5-8 mm (versus 2-8 mm); anthers are reported to be relatively small.


Comment:
Presence is not confirmed. 1 = Garman (1900). 2 = Price (1893). All records need checking. The MENI and ROWA coll. do have glabrous lemmas, except for more or less ciliate margins. Check also LEWI (LB).

Footnote:
This is widespread in cool temperate to boreal regions of North America. It has been reported from Ky. by Pr, Gm and others (FNA 24), but no verified colls. have been documented for this Atlas. Colls. from MENI, ROWA (MDKY) and elsewhere have been tentatively assigned to ciliatus by some botanists, but need further study. 

   B. ciliatus differs from pubescens in its smaller anthers, ca. 0.9-1.7 mm (versus 2.5-5 mm). Also its lemmas are usually pubescent in two marginal bands with relatively long hairs (versus more uniformly pubescent), and the lateral nerves are distinct to base (versus obscure below middle). In southern Appalachian regions, ciliatus is known only from disjunct localities at high elevation.

   B. kalmii Gray is a related northeastern species that has been reported from nearby in Ind., Ohio, W.Va. and Va. (FNA 24, D, W), but reports from Ky. have been erroneous (M). It has moderately small anthers (ca. 1-2.5 mm); lemmas are densely long-pilose, with awns only 2-3 mm long; first glumes are 3-nerved, second glumes 5-nerved.


Comment:
1 = Garman (1900); "weed". JC recently found a large population in a dolomitic glade of GARR; collection to be processed.

Footnote:
This alien octoploid (2n = 56) is known from scattered sites in eastern and western states (FNA 24). There are few records from Ky., but it has become locally abundant on a dolomitic glade in GARR (JC for KY).


Footnote:
This alien polyploid (2n = 28 to 70) is abundant in cool temperate regions across North America, but uncommon to absent in southeastern states. B. inermis was unknown in Ky. until after 1930 (Greenwell 1935, Gunn 1959, 1968b; M), when it became widely used for forage and soil stabilization. With persistent creeping rhizomes, it is especially abundant along irregularly cut brushy roadsides and some old fields, especially in the Bluegrass Region. B. inermis is less persistent in pastures with Festuca arundinacea.


Comment:
Records are not confirmed. 1 = Anderson (1924). See also Britton (1901).

Footnote:
This is a widespread variable Eurasian species; 2n = 14, 28, 42. There are few records from North America, and it does not seem to be increasing (FNA 24). B. ramosus was reported from Ky. by Britton (1901) and Anderson (1924), but no colls. have been located; Anderson cited F.T. McFarland #2194, June 19195, from Lexington [FAYE].


Comment:
There are also reports from several counties in Univ. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. files.

Footnote:
This old tetraploid annual, with largely glabrous sheaths and distinctive fruits (strongly inrolled lemmas exposing the rachilla and palea apex), is one of the original "cheat" grasses, especially in winter wheat. It is widely scattered in temperate regions of North America. In Ky. it is currently much less common than racemosus/commutatus and japonicus. But in 1914 Gm noted that secalinus was "common everywhere along farm roads and in wheat fields" and that racemosus was known from only one coll. (EDMO in 1898). A decade later, Anderson (1924) also called it "very common, especially in wheat fields" but indicated the spread of racemosus-commutatus (with 4 colls.) and the first coll. of japonicus.


Comment:
The record is not confirmed. 

1 = Garman (1914), formerly cultivated at U.K.
2 = Wharton & Barbour (1991)
3 = source of Medley (1993).

Also Radford et al cites.

Footnote:
This South American hexaploid (2n = 42) has been widely cultivated for forage in warmer regions of North America, but there are only a few obscure unverified records from Ky. (Gm; RAB; Wharton & Barbour 1991; J). If present, this species is probably just planted or an occasional waif.


Comment:
The NELS coll. has awns curved out.

Anderson 1924: Lexington 27 Jun 1919 CAShull KY.

Footnote:
This abundant weedy annual is widespread across temperate regions of North America. It was not reported froim Ky. until 1919 (Anderson 1924), although Gm may have confused it with squarrosus a decade earlier. See further notes under racemosus and secalinus; for detailed keys see Y and FNA 24. 

   The largely East Asian japonicus and the Central Asian squarrosus are closely related diploids, with "at least some panicle branches as long or longer than the spikelets, sometimes sinuous; panicles nodding" (FNA 24). Also, awns on lemmas are relatively long (on average), arising ca. 1.5-2 mm below lemma apices (versus ca. 1-1.5 mm in most other species of eastern states), and usually divergent near bases.


FullName:
Ampelygonum perfoliatum (L.) Roberty & Vautier

Comment:
1 = recently reported from Manchester Islands in the Ohio River; or was this a bad dream? This species has an amazing ability to fill up shrubbery, including roadsides and planted material; it is hard to pull out.

Footnote:
The generic assignment of this species remains controversial. Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross is the name used in some recent listings (W). It is an aggressive, scandent annual with rasping prickles that has become invasive across northeastern states, especially in woodland edges, roadsides and (amusingly) well-designed alien shrubberies. A. perfoliatum is spreading into the upper Ohio Rv. watershed. It has recently been reported from se. Ohio (R. Gardner, pers. comm.), including the Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge, adjacent to Ky. (MASO, LEWI). There is no definitive report yet from within Ky. (SE).


FullName:
Antenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & Vautier

Footnote:
This variable tetraplod (2n = 44, 48) is widespread in eastern North America. Its generic assignment remains controversial. It may become known as Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertner, as treated by W.


Comment:
These plants may be mere waifs from plantings. Check MM (or RA?) for MCRA.


Comment:
1 = general sight records of MM, JC; check collections further; should be at MU.

Check Duncan 1967 again...

Footnote:
This occurs on lowlands in southeastern states, especially at the edges of swampy woods.


Footnote:
This is widespread in temperate North America. It is a truly amazing plant, with great potential for post-urban restoration, aesthetics, food, medicine, dye and poison; JC has personally experienced all of these uses.


Footnote:
This creeping annual is native throughout tropical America, but may have been present in eastern states before Columbus (FNA 4). It is locally abundant on damp rich bare soil, especially in cropland and along riverbanks. The first records in Ky. were at least a century ago (Gm); in Ohio and Michigan Mollugo was first collected ca. 1830 (FNA 4).


Comment:
Check MM for CALD.

PD JEFF: she says has coll from her yard...

HART: Roundstone pot weed

Footnote:
This alien annual is widely scattered in humid temperate regions of North America. It has increased much during recent decades on sandy soils in the Mississippi Valley (Y), and has probably been overlooked in western regions of Ky. Records from the state are mostly dated after 1980.


FullName:
Dichanthelium polyanthes (J.A. Schultes) Mohlenbrock

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species has a similar range to its close relative, sphaerocarpon, but it tends to occur on damper ground and avoids sterile sands (FNA 25, K). Occasional hybrids with sphaerocarpon can be expected (FNA 25).


Species:
commsonianum (ovale ssp. pseudopubescens, var. addisonii)

Comment:
The only record is from J. Kartesz (1986 ms.).

Footnote:
This may occur in the state, but it is close to villosissimum and a critical revision of colls. is needed. It appears transitional from villosissimum to the more southeastern D. ovale (Ell.) Gould & C.A. Clark, which has longer spikelets and less long hairs on the foliage, and occurs largely on the Coastal Plain. FNA 25 indicated that commsonianum (as a subspecies of ovale) has a range similar to villosissimum, but confirmed colls. from Ky. have not been located.


Species:
villosissimum (ovale ssp. v., acuminatum var. villosum; + praecocius)

Comment:
Plants from MARI, LETC, etc., key to P. praecocius, which is included here.

EK: CRIT and LETC "praecocius"

Footnote:
Variation within this widespread eastern taxon needs further study. Records mapped here include colls. that appear at least transitional to the largely midwestern species, praecocius, which has shorter spikelets, narrower blades, and narrower culms (FNA 25). These two taxa can intergrade, and both may be reasonably treated as subspecies of the southeastern species, ovale (which in its typical form is unknown in Ky.). They can also intergrade with acuminatum (FNA 25). Most taxa of Dichanthelium are diploids (2n = 18) and hybridization often appears to occur in the genus.


FullName:
Dichanthelium praecocius (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) new comb.

Species:
praecocius (ovale ssp. p., villosissimum* var. p.)

Comment:
Needs further study to map. This small-seeded var. may be distinct, but records are not separated here from typical villosissimum.

Footnote:
See notes under villosissimum. Plants matching the description of praecocious probably do occur in the state, but colls. are often difficult to distinguish from villosissimum, and records are combined here, pending further study.


Comment:
Colls. from MCRA are RA # 1411, and O'Dell and Windler (at SI). The CALL coll. (SI) may be P. spretum. Recheck also the so-called "mattamuskeetense" at ROWA (MO).

JEFF (LO): PADavies-100 3Aug1943 Beach Mud Lane, most roadside.

GRAV: (EK) "leucothrix" to check
Check possible transitions to the more southern ssp. leucothrix (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong (FNA 25).

Footnote:
This occurs from southeastern states to South America. It may intergrade with the closely related lindheimeri and spretum; see notes under those names. There may also be confusion (or intergradation) with more hairy members of the acuminatum group.


FullName:
Dichanthelium spretum (J.A. Schultes) Freckmann

Comment:
Needs confirmation; see longiligulatum for potential redeterminations.

Footnote:
This taxon occurs mostly on the southeastern Coastal Plain and around the Great Lakes, and it has not been confirmed in Ky. (Hitchcock & Chase 1950, FNA 25). A coll. from CALL (SIU) that is referred here to longiligulatum may be at least transitional to spretum. These two taxa can be reasonably treated as subspecies of acuminatum (FNA 25).


Comment:
The SPEN (LO) coll. may be x strumosus (more or less glaucous); 2008 no this is probably just decapetalus (x trach?)

Some collections have virtually glabrous stems, e.g., WARR (WK); though not described as such in most treatments, this condition is often found in robust plants on moist rich sites.

NOTE: potential resinosus in my yard from ?CARL uplands.../swale??... check

Note my living plant from (?CARL?) that suggests resinosus...

Footnote:
This variable hexaploid (2n = 102) is widespread in east-central states, and sometimes confused with decepetalus, trachelifolius, hirsutus or other species; occasional hybrids are suspected (FNA 21). In some eastern states, tuberosus is considered introduced from further west, but in Ky. it appears native on fertile floodplains in general, and even on some calcareous uplands. In the Bluegrass region it is especially frequent, sometimes growing in woodland edges and old fields on seasonally dry sites. 

   H. tuberosus was cultivated by some native people in northeastern  states, selecting for larger tubers. Upper midwestern plants with large tubers are often densely pubescent, and may be named var. subcanescens Gray (F). But wild plants in Ky. do not generally have much enlarged tubers, and neither do plants in Ind. (D). More tuberous plants were selected further in Europe to become widely grown for food as the "Jerusalem artichoke" then returned to North America (C.B. Heiser in Ford 1985; Heiser et al. 1969); the "sunchoke" is an artificial hybrid with annuus. 

   Pubescence in Ky. varies greatly; stems are virtually glabrous in some cases. Plants in the Mississippian Embayment with more strongly reflexed phyllaries, densely velutinous lower leaf surfaces and shorter petioles may reflect hybridization with H. resinosus Small. That is a closely related hexaploid of similar habitats, locally abundant from N.Car. to Miss. and expected in w. Tenn. and w. Ky.


Comment:
1 = Smith (1960); tetraploids from BREA, WOLF; diploid from MART.
LO: MART KSNPC coll but much bug eaten; could be salvaged.

LO: OWEN revisited 2008 just tuberosus in glabrous form; the JEFF coll is good but no locality data--perhaps dubious student coll,; see also BULL under trach.

LO: SPEN rechecked 2008; perhaps transition to trachelifolius.

JESS (jc): toeslope and upper slope east of mouth Jess Cr

Footnote:
This largely Appalachian and northeastern species has often been confused with trachelifolius, tuberosus and other species, and there may be some hybridization (J. Campbell, in prep.). H. decapetalus is largely unknown in midwestern regions (in and around Mo.), where trachelifolius can occupy similar habitats, and in Ky. there seems to be little overlap of ranges. 

   Diploids (2n = 34) are reportedly restricted to Appalachian and Atlantic regions. Those generally less robust plants tend to have smaller, more closely serrated leaves, with shorter guard-cells, but they may not be reliably distinguished (Heiser et al. 1969). Most plants in Ky. are probably tetraploids, but D.M. Smith tentatively identified some colls. as diploids, including those mapped in BELL, MART and MCRE by Smith (1960) and Heiser et al. (1969).


Species:
trachelifolius {or suggested: strumosus var. t.}

Comment:
BULL (LO): GRowan-83 11Aug1951 roadside; unusually deep-serrate perhasps trans to decapetalus [was filed under decapetalus].
CARL (L.M. Wilson 944, 968) and CALL (V. Funk 222, M. Woods 1090) (MU)
Some of these resemble decapetalus; only slightly glaucous below leaf, more serrate, and more coarsely scabrous, and the involucral bracts are loose (exceeding the disc). 
HICK (MU): D.F. Austin 1225, 25 Jul 1965; also perhaps his top snatch 1409, 1 Aug 1965 "Blizzard Pond" check Co.
MCRA (MU): T.N. McCoy, 11 Sep 1973
MENI (LO): PDHiggins-1863 31Aug1969 along Indian Cr at edge of moist woods.
OLDH (LO): JJMathews-501 15Aug1957 open woods onShiloh Lane atHarrods Cr.
GRAV (MB) = R. Athey 2500, 23 Aug 1973. 
HICK (MB) = F.T. McFarland & W.A. Anderson 305, 29 Aug 1923. 

See also CALL (GH): L.B. Smith & A.R. Hodgdon 4138, 22 Jul 1937; perhaps introgressed with hirsutus, with relatively hairy stem; NO -- this is just hirusuts.

AP: TRIG, LYON; mostly seems introgressed with hirsutus; also similar colls from western Tenn.; such = Harvill's (1941) "strumosus" from HICK, LYON???

MADI (jc): along older woods w/ekpc ca 2007/8; check colls.

JC: LYON? live from: LBL main trace a few miles south east side at junction
JC: CARL? live from uplands down to blufss above the WMA...

EK also has TN Lawrence Co; NC Polk Co

Footnote:
This was recognized as a species by F and others, but has been largely ignored for 50 years. Heiser et al. (1969) indicated that it is probably the tetraploid form of strumosus (with 2n = 68), and suggested treatment as a variety or subspecies. H. trachelifolius is generally distinct from typical strumosus within the core of its midwestern to southeastern range, but there appears to be some intergradation in regions of overlap. There has also been much confusion--and probably some introgression--with decapetalus and other tetraploids, especially with hirsutus in w. Ky. and w. Tenn. 

   H. trachelifolius differs from typical strumosus in its leaves, which are usually subtruncate (versus more gradually tapering), with the non-winged portion of petiole ca. (0.5) 1-2 (3) cm long (versus (0.3) 0.5-1 (1.5) cm); lower surfaces are deep or pale green (versus grayish, whitish or glaucous), pubescent on veins and often throughout (versus often glabrous except on main veins); margins are serrated with teeth ca. 1 mm high (versus weakly serrated to subentire). It flowers mostly in mid-July to late Aug, about a month earlier that typical strumosus.


Comment:
This species has been interpreted too widely in some accounts, including "trachelifolius" and frequent misidentifications of other species. There is a coll at MB: C.W. Short #16, "high banks of the Kentucky river, fl. August - 5-7 ft high". Was this perhaps in the Bluegrass region near Lexington?

jc: see DBNF Inventory notes and reports for details on distribution.

HART (EK, TN) may be trans to eggertii with narrow leaves (but clearly petiolate).
some mapped here with strumosus

JC: seed colls 2010 from BATH, ESTI, MCRE,
JC: recall also coll in 1984 from BATH (should be at EKU)

GARR: EK of WOverbeck Ron Jones says = eggertii

Footnote:
This taxon is widespread in eastern states, except towards the southwest. In this strict sense (without trachelifolius), strumosus includes hexaploids (2n = 102), but perhaps no tetraploids. It has often been confused with other taxa (F; Heiser et al. 1969). Further analysis is needed, including more thorough collections from regions of overlap with eggertii and trachelifolius, which both could be treated as subspecies or varieties of strumosus. Like those other taxa, strumosus is typical of thin woods and edges on medium acid soils, and it can proliferate after forest fires. In Ky. it is largely restricted to Appalachian regions and lowlands in the Knobs, where it tends to be most common in submesic swales with more seasonal dampness than adjacent subxeric uplands.


Comment:
EK: BATH BULL BOYL CART CASE CLIN EDMO FLEM HARD LARU LAUR LEE MADI PULA ROCK

Footnote:
This occurs widely in east-central states but is largely restricted to woods on dry acid soils. Botanists in Ky. did not recognize the species until Wharton (1945) and Anderson (1947), although it had been described over a century before. Section Phyllostachyae has continued to provide suprises. "The Carex willdenowii group (C. willdenowii, C. basiantha & C. superata) differs from the other members of the section in having asynchronous spike production, resulting in a protracted fruiting season" (FNA 23; Naczi et al. 1998). Variation may deserve further study; 2n = 62 and 78.


Comment:
EK: ANDE BOYL CAMP CRIT FRAN FULT GRAV HARD HEND HICK JESS KENT LOGA LYON MADI MERC NELS OLDH OWLS OHIO WASH

Footnote:
This is widespread across east-central states, generally occuring in shady, mesic woods on calcareous soils. Variation may need further study; 2n = 66 and 70 (FNA 23). Several colls. (FAYE, GREE, JESS, WOOD) from relatively damp sites have relatively wide leaves and purplish shoot bases, suggesting timida; see notes under that name.


Comment:
Recently treated by Naczi (2001); differs from jamesii in its red-purple shoot bases, bright green wide leaves, shorter staminate section in spike, and shorter perigynium beak. The NC colls show purple bases, small spikes, and more open tussocks. Check with Pat Lawless about his recent collections.


EK: ROWA isotype.

JC: METC 26 Apr 2006 in Walden Woods; recheck...
GREE Jun2008 in Akin Tract; NOT but distinct from typical jamesii.

Footnote:
This uncommon species is known from somewhat disjunct localities of the Ozark-Ouachita region and the Interior Low Plateaus, usually in thin submesic to subxeric woods on calcareous soils. It was recently described by Naczi (2001; see also FNA 23), and easily confused with jamesii. 

   Compared to jamesii, the terminal spikes of timida (not the lateral spikes on capillary peduncles) have shorter staminate sections (mostly 3.4-5.6 mm versus 5.8-13.5 mm). These staminate sections have longer basal scales (1.9-3.3 mm versus 1.1-2.1 mm), covering a longer proportion of the staminate section (ca. 45-75% versus 15-25%). Other differences are less clear-cut: shorter perigynium beaks (mostly 1.4-2.3 mm versus 2.3-3.8 mm); often wider, deeper green leaves; distinctly red-purple shoot bases (versus usually reddish, dark or pale brown); and often more open tussocks.


FullName:
Carex juniperorum Catling, Reznicek & Crins

Comment:
Described in 1993; a type specimen, from Canada, is at KY.

See Naczi & Ford for following data:
BATH (NA-National Arboretum); McFarland 4799, 12 May 1940; Salt Lick.
FLEM (DO,MI): Naczi 7321 & Ford, 28 May 1998, ca 4 m E of Hillsboro along N side of Rt 1013.

Footnote:
This was described by Catling et al. (1993), and more details were supplied by Naczi & Ford (2001). It is known only from ne. Ky., se. Ohio, s. Mich. and s. Ont., usually in dry open woods and glades on calcareous clays that are damp to seeping in spring. 

   C. juniperorum differs from jamesii and timida (FNA 23) in its relatively short tallest culms per plant (ca. 3.2-9.1 cm versus 9-36 cm, ca. 15-35% of plant height versus 40-85%); its distal pistillate scales with less hyaline margin (0-0.3 mm wide versus 0.3-0.8 mm); and its usually shorter perigynium beaks (ca. 1.4-2.1 mm versus 2-5.5 mm). Leaves tend to be more coriaceous and evergreen.


FullName:
Carex leptalea Wahlenb. var. harperi (Fern.) Weatherby & Grisc.

Comment:
EK: CALL ; MWoods-579 22May1982 floodplain along Ky 280, wet wooded area.
EK: HARD; RCranfill-728 26May1978; side creek of Green Rock Hollow on south side Elvin Campbell Rd 3 miles west of Summit; on dripping limestone ledges.

KY: HARL definitely harperi!!! Feb 2009.

Footnote:
This variable species is widely scattered across most of temperate and boreal North America. All material from Ky. appears to be the southeastern var. harperi, sometimes treated as a subspecies or species. Var. harperi has perigynia 3.4-4.9 (5.4) mm long (versus 2.5-3.5 mm); achenes are more sharply angled; pistillate scales are more slender, more overlapping and whitish.  However, the more widespread northern and western var. leptalea does extend south to Tenn. and N.C. in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont (W). These taxa may intergrade in some regions of overlap (FNA 23), and further analysis is warranted in Ky.


Comment:
Much variation is contained, deserving further work. Perigynium shape is not clearcut, according to FNA. Leaf width is not a clear character, as indicated in FNA. There appears to be much variation in leaf width. Colls. from the Bluegrass Region (FAYE, JESS, GARR, OLDH, etc.) have relatively narrow leaves. Some robust colls. in Appalachian regions should be compared with var. amplisquama, a robust form from the S Apps. The M. Wharton records ("mw") may include some C. pensylvanica.

NOTE: densely caespitose but with "ascending rhizomes" (FNA).

Take out C. amplisquama records if need be.

EK:  BATH (medium + narrow lvss)  BUTL EDMO FRAN JACK JESS LETC MADI ROWA WHIT

Footnote:
This is a widespread northeastern species of mesic to subxeric woods, with much variation that deserves further study. Perigynium shape and leaf width can be variable enough to confuse differences from other species (e.g. using the key in FNA 23), and some colls. should be rechecked. Several colls. from the Bluegrass or adjacent hills (BATH, FAYE, JESS, GARR & OLDH at KY, etc.), and perhaps elsewhere (CLAY, HARD & LAUR at KNK or DOV), have relatively narrow leaves. Some robust colls. from Appalachian regions are provisionally treated here as amplisquama; see notes under that name.


Comment:
This has not been definitely reported, but some of the more robust collections of C. communis from Appalachian regions should be compared; typical C. amplisquama is distinguished by its generally broader leaves (mostly 2-5 mm versus 1-3 mm), its spikes generally longer (mostly 4-6 cm versus 2.5-4 cm) and paler (versus often purplish), its basal bracts relatively long (often extending to the staminate tip versus up to half as long), its perigynia with wider scales (>1.6 mm versus usually <1.6 mm) and perhaps longer teeth (usually >0.2 mm versus usually 0.1-0.2 mm).

Check KY material; DO has LAUR & MCRE (at least in Naczi's personal collection); check with him.

EK: HARL under overhangs but det "communis" by Naczi

Footnote:
Some of the more robust colls. below sandstone cliffs in se. Ky. that have been determined as communis are transferred here to amplisquama. This is a southern Appalachian taxon that is rather little known. It reportedly differs (FNA 23) in its generally broader leaves (mostly 2-5 mm versus 1-3 mm); its inflorescences relatively long (usually 4-6 cm versus 2.5-4 cm) and pale (versus often purplish); its relatively long basal bracts (often extending to the staminate tip versus up to half as long); its perigynia with wider scales (>1.6 mm versus usually <1.6 mm) and perhaps longer teeth (usually >0.2 mm versus usually 0.1-0.2 mm).


Comment:
CAMP (NK) was redet. as albicans.

EK: ANDE BATH CLIN HARD LAUR MADI PULA SHEL WAYN
Note RC appears to have sent Carex to EK!!! not UK

Footnote:
This spreading rhizomatous species is widespread in northeastern regions, typically in dry woods and openings on medium acid soils.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); check KSNPC.

Reports from EDMO, NELS perhaps elsewhere are erroneous (M).

LIVI: EK edge of tree covered base of cliffs overlooking Ohio Rv at end of Ky 137; RA 1164; 2Aug1970

LYON: EK Ky 93 to 274, turn right at confederate cem and go 1.1 mi in Beechwood subdivision; RA 771 11Jul1969

Footnote:
This globally threatened species occurs in s. Ill., w. Ky., c. Tenn., n. Miss. and n. Ala., mostly in thin woods and edges on base-rich soils at the base of rocky slopes (Woods 2005). It has disappeared from much of the northern part of its range, except for a few sites in or near the Land-Between-the-Lakes of Ky. (LYON, TRIG) and Tenn. (Stewart & Montgomery Cos.). It needs to be cultivated for recovery, and for its large edible tubers of possible ethnobotanical interest.


Footnote:
This is a widespread variable species of pantropical to warm temperate regions; 2n = 18, 24, 36 (FNA 25). It was first recorded in Ky. during the 1930s (B). It has become widely scattered, especially along roadsides on sandy soils.


Comment:
Medley (1993) notes that records from CLAR are based on roribaccus. This is included in the enslenii group by Cronquist (1991)

DBoone & RCassell checked on BULL and JEFF plants Jun 2008; still ok but BULL threatened with road project.

BULL (MM): NW corner of jct SR 61 and SR 1020.
CLAR (MW): 2.75 mi S of Indian Fields; also along Ky 974 ca 0.2 rdmi N of Pine Ridge Rd.
JEFF (MM): between RR tracks and South Park Rd on W side of road across from General Shale Brick Yard.
MADI (MM): I75 ca. 0.2 and 0.5 mi S of [older southern] Berea exit on E side.
MONT (MM): both sides US460 1.5 mi SE of Jeffersonville (type locality); also both sides of SR 213 ca 5 mi S of Jeffersonville; also N side of Refit Road ca 0.3 mi W of Science Ridge Road; also on or near Science Ridge Road ca 0.5 mi N of US 460.

Footnote:
Typical whartoniae is known only from the Knobs region of Ky. and from e. Tenn. (Claiborne Co.). Similar plants in Md. and elsewhere in eastern states have been included by some authors but probably in error. The taxon may be relatively distinct in form and habitat (Medley 1986). However, H.A. Davis (pers. comm. to MM) indicated that the coll. from CLAR cited as a paratype in Bailey's description is in fact the superficially similar species, roribaccus.


Comment:
Although reported by Rogers (1941) and others, Medley (1993) could not locate collections to verify this species.

Perhaps close to rosagnetis/deamii and invisus (see Fernald 1950).

kept as sp in K (following Davis?)

DB found in IN distinct!! in openings of Q alba Q velutina Carya woods.


Comment:
This is not listed in Cronquist (1991) or Fernald (1950); to be assessed further with Bailey, etc.

w/MM 2007 CLAY was det by Davis

kept as sp in K (following Davis?)


Comment:
Bailey 1943 keys next to meracus as margins of primocane leaflets closely and finely serrate (versus deeply and unevenly serrate sometimes almost jagged).

This is not listed in Cronquist (1991) or Fernald (1950); to be assessed further with Bailey, etc.

w/MM 2007 were det by Davis (who looked at all MM colls before 1985).

kept as sp in K (following Davis?)


Comment:
CLARK (MM): Medley & Thieret 10755-84: sterile roadside at jct of Ridge Rd and Right Angle Rd; 22 Jun 1984.

Sp. Nov. (MM June 2007): "known only from the primocane which differs from any other species of the section by having obovate subentire leaflets."


Comment:
This northeastern species seems unlikely in Kentucky; it is close to hispidus but with more acute leaflets; rejected pending confirmation.

w/MM 2007 definitely trifrons; very soft bristly.
Medley 1993: [Medley 19087-88 (DHL) Powell Co.]
Rare in moist to wet meadows and floodplain flatwoods, in Montgomery and Powell counties in the eastern Knobs.


Footnote:
Within Ky. and Tenn., this northeastern species is locally common but largely restricted to boggy sites in or near Appalachian regions. Records from CALL and HICK (CW) are omitted here, pending verification. 

   Some colls. from MONT and POWE (KY) may be referable to R. trifrons Blanch., which is a northern taxon reportedly of hybrid origin from R. hispidus and the northern species, R. setosus Bigel. (Cr). These and other unusual colls. (e.g. J. Campbell on 15 Sep 1989 from WHIT at KY) deserve further study. Several close relatives of hispidus are known in states to the north and east, but have not been thoroughly searched for among Ky. colls.


Comment:
Excluded pending examination.

JC coll. from WHIT--check MCRE as stated in MM notes; MM maintains is a new species definitely.


Comment:
1 = Davis et al. (1986). 2 = Medley (1993).

w/MM perhaps closer to Flagellares... check

Footnote:
This poorly understood southeastern taxon, and perhaps trifrons (see notes under hispidus), are the only taxa in Ky. that have been included within the largely northeastern section Tholiformes (F). But that section may be an unnatural, miscellaneous complex (L. Alice et al., pers. comm.; FNA, in press), partly originating from various hybrids of hispidus or its relatives with allegheniensis, setosus (Cr), flagellaris (F) or others. R. decor Bailey is included here (Davis 1990, M); it was initially known only from w. Ky. (F). 

   R. aboriginum may be considered just a somewhat hairy variant within the flagellaris group (Bailey 1943). It appears close to roribaccus, but differs in its usually single flowers (versus 2-8), calyx lobes with a prominent spathulate 1-3 mm tip, leaf margins with jagged-incised (versus regular serration), and leaf bases less cordate (Widrelechner 1998). R. aboriginum is mostly recorded from the lower Mississippi Valley, especially west of the river. Some octoploid cultivars have been selected among these plants, perhaps allowing further spread.


Comment:
Included by Browne & Athey (1992) but in error according to Medley (1993).

db HARD = DBOONE at Eastview Barrens

la WARR = LAlice "bifrons" check

Footnote:
This plant appears has been generally misidentified as R. bifrons Vest in manuals; see also notes under armeniacus (Correll & Johnson 1970; Cr, RAB, St, W). The name serissimus is indicated for it by ongoing revision of M. Widrlechner for the Flora of Missouri (G. Yatskievytch, pers. comm.), but treatment for FNA remains uncertain (L. Alice & D. Goldman, pers. comm.). The plant has become widely scattered in southeastern states during the past 50 years, often spreading along rights-of-way: "it can be quite aggressive, often forming impenetrable thickets" (FNA, in prep.). Flowers are pink (to various degrees); lower leaf surfaces have thin to dense gray-brown pubescence; primocane leaves mostly have only 3-4(5) leaflets, but often with lateral lobes; stems are erect at first but usually overarching, and sometimes trailing with rooting tips; plants are rarely more than 2 m tall. 

   This taxon may have originated from hybridization between an Eurasian plant in the bifrons group and a native plant in the cuneifolius group. In some characters, it resembles R. cuneifolius Pursh (Sm, W), which has been reported from Ky. (BA) but probably in error (M). R. cuneifolius has more bluntly obovate, coriaceous leaves, and stems more erect but usually under 1 m long; it is largely restricted to sandy soils on the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, east of the Mississippi Rv.


Footnote:
This is the common pear, widely planted across eastern North America. Some records mapped here may be from old plantings, but this species has apparently established from seed at many sites in Ky. Older naturalized populations may revert to smaller fruit size in some cases. During recent decades, development of edible pears for market in North America has also involved the East Asian species, P. pyrifolia (Burmann f.) Nakai, which has globose fruit that lack persistent calyx. That species may be expected in cultivation but is not known to have spread from seed (W).


Comment:
This species has been increasing much during the past decade; Medley (1993) did not list it. See recent literature.

call x comm: 
METC JC coll for WKY from the county preserve East Fork area
MONT BRatliff in fencerow Mt Sterling; JC coll for ...
WHIT JC?? coll or not--back roadside SE of park near seed collection site 2010.

Footnote:
After 1970, a few selections of this Chinese tree became promoted for ornamental use across eastern states due to their rapid growth and profuse early blossoms. The original "Bradford" and later "Aristocrat" became some of the most widely distributed, clonally propagated cultivars. Although often marketed as thornless, most or all plants have capacity for reversion to a dangerously thorny condition in stump sprouts and saplings from seed. 

   This species did not appear invasive af first, but its spread accelerated in the 1990s apparently due to the increased variety of cultivars, leading to more fertile cross-pollinated seed (Vincent 2005; Culley & Hardiman 2007, 2009). In Ky. all naturalized records date from after 1993 (M), and calleryana is now becoming common in urban areas and along major highways. Vincent provided much new data on this species in Ky. The situation is complicated by varied parentage in some cultivars that are grouped with calleryana (M. Vincent, pers. comm.). Most pears are diploids (2n = 34) and can interbreed. See also notes under "cf. bretschneideri."


Comment:
Medley suggests that all records should be transferred to canadensis; colls at NK need to be rechecked for BOON, GRNP, LEWI. This species may best be circumscribed as a European entity with 2n = 72 (Tucker & Chambers 2002; Taxon 51:703-718).


Comment:
Most or all colls. are f. glabrata. The KENT (PH,LB) colls need to be checked versus arvensis. Based on chemical and genetic analysis, Tucker & Chambers (2002; Taxon 51:703-718) state "canadensis is proposed as a relict amphidiploid [2n=96] of the mixed mesophytic flora of the Lower Tertiary"; it appears to have originated from hybridization of arvensis (2n=72) and longifolia (2n=24).

KY
WOOD: Lees Br swamp; JCampbell 5Oct1989
HENR: JLGentry 718; 22Aug 1962; US 421 1.1 mi NE of Defoe, 1.3 mi from hwy, across Six Mile Cr, upstream among crevices in rock along creek; N Pleasureville Qd.
BOON: JCampbell29Aug1997; Big Bone Lick State Pk; low wet meadow below visitor center
HARD: RCranfill 5300 7Aug1980; marshy margin Dranes Lake, E side Ky 1764, 1.6 mi S of Franklin's Crossroads.

Footnote:
This northern species occurs in North America and East Asia. It is considered to be a "relict amphidiploid [2n=96] of the mixed mesophytic flora of the Lower Tertiary" that probably originated from hybridization of longifolia [2n=24]  and arvensis [2n=72] (Tucker & Chambers 2002). Most or all colls. from Ky. are referable to var. glabrata Benth., but that taxon has not been generally recognized in recent treatments. Typical arvensis, a European taxon, may be naturalized in some northeastern regions, but reports from Ky. are probably based on canadensis (M).


Species:
X gracilis (arvensis x spicata; cardiaca, "gentilis")

Comment:
This is an occasionally naturalized hybrid of arvensis and spicata. 1 = Miller (1986); 2 = McFarland (1941); 3 = Walker (1980); all to check.

Footnote:
This sterile clone is a European cultigen that has locally persisted or escaped. It is a hybrid of arvensis (2n = 72) and spicata (2n = 48) with intermediate chromosome number (2n = 60); other hybrids of these species have different chromosome numbers (from 54 to 120). See Tucker & Fairbrothers (1990) for analysis of its hybrid origin. The epithet "gentilis" has been applied to these plants, but M. gentilis L. is a synonym of the northern and eastern European M. arvensis ssp. parietariaefolia (Becker) Briq. (Tucker & Nazci, in prep.).


Comment:
All material matches var. intonsus, but this is generally not recognized in current treatments; needs further study. This hairy form is typical of drier woods. See also ochroleucus.

CLAY (NP): ca 1.3 m sw of Ky 4843 x 2022 on s side of knob along Owsley-Clay line; check my notes was this with the gas line project???

HARL (NP): CGNHP crest of Cumberland Mt.

Footnote:
This tetraploid (2n = 28) has a broad northeastern range, but in Ky. it is known only from a few Appalachian sites in thin woods on ridges with dry, medium-acid soils. All material from Ky. matches the hairy var. intonsus Butters & St. John, but that taxon has not been recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
All material matches var. myrtifolius, but this is not generally recognized in current treatments; needs further study. This is a relatively southern taxon, with much distinction (Fernald 1950).

JEFF (PH): coll from banks of Ohio Rv; see also Short & Peter 1835.

MCRA (RA) was at Memphis; now at EK???

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 42) has a widespread, circumboreal range. In Ky. it is known only from rocky river-banks at a few widely spaced localities. All material matches the relatively smooth and slender-leaves var. myrtifolius (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray, but that taxon is not recognized in recent treatments.


Comment:
This is an escape from cultivation. CAMP: "roadside, California" J.W. Thieret 27 Sep 1980. Need to check source for BOUR.

Footnote:
This cultivated species occasionally escapes, but it is probably not truly naturalized. There are colls. from BOUR, CAMP and CART (M).


FullName:
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom var. polycephalum (Porter) Nesom

Comment:
1 = Gunn (1968); but no collection was found at LO. ROWA (KY) labeled as this var. appears to be cordifolius x undulatus. This taxon does not seem very distinct, and is not recognized in current treatments.


Comment:
Extra PERR (KY--check typical at KY) appears to be hybridized with A. undulatus. Some colls need rechecking for cordifolius, which is close but generally distinct; origin from hybrids of cordifolius and laeve (Cronquist 1980, etc.) seems dubious, but see also Braun (1943).

EK: HARL +

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. S. lowrieanum is often considered to be a largely Appalachian taxon close to cordifolium (Cr, W), but it has been combined in some treatments (FNA 20). In more distinctive plants, leaves are glabrous and slightly glaucous, with less serrated margins, less cordate bases (at least in upper leaves), and more winged petioles (F, J); phyllaries usually lack purplish tips. Those plants appear closely related to urophyllum, differing in their more obtuse phyllaries, with shorter green blaze (l/w ca. 1-1.5); and perhaps more open inflorescences (Cr, W). 

   However, many colls. mapped here appear closer to typical cordifolium, and are assigned here based only on their virtually glabrous, slightly glaucous leaves. Also, occasional colls. appear hybridized with other species, especially undulatum (e.g. from HARL at EKY, PERR at KY). Cronquist (1980, Cr) and others have suggested that lowrieanum is derived from hybrids between cordifolium and laeve (X schistosum (Steele) Nesom), but plants mapped here rarely occurs in the same habitat as laeve.


Species:
urophyllum (A. sagittifolius, cordifolius var. s.)

Comment:
This widespread east-central species is close to cordifolius but typical of more open, drier or disturbed habitats, where it appears most distinct.

EK: LYON (RAthey "texanus")

Footnote:
This species of east-central states is close to cordifolium and often confused. In some recent treatments, its circumscription has been tightened, with only diploids documented (2n = 16); compare FNA 20 with Cr. S. urophyllum may be distinguished from cordifolium by its rays usually pale blue to white/cream (versus blue-purple), phyllaries with relatively long green blazes (l/w ca. 4-5 versus 2-3 and purplish); leaves are shallowly cordate to truncate (versus cordate) and shallowly toothed (versus sharply). It is typical of more open, drier or disturbed habitats, where it appears most distinct. There may be occasional hybridization with undulatum, shortii, cordifolium, and drummondii; see notes under those species.


Species:
doniana (parviflora; fragarioides var. p./ssp. d.)

Comment:
1 = J. Macgregor (pers. comm.); streambank near limestone cave on Pine Mt. Variety or subspecies status needs checking in some cases. This small flowered taxon is more southern, but there is some overlap in range.

Footnote:
See notes under fragarioides. The degree of distinction deserves more study in Ky.


Footnote:
This is widely naturalized across southeastern states (K, SE). In Ky. it was first recorded by Linney (1882), and it was "common locally about Lexington in lawns" in 1914 (Gm). On damp fertile soils, Duschesnea has also become locally problematic within woodlands, especially along trails where Trifolium stoloniferum might be recovered. See W for notes on potential combination of Duschesnea (2n = 42, 84) within Potentilla (2n = 14-98 based on n = 7).


Comment:
Variety determinations are not reliable yet, but they may not be worth recognizing; var. argyrisma is included here. There may be transitions to P. canadensis.

Footnote:
This is a widespread eastern species. Record mapped here include var. argyrisma Fern., which is recorded from several scattered counties but probably not worth recognizing (W).


FullName:
Potentilla simplex Michx. var. argyrisma Fern.

Comment:
1 = Braun (1943) citing Rhodora 33:191. Probably more records could be derived from further study of colls. listed under typical simplex, but this variety is not generally recognized in recent treatment.


FullName:
Potentilla canadensis L. var. canadensis

Comment:
Recheck; this record is currently mapped with var. villosissimum, pending further study;.


Comment:
Lower case colls. may be praemorsa or speciosa.

Check label data for Bluegrass region colls!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Footnote:
In its broad sense, including praemorsa, this species is widespread across eastern and central North America (Cantino 1982). But in its strict sense, as mapped here, virginiana is mostly northeastern and generally associated with shorelines or other wet sites. In Ky. it is generally distinct and restricted to low rocky banks and marshy bars along larger free-flowing streams and rivers, with limestone or sandstone as bedrock. P. purpurea (Walt.) Blake (= P. denticulatum (Ait.) Britt.) is a closely related southeastern species (Cr, W).


Comment:
These collections are not reliably separated from var. praemorsa here; most are roadside collections that may even be escapes from cultivation; they may be weakly distinct in having broader, more serrated leaves. They need more research.

Footnote:
Mapping here is provisional. These widely cultivated plants may be of hybrid origin from both virginiana and praemorsa (F, Cr; Cantino 1982). Cantino did not assign a particular name to such plants, but "speciosa" remains a potential name pending further taxonomic work. The geographic origin of these plants is obscure, but could be the region of overlap between virginiana and praemorsa, from the Ozarks to the Appalachian Plateaus. They have been grown for many decades in flower gardens, and sometimes persist or spread into adjacent roadsides. Records mapped here are mostly from roadsides in valleys of Appalachian regions and the Knobs. Virtually none are from more natural vegetation.

   Based partly on F, speciosa is relatively robust, with spreading rhizomes and sharply serrated leaves up to 2-4 cm wide at mid-stem, "more gradually and sometimes scarcely reduced above"; flowers are large (ca. 2.5-3 cm long), with few or no glands on the calyx.


Species:
praemorsa (virginiana* ssp. p.; v. var. arenaria)

Comment:
Lower case colls. may be other taxa (especially var. speciosa), as also indicated by Braun's notes.

Footnote:
Although Cantino (1982) treated this taxon as a subspecies of virginiana, differences are sufficient to justify species status in Ky. P. praemorsa occurs mostly in remnants of dry rocky grassland and glades on base-rich soils in southern states.  Compared to typical virginiana, flowering of praemorsa tends to be later (mostly Jul-Sep versus Jun-Aug); racemes tend to have shorter hairs, more sterile bracts, and larger flowers (ca. 2-3.5 cm versus 1.5-2.5 cm); stems tend to be more clumped on shorter rhizomes (Cr, W), but leaves appear indistinguishable. Uncertain records mapped here (with open dots) deserve closer inspection; they may be "speciosa" in some cases.


FullName:
Physostegia intermedia (Nutt.) Engelm. & Gray

Footnote:
This is known from remnants of marshy grassland in south-central states: mostly in Ill., Mo., Okl., Ark., Tex. and La., but with outlying reports as far as Kan., Ala. and Ga. (F, PL, W). The only verified record from Ky. is a coll. of C.W. Short (PH, GH) made in "barrens of Ky." during the 1820s; it was probably made near Hopkinsville in CHRI (M). There is also a recent report from CALL (herbarium of Ind. Univ. SE).


Comment:
NICH (jc) from Kingsolver's Woods.

Ray (1956): CART (US), FAYE (NY, R. Peter Jun 1833, damp places, Lexington), UNIO (NY), WARR (NY).

see also lb records

JESS (LO): MWharton-9190 23Jul1955 thicket on bank of Sinking Cr.

Narrow-leaved variant: GRAV (MB); RAthey 2351, 16Jun1973, open swampy woods, Paducah-Wadesboro Rd 1.4 mi off Hardmoney Rd.

Footnote:
This is widespread across eastern and central North America, generally in thin woods on well-drained levees and streambanks. Variation needs further study. 

   Some less robust southeastern plants, especially in more swampy woods of the lower Mississippi Valley, tend to have narrower leaf blades (ca. 1.5-3 cm versus 4-6 cm; l/w ca. 3-4 versus 2-2.5), inflorescences with less branching into subverticillate clusters, smaller flowers with more sharply dentate petals, and less conspicuous sepal venation. Such plants have been collected from GRAV (R. Athey 2351 at MO) and adjacent Stewart Co., Tenn. (APSU). They may deserve taxonomic recognition, or perhaps just represent transitions to lanceolata. 

   The potential for fertile hybrids among species of section Seleucia (= Steironema) is well known, though further documentation is needed from the field (Coffey & Jones 1980; F, W). Diploids (2n = 34) predominate in these species, except that ciliata mostly has much higher numbers (2n = 92-112), with diploids reported only from southeastern states. L. ciliata, L. hybrida and L. lanceolata form a species-complex with petioles usually ciliate for most of their length, and erect stems on spreading rhizomes.


Comment:
Ray (1956): LOGA (GH, MObot), MCRE (GH), MARS (NY, MINN, GH, MObot), MERC (FIeld), ROCK (FI, GH, NY, US), WARR (MObot).

EK: BREC, CLAR, DAVI, ESTI, GRAV HARD LAUR LEE LINC LOGA MADI MCRE MCLE MENI MONT NELS OHIO POWE PULA ROBE ROCK ROWA TODD WARR WHIT

KY: recheck old record from JESS based from on new find at MB; see under hybrida

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is highly variable, especially in leaf width, even within plants, the upper ones typically much more elongated than lower. This variation may be associated with habitats. In Ky. lanceolata occurs mostly in openings on damp soils that dry out in summer and fall, ranging from rocky riverbanks to seeps, swales and ditches on ridges. It is curiously rare or absent from the Bluegrass region to central Tenn. (PL). 

   Potentially segretated plants on seasonally xeric sandy soils in southeastern states known as L. heterophylla Michx. have generally narrower upper leaves and other differences from typical lanceolata, which may be centered in midwestern regions (Sm). In Ky. plants from rocky banks of the Cumberland Rv. and its major tributaries may be referred to heterophylla; these are in PULA, ROCK, MCRE and WHIT. But some other narrow-leaved plants can appear transitional to hybrida and may also be confused with quadriflora; see notes under those names. There may also be some hybridization with ciliata in southeastern states, as det. by J. Coffey and others at MO, NCU and elsewhere.


Comment:
Distinction from L. lanceolata may not be clearcut: but LYON, TRIG colls below differ as follows: clearly veined sepals, some with cilia only low on petioles (most not clear), leaves plain/yellowish green (versus clearly bluish in lanc), infl more branched and prolific... etc check details... All records need rechecking; most listed here appear to be erroneous: HARD (RC, EK) is lanc.

1 = source of Medley (1993); check MM incl HART (mm 100 acre pond); he was convinced of this!!! much in dry w low pond lots of hybrida; in dried pond...
!!!FAYE (KY): Short. moist ground around Lexington
Ray (1956): FAYE: (GH) Short; moist meadows near Lexington); MERC (ILL, ISM, King #79, calcareous soil, woods border), unknown (NY, Short).
Beal & Thieret (1986) also map MERC.
!!!JESS (MB): WMeijer Brannon Rd swamp forest, 20 Aug1974 "ciliata"--det lanc var hybrida by RDSutter NCPlant Cons Program 1983; JC!!! CHECK KY
TRIG: (AP) EWChester-91-120 5Oct1991, swampy thickets by Tennessee Rv. at Fenton Landing, plentiful; JC more or less typical hybrida?
LYON: (AP) EWC-86-976 3Sep1986, wet weedy fields at upper end of Pisgah Bay, very abundant; more or less typical?
LYON: (AP) EWC-85-498 19Jul1985, mesic field, north side of Duncan Bay, frequent; similar to above.
LYON: (AP) EWC--86-559 14Jul1986, wet field at head of Duncan Bay, very abundant; JC lvs only ca. 4-6 mm wide (l/w ca 10).
CALL: (MU, Memphis) Athey 4123; NO this is lanceolata.
Estes says he has seen in wet calc meadows of Rutherford Co TN.

Footnote:
This occurs mostly in base-rich wetlands of upper midwestern and northeastern coastal regions, but with widely scattered disjunct populations across North America. It has been treated as a variety or subspecies of lanceolata by some authors (Ray 1956, Coffey & Jones 1980), and it has also been confused with narrow-leaved plants of ciliata. Treatments and keys have been rather discordant; see also Sm, F, St, Cr, W. 

   Compared to lanceolata, hybrida usually has more conspicuous sepal venation and larger capsules (ca. 3-6.5 x 4-4.5 mm versus 2-4.5 x 2.5-4 mm). Leaves usually lack cilia on blade bases (as found in typical lanceolata); blades are usually plain green (versus bluish), the larger mid-cauline ones relatively broad (l/w ca. 4-6 versus 8-12), with more rounded and petiolate bases. Plants tend to be taller (up to 9-10 dm versus 5-6 dm), with more, longer branches; leaves tend to decline in size up stems and do not persist at bases (versus increasing up stems and persisting at bases). Rhizomes are relatively short and freely rooting (versus long and stoloniform). 

   There are a few old colls. of hybrida from FAYE (C.W. Short at GH/KY from "moist meadows/ ground near/ around Lexington"), MERC (Univ. of Illinois) and perhaps MCRE (B). But the only convincing post-1950 colls. in Ky. are by W. Meijer from JESS (KY, MO) and E.W. Chester from LYON and TRIG (APSU). Chester also collected an unusually narrow-leaved plant in LYON that suggests a transition to quadriflora.


FullName:
Lysimachia tonsa (Wood) Wood ex Pax & R. Knuth

Comment:
See also HARL (NY: Kearney "S. intemedium".

Ray (1956): BELL (NY, MObot), HARL (NY), HEND (MObot, Kearney Jul 1893).

EK: LESL BELL CLAY HARL

Footnote:
This largely southern Appalachian species of dry woods resembles the much more widespread ciliata of lowlands. The outlying coll. reported from HEND (MO) by Ray (1956) is presumably ciliata, and should be rechecked; see also Ch.


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993), Beal & Thieret (1986).

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly in swampy woods of the lower Mississippi watershed. It resembles small plants of ciliata, but is quite distinct in its prostrate stoloniferous habit and other characters.


Comment:
JEFF (PH) based on Short coll: "slate bluff below Louisville." 

1 = Rogers (1941). 

2 = Medley's note of "Licking River" apparently for a Short & Peter collection from BATH or ROWA.

POWE: EK not found Sep 2008; where did data come from???

Footnote:
This largely midwestern species of wet meadows, fens and streambanks is very rare in southeastern states Ray 1956, W), where replaced locally in Ala. and Ga. by the related species, L. graminea (Greene) Hand.-Mazz. The few Ky. records of quadriflora are mostly old and obscure, from BATH (or perhaps ROWA, based on M's interpretation of a Short & Peter coll. at PH from "Licking River" area), JEFF (C.W. Short at PH, from "slate bluff below Louisville"), and MCRE (Rogers 1941). In Tenn. it is known only from Bradley Co. (TENN). 

   L. quadriflora can be confused with hybrida (see notes there), but has less distinctly veined sepals; also, narrower leaves (2-7 mm versus mostly 5-20 mm), with no distinct petiole, more prominent mid-vein but less distinct secondary veins, and smooth revolute margins (versus scabrellous to ciliate, not revolute).


Footnote:
South of W.Va. and Va., this northeastern species is known only from a few cooler Appalachian localities. It was discovered below sandstone cliffs at two close localities in WOLF by D. Dourson (Campbell et al. 1989), mostly growing on slightly drier ground above large patches of Oxalis montana on lower slopes. Without flowers, it can be mistaken for a stunted Lysimachia quadrifolia. It is much shorter (ca. 1-2 dm versus 3-9 dm), with only one whorl of leaves, but it has one of the highest chromosome numbers of North American Primulaceae; 2n = 96.


Species:
parviflorus (floribundus*; valerandi ssp. p.)

Comment:
jc JESS see Campbell & Meijer; check colls/data

Footnote:
This ranges widely across humid, temperate and tropical regions of the Americas, but it is remarkably uniform, with no recognized segregates; 2n = 26 (FNA 8). Although typically found along small streams in partial shade, it can also occur in various damp upland situations, sometimes growing from dormant seed when soil is disturbed. See FNA 8 and W (with cited literature) for notes on nomenclature at species and family level; arguments can be made for Primulaceae, Theophrastaceae and Samolaceae.


FullName:
Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. var. harperi (Goodman) Reveal

Comment:
Medley's collection is still buried in boxes to be processed; and the plants cannot be refound in the field; he checked several times, and others have.

Footnote:
Var. harperi is a distinct segregate of this southern species that is known only from outcrops and rocky woods of various types in disjunct localities of nw. Ala. and c. Tenn. MM collected this in CHRI (for WKY), but the coll. may be mislaid, and plants cannot be relocated at that locality.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check MM, RA; includes BALL with a poor coll. at LO.

Footnote:
This hexaploid (2n = 60) is widely scattered in marshes of eastern North America.


Species:
triangulivalvis ("mexicanus"; salicifolius* var. t.)

Comment:
1 = Greenwell (1935). 

2 = Wharton & Barbour (1991); see also Garman (1914) "Lexington May 3 1910" [must have been coll at Agr Sch??)

See also GALL (LB). 

These plants may not be clearly distinct from R. altissimus. They do not appear to have the narrow leaves typical of R. triangularivalvis. OWEN (NK) is rather immature.

Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 20) has a wide northern and western range, and occurs in varied open damp habitats, sometimes becoming weedy. R. mexicanus is a closely related tetraploid (2n = 40) with a southwestern range. There may also be some confusion or intergradation with altissimus. Further verification is desirable in Ky. (FNA 5). 

   R. triangulivalvis differs from altissimus in its narrower leaves (ca. 1-4 cm versus 3-5.5 cm), widest near middle (versus below middle); its smaller inner tepals (mostly 2.5-3.5 x 2.5-3 mm versus 4.5-6 x 3-4.5 mm); and its smaller achenes (ca. 1.7-2.2 mm long versus 2.5-3.5 mm).


Comment:
See also records of "triangularivalvis"--perhaps not distinct.

Footnote:
This is a widespread diploid (2n = 20) of streambanks in eastern and central North America. See note under triangulivalvis.


Comment:
CARR (NK): J.W. Thieret 55082, 9 Jun 1984, along RR tracks; along highway 227, ca. 2.5 miles SE of Carrollton; confirmed by JC. The reported collection from HICK (SI) collection seems to be crispus instead; see photocopy by RC at KY. The collection from LEWI (BE,NK) is redetermined as R. altissimum: R. Gelis et al. BC-417.

2n = 60

Footnote:
This alien is fairly widespread in temperate regions of North America,  but generally rare in southeastrern states (K, W). The only record from Ky. is a coll. of J. Thieret along railroad tracks in CARR (KNK). R. patientia is close to crispus, and hybrids are known elsewhere; 2n = 60 in both (Cr, FNA 5). There may also be confusion with obtusifolius.


Comment:
This northern species, unlikely in Kentucky, was reported by Bryant (1974), Fuller (1980) and others, but probably based on verticillatus; see Medley (1993).

2n = 20

Footnote:
This widespread northern (circumboreal) species has been reported from Ky. by BA and others, but not verified. It is widespread on glaciated land in Ohio, Ind. and Ill., but may be unlikely in Ky. (K). See note under conglomeratus.


Comment:
See Medley for redet of P. cylindrica; to recheck collection.

GH: BELL, WOLF; also "barrens of Ky. Short 1835".

Footnote:
In Ky. this largely Appalachian species extends a little into the Knobs region.
There is also an verified 1835 coll. of C.W. Short (GH) from "barrens of Ky.", which suggests a more disjunct occurrence; see notes under albus.


Comment:
1 = Woods (1983) but no collection found at MU. Medley (1993) noted that GALL (NK) appears to be ssp. bipinnatum, which is virtually unknown in North America.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean weed is now widespread across North America. Browne (1974) first reported it from Ky. Variation deserves further study (2n = 20, 40). The coll. from GALL (M. Medley #15061-86 at KNK & WKY) is referable to ssp. bipinnatum Tour., which has not been reported widely in North America, if at all.


Footnote:
This ranges widely over eastern and central North America, and it occurs in more open, stressed or disturbed habitats than pallida. Forms with unusual flower colors have been reported in other states (e.g. F, Y), but are unknown in Ky.


Comment:
Plants with white-cream color have been seen in MENI (coll. not accessed).

Footnote:
This tall woodland herb is widespread in eastern North America, except on the southeastern Coastal Plain (K, W). Before flowering, pallida can usually be distinguished from capensis by the glaucous bloom on its young stems and upper leaf surfaces; also, the crenulations on its leaves tend to be more rounded. I. pallida is reportedly pollinated by bumble-bees in general, while capensis may be largely dependent on humming-birds (as reviewed by Y); hybrids are unknown. Rare plants of pallida with creamy white flowers, named forma speciosa Jenn., have been observed by D. Dourson (pers. comm.) and JC along Indian Creek in MENI.


Footnote:
This subtropical species from south Asia is widely cultivated. It occasionally escapes but it may not be truly naturalized in North America. In Ky. there are records from PIKE, PULA (MM for WKY) and ROWA (MDKY).


Comment:
KENT (jc) from woods west of new Coop Substation above Bank Lick Creek. 

1 = Medley (1993); check MM.

Footnote:
This curious little winter-annual forms a monotypic genus that is known from woodlands of humid cool temperate regions in both eastern and western North America; 2n = 10 (FNA 7, K). In Ky. it is locally common in the northern Bluegrass. Further south, colls. were also made during the 1830s by C.W. Short, R. Peter and others in woods near Lexington, FAYE (PH, KY-Agr.).


Comment:
Also reported by McFarland (1942); any voucher at KY was presumably burned in 1948.

Footnote:
This is a rhizomatous plant of cool mesic woods in northeastern regions, and it extends south along the Appalachians, mostly at moderate to high elevations (W). It was reported from Ky. by McFarland (1942), without details. The only known site is in LAUR (BEREA), discovered by R. Mears during 1992 (Campbell et al. 1994). P. pauciflora is also expected in ravines along the Big South Fork, since it is locally common along the Clear Fork in Morgan Co., Tenn. (J. Kiser, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Species status has been suggested by Trauth-Nare & Naczi (1998).

Footnote:
This taxon is the broad-leaved segregate of senega that occurs in relatively mesic woods of east-central states. It has been previously known as P. senega var. latifolia Torr. & Gray, but species status has been suggested by Trauth-Nare & Naczi (1998), and is favored for this Atlas. Trauth-Nare has labelled these plants as P. lonchophylla Greene, but more work is needed to ensure proper typification.


Comment:
The LEWI (KY) coll. is from Silurian grasslands; the OWEN (ky) coll. is from open woods along Sawdridge Creek, but location could not be refound in 1996; the LINC (ky) coll. is a scrap from Silurian grasslands. Check with Trauth-Nare & Naczi (1998); they dispute the OWEN identification.

Check BELL (BE)!!!!!!

Footnote:
This cespitose perennial occurs in grassy openings on dry base-rich soils across northeastern regions, and extends south along the higher Appalachians (W). It should not to be confused with var. latifolia; see P. cf. lonchophylla. The only clearly verified record for Ky. may be from LEWI (KY), but further review is desirable (Trauth-Nare & Naczi 1998; R. Naczi, pers. comm.).


Comment:
Data for the JESS (KY) need checking; it is known from this county at 1 or 2 sites. Check also OWEN (LB); jc has seen apparently native trees on Dave Leonard's place in adjacent SCOT. There has been much uncertainty over the correct name, causing much ridicule of botanists; Weakley noted "I have decided to err on the side of clarity, perhaps at the expense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature." Jones (2005) has followed suit.

Check the GREE/TAYL population on swampy terraces (check inventory notes).

Garman should perhaps not be mapped due to confusion with michauxii??? muhl??? See also Dinsmore woods paper of Held & Winstead with montana.

Dan Boone found along Great Miami Rv in Warren Co OHIO

el = Elbert Little (1971); see also Stein et al. 2003.

Footnote:
Like Castanea dentata, this tree is native only east of the Mississippi, and centered in Appalachian regions. In Ky. it is largely restricted to hills on infertile shales and sandstones, but there are a few unusual sites within more base-rich landscapes. These include a few highly leached narrow ridges or ancient high terraces in the Bluegrass region, and the edge of a swamp on slumped sandy material in TAYL. 

   Reports of montana from the northwestern edges of the Bluegrass and from loess hills along the Mississippi need further verification (Gm, Little 1971, Stein et al. 2003, but montana is known from most of the southern tier of counties in Ill., Ind. and Ohio (PL), including Hamilton Co., Ohio (Hodgson 1998). B reported a coll. from OWEN (check US), and a coll. from the Kleber Sanctuary in OWEN (DHL) appears to be muhlenbergii introgressed with montana. Local introgression with michauxii is also suspected, and clear hybrids with alba are widely scattered. 

   Q. prinus L. has often been considered the correct name for this species, but prinus has also been applied to michauxii, causing much confusion. Hopefully the proposal of Whittemore & Nixon (2005) to reject prinus will succeed (Brummitt 2007).


Comment:
Lower case records (except lb, jc = sight) appear to be only hybrids with other species. There are fairly frequent hybrids with several species: alba, macrocarpa, muhlenbergii?, stellata?

HOPK: "lyrata" might to be bicolor x alba or stellata (no peduncle)
or more likely? lyrata x alba--quite mixed (stell/simple) felty below ok for lyrata?--W says can be stellate and/or simple felty...

Footnote:
This is widely scattered across northeastern states, but concentrated in more extensive swampy woods. Leaves of this variable species are sometimes confused with michauxii, muhlenbergii or montana, especially shade-leaves; see keys in FNA 3, Stein et al. (2003) and W. In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids with alba, lyrata, macrocarpa, michauxii, muhlenbergii and probably others. Introgression with some of these species, especially macrocarpa, may explain the variability of leaf shapes in bicolor.


Comment:
There are also hybrids with Q. alba, bicolor,

Apparent introgressed with Q. montana as follows.
LO: OWEN (EW Lovell #904, 10 Jun 1958, Kleber Santurary, rocky hillside).

Footnote:
This is widespread in central and eastern North America, but largely restricted to base-rich soils. In Ky. it is most common in calcareous regions, but also occurs at low density on more base-rich shales within the rugged Appalachian hills. There appears to be rare hybridization with macrocarpa, alba, bicolor, montana and michauxii; see notes under those species. 

   Acorns of muhlenbergii are relatively small (with nuts ca. 10-20 x 10-15 mm) compared to most other white oaks in Ky. (see also stellata), and unusually variable in size. Nuts of only 5-10 x 5-10 mm are sometimes produced, especially in dry years. Acorns drop relatively early (late Sep to early Oct), or are rapidly consumed by birds in the trees.


Comment:
1 = Defries (1884b,c); it is possible that this species occurred on rocky summits of the Cumberland Mountains before fire suppression. Price's (1893) record from WARR is also intriguing, but seems even less likely to be real. Other records seem to be all based on misidentification and confusion with muhlenbergii, often known as prinoides var. acuminata.

Footnote:
This is known from disjunct regions of the east-central states, in remnants of scrubby (often pyric) vegetation on a range of soils (not typically calcareous as for muehlenbergii). There have been reports from Ky. in FNA 3 and several other sources, but no colls. have been located (M). The closest known plants are in the Ridge-and-Valley region of w. Va. (HW+). It might have been expected on open rocky summits of the Cumberland Mts. before fire suppression, and it was reported from BELL by Defries (1884a,b).  

   Q. prinoides has often been confused with stunted forms of muehlenbergii. It is a low shrubby species, typically reaching only 1-3 m tall, and sometimes spreading by rhizomes. Its leaf blades have only (3) 5-7 (9) veins on each side, compared to (8) 10-13 (16) in muehlenbergii, and their bases are usually cuneate (versus usually truncate).


Comment:
There are also hybrids with Q. alba, muhlenbergii, and probably others.

BALL HOPK: jc check field notes, colls.

Garman 1913 also maps FLOY LESL OWSL LAUR ELLI

Footnote:
This is widespread across central North America, with some eastern extensions. In Ky. and Tenn. it is strongly concentrated in the Bluegrass region, the Nashville Basin, and some rich bottomlands along larger rivers to the west. In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "This noble species is every where met with in the rich forests of this neighbourhood, towering above the most of other trees and throwing out its large umbrageous branches to a considerable distance around." There appear to be occasional hybrids with alba, bicolor, muhlenbergii and perhaps other species.

   Most of the unverified historical data of Gm and B are mapped here as open dots. Reports of Gm and Little (1971) from the Appalachian Plateaus of Ky. remain dubious. But macrocarpa does occur rarely in Appalachian valleys of se. Ohio, and perhaps sw. W.Va. according to some sources (K and PL, but not Little or HFG).


Comment:
MONT (EK) is vegetative but seems correctly ided. (or possible hybrid, stellata x bicolor?). 

JESS (KY) colls. appear to include pure lyrata plus hybrids with bicolor or macrocarpa.

LAUR "lyrata" (CW also) is probably bicolor has long peduncle!!!!
HOPK: "lyrata" seems to be bicolor x alba or stellata (no peduncle)

FULT (MU: lyrata x michauxii also (! R Clark)

FAYE (MU): excluded since apparently wrong labelled county: "Fayette Co., Early Grove Rd at N end of bridge over S Fork Wolf River. 18/V/1977. E&E Browne 7702.5.

LO: OLDH, R. Perkins #99, 14 Aug 1951, Sleepy Hollow, 8 miles NNE of Louisville, streambanks.

See notes under Q. stellata; Q. alba.

Footnote:
This southeastern species occurs mostly on the Coastal Plain, but it is also scattered in swampy woods elsewhere. In Ky. there appear to be occasional hybrids with bicolor, macrocarpa, michauxii and perhaps others. Some of the disjunct colls. from central and eastern counties may be hybridized or otherwise atypical, but most colls. from closer to the Ohio Rv. are clearly typical lyrata (HARD, JEFF, OLDH).


Comment:
There are also hybrids with Q. velutina, and perhaps rubra. 

GREE (jc) is from the Uchman tract on Russell Creek; check w/R. Kessler for location.

EDMO (jc) is based on a few trees that seem to be native but might be derived from old plantings.

Garman 1913 not mapped for FLEM GALL

Footnote:
This southeastern species has sometimes been confused with imbricaria. Old reports from n. Ky. remain dubious (Gm), and further verification of phellos is needed in several counties. It is often restricted to small peripheral remnants of swampy woodland that experience seasonal drought or disturbance. There are occasional hybrids with pagoda, velutina, palustris and probably other species.

   Q. phellos has the smallest acorns among oaks of Ky. (nuts 8-12 x 6.5-10 mm). In general the red oaks of more open, stressed, xeric or hydric sites have smaller acorns: with nuts mostly 9-16 x 8-16 mm (versus 12-30 x 10-21 mm in rubra, shumardii, texana, coccinea and velutina).


Comment:
1 = field notes of R. Hannan (ca. 1979)  There are also hybrids with Q. shumardii, velutina @ BOON (LB), falcata @ HART (jc Wondering Woods).

LO: HARD

Footnote:
This species of east-central states is most common in open woods and thickets on somewhat base-rich soils. In Ky. it occurs mostly in localities that probably had thin woodland maintained by browsing or burning before modern agriculture. There are occasional hybrids with other species, including falcata, rubra, shumardii and velutina.

   In the central Bluegrass, Short (1828-9) noted: "The laurel oak, though a very common tree in some portions of Kentucky, especially in that section called "the barrens," is comparatively rare in this locality; nevertheless it does occur occasionally in company with the last [Q. muhlenbergii] on the richest lands..." Gm (1914) noted that it was "extremely common" in LOGA (a county of the barrens), where Juniperus virginiana was also unusually abundant. Q. imbricaria is still a frequent component of young woods in or near former "barrens" of the Pennyrhile Karst Plain.


Comment:
Not reported by Braun. 
1 = Davies (1955). 
2 = Shacklett (1937). 
3 = Cranfill (1991); check collections. 
4 = Duncan (1967).

There are several reports from the Bluegrass region, but these are dubious.

BUTL (LO): AHotchkiss 14May1946 South Hill [JC coll damaged "dioica" RClark adds "var. glaucescens")

HENR redet as reticulata...?

Footnote:
Although often cultivated, this largely southeastern vine does not seem to escape in general. It is known mostly from regions with acid soils and an ancient history of woodland disturbance that produces the thickets where it thrives. Most colls. at KY were mislaid in the 1990s.


FullName:
Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes

Comment:
Braun notes that its early flowering (April-May) helps to distinguish this species.
2 = Baskin & Baskin (1985); ROBE.

GH: CART, MEAD, NELS, PULA, ROWA; note also "setiscaphia" from Adams Co., Ohio collected by E.L. Braun, 27 Jun 1966 and 20 May 1967 (but det. as canadensis by Terrell).

1= Terrell (1996): BATH (KY, MICH), ESTI (MICH, NCSC), FLEM (IND), ROWA (GH etc.); NELS (MICH)*, ROCK (MICH)*; he also maps WARR, EDMO, GRAY, HARD, MEAD, LARU, NELS, OLDH, GALL, KENT, WASH, CLIN, RUSS, CASE, WAYN, PULA, ROCK, LINC, WHIT, BREA, GRNP, CART, ROBE, FLEM, NICH, BATH, MADI, ESTI, WOOD ? 

* are plants with basal leaves glabrate or with unusually short hairs.

CUMB: (WK) MM-16141-87 location???
EDMO (WK) HWElmore-68 2May1968 Elmore Farm 4 mi NE of Nolin Dam, open field; 
SIMP: (WK) KANicely-6530 30May1990 Flat Rock Glade and perimeters; perhaps intergrading with lanceolata, which was also coll in area; also MM-242-78 20Aug1978 cedar glade 0.125 mi S of Warren-Simpson line on US31W on W side of road [JC late coll with little basal lf, seems rather dense infl but ?can?].

BARR: Purdue Hussey 1874 to check!!!

Footnote:
This is largely restricted to the northeastern Interior Low Plateaus, west-central Appalachian regions, and the western Great Lakes region. H. canadensis is usually found on limestone, but there are records from various shales and other substrates, and some differentiation is expected across its range; 2n = 12, 14 and 32 (Cr; Church & Taylor 2005). In Ky., Short & Peter (1835) noted: "a plant profusely abundant on the denuded hills around the Blue-licks, in this state, and the knobs back of New Albany, Indiana..." Colls. mapped here from w. Ky. extend the range mapped by Terrell (1996), but some of these suggest intergradation with lanceolata (colls. from BARR and SIMP at WKU). There may also be some intergradation with longifolia, especially in Ind. 

   Although often misidentified as longifolia or other species, careful examination shows that canadensis is generally distinct due to its persistent basal rosettes of basal leaves, generally with marginal hairs 0.2-0.8 mm long; its stems with only 3-6 internodes (below the inflorescence); its lower cauline leaves often oblanceolate or obovate (Terrell 1996); and its early flowering, during April-May in Ky. (B). 

   Plants with unusually glabrate or short-haired basal leaves have been collected from NELS (KY), ROCK (MICH), and s. Ohio (GH). Unusually pubescent plants from sw. Va., in "The Cedars" area of Lee Co., have been named H. setiscaphia L.G. Carr (or H. canadensis var. setiscaphia (L.G. Carr) C.F. Reed). Similarly pubescent plants have been found in Adams Co., Ohio (GH), and should be searched for in Ky. Such plants have not been segregated by Terrell (1996) or others in recent treatments.


Comment:
Recently discovered by KSNPC. This genus was recently transferred from Apiaceae; see Weakley.

Footnote:
This subaquatic species is widespread in warmer American regions. In Ky. it was recently collected from GRAV (EKY) and HEND by D. White (KSNPC); see also Clark et al. (2005).


Comment:
HART: JC coll for WK in 2007 on bluff in Bioreserve.

Footnote:
This biennial occurs in east-central states, and is largely restricted to relatively deep woods on mesic fertile soils. In contrast to other eastern species of Sanicular, trifoliata has staminate flowers on long pedicels (ca. 3-8 mm versus 0.5-3 mm); and it has larger fruit (ca. 6-8 mm long versus 3-6 mm), including calyx lobes that are connivent into a 2-2.5 mm beak (Cr, W).


FullName:
Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe

Footnote:
This perennial is widespread across eastern North America, usually growing in disturbed woods on submesic to subxeric base-rich soils. It tends to occur in extensive dense populations (suggesting vegetative spread but not so), which often appear to develop in woods that have been influenced by past browsing of livestock plus continued influence of deer.


Comment:
This species is newly described by Wieboldt & Semple (2003) but was noted by Medley (1993) and Campbell et al. (1993). The JACK, OWSL and MCRE colls. are vegetative, and they may just be abnormal S. arguta; but Wieboldt does include the MCRE coll.

Footnote:
This decaploid (2n = ca. 90) is endemic of central Appalachian regions (FNA 20) . It was recently described by Wieboldt & Semple (2003), but had been known informally as "macroarguta" by M and Campbell et al. (1993). It mostly occurs in relatively mesic sites at the base of forested slopes; arguta occurs more widely distributed in mesic to subxeric woods. Colls. from JACK, OWSL and MCRE (KY) are vegetative, and they may just be abnormal arguta, but Wieboldt did include the one from MCRE.

   S. faucibus has distinctly larger involucres than arguta (4.5-7 mm long versus 2.5-5 mm), with 3 veins usually evident on phyllaries (versus only the mid-vein enlarged). It also tends to have shorter inflorescence branches, with less secund character and without naked bases. Its basal leaves tend to be abruptly truncate (versus broadly cuneate), and its spreading caudices form extensive clonal patches, often 1-10 sq. m or more (versus < 1 sq. m).


Comment:
These plants are distinct from type material in the R&V; they may be somewhat distinct (Campbell et al. 1993). The CART (LB) coll. cannot be located at US; Braun also applied the name harrisii to what became faucibus.

Footnote:
These plants occur in the eastern Knobs of Ky. or nearby. They are highly disjunct from typical S. harrisii in Ridge and Valley region of Md., W.Va. and  Va. (Campbell et al. 1993). The Ky. plants appear somewhat distinct, with leaves less coriaceous (versus clearly coriaceous), glabrous or slightly scabrous above (versus clearly scabrous), and averaging wider at plant bases (mostly 7-13 cm versus 5-10 cm); variety status might be warranted. S. harrisii is a tetraploid (2n = 36), and deserves separation as a species from the diploid arguta (F, W).


Comment:
A recent vegetative collection from the loess bluffs of HICK (JC) appears to be the largely Ozarkian var. palmeri (see also S. drummondii).

GH: ANDE, CALL, CLAR, ESTI, KENT, LYON, POWE.

see also var palmeri

Footnote:
This widespread eastern species is variable, especially in the Ozark region, but only diploids (2n = 18) are known. Most or all plants in Ky. are referable to var. ulmifolia, but colls. from HICK (JC for KY) and UNIO (GH, KY-Agr. and Purdue Univ.) may be transitional to the largely Ozarkian var. palmeri Cronq., with relatively broad and hairy leaves. The coll. from UNIO was misidentified as S. drummondii Torr. & Gray by Shacklett (1937) and Harvill (1941). S. ulmifolia has sometimes been reported to hybridize with rugosa and other species (F), but there has often been outright misidentification by striving solidaginists (Y).


FullName:
Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. palmeri Cronq.

Comment:
This largely Ozarkian species was reported by Shacklett (1937) and Harvill (1941) from UNIO (KA), but redetermined as ulmifolia by Medley (1993). This collection should be rechecked; see also possible S. ulmifolia var. palmeri.

HICK (jc); see collections and notes from MeadWestvaco work.

GH: UNIO (H.T. Shaklett #590, 4 Oct 1936; growing at edge of stream at Chalybeate Springs; det "drummondii"; then "why not S. ulmifolia? A.C. 1946; then "S. ulmifolia: Julian Steyermark, 1 Mar 1956). JC: not really distinct from typical ulmifolia after all.

This was collected from UNIO (GH, KY), but reported as S. drummondii Torr. & Gray by Shacklett (1937) and Harvill (1941). A recent vegetative collection from the loess bluffs in HICK may also be referred here. These two taxa are easily confused, especially if lower leaves are missing. S. drummondii appears to differ (Cronquist 1980, GC, FNA 20) only in its relatively dense short pubescence; its slightly more petiolate lower leaves, with broader blades (1/w = 1.3-2 versus 2-4), usually triple-nerved, more abruptly reduced into the inflorescence; and its longer disc corollas (3-3.5 mm versus 2.7-3 mm). Both have Ozark-centered ranges, typically in rocky woods, especially on calcareous soils. However, Kartesz (1999) listed S. drummondii as a synonym of S. rugosa ssp. aspera.


FullName:
Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton

Comment:
MADI is correct!!! Mar 2010; 


1 = F. Levy (check NC). 

Reported by Browne & Athey (1992) but probably based on var. texanus.

The coll from MCRA (?) at KY called canadensis by Barnes is texanus; double checked in 2009.

Footnote:
This widespread northern annual has been confused with texanus, and all records deserve to be rechecked. It has been collected recently from a brushy old field in MADI (Poindexter & Thompson 2008; at BEREA), and there has been a report from PIKE (F. Levy, pers. comm.; check NCU); see also BA. N. canadensis is also verified in se. Tenn. (D. Estes, pers. comm.). It differs from texanus in its smaller flowers: 8-13 mm long (versus 14-22 mm), from tip of spur to tip of upper lip, with the spur 5-9 mm long (versus 2-6 mm). Also, seeds are longitudinallly ridged (versus densely tuberculate).


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993). 2 = F. Levy coll. (check Duke or UNC). The disjunct LETC (MO) coll. is by J. Kiser: 1000s of plants along Bilmore Br, Jenkins W Quad.

Short 1828-9: "Collinsia verna (Early flowering Collinsia).  This beautiful little plant, which is seen in profuse abundance on many parts of the Dry-ridge road to Cincinnati, is occasionally, though rarely, found in this immediate vicinity. ...flowers...first appear about the last day of April, and continue to bloom during the month of May."

Footnote:
This winter-annual is widely scattered in east-central states, centered on the central Mississippi Rv. and upper Ohio Rv. watersheds. However, it is largely restricted to damp woods on highly fertile soils, often with much patchiness and local genetic differentiation (Greenlee & Rai 1986). In Ky. it is most frequent within the Bluegrass region, but even there the distribution is fragmented to a degree not explained by current habitat. In the central Bluegrass, Short )1828-9) noted: "This beautiful little plant, which is seen in profuse abundance on many parts of the Dry-ridge road to Cincinnati, is occasionally, though rarely, found in this immediate vicinity."

   C. verna may be most abundant where thin woods are recovering from past grazing, sometimes expanding within a few decades to cover 10s of acres (e.g. at Raven Run in FAYE; Campbell et al. 1995). It is generally absent in deeper woods with less obvious history of disturbance. Also, although this species is capable of some self-pollination (Kalisz et al. 2004), initial horticultural experience in Ky. suggests that small starter populations of ca. 10-100 plants may not be able to attract sufficient pollinators for persistence.


Comment:
1 = sources of Medley (1993); check EK & MM.

Footnote:
This Eurasian annual is a widely scatttered weed in eastern states, especially in sandy soils. Variation needs further study (Cr, W); two subspecies are recognized in southeastern states (2n = 16 and 36).


Comment:
The LAUR (NP) collection should be processed eventually at LO, but it has not been found yet: Hannan & Phillippe 03078.  Jones (2005) also notes Mississippian Embayment.

Footnote:
This Mediterranean annual is rarely established in eastern states. In Ky. there are reports from LAUR (M) and the Mississippian Embayment (J), but colls. have not yet been seen.


FullName:
Cymbalaria muralis P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.

Footnote:
Although widely scattered over northern regions of North America, this ornamental weedy annual of wall-crevices and similar places has remained rare in southeastern states. The few Ky. records mostly date from 1900-1950.


Footnote:
This weedy annual is widespread in northeastern states, especially along railroads. Variation may need further study; two subspecies are recognized in Europe (2n = 14 and 28).


Comment:
NC: PIKE Levy "conspersa"--det "labradorica x striata" H. Ballard 1994.

A coll. from OLDH (LO) was det as this but it is striata: THLiveres-17.

Footnote:
This occurs in cool temperate regions of northeastern U.S.A. and southeastern Canada. It has been combined by H. Ballard (unpublished, cited by W) with V. labradorica Schrank (= V. adunca Sm. var. minor (Hook.) Fern.), which occurs in boreal and alpine regions. Although such treatment has been followed by some authors (e.g. J, W), complete combination seems dubious to others (e.g., Cr, K). V. conspersa has been distinguished (Cr) by its broadly lanceolate (versus lance-linear) stipules, bristly-toothed over half their length (versus less than half), and leaves more or less strongly cordate (versus subtruncate to subcordate).


Comment:
See also CART (NP and several mapped locations). 

The HARD (Cranfill #45 at KY) collection is now missing; perhaps absconded with; it was from Eastview Barrens and might be relocated in the field. 

EDMO (MM #18970-88) is from a sandy cemetery; not yet relocated.

Footnote:
This has a fragmented range across southeastern states, usually occuring on dry base-rich soils. Some records mapped here are based on colls. that are unaccessed or missing: EDMO (MM for WKY, from a sandy cemetery near Mammoth Cave); GRAY (records at KSNPC); and HARD (formerly at KY, from Eastview Barrens). Such records need to be rechecked for possible confusion or hybridization with rostrata. 

   V. appalachiensis L.K. Henry has been considered a distinct species (Ballard & Wujek 1994), but treated by some authors as a var. of walteri, with less hairy leaves and less lacerate stipules (McKinney 1992; W). It occurs in central Appalachian regions and has been reported close to Ky. in s. W.Va. (HFG). It may be expected here, especially along trails in subxeric woods on medium-acid soils.


Comment:
NOT JESS (JC) from Manley farm managed by Ron Houp; see mapped location; det as walteri in field...

FAYE: recheck!!!????

Check location for TAYL (lb); another disjunct occurrence in Bluegrass Region; no coll at KY.

HART: WKU 2008 plan; check herbarium

Footnote:
This has a northeastern and Appalachian range. In Ky. and Tenn. (Ch) there are only a few small outlying populations west of the Appalachian Cliff Section, especially along major rivers and in the southern Knobs. In Ky. and elsewhere, there are occasional hybrids with related species, including striata, conspersa and walteri (B, Cr, M); 2n = 20 throughout this group.


Comment:
Following are true small flowered tricolor.
BULL: (LO) HCJackson-91 15May1952 moist woods, Bear Camp Cr. 
JEFF: (LO) EEvans-72 9Apr1952 flowerbed, 1216 Durrett Lane.

Footnote:
This annual or biennial may not be truly naturalized, but there are colls. of possibly escaped plants in BOON, BULL, FAYE, JEFF, MADI and PIKE. V. tricolor is a common Eurasian weed that is also cultivated (as "wild pansy" or "Johnny-jump-up"); 2n = 26. The large-flowered horticultural "pansies" have varied hybrid origins from tricolor and other Eurasian species, and are generally known as V. X wittrockiana Gams; usually, 2n = 48. These plants are now extensively used for annual flower beds, but there is no evidence of escapes in Ky.


Comment:
Medley (1993) considered these Erysimum repandrum but JC agreed with initial identifications; see also Wharton & Barbour (1991).

JC: MADI the roadside prairie field half way down road in Doyleville prairie

Footnote:
This short-lived perennial is widely scattered over North America, except for more interior regions and southeastern states (PL, W). In Ky. it is known only from the southern Bluegrass and its transitions to the Knobs, with a few 1900-1950 colls. (KY-Agr.; Wharton & Barbour 1991) plus a recent coll. of JC from the grassland remnants of MADI along Rt. 1986. The closely related annual or short-lived perennial, D. muralis (L.) DC., may also be expected, and can be hard to distinguish (FNA 7).


Comment:
Distinction from R. raphanistrum needs checking, but these appear to be R. sativus. The species is widely grown, occasionally persistent for a short time, but not truly naturalized.

Note older database with JEFF (actually Indiana) and MADI (actually raphanistrum) was incorrect on these.

Footnote:
This widely grown annual ("radish") does occasionally escape, but it is probably not truly naturalized. There are colls. from FRAN (EKY) and WARR (WKY). R. sativus can be hard to distinguish from raphanistrum, and hybrids are possible (Y).


Comment:
The only record may be a Wharton collection from BATH (MI).

Footnote:
Although widely scattered in North America, this annual does not appear to be well established in Ky. The only records may be colls. of M.E. Wharton ca. 1940 from BATH (MICH) and MADI (KY); but see also sativus. Gm noted: "occasional plants observed among young alfalfa, where probably introduced with the alfalfa seeds..."


Comment:
1 = source of Medley (1993); check Al-Shehbaz (1985).

Footnote:
This annual is widely scattered across northern states, but rare to absent in the southeast (PL, W). In Ky. the only records are colls. dated ca. 1900-1910 from the Bluegrass (KY-Agr.), plus a more obscure record from LOGA (M).


FullName:
Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet ssp. recurvata (All.) Leadley

Species:
monensis ssp. recurvata (H. cheiranthos)

Footnote:
Naczi & Thieret (1996) have documented the slow spread of this alien across eastern North America, and reported its first coll. from Ky. It has often been overlooked, and it has a confused nomenclatural history.


Footnote:
This diploid (2n = 16) winter-annual is a widespread weed in temperate North America. In Ky. it was not recorded until the 1930s (B), but is now the most abundant species of Lepidium in Ky., at least in crop fields.


Comment:
Petals are lacking or shorter than sepals. Distinction from L. virginicum needs checking; are these taxa really different species?  L. virginicum records need rechecking. See also NK for CAMP.

Footnote:
This western tetraploid annual has spread into eastern states to become about as common as virginicum in Ohio (A. Cusick, pers. comm.) and elsewhere. It is easily confused with virginicum, but hybrids are not documented (Y, FNA 7). Colls. of both species need rechecking. L. densiflorum differs in its petals lacking or rudimentary (versus at least as long as sepals); fruits obovate to suborbicular (versus orbicular); and its relatively condensed inflorescence with straight, slender to subclavate hairs (versus curved, cylindrical).


Comment:
Distinction from L. densiflorum needs checking (see above).

Footnote:
This variable, tetraploid annual is widespread across temperate North America. In Ky., as var. virginicum, it is perhaps the most widespread native species of Brassicaceae on open uplands; but see also Cardamine parviflora and Sibara virginica. Gm noted: "Tho a very common and familiar weed everywhere, this plant has not acquired a bad reputation in Kentucky... Caged birds like the seeds and probably poultry feed on the capsules at times."


Footnote:
This diploid winter-annual is widely scattered across northern and western regions of North America. It appears generally rare to absent in southeastern states (PL), but may have been overlooked. The only Ky. record is a coll. of J.T. Thieret from CAMP (KNK). See FNA 8 and Y for details of differences from campestre.


Species:
multifida (heterophylla var. m.; C. dissecta)

Comment:
Braun also lists a hybrid with heterophylla: WAYN (LB). 

1 = sources of Medley (1993); = Al-Shehbaz (1988).

EK: BARR HARD HART MCRE MONR LARU WAYN WARR; GRNP!! = RHannan & LPhillipe 6098/6097 10Apr1981 Jesse Stuart Nature Preserve "W Hollow" N face slope NW of W-hollow barn.

Footnote:
This variable polyploid (2n = 8 x 8, 14 x 8) has a fragmented range, mostly in c. Ala., nw. Ga., Tenn. and sc. Ky. (Al-Shehbaz 1988), but extending east to N.C. and Va. (W). The plants in GRNP are part of disjunct clusters in se. Ind., sc. Ohio and perhaps sw. W.Va. In Ky. there appear to be rare hybrids with heterophylla (e.g. a coll. of B from WAYN), perhaps laciniata and other species.


Comment:
The colls. from BELL (KY) and MAGO (KY) may be hybridized with D. diphylla.  

A collection from ELLI (LB) was noted as possible hybrid with laciniata. 

The GRAN (NK) coll. needs rechecking (only Bluegrass record).

HART: Kinney/Durham clifftops; to recheck!!! 2010 notes/colls

Footnote:
This polyploid (2n = 16 x 8) is most common in Appalachian regions, but it is scatttered west in somewhat disjunct populations as far as the Ouachitas of Ark. 
It appears to hybridize occasionally with other Dentarias.


Comment:
The old FAYE (KY) coll. says "garden"; it may have been cultivated by early witches in KY? But JC also found at Eastway wetland edge; 2010.

jc (LEWI); also seen with JKiser at Stricklett Oct 2007

Footnote:
This shrubby scrambler is a common weed in more northeastern regions. In Ky. it is generally rare and limited to northern counties. It was reported as early as 1893 (Pr) and 1914 (Gm). No varieties are recognized, but the species contains a polyploid series; 2n = 24 (as in many Solanaceae), 48 and 72.


Species:
ptychanthum ("americanum"; nigrum var. virginicum)

Comment:
It is believed that no true S. nigrum occurs in Kentucky; but this and varietal questions need more study. The true S. americanum appears to be more southern.

LYON (NY) is "nigrum"

Footnote:
This North American annual is an remarkably widespread, variable weed; flowering plants in Ky. range from 3 cm to 1 m or more tall. It is a native diploid (2n = 24) that is closely related to the Eurasian species, S. nigrum L. (2n = 72). These taxa have often been combined or confused in nomenclature; see keys and citations of Cr and W. Probably all previous reports of nigrum from Ky. should be transfered to ptychanthum. S. americanum Miller is a more southern relative on the Coastal Plain. A cultivar in this complex known as "Burbank's Wonderberry" was widely distributed a century ago or more, about which Gm stated: "The berries are edible, if one desires to think so."


Comment:
This European species is supposedly rare in eastern states and not verified in Kentucky. All reports appear to have been S. ptycanthum.


Footnote:
This weedy annual is originally from South America but has been confused in some accounts with S. physalifolium Rusby, which occurs mostly in western North America (Cr, W). There are different interpretations, and both taxa may be present in southern states.


Comment:
Includes scattered f. albiflorum, e.g., added colls. from HICK (MU), CLAR (KY).

Footnote:
This prickly perennial weed is said to have originated in southeastern states, but has now spread widely across eastern and central North America (Cr). It is especially common in old pastures.


Comment:
Check SI for these records (Mohlenbrock et al. 1966); there are no other reports.

Footnote:
This was originally centered in the southern Great Plains, but it is adventive at scattered sites across southeastern states (Cr, W). The only records from Ky. are due to Mohlenbrock et al. (1966). It differs from caroliniense in its narrower leaves (ca. 1-3 cm versus 2-8 cm, and l/w ca. 3-6 versus 2), which are entire to sinuate (versus irregularly lobed or cleft) and silvery-canescent (versus loosely hairy), with stellate hairs ca. 0.5 mm wide and at least 12 rayed (versus 1-2 mm and ca. 5-rayed); stems are sparsely spiny to spineless (versus consistently spiny); 2n = 24 and 72 (versus just 24).


Footnote:
This diminutive annual is widely scattered from South America to North America, in tropical and temperate regions. It usually occurs on mudflats, sand- or gravel-bars and other extensive shorelines that are exposed in summer to fall but remain somewhat damp. In Ky. it is known only from sloughs or dammed sections of the larger rivers, or sometimes in nearby fields. ["Florets" in Lipocarpha are highly reduced spikelets as in Kyllinga (FNA 23), which occurs on similar but more well-drained habitats in Ky.].


Comment:
There is a C.W. Short coll. at PH labeled Kentucky, with no other data.

Footnote:
This northern species of damp calcareous sites extends south into some Appalachian regions. It is known in Adams County, Ohio, adjacent to Ky. There is a coll. by C.W. Short (PH) that is labeled Ky. but with no other data; the coll. might have come from another state.


Comment:
1 = Baskin & Baskin (1985).

GH: ROCK; Short 1837 "Mts. of Ky."

MB: EDMO JThompson 1973 "herb Memphis State Univ." [det asteriscus by JAClevinger].

PEND: KA apparently was called asteriscus (Harvill 1941).

S. asteriscus is a southern species not verified in Kentucky but is sometimes confused or combined with S. trifoliatum; reported, probably in error, by Harvill (1941), Chester (1992), Browne & Athey (1992) and others, but it may be expected on the Coastal Plain.

See also notes on  possible hybrids under terebinthinaceum etc

Footnote:
Circumscription of S. asteriscus L. has varied; see also notes under asperrimum and glabrum, which have also been combined in some past treatments. S. trifoliatum may just be a northern segregate, and was combined as S. asteriscus var. trifoliatum (L.) J.A. Clevinger in FNA 21. It occurs mostly in the Interior Low Plateaus and the valleys of Appalachian regions.

   Typical astericus reportedly (Sm) has opposite leaves below the inflorescence; in trifoliatum these leaves are mostly in whorls of 3 (4), but sometimes opposite (and rarely alternate). Its leaves are often elliptic (versus just lanceolate); plants generally have rougher, scabrous or hispid pubescence (versus scabrous or, especially on stems, glabrous); heads tend to have more numerous, smaller rays. Typical asteriscus has a southeastern range, centered on the eastern Piedmont (RAB), but extending west perhaps as far as Tenn. and Miss. (Cr, Sm). Although it has been reported from Ky. (Harvill 1941; BA; FNA 21), no clearly identified colls. have been seen. 

   Plants mapped here as trifoliatum do vary considerably, sometimes with leaves mostly opposite, and often with rougher pubescence in western regions, where perhaps transitional to asteriscus. Some eastern plants have been referred to var. latifolium Gray (F), but that name appears now to be a synonym of S. glabrum (Cr, FNA 21; G. Nesom, pers. comm.). There has been no clear separation of smooth versus hairy segregates of trifoliatum in Ky., after removal of glabrum, and records are combined here pending further analysis.


FullName:
Silphium trifoliatum L. {eastern/smooth form}

Comment:
Separation from var. trifoliatum may be oversimplified; these plants may not be as distinct as indicated in treatments, but there is some morphological and geographic trend. True var. latifolium (= S. glabrum?) is close to Kentucky in Lee Co., Virginia.

These plants differ from typical var. trifoliatum primarily in having leaves opposite (not whorled), and less hairy, but they are often not clearly distinct. They are concentrated in eastern regions, while typical var. trifoliatum is concentrated in western regions. 

There is a problem in nomenclature, since the name var. latifolium (= S. glabrum Eggert ex Small) should probably be restricted to more distinct plants, perhaps deserving species status, in the southern Appalachians (Ala., Ga., Miss., N.C., ?S.C.) and perhaps disjunct sites in the northern Interior Low Plateaus (Ind., ?Ohio). Such plants are not verified in Ky., but there is a coll. (JC for KY) from very close to the Ky. border on Cumberland Mt. in Lee Co., Va. In this strict sense, var. latifolium differs from typical trifoliatum in having leaves strictly opposite (versus in 2s, 3s or 4s), often glabrous (versus usually scabrous-hispid), often much reduced from base upwards, the larger ones usually ca. 3-7 cm wide (versus 2-4 cm), with petiole ca. 2-5 cm long (versus 0-2 cm). These plants have also been confused with S. dentatum, another southern Appalachian taxon.


Species:
roribaccus (injunctus, temerarius; enslenii var. pleuralis)

Comment:
Potentially include with flagellaris. 

1 = Bailey (1944).

2 = temerarius record from MM June 2007

3 = Widrlechner 1998.

BREC is  " injunctus" 

MM 2007 "stands out when you see it"; one of "whartoniae" of Bailey (CLAR) Davis decided was roribaccus.

Footnote:
This taxon is known mostly from central Appalachian regions (F). These plants differ from typical flagellaris in their much more pubescent leaves and relatively short upper simple bracts. Although often appearing distinct, it is not clear if full species status is warranted; see also notes under R. flagellaris. 

   Included in the map here are a few records of the closely related taxa, R. temerarius Bailey and R. injunctus Bailey, which differ in their glabrous pedicels (F). Some records may also be derived from the cultivar of roribaccus from W.Va. named "Lucretia Dewberry", which was widely distributed after 1876 (SC). Plants similar to roribaccus with more condensed corymbs (versus small, ascendate clusters) have been referred to R. curtipes Bailey by Widrlechner (1998), including R. subtentus Bailey from Ky., but the rationale for this remains unclear (see also R. laudatus).


Comment:
The CRIT (CM) coll is by Davis as "sailori" now considered synonym (M); see also a supposed coll of sailori from MONT (cited by MM June 2007); see Davis et al (1968, 1990). However Fernald listed sailori under baileyanus; see also Strausburg & Core (1978). Max also listes MONT for sailori. NOW TRANSFERRED TO BAILEYANUS (July 2007).

1 = KNOX etc Davis et al 1968 (? check); perhaps for connixus but check under other names; 2 = provisionally included records of leviculus and scambens (see details in database); mm = listed by MM in June 2007 notes; presumably from his colls but check (MADI MONT etc); ESTI see also IA; 

EK?? MENI CALL LEE LETC LAUR ROBE CLIN GRNP MADI BULL ESTI FLOY FRAN KNOX LAUR LAWR LEE MARI MONT MUHL PULA WHIT

Enslenii Group: canes 1-5 mm thick at base; [?bases of young primocanes with scalelike caducous bracts; see Deam 1940]; leaves membranaceous, those of primocanes 3-foliate (rarely 5), with leaflets ovate or elliptic, often gradually acuminate and narrowed at base [??S&C??]; flowers 1 (2-3) [?relatively large, on long pedicels, etc.; see Deam 1940]; [?plants usually without glands or nearly so?]

Footnote:
This widespread southeastern species needs better circumscription (F). The map includes a few records of the closely related glandular plants (perhaps transitional to the invisus group), R. leviculus Bailey  and R. scambens Bailey (M). An additional coll. from CLARK (M. Medley & J. Thieret 10755-84 for WKY) is only a primocane, but differs from all other described species of the Flagellares in having obovate subentire leaflets. Some of the taxa currently included with flagellaris (especially nefrens and steelei) could be considered at least transitional to enslenii. This complex will be studied further when M. Medley's colls. are processed.


Comment:
Potentially include with enslenii.

Another problematic collection in this group is from BATH (KY) (JC 1996 Hog Hollow) which keys to R. scambens.

Footnote:
Colls. from CLAR (Widrlechner 1998), HARD & LESL (M. Medley for WKY) have been referred to this taxon, following the treatments of Bailey (1943) and F. However, this species has previously been known only on or near the Piedmont of Ga., S.C., N.C. and Va. The only clear difference from enslenii may be its relatively hairy, often glandular, petioles and pedicels. Some colls. (e.g. from BATH at KY) have been referred to R. scambens Bailey, a closely related taxon from Va. to Mass. that differs from leviculus in its relatively broad leaflets and more robust canes. Further revision is needed to determine the degree of distinction in these taxa.


Comment:
Potentially include with enslenii--no with flagellaris (F).

See Fernald's witty comments.

Note: vixalacer may belong here better than with fecundus; but lump all with flagellaris provisionally.


Comment:
Potentially include with enslenii--but not after Fernald...

Widr includes with enslenii.

1 = Wilson (1976); but not located at MU.

See also R. celer perhaps transitional to enslenii group (see Fernald comments); M has possible record from MONT (JC coll) but this taxon = fecundus acc to Davis (?)


Species:
"longifolia" {spicata x longifolia, or pubescent spicata}

Comment:
1 = McFarland (1941). 2 = Davies (1955b). Perhaps these plants are misnamed and are all the same as the true M. X rotundifolia (longifolia x suaveolens).

Footnote:
Although the name longifolia has been applied to plants known as "horse-mint" in North America, almost all of these plants are now considered by Tucker & Naczi (2007) to be a pubescent variant of spicata or the hybrid between spicata and longifolia (= X villoso-nervata Opiz, sometimes called "American Spearmint"). There may also be confusion with the hybrid of lanceolata and suaveolens (= X rotundifolia). In Ky. there are only old or obscure records of longifolia, from FAYE, JESS, KENT and MEAD during ca. 1930-1950 (M), and these all need to be checked. 

   True longifolia is a diploid (2n = 24) that is close to the tetraploid species, spicata (2n = 48). Based on Tucker & Naczi (2007), it can be distinguished by its hairs all uniseriate (versus occasionally dendroid on abaxial leaf surface), its leaves widest near the middle (versus near base), and its fertile anthers 0.28-0.38 mm long (versus 0.38-0.52 mm).


FullName:
Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray

Species:
strumarium var. canadense (pensylvanicum, italicum)

Comment:
This variety has larger, brownish, hairy fruits; includes X. pensylvanicum, X. italicum, etc. Immature fruits are difficult to assign to var. (see var. glabratum for possible additional records). Both varieties appear widespread in N America.

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan species may have originated in warmer American regions. In addition to being common in fields, it is locally abundant on exposed drying muddy banks of larger rivers and sloughs. Although sometimes considered adventive or even alien in southeastern states (e.g. SE), it was probably present and locally abundant at the time of settlement (Short et al. 1833; Gm). The large edible seeds of this plant were greedily consumed by Carolina Paroquets, as recorded in several early accounts from the Ohio Valley and elsewhere (e.g. Audubon 1840, Beckner 1928). 

   Appropriate treatment of intraspecific variation remains uncertain (F, Cr). FNA 21 did not recognize any varieties, and listed only 2n = 36. Included here under var. canadense are plants formerly filed under  X. pensylvanicum Wallr., X. italicum Moretti or other obscure names (including commune and saccharatum). Var. canadense is diagnosed here by its relatively large burs with lower parts of prickles spreading-hairy (Cr), but identification here remains tentative in several colls. Typical var. strumarium is supposedly native to tropical America and perhaps southern Europe. It occurs rarely as a waif in northeastern states (Cr); records from Ky. are dubious (M).


FullName:
Xanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq.

Species:
strumarium var. glabratum (chinense, globosum, orientale, pungens)

Comment:
Includes X. chinense, X. globosum, etc. Lower case records are tentative for variety; they may be var. canadense.

Footnote:
This taxon is distinguished only by its glabrous fruits; see notes under var. canadense. As mapped here, it includes insignificant variants formerly known under X. chinense Mill., X. globosum Shull, X. orientale L. or other names.


Comment:
This typical variety is native to Europe, and is known locally from northeastern states; records from Kentucky appear to be erroneous (Medley 1993).


Comment:
See also old records of Short (1840), Price (1893) from WARR (MO), and Harvill (1941); the KENT (CI) record is from Braun (1943). There may be no post-1950 records. This cosmopolitan weed of warmer regions is rarely adventive to the north.

Footnote:
This cosmopolitan weed of tropical to warm temperate regions has been widely recorded across North America, at least as an occasional adventive. But it is now common only in western regions, and rare in southeastern states (FNA 19, K, PL, W). Almost all Ky. records date from 1840 to 1940, with perhaps none after 1950 (M). Short (1840) noted: "A pestiferous species of cockle-bur, which, it is to be feared, will become extensively naturalized. As yet, I have only met with it on the commons of Portland, below the falls of the Ohio." In 1914, Gm noted: "frequent throughout the western half of the State, and it is noticeable among our species of cockleburs because of its large, yellow, three-forked spines, the latter often as much as three-fourth inch in length." Was the disappearance of this species perhaps associated with the decline of sheep or other changes in farming?


Comment:
In Ky. this aromatic herb has been recorded from archaeological sites of the Fort Ancient era (1000-1500 A.D.), when it may have been used by native people (Henderson 1998). It is now "casually adventive" from the northern plains to New England (Cronquist 1991), but currently unknown in Kentucky.

Footnote:
This aromatic annual ("tarweed") is centered in or near the Rocky Mts. but now also adventive from the northern plains to New England (Cr). In Ky. it has been recorded only from archaeological sites of the Fort Ancient era (1000-1500 A.D.), when it may have been used by native people (Henderson 1998). M. sativa Molina is a distinct species (2n = 32 versus 28) that should also be expected; it is widespread in North and South America, and "becoming widespread as a roadside weed" in eastern states (Cr).


